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Abstract
The size- and shape-controlled enhanced optical response of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is referred to as a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). LSPRs result in amplified surface and interparticle electric fields, which then enhance light absorption of the molecules or other materials coupled to the metallic NPs and/or generate hot carriers within the NPs themselves. When mediated by metallic NPs, photocatalysis can take advantage of this unique optical phenomenon. This review highlights the contributions of quantum mechanical modeling in understanding and guiding current attempts to incorporate plasmonic excitations to improve the kinetics of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. A range of first-principles quantum mechanics techniques has offered insights, from ground-state density functional theory (DFT) to excited-state theories such as multireference correlated wavefunction methods. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of these methods in the context of accurately capturing plasmonic effects, with accompanying examples.
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Carter EA. Autobiography of Emily A. Carter. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1671-1679. [PMID: 33657812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gupta A, Govind Rajan A, Carter EA, Stone HA. Ionic Layering and Overcharging in Electrical Double Layers in a Poisson-Boltzmann Model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:188004. [PMID: 33196271 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.188004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrical double layers (EDLs) play a significant role in a broad range of physical phenomena related to colloidal stability, diffuse-charge dynamics, electrokinetics, and energy storage applications. Recently, it has been suggested that for large ion sizes or multivalent electrolytes, ions can arrange in a layered structure inside the EDLs. However, the widely used Poisson-Boltzmann models for EDLs are unable to capture the details of ion concentration oscillations and the effect of electrolyte valence on such oscillations. Here, by treating a pair of ions as hard spheres below the distance of closest approach and as point charges otherwise, we are able to predict ionic layering without any additional parameters or boundary conditions while still being compatible with the Poisson-Boltzmann framework. Depending on the combination of ion valence, size, and concentration, our model reveals a structured EDL with spatially oscillating ion concentrations. We report the dependence of critical ion concentration, i.e., the ion concentration above which the oscillations are observed, on the counter-ion valence and the ion size. More importantly, our model displays quantitative agreement with the results of computationally intensive models of the EDL. Finally, we analyze the nonequilibrium problem of EDL charging and demonstrate that ionic layering increases the total charge storage capacity and the charging timescale.
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Li L, Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Prediction of Highly Selective Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction at Low Overpotential on a Mo-Doped g-GaN Monolayer. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao Q, Zhang X, Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Benchmarking an Embedded Adaptive Sampling Configuration Interaction Method for Surface Reactions: H2 Desorption from and CH4 Dissociation on Cu(111). J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7078-7088. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Henslee EA, Dunlop CM, de Mel CM, Carter EA, Abdallat RG, Camelliti P, Labeed FH. DEP-Dots for 3D cell culture: low-cost, high-repeatability, effective 3D cell culture in multiple gel systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14603. [PMID: 32884022 PMCID: PMC7471335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that cells grown in 3D are more tolerant to drug treatment than those grown in dispersion, but the mechanism for this is still not clear; cells grown in 3D have opportunities to develop inter-cell communication, but are also closely packed which may impede diffusion. In this study we examine methods for dielectrophoresis-based cell aggregation of both suspension and adherent cell lines, and compare the effect of various drugs on cells grown in 3D and 2D. Comparing viability of pharmacological interventions on 3D cell clusters against both suspension cells and adherent cells grown in monolayer, as well as against a unicellular organism with no propensity for intracellular communication, we suggest that 3D aggregates of adherent cells, compared to suspension cells, show a substantially different drug response to cells grown in monolayer, which increases as the IC50 is approached. Further, a mathematical model of the system for each agent demonstrates that changes to drug response are due to inherent changes in the system of adherent cells from the 2D to 3D state. Finally, differences in the electrophysiological membrane properties of the adherent cell type suggest this parameter plays an important role in the differences found in the 3D drug response.
