Abnormal motor cortex excitability during linguistic tasks in adductor-type spasmodic dysphonia

In healthy subjects (HS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied during 'linguistic' tasks discloses excitability changes in the dominant hemisphere primary motor cortex (M1). We investigated 'linguistic' task-related cortical excitability modulation in patients with adductor-type spasmodic dysphonia (ASD), a speech-related focal dystonia. We studied 10 ASD patients and 10 HS. Speech examination included voice cepstral analysis. We investigated the dominant/non-dominant M1 excitability at baseline, during 'linguistic' (reading aloud/silent reading/producing simple phonation) and 'non-linguistic' tasks (looking at non-letter strings/producing oral movements). Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the contralateral hand muscles. We measured the cortical silent period (CSP) length and tested MEPs in HS and patients performing the 'linguistic' tasks with different voice intensities. We also examined MEPs in HS and ASD during hand-related 'action-verb' observation. Patients were studied under and not-under botulinum neurotoxin-type A (BoNT-A). In HS, TMS over the dominant M1 elicited larger MEPs during 'reading aloud' than during the other 'linguistic'/'non-linguistic' tasks. Conversely, in ASD, TMS over the dominant M1 elicited increased-amplitude MEPs during 'reading aloud' and 'syllabic phonation' tasks. CSP length was shorter in ASD than in HS and remained unchanged in both groups performing 'linguistic'/'non-linguistic' tasks. In HS and ASD, 'linguistic' task-related excitability changes were present regardless of the different voice intensities. During hand-related 'action-verb' observation, MEPs decreased in HS, whereas in ASD they increased. In ASD, BoNT-A improved speech, as demonstrated by cepstral analysis and restored the TMS abnormalities. ASD reflects dominant hemisphere excitability changes related to 'linguistic' tasks; BoNT-A returns these excitability changes to normal.

Serum Vitamin D levels and Vitamin D supplementation do not correlate with the severity of chronic eczema in children

BACKGROUND

Eczema is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, affecting about 20% of children. The pathogenic mechanisms of eczema are still not fully understood, and current treatment of moderate-severe eczema is often difficult. Recently, it has been suggested that Vitamin D plays a key role in this disease, even if mechanisms are only partially known.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of our study was to assess the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in a pediatric population suffering from chronic eczema (IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated), and to correlate these phenotypes with the SCORAD severity and selected clinical and biological parameters. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate whether a supplementation of Vitamin D3 could affect the same clinical and laboratory parameters.

METHODS

89 children with chronic eczema were enrolled in the study. Severity of eczema was assessed with the SCORAD index. Past and present history was taken, and patients were divided into two groups according to the state of sensitization. According to a randomization schedule, the enrolled children were assigned to the following groups: supplementation group, which received a daily oral Vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IUs) for 3 months; control group which received no supplementation.

RESULTS

Vitamin D concentrations in patients with moderate and severe eczema were not statistically different from Vitamin D concentration detected in the serum of patients with mild eczema. Furthermore, we did not find any correlation between Vitamin D levels, total IgEs and SCORAD index, both in the Sensitized and in the Not-Sensitized group. The Vitamin D3 supplementation did not influence the SCORAD severity or the total IgEs concentration.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, our study is the first one that shows no correlation between serum levels of Vitamin D, eczema severity and IgE sensitization in a pediatric population suffering from chronic eczema.

Paracetamol-codeine compared to ketorolac for pain control in the Emergency Department

OBJECTIVE

Paracetamol /codeine has shown a strong analgesic activity in several studies conducted among different kind of subjects, including those with trauma. Nevertheless, its efficacy in patients accessing the Emergency Department (ED) for different kind of pain has never been tested.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This is a cross-sectional, observational, prospective, cohort study. Inclusion criteria were patients > 18 year old presenting to the ED for localized traumatic or inflammatory pain involving only extremities. Numeric scale (NRS) was recorded thirty minutes and two hours after the administration of the analgesic therapy, consisting of 15 mg of ketorolac or 1000 mg/60 mg of paracetamol/ codeine, both orally.

