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Kelly MP, Johnson CT, Knoller N, Drubach DA, Winslow MM. Substance abuse, traumatic brain injury and neuropsychological outcome. Brain Inj 1997; 11:391-402. [PMID: 9171925 DOI: 10.1080/026990597123386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neuropsychological performance of 119 patients with severe closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) who had received toxicology screens at the time of trauma centre admission was examined. Three groups were created: normal screen, positive alcohol screen, or positive abused drugs screen (with or without the presence of alcohol). The admitting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was significantly lower in the positive alcohol screen group than the normal screen group, while the three groups did not differ in length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) or years of education. Neuropsychological assessment was conducted during inpatient rehabilitation, following resolution of PTA. Normal screen patients obtained significantly better scores than the abused-drugs patients on the Full Scale IQ (FIQ) and Verbal IQ (VIQ) indices of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Verbal Memory, General Memory, Attention-Concentration, and Delayed Recall indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Normal screen patients also scored significantly higher than positive alcohol screen patients on FIQ and VIQ indices and all five indices from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. These data suggest the existence of an additive effect of substance abuse on neuropsychological outcome in TBI. Findings have potential implications for both acute management and rehabilitation of TBI.
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Kelly MP, Johnson CT, Govern JM. Recognition memory test: validity in diffuse traumatic brain injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 1996; 3:147-54. [PMID: 16318506 DOI: 10.1080/09084282.1996.9645379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the validity and clinical utility of the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) as a measure of memory in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). RMT scores for 86 TBI inpatients were related to injury severity, lesion location, and other memory indices. Only recognition memory for words (RMW) was significantly (p<0 01) related to duration of posttraumatic amnesia and a measure of "day to day" memory. Both RMT subtests showed expected modality-specific relationships with other clinical memory tasks. Patients with normal CT and right sided CT lesions tended to be more frequently impaired on recognition memory for faces (RMF) than RMW.
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Johnson CT. Reply from Compressed Gas Association, Inc. Anesthesiology 1995; 83:879. [PMID: 7574075 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199510000-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Placentomes were extracted from the uteri of 22 aborted cows and examined to detect the cause of abortion; fetuses or fetal abomasal contents from 15 of the cows were also examined. Firm diagnoses of Pasteurella haemolytica, Actinomyces pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus fumigatus or Mortierella wolfii abortion were made in 11 cases. The histopathological lesions showed some correlation with the identity of the bacterium isolated; the lesions of mycotic abortion were distinct and characterised by a coagulative necrosis. The removal of a placentome was not followed by any observable deleterious effects.
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Markowska AL, Long JM, Johnson CT, Olton DS. Variable-interval probe test as a tool for repeated measurements of spatial memory in the water maze. Behav Neurosci 1993. [PMID: 8397867 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7044.107.4.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Probe tests provide an important additional converging operation to identify the characteristics of cognitive processes being assessed by other behavioral measures. We introduce a new procedure using a variable-interval (VI) probe test to assess spatial memory in the water maze. Three groups of rats were trained in spatial discrimination with traditional platform trials. For the probe trials, 2 groups had no-platform (NP) probe trials in which the escape platform was unavailable for the entire trial. The 3rd group had variable interval (VI) probe trials, in which the escape platform was available only after a VI. The VI probe trial was a more sensitive measure of spatial memory than was the NP probe trial and was useful for repeated measurements of spatial memory, a characteristic not readily attainable with the NP probe trial.
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Markowska AL, Long JM, Johnson CT, Olton DS. Variable-interval probe test as a tool for repeated measurements of spatial memory in the water maze. Behav Neurosci 1993; 107:627-32. [PMID: 8397867 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.107.4.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Probe tests provide an important additional converging operation to identify the characteristics of cognitive processes being assessed by other behavioral measures. We introduce a new procedure using a variable-interval (VI) probe test to assess spatial memory in the water maze. Three groups of rats were trained in spatial discrimination with traditional platform trials. For the probe trials, 2 groups had no-platform (NP) probe trials in which the escape platform was unavailable for the entire trial. The 3rd group had variable interval (VI) probe trials, in which the escape platform was available only after a VI. The VI probe trial was a more sensitive measure of spatial memory than was the NP probe trial and was useful for repeated measurements of spatial memory, a characteristic not readily attainable with the NP probe trial.