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Zhao Q, Carter EA. Revisiting Competing Paths in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper via Embedded Correlated Wavefunction Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6528-6538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sai Gautam G, Stechel EB, Carter EA. A First‐Principles‐Based Sub‐Lattice Formalism for Predicting Off‐Stoichiometry in Materials for Solar Thermochemical Applications: The Example of Ceria. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Govind Rajan A, Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Why Do We Use the Materials and Operating Conditions We Use for Heterogeneous (Photo)Electrochemical Water Splitting? ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lischka H, Shepard R, Müller T, Szalay PG, Pitzer RM, Aquino AJA, Araújo do Nascimento MM, Barbatti M, Belcher LT, Blaudeau JP, Borges I, Brozell SR, Carter EA, Das A, Gidofalvi G, González L, Hase WL, Kedziora G, Kertesz M, Kossoski F, Machado FBC, Matsika S, do Monte SA, Nachtigallová D, Nieman R, Oppel M, Parish CA, Plasser F, Spada RFK, Stahlberg EA, Ventura E, Yarkony DR, Zhang Z. The generality of the GUGA MRCI approach in COLUMBUS for treating complex quantum chemistry. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:134110. [PMID: 32268762 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The core part of the program system COLUMBUS allows highly efficient calculations using variational multireference (MR) methods in the framework of configuration interaction with single and double excitations (MR-CISD) and averaged quadratic coupled-cluster calculations (MR-AQCC), based on uncontracted sets of configurations and the graphical unitary group approach (GUGA). The availability of analytic MR-CISD and MR-AQCC energy gradients and analytic nonadiabatic couplings for MR-CISD enables exciting applications including, e.g., investigations of π-conjugated biradicaloid compounds, calculations of multitudes of excited states, development of diabatization procedures, and furnishing the electronic structure information for on-the-fly surface nonadiabatic dynamics. With fully variational uncontracted spin-orbit MRCI, COLUMBUS provides a unique possibility of performing high-level calculations on compounds containing heavy atoms up to lanthanides and actinides. Crucial for carrying out all of these calculations effectively is the availability of an efficient parallel code for the CI step. Configuration spaces of several billion in size now can be treated quite routinely on standard parallel computer clusters. Emerging developments in COLUMBUS, including the all configuration mean energy multiconfiguration self-consistent field method and the graphically contracted function method, promise to allow practically unlimited configuration space dimensions. Spin density based on the GUGA approach, analytic spin-orbit energy gradients, possibilities for local electron correlation MR calculations, development of general interfaces for nonadiabatic dynamics, and MRCI linear vibronic coupling models conclude this overview.
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Xu S, Carter EA. Oxidation State of GaP Photoelectrode Surfaces under Electrochemical Conditions for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2255-2261. [PMID: 32097008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Illuminated GaP electrodes selectively reduce CO2 to CH3OH in aqueous solution. To understand the photoelectrocatalytic mechanism, knowledge of the GaP surface atomic structure in contact with water under relevant electrochemical conditions is essential. However, there remains a debate about the oxidation state of GaP, i.e., whether oxide species are present at the surface. To address this issue, we use density functional theory to investigate the adsorption of oxide species on GaP(110), a stable and active facet for CO2 reduction. We predict that GaP(110) indeed could be oxidized at the standard reduction potential for CO2 to CH3OH. However, we find that unoxidized GaP(110) is stable under illumination, as it corresponds to a highly reducing condition induced by photoexcited electrons. We conclude that an oxidized GaP electrode is very likely unstable thermodynamically under photoelectrochemical conditions for CO2 reduction, and therefore, the relevant GaP/water interface for catalysis is indeed the unoxidized one.
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Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Noninnocent Influence of Host β-NiOOH Redox Activity on Transition-Metal Dopants’ Efficacy as Active Sites in Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Govind Rajan A, Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Facet-Independent Oxygen Evolution Activity of Pure β-NiOOH: Different Chemistries Leading to Similar Overpotentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3600-3612. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bao JL, Carter EA. Surface-Plasmon-Induced Ammonia Decomposition on Copper: Excited-State Reaction Pathways Revealed by Embedded Correlated Wavefunction Theory. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9944-9957. [PMID: 31393708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a promising hydrogen storage medium; however, its decomposition via conventional thermal catalysis requires a significant amount of thermal energy input in order to overcome the reaction barriers. Here, we use embedded correlated wavefunction (ECW) theory to quantify reaction pathways and energetics for ammonia decomposition (N-H bond dissociation and N2 and H2 associative desorption) on copper (Cu) nanoparticles using a Cu (111) surface model. We predict that surface plasmon excitations will be able to facilitate ammonia decomposition by substantially reducing the effective barriers along excited-state pathways. We estimate the reductions in reaction barriers for breaking the first N-H bond and for recombinative desorption of surface-bound nitrogen and hydrogen atoms to be approximately 1.7, 0.8, and 0.5 eV, respectively. Further, by using the experimental N2 desorption barrier as a reference, we compare the accuracy of various theoretical methods, including plane-wave Kohn-Sham density functional theory calculations with commonly used exchange-correlation functionals, embedded complete active space second-order perturbation theory, and embedded multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory. This work offers further confirmation that the ECW theoretical framework is the most robust for treating highly correlated local electronic structures of solids.
