Biohardening of Banana cv. Karpooravalli (ABB; Pisang Awak) With Bacillus velezensis YEBBR6 Promotes Plant Growth and Reprograms the Innate Immune Response Against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

Induction of innate immune response and growth promotion in banana by B. velezensis against Foc.

Investigating Influences of Synthesizing Eco-Friendly Waste-Coir-Fiber Nanofiller-Based Ramie and Abaca Natural Fiber Composite Parameters on Mechanical Properties

Clean technology-based natural fiber composite fabrication is the prime aim of this piece of research. Natural fibers highly replace metal usage in industries and automobile, marine, medical applications, and so on. Vast amounts of natural fibers are freely available in all areas. In this research, work nanofiller material such as nano form waste coir fiber is collected from used car seat. The 10 wt.% of nanofiller material is added to the preparation of natural nanocomposites (ramie and abaca fiber). Hybrid composites are fabricated with the influence of different process parameters, namely, fiber weight percentage (20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 40 wt.%, and 50 wt.%), NaOH action % (4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%), compression pressure (9 MPa, 12 MPa, 15 MPa, and 18 MPa), and temperature (100°C, 120°C, 140°C, and 160°C). Furthermore, the strength of this hybrid composite has analyzed by conducting flexural, impact, and shore hardness tests. These tests have provided the influence of selected parameters and their effects on the results of experimental work. In the flexural analysis, 6% of NaOH action has offered maximum flexural strength of the specimens. Correspondingly in the impact test, 30 wt.% of fiber is produced higher impact strength. Finally, applying 15 Mpa of compression pressure records the maximum shore hardness.

Edge effect correction formula for superspheroids using the Debye series

Accurate quantification of the effects of nonspherical particles (e.g., ice crystals in cirrus clouds and dust aerosol particles) on the radiation budget in the atmosphere-earth coupled system requires a robust characterization of their light scattering and absorption properties. Recent studies have shown that it is feasible to compute the single-scattering properties of all sizes of arbitrary nonspherical atmospheric particles by combining the numerically exact invariant imbedding T-matrix (IITM) method and the approximate physical geometric optics method (PGOM). IITM cannot be implemented for very large-sized particles due to its tremendous demand on computational resources. While either method is usable for moderate sized particles, PGOM does not include the edge effect contributions to the extinction and absorption efficiencies. Unfortunately, we can only rigorously calculate the edge effect contributions to the extinction and absorption efficiencies for spheres and spheroids. This study develops empirical formulas for the edge effect contributions to the extinction and absorption efficiencies in the case of a special superspheroid called a superegg by modifying the formulas for the extinction and absorption efficiencies of a spheroid to account for the changes in roundness. We use the superegg edge effect correction formulas to compare the optical properties of supereggs and simple, convex particles, as an initial approximation to more complex atmospheric aerosols. This study is the first step towards quantifying the edge effect contributions to the extinction and absorption efficiencies of a wide range of natural nonspherical particles.

A critical review on relationship of CeO2-based photocatalyst towards mechanistic degradation of organic pollutant

Nanostructured photocatalysts commonly offered opportunities to solve issues scrutinized with the environmental challenges caused by steep population growth and rapid urbanization. This photocatalyst is a controllable characteristic, which can provide humans with a clean and sustainable ecosystem. Over the last decades, one of the current thriving research focuses on visible-light-driven CeO₂-based photocatalysts due to their superior characteristics, including unique fluorite-type structure, rigid framework, and facile reducing oxidizing properties of cerium's tetravalent (Ce⁴⁺) and trivalent (Ce³⁺) valence states. Notwithstanding, owing to its inherent wide energy gap, the solar energy utilization efficiency is low, which limits its application in wastewater treatment. Numerous modifications of CeO₂ have been employed to enhance photodegradation performances, such as metals and non-metals doping, adding support materials, and coupling with another semiconductor. Besides, all these doping will form a different heterojunction and show a different way of electron-hole migration. Compared to conventional heterojunction, advanced heterojunction types such as p-n heterojunction, Z-scheme, Schottky junction, and surface plasmon resonance effect exhibit superior performance for degradation owing to their excellent charge carrier separation, and the reaction occurs at a relatively higher redox potential. This review attends to providing deep insights on heterojunction mechanisms and the latest progress on photodegradation of various contaminants in wastewater using CeO₂-based photocatalysts. Hence, making the CeO₂ photocatalyst more foresee and promising to further development and research.