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Wray C, Piercy DW, Carroll PJ, Johnson CT, Higgins RJ. Bovine haemorrhagic colitis associated with CNF+ and F6+ (987P) E coli. Vet Rec 1992; 131:220. [PMID: 1359690 DOI: 10.1136/vr.131.10.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Johnson CT. The use of an antimicrobial and competitive exclusion combination in Salmonella-infected pullet flocks. Int J Food Microbiol 1992; 15:293-8. [PMID: 1419535 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Replacement pullets which had been found infected with Salmonella were treated with antibiotics for 12 days, moved to a clean house by the 11th day and given 2 treatments with a competitive exclusion (CE) preparation on the 13th and 15th day. It was found necessary to supply a small amount of feed to generate a thirst in the birds and ensure efficient and rapid consumption of the CE preparation. Salmonella could not be grown from the intestines or other organs of birds after this procedure had been carried out.
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Johnson CT, Lupson GR, Lawrence KE. Mortierella wolfii abortion in British cows. Vet Rec 1990; 127:363. [PMID: 2260248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wells GA, Scott AC, Johnson CT, Gunning RF, Hancock RD, Jeffrey M, Dawson M, Bradley R. A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Vet Rec 1987; 121:419-20. [PMID: 3424605 DOI: 10.1136/vr.121.18.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Johnson CT, Bosron WF, Harden CA, Li TK. Purification of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase by high-performance liquid chromatography and identification of isoenzymes by immunoblotting. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1987; 11:60-5. [PMID: 3551665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) exists in multiple molecular forms. Two different isoenzymes of ALDH have been purified which will oxidize acetaldehyde to acetate. ALDH1 is localized principally in hepatocyte cytosol and exhibits a Km for acetaldehyde of about 0.1 mM at pH 9.5. ALDH2 is mitochondrial in origin and exhibits low Km for acetaldehyde, about 1 microM. We have developed rapid purification procedures for ALDH1 and ALDH2 by use of agarose-AMP affinity chromatography and high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method takes less time and affords higher yields of the labile ALDH isoenzymes than conventional column chromatography methods. A previously uncharacterized ALDH form has been identified by anion-exchange HPLC which exhibits high Km for acetaldehyde, about 1 mM, and is very labile. Polyclonal antibodies to the purified ALDH1 and ALDH2 isoenzymes have been prepared. As evidenced by immunoblotting of starch gels containing the purified isoenzymes, anti-ALDH1 does not crossreact with ALDH2 and anti-ALDH2 does not crossreact with ALDH1. The anti-ALDH2 antibody identifies the "inactive" variant of ALDH2 in Japanese livers exhibiting the "deficient" ALDH2 phenotype. The sensitivity of detection of ALDH isoenzymes in liver homogenate-supernatants by immunoblotting of starch gels is about 10-fold greater than that by activity staining.
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Johnson CT, Cowan M. Relationship between the prolonged QTc interval and ventricular fibrillation. Heart Lung 1986; 15:141-50. [PMID: 3633244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Johnson CT, Dunn AR, Swartzwelder HS. Disruption of learned and spontaneous alternation in the rat by trimethyltin: chronic effects. NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 1984; 6:337-40. [PMID: 6514094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is a known neurotoxin which produces behavioral anomalies including hyperactivity, aggressiveness, perseveration, and learning deficits. These dysfunctions appear to be related to a severe loss of neurons in the hippocampal formation of the TMT-treated rat. In order to assess the effect of TMT exposure upon spontaneous and learned alternation, male Long-Evans rats were pretested for reinforced spontaneous alternation and then treated with either 7 mg/kg of TMT [( CH3]3SnCl) or the 0.9% NaCl vehicle. After treatment these groups were further subdivided and half of each group was tested in a "T" maze for reinforced spontaneous alternation while the remainder was tested for learned alternation. The TMT-treated rats uniformly ran faster on the second choice of reinforced spontaneous alternation tests than did controls. In addition, the TMT-treated rats made fewer alternations than controls, regardless of whether or not only successful alternations were being reinforced. These results are discussed in light of the known neurobehavioral consequences of TMT exposure.
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Johnson CT, Dunn A, Robinson C, Walsh TJ, Swartzwelder HS. Alterations in regulatory and locomotor behaviors following trimethyltin exposure in the rat: a time and dose analysis. Neurosci Lett 1984; 47:99-106. [PMID: 6462539 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adult male hooded rats were tested pretreatment for spontaneous alternation and open-field behaviors. Animals were then intubated with either 5 or 7 mg/kg trimethyltin chloride (TMT Cl) or the isotonic saline vehicle. Post-treatment, animals were again tested for spontaneous alternation and open-field behaviors during three separate 5-day periods: days 14-18, days 56-60 and days 106-110. Additionally, both body weight and water intake were assessed. The larger dose of TMT Cl resulted in significant, but temporary reduction in body weight, elevated water intake for approximately 3 weeks, and a persistent increase in open-field activity. The smaller dose of TMT Cl resulted in elevated water intake for approximately 3 weeks and a temporary increase in open-field activity. Since the tendency to enter choice arms decreased in all groups across testing sessions, the effects of TMT Cl on spontaneous alternation could not be accurately assessed.