RESULTS

Two-hundred patients were consecutively enrolled; 87 were treated with paracetamol/codeine and 113 with ketorolac. The combination paracetamol/codeine resulted to be not inferior to ketorolac in non-traumatic pain group and trauma group (p = 0.635 and p = 0.482, respectively). Compared to ketorolac, the combination paracetamol/codeine exerted a significantly higher analgesic activity in patients with fractures and muscular pain (p = 0.044) and was more effective in acute pain (p = 0.002), with a significant effect two hours after the administration (p = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS

Paracetamol/codeine is equivalent to ketorolac in non-traumatic pain and post-traumatic pain, but is superior in acute pain and in patients with fractures and muscular pain. Those results play in favor of the use of the combination paracetamol/codeine in patients accessing the ED for non-traumatic or traumatic pain of the extremities.

A modified spica-splint in postoperative early-motion management of skier's thumb lesion: a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Rupture of ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb (UCL) represents a frequent injury of the hand. Surgical repair is considered the gold standard but postoperative immobilization causes partial stiffness in a percentage of cases.

AIM

The aim of this paper was to assess the effectiveness of a postoperative functional hand-based splint for the thumb which allows immediate postoperative motion.

DESIGN

Randomized prospective clinical trial.

SETTING

The study was carried out at the Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Unit of The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.

POPULATION

Thirty consecutive patients, with a diagnosis of acute complete tear of the UCL, were selected to be treated surgically (predominantly men, mean age 39). Cases presenting associated injuries were not included.

METHODS

Patients were randomized postoperatively into 2 groups of 15 (one using the new splint and the other using a standard spica splint). After four weeks of splinting, clinical outpatient evaluations were carried on (at one, two, six, twelve months) on both groups to evaluate: joint stability; pain; pinch strength; range of motion; time lost from work; sessions of physiotherapy.

RESULTS

Immediate postoperative motion of the operated joint produced faster and better functional results. No cases of recurrence were recorded.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical repair, combined with active metacarpophalangeal motion allowed by the new functional splint, was effective, safe and well tolerated.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT

Enhancing the patients' function and reducing the time of functional recovery, the reported treatment presents potential advantages in the management of this frequent acute hand injury.

RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS IN DORSAL AND VOLAR WRIST GANGLIA ARTHROSCOPIC RESECTION

The authors present the procedure and results of five years of arthroscopic treatment of wrist radiocarpal and midcarpal ganglia. Thirty cases of dorsal ganglia and seventeen cases of volar ganglia were operated on arthroscopically. The technique was easy to perform in all the radiocarpal ganglia, not easy in midcarpal dorsal ganglia and very difficult in midcarpal volar ganglia. The results were recorded with a mean follow-up of 15 months. Twenty-seven cases of dorsal ganglia and twelve cases of volar ganglia had excellent results with active motion recovery, no complications, absence of scars and no recurrence. Two cases had a recurrence. There were four complications: a case of injury of a radial artery branch, a case of extensive haematoma, and two cases of neuropraxia. In three cases the procedure was converted into open surgery: they had a longer time of healing and a residual scar. The arthroscopic resection has been in our experience effective and safe for the treatment of all radiocarpal ganglia. Good results have been obtained also in the treatment of dorsal midcarpal ganglia. Concerning the uncommon cases of volar midcarpal (STT) ganglia, an open approach seems still indicated.

Abductor pollicis longus hemitendon looping around the first intermetacarpal ligament as interposition following trapeziectomy: a one-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Trapeziectomy and ligament reconstructions are favoured by surgeons concerned that telescoping of the thumb may reduce its function. However, theoretically ligamentoplasties are at risk to develop tendinosis or tendon rupture or trigger a complex regional pain syndrome type 1.