Statistical and Machine Learning Methods Applied to the Prediction of Different Tropical Rainfall Types

Predicting rain from large-scale environmental variables remains a challenging problem for climate models and it is unclear how well numerical methods can predict the true characteristics of rainfall without smaller (storm) scale information. This study explores the ability of three statistical and machine learning methods to predict 3-hourly rain occurrence and intensity at 0.5° resolution over the tropical Pacific Ocean using rain observations the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite radar and large-scale environmental profiles of temperature and moisture from the MERRA-2 reanalysis. We also separated the rain into different types (deep convective, stratiform, and shallow convective) because of their varying kinematic and thermodynamic structures that might respond to the large-scale environment in different ways. Our expectation was that the popular machine learning methods (i.e., the neural network and random forest) would outperform a standard statistical method (a generalized linear model) because of their more flexible structures, especially in predicting the highly skewed distribution of rain rates for each rain type. However, none of the methods obviously distinguish themselves from one another and each method still has issues with predicting rain too often and not fully capturing the high end of the rain rate distributions, both of which are common problems in climate models. One implication of this study is that machine learning tools must be carefully assessed and are not necessarily applicable to solving all big data problems. Another implication is that traditional climate model approaches are not sufficient to predict extreme rain events and that other avenues need to be pursued.

Frictional Forces Produced by Three Different Ligation Methods in Two Different Types of Brackets in 0.016 Nickel-Titanium Wire: An in vitro Study

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the frictional forces produced by three types of ligatures (conventional elastic ligatures, unconventional elastic ligatures, and tooth-colored ligature wire) on ceramic bracket and stainless steel brackets with 0.016 nickeltitanium (NiTi) archwire in the dry state.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty each stainless steel brackets and ceramic brackets (0.022 slot central incisor brackets) were mounted on the acrylic block. This assembly was mounted on the Instron machine with the crossheads moving upward at a speed of 10 mm/min in the upper jaw of the Instron machine, one acrylic block with hook and a straight length of 0.016 NiTi wire was attached to it. This wire was ligated to brackets with three different ligation methods. In each test, the brackets were moved a distance of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm across the central space, and the load cell readings were recorded on the digital display. The difference between the readings is noted.

RESULTS

Stainless steel brackets with 0.016 NiTi archwire ligated with conventional, unconventional, and tooth-colored ligation with the movement of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm shows that the tooth-colored ligation indicating least frictional force decay. Comparison of frictional forces (in newtons) between ceramic brackets and stainless steel brackets using 0.016 NiTi wire for a movement of 12 mm shows that stainless steel bracket with tooth-colored ligation produced least frictional force compared with ceramic bracket.

CONCLUSION

Based on this study results, we can conclude that stainless steel brackets produce less frictional force compared to ceramic brackets. Similarly, tooth-colored ligatures can be preferred to reduce friction during leveling stage.

GC-MS Analysis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phytocompounds from Solanum torvum Unripe Fruits and Its Effect on Breast Cancer Target Protein

This study was designed to identify phytocompounds from the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum unripe fruits using GC–MS analysis against breast cancer. For this, the identified phytocompounds were subjected to perform molecular docking studies to find the effects on breast cancer target protein. Pharmacokinetic properties were also tested for the identified phytocompounds to evaluate the ADMET properties. Molecular docking studies were done using docking software PyRx, and pharmacokinetic properties of phytocompounds were evaluated using SwissADME. From the results, ten best compounds were identified from GC–MS analysis against breast cancer target protein. Of which, three compounds showed very good binding affinity with breast cancer target protein. They are ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) (− 7.3 kcal/mol), aspidospermidin-17-ol,1-acetyl-16-methoxy (− 6.7 kcal/mol) and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[[2-[1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl amino]-6-[trichloromethyl]-s-triazine (− 6.7 kcal/mol). Further, docking study was performed for the synthetic drug doxorubicin to compare the efficiency of phytocompounds. The binding affinity of ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) is higher than the synthetic drug doxorubicin (− 7.2 kcal/mol), and the binding affinity of other compounds is also very near to the drug. Hence, the present study concludes that the phytocompounds from the aqueous extract of Solanum torvum unripe fruits have the potential ability to treat breast cancer.