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Johnson CT. Alkaline battery ingestion. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 1983; 96:777. [PMID: 6578446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Johnson CT, Jackson PS. Induction of parturition in cattle with cloprostenol. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1982; 138:212-24. [PMID: 7093651 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)31085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Jackson PS, Furr BJ, Johnson CT. Endocrine and ovarian changes in dairy cattle fed a low beta-carotene diet during an oestrus synchronisation regime. Res Vet Sci 1981; 31:377-83. [PMID: 6805055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Friesian cows, 76 to 110 days calved, with blood cell counts and Compton metabolic profile values in the normal range throughout, were housed and fed a marginal diet for varying periods before being injected twice, 11 days apart, with cloprostenol. Artificial insemination was carried out 72 and 96 hours after the second injection. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol 17 beta, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and beta-carotene were monitored during this regime as were uterine and ovarian changes. Progesterone profiles were followed for a further 21 days by assay of milk samples. Subsequent rectal examinations showed that five of the 12 cows conceived at controlled oestrus and another four within 52 days of this time. No correlation was observed between time of conception and condition score, metabolic profiles or haematological parameters; there was a correlation between time of conception and plasma beta-carotene concentrations and cows with lower beta-carotene values showed cyclic irregularities or appeared to have depressed steroid hormone production.
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Johnson CT. Induction of parturition in cattle. ACTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1981; 77:311-319. [PMID: 7030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Swartzwelder HS, Wegener ST, Johnson CT, Dyer RS. Depressed excitability and integrated EEGs following hippocampal afterdischarges. Brain Res Bull 1980; 5:509-7. [PMID: 7427750 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(80)90254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rats with chronic hippocampal electrode implants had afterdischarges induced with electrical stimulus intensities of 115, 200, and 800% of a previously determined threshold. Afterdischarge duration, postictal EEG depression duration, and the duration of postictal electrical hypoexcitability were assessed. After discharge duration varied inversely with stimulus intensity as did the duration of postictal hypoexcitability. However, the duration of postictal EEG depression increased with stimulus intensity. This dissociation between postictal neuroexcitability and EEG depression is discussed in terms of possible underlying cholinergic mechanisms.
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Jackson PS, Johnson CT, Bulman DC, Holdsworth RJ. A study of cloprostenol-induced oestrus and spontaneous oestrus by means of the milk progesterone assay. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1979; 135:578-90. [PMID: 534943 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)30012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jackson PS, Johnson CT, Furr BJ, Beattie JF. Influence of stage of oestrous cycle on time of oestrus. Theriogenology 1979; 12:153-67. [PMID: 16725442 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(79)90081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/1979] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The first of 2 injections of 0.5 mg cloprostenol (PG1 and PG2) eleven days apart was given to 19 Friesian-Hereford cross heifers between days 8-14 of their cycle (Treatment A) and 16 similar animals between days 0-4 (Treatment B). Oestrus show was monitored by Kamar Heat Mount detectors and vasectomised bulls with chin-ball markers. Blood samples taken at PG1, six days later, at PG2 and four days later were assayed for progesterone to confirm that luteolysis had occurred as expected. Four hourly rectal examinations of the ovaries were carried out from 56-112 hours after PG2 and four hourly blood samples from 36-96 hours after PG2 were collected for FSH and LH assay. Mean time in hours from PG2 to oestrus onset, LH peak and ovulation respectively was 57.4 +/- 2.9, 60.2 +/- 2.0, 91.7 +/- 1.8 for Treatment A and 64.9 +/- 4.1, 68.9 +/- 2.4, 96.7 +/- 1.3 for Treatment B. Treatment A animals showed significantly higher (p<0.01) FSH levels at PG2 than Treatment B. Time from PG2 to LH peak was significantly shorter in animals treated either on days 7 and 8 (p<0.01) or days 15-16 (p<0.05) of their cycle compared with treatment on days 12-14 and it is suggested that these shorter response times correspond to an early and late cycle wave of follicular growth. Secondary FSH peaks some 28 hours after that occurring synchronously with the pre-ovulatory LH peak were observed to be significantly (p<0.01) higher at oestrus associated with the early cycle follicular growth wave as compared with that later in the cycle which may argue a difference in endocrine control of the two periods of follicular maturation.
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Johnson CT. "In Practive" parasite test. Vet Rec 1979; 104:560. [PMID: 505912 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104.24.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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