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Witt WC, Jiang K, Carter EA. Upper bound to the gradient-based kinetic energy density of noninteracting electrons in an external potential. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bao JL, Carter EA. Rationalizing the Hot-Carrier-Mediated Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics for Ammonia Decomposition on Ruthenium-Doped Copper Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13320-13323. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Swearer DF, Robatjazi H, Martirez JMP, Zhang M, Zhou L, Carter EA, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Plasmonic Photocatalysis of Nitrous Oxide into N 2 and O 2 Using Aluminum-Iridium Antenna-Reactor Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8076-8086. [PMID: 31244036 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis with optically active "plasmonic" nanoparticles is a growing field in heterogeneous catalysis, with the potential for substantially increasing efficiencies and selectivities of chemical reactions. Here, the decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent anthropogenic greenhouse gas, on illuminated aluminum-iridium (Al-Ir) antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalysts is reported. Under resonant illumination conditions, N2 and O2 are the only observable decomposition products, avoiding the problematic generation of NOx species observed using other approaches. Because no appreciable change to the apparent activation energy was observed under illumination, the primary reaction enhancement mechanism for Al-Ir is likely due to photothermal heating rather than plasmon-induced hot-carrier contributions. This light-based approach can induce autocatalysis for rapid N2O conversion, a process with highly promising potential for applications in N2O abatement technologies, satellite propulsion, or emergency life-support systems in space stations and submarines.
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Li L, Carter EA. Defect-Mediated Charge-Carrier Trapping and Nonradiative Recombination in WSe2 Monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10451-10461. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Xu S, Carter EA. Balancing Competing Reactions in Hydride Transfer Catalysis via Catalyst Surface Doping: The Ionization Energy Descriptor. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9895-9901. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhou L, Swearer DF, Robatjazi H, Alabastri A, Christopher P, Carter EA, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Response to Comment on “Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis”. Science 2019; 364:364/6439/eaaw9545. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sivan et al. claim that the methods used to distinguish thermal from hot carrier effects in our recent report are inaccurate and that our data can be explained by a purely thermal mechanism with a fixed activation energy. This conclusion is invalid, because they substantially misinterpret the emissivity of the photocatalyst and assume a linear intensity–dependent temperature in their model that is unrealistic.
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Foerster B, Spata VA, Carter EA, Sönnichsen C, Link S. Plasmon damping depends on the chemical nature of the nanoparticle interface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav0704. [PMID: 30915394 PMCID: PMC6430627 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemical nature of surface adsorbates affects the localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles. However, classical electromagnetic simulations are blind to this effect, whereas experiments are typically plagued by ensemble averaging that also includes size and shape variations. In this work, we are able to isolate the contribution of surface adsorbates to the plasmon resonance by carefully selecting adsorbate isomers, using single-particle spectroscopy to obtain homogeneous linewidths, and comparing experimental results to high-level quantum mechanical calculations based on embedded correlated wavefunction theory. Our approach allows us to indisputably show that nanoparticle plasmons are influenced by the chemical nature of the adsorbates 1,7-dicarbadodecaborane(12)-1-thiol (M1) and 1,7-dicarbadodecaborane(12)-9-thiol (M9). These surface adsorbates induce inside the metal electric dipoles that act as additional scattering centers for plasmon dephasing. In contrast, charge transfer from the plasmon to adsorbates-the most widely suggested mechanism to date-does not play a role here.
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Chen Z, Martirez JMP, Zahl P, Carter EA, Koel BE. Self-assembling of formic acid on the partially oxidizedp(2 × 1) Cu(110) surface reconstruction at low coverages. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041720. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5046697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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del Rio BG, de Jong EK, Carter EA. Properties of fusion-relevant liquid Li-Sn alloys: An ab initio molecular-dynamics study. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Unraveling Oxygen Evolution on Iron-Doped β-Nickel Oxyhydroxide: The Key Role of Highly Active Molecular-like Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:693-705. [PMID: 30543110 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The active site for electrocatalytic water oxidation on the highly active iron(Fe)-doped β-nickel oxyhydroxide (β-NiOOH) electrocatalyst is hotly debated. Here we characterize the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of an unexplored facet of this material with first-principles quantum mechanics. We show that molecular-like 4-fold-lattice-oxygen-coordinated metal sites on the (1̅21̅1) surface may very well be the key active sites in the electrocatalysis. The predicted OER overpotential (ηOER) for a Fe-centered pathway is reduced by 0.34 V relative to a Ni-centered one, consistent with experiments. We further predict unprecedented, near-quantitative lower bounds for the ηOER, of 0.48 and 0.14 V for pure and Fe-doped β-NiOOH(1̅21̅1), respectively. Our hybrid density functional theory calculations favor a heretofore unpredicted pathway involving an iron(IV)-oxo species, Fe4+=O. We posit that an iron(IV)-oxo intermediate that stably forms under a low-coordination environment and the favorable discharge of Ni3+ to Ni2+ are key to β-NiOOH's OER activity.
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