HYPOTHESIS

Authors tested the looping of a slip from the abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon around the first intermetacarpal ligament. They intended to use a surgical treatment which does not require bone tunnelling or looping around a tendon. Their results support the hypothesis that this new technique is a valid addition among treatments for carpometacarpal arthritis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Forty-two patients were followed up to one year. Each patient had subjective assessment for: pain; function (DASH score); overall satisfaction. An objective assessment was used for: first web span angle; abduction and opposition; key pinch; grip strength. Tests were performed prior to surgery, then at three, six and 12 months. X-ray films were taken to monitor thumb height.

RESULTS

A substantial improvement in all these parameters was measured in all patients. X-ray films showed the mantainance of a physiological heigth after one year. We recorded one complication of keloid and two of temporary dysesthesia but no case of tendinosis, delayed rupture, or CRPS 1. Mean operative time was 27 minutes.

DISCUSSION

Simplification and search for a technique which avoids the looping around a tendon is why the authors undertook this study. Advantages are the small number of required steps, short time of surgery and comfortable postoperative rehab regimen for the patient. The technique provides a distal anchoring point (without bone tunnelling). It is quite respectful of anatomy and physiology, in minimizing the re-routing of functioning tendons. We propose it as an effective procedure both to expand the armamentarium for treating the thumb carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis and/or to simplify the ligamentoplasties already in use.

In vivo study of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate applied in direct contact with nerves regenerating in a novel nerve-guide

Stitch suture is still the most recommended method to hold a nerve-guide in place but stitch suture is a well known cause of local inflammatory response. Glues of several kinds have been proposed as an alternative but they are not easy to apply in a real surgical setting. In 2006 authors developed a new concept of nerve-guide termed "NeuroBox" which is double-halved, not-degradable and rigid, and allows the use of cyanoacrylic glues. In this study, Authors analyzed histologically the nerve-glue interface. Wistar rats were used as animal model. In group 1, animals were implanted a NeuroBox to promote the regeneration of an experimentally produced 4 mm gap in the sciatic nerve. In group 2, the gap was left without repair ("sham-operated" group). Group 3 was assembled by harvesting 10 contralateral intact nerves to document the normal anatomy. Semi-thin sections for visible light microscopy and ultra-thin sections for Transmission Electron Microscopy were analyzed. Results showed that application of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate directly to the epineurium produced no significative insult to the underlining nerve fibers nor impaired nerve regeneration. No regeneration occurred in the "sham-operated" group.

Distal radius fractures: treatment using the Epibloc system

The Epibloc system of percutaneous endomedullary internal fixation is best indicated for AO type A2-3 extra-articular fractures of the distal radius and AO type C1 slightly comminuted articular fractures. This system includes pins that can be inserted into the medullary canal and advanced without breaking through the second cortex. This fixation is stabilised by an external plate and rendered dynamic by the pins' elasticity which compresses the fractured surfaces. Moreover, this system results in transversal ligamentotaxis which helps prevent secondary reduction losses. The result of a preliminary series of 326 cases is evaluated.

Spontaneous gait recovery after sciatic nerve transection impairs the non-invasive evaluation of artificial nerve guides in rats

PURPOSE

The study of the in-vivo regeneration of a nerve, made by purely histological methods, requires a high number of animals: this poses serious problems of technique, ethics and funding. A cheaper analysis, performed on the same animal along the duration of a study, is seeked with favour and Authors wanted to evaluate gait recovery after sciatic nerve transection as a non-invasive method to evaluate the performance of an artificial nerve-guide in rats.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats (n=16) were divided into three groups: in group A (n=5) the experimental gap produced was bridged by a custom-made guide; in group B (n=7) animals were "sham-operated"; in group C (n=4) a PMMA cap sealed the proximal nerve stump.