Central American mountains inhibit eastern North Pacific seasonal tropical cyclone activity

The eastern North Pacific (ENP) has the highest density of tropical cyclones (TCs) on earth, and yet the controls on TCs, from individual events to seasonal totals, remain poorly understood. One effect that has not been fully considered is the unique geography of the Central American mountains. Although observational studies suggest these mountains can readily fuel individual TCs through dynamical processes, here we show that these mountains indeed play the opposite role on the seasonal timescale, hindering seasonal ENP TC activity by up to 35%. We found that these mountains significantly interrupt the abundant moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea to the ENP, limiting deep convection over the open ocean area where TCs preferentially occur. This study advances our fundamental understanding of ENP TC genesis mechanisms across the weather-to-climate timescales, and also highlights the importance of topography representation in improving the ENP regional climate simulations, as well as TC seasonal predictions and future projections.

Observation on the morphological and gonadal aspects of Cladonema radiatum (Class: Hydrozoa) from Tuticorin Bay, Southeast coast of India

Studies on the hydrozoan fauna (Phylum: Cnidaria; Class: Hydrozoa) of the Indian waters during the 20th century were few in number (Nagale and Apte, 2013a, b). They originated in the early 1900s (Annandale, 1907; Ritchie, 1910, Thornely, 1916, Gravely, 1927), focussing on the taxonomy of hydroids in the 1960s along the southern coast, including Lakshadweep and Andaman Islands (Mammen, 1963, 1965a, b) and in the 1980s along the northern coast (Venugopalan Wagh, 1986). Species of the hydrozoan family Cladonematidae (Anthoathecata; Capitata) include benthic, creeping and swimming hydroids comprising four genera viz., Cladonema, Eleutheria, Staurocladia and the nomen dubium Dendronema (Schuchert, 2021). Cladonema differs from other genera of Cladonematidae by the branched tentacles either with an adhesive structure or cnidocytes and having nematocysts in oral knobs (Ghory et al., 2020 Farias et al., 2020). The taxonomy of Cladonema is uncertain and species in the genus have undergone several rounds of grouping and splitting. Gershwin Zeidler (2008) gave a detailed account of 13 putative species of Cladonema. However, Schuchert (2021) considered six species to be valid viz., C. radiatum, C. californicum, C. myersi, C. novaezelandiae, C. pacificum and C. timmsii. Studies on the genus Cladonema from Indian waters are patchy, with a brief report of its occurrence among other hydroids (Sastry and Chandramohan, 1989; Santhakumari and Nair, 1999; Arun et al., 2018). Among these records from India, C. myersi was collected from an experimental aquarium with seawater from an unknown location (Prasad, 1961). The present study documents the occurrence and describes the morphology and gonadal features of Cladonema radiatum from Tuticorin Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India.

Effective removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution in hybrid system utilizing agricultural waste as particle electrodes

A comparison study of an electrolytic, adsorption, and a novel hybrid method towards the removal of malachite green (MGD) dye from the aquatic environment utilizing agricultural biomass, Eucalyptus globulus seeds was examined. The synthesized material has been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, FTIR, and XRD. The acid-modified biosorbent developed a microporous structure suggesting a suitable removal process of MDG. The hybrid method was carried in an indigenously designed three-phase three-dimensional electrolytic reactor with varying applied voltage (6, 9, and 12 V) with biosorbent serving as particle electrode. The hybrid method gave the highest removal rate at a voltage of 12 V, compared to other methods. Moreover, the dye removal capacity increased with increased voltage, and contact time was optimized at 15 min. The adsorption isotherm was well fitted with Freundlich isotherm and kinetic data represented pseudo-second-order. Intra particle diffusion studies suggested no interference with gradual adsorption from macropores to micropores. The removal efficiency of particles electrodes for 6, 9, and 12 V were 95, 97, and 99.8%, respectively. The higher removal of MDG towards the hybrid system may be assigned to the synergistic effect of electrolytic and adsorption systems. Regeneration studies indicated that the biosorbent can be reused up to ten times without appreciable loss of efficiency.

Bacterial endophytome-mediated resistance in banana for the management of Fusarium wilt

Banana (Musa spp.), a major cash and staple fruit crop in many parts of the world, is infected by Fusarium wilt, which contributes up to 100% yield loss and causes social consequences. Race 1 and race 2 of Panama wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) are prevalent worldwide and seriously affect many traditional varieties. The threat of Foc tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is looming large in African counties. However, its incidence in India has been confined to Bihar (Katihar and Purnea), Uttar Pradesh (Faizabad), Madhya Pradesh (Burhanpur) and Gujarat (Surat). Management of Foc races by employing fungicides is often not a sustainable option as the disease spread is rapid and they negatively alter the biodiversity of beneficial ectophytes and endophytes. Besides, soil drenching with carbendazim/trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole is also not effective in suppressing the Fusarium