RESULTS

In group A a regenerated nerve was retrieved after 8 weeks, in all animals. In group B it was possible to retrieve mostly bulbous neuromatous stumps. In group C all the animals presented a voluminous neuroma. Signs of auto-mutilation had the following distribution: 1/5 in group A; 4/7 in group B; 3/4 in group C. A clear difference in gait recovery exists only between group C (no recovery) and the two other groups (early recovery in both).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study highlights that in the male Wistar rat sciatic model a spontaneous recovery in gait pattern occurs very early (within the first or second week); with this animal model, a recovery in gait is likely to ensue irrespective of the kind of device eventually tested since it may happen even without a device.

Reconstruction of the distal finger with partial second toe transfers by means of an exteriorised pedicle

This study reports the outcome of a series of ten microsurgical fingertip reconstructions with partial toe transfers in which the vascular pedicle was exteriorised and subsequently excised after the transfer had become established. The aim of this technique was to provide better aesthetic and functional outcomes. The technique was successful and without complication in nine of the ten patients who had excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes. Arterial thrombosis resulted in partial necrosis of the fingertip in the other case.

Human postural response to lower leg muscle vibration of different duration

Body lean response to bilateral vibrations of soleus muscles were investigated in order to understand the influence of proprioceptive input from lower leg in human stance control. Proprioceptive stimulation was applied to 17 healthy subjects by two vibrators placed on the soleus muscles. Frequency and amplitude of vibration were 60 Hz and 1 mm, respectively. Vibration was applied after a 30 s of baseline. The vibration duration of 10, 20, 30 s respectively was used with following 30 s rest. Subjects stood on the force platform with eyes closed. Postural responses were characterized by center of pressure (CoP) displacements in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. The CoP-AP shifts as well as their amplitudes and velocities were analyzed before, during and after vibration. Vibration of soleus muscles gradually increased backward body tilts. There was a clear dependence of the magnitude of final CoP shift on the duration of vibration. The amplitude and velocity of body sway increased during vibration and amplitude was significantly modulated by duration of vibration as well. Comparison of amplitude and velocity of body sway before and after vibration showed significant post-effects. Presented findings showed that somatosensory stimulation has a long-term, direction-specific influence on the control of postural orientation during stance. Further, the proprioceptive input altered by soleus muscles vibration showed significant changes in postural equilibrium during period of vibration with interesting post-effects also.

[Incidence and causes of failures in wrist arthroscopic techniques]

OBJECTIVES

Arthroscopy represents a new and promising technique for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the wrist. Causes predis posing to clinical failure can arise during any phase of the approach to a patient who is a candidate for arthroscopic treatment. The author examine the causes of failure during pre-operative diagnostic workup, operative procedure and post-operative rehabilitation program and discus how to prevent them.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three hundred fifty outpatients who had wrist arthroscopy were reviewed to determine type of procedure, type of anaesthetic, portals used and incidence and nature of preoperative, operative, and postoperative complications. Complications were divided in two groups: major and minor. The first group consists of isolated or combined vascular, nerve and/or tendon injuries, compartment syndrome joint infection and RSD, wrist rigidity. The second group includes transient superficial dorsal ulnar sensory neurapraxia, superficial portal sit infection, skin burns, tendonitis, instrumentation breaking inside the wrist joint, ganglion formation, haematomas. In a separate group othe causes of failure, especially those due to surgical or rehabilitation failures, are considered.

RESULTS

Ten cases of surgical and post-surgical complications (2,9%) and 8 other cases of failure considered separately (2,3%) were identified, making a total of 18 cases of clinical failure (5,1%). Among these complications 4 cases were classified as "major" [sensory nerve branch lesions of ulnar nerve (3 cases) and of radial nerve (1 case)] and 6 cases were classified as "minor" [sensory neurapraxia (3 cases), instrumentation breakage (1 case), ganglion formation (1 case), a large subcutaneous haematoma (1 case)].

CONCLUSIONS

Wrist arthroscopy is a sophisticated procedure, requiring dedicated surgical training and a thorough knowledge of joint disorders in order to lower the risks of complications and surgical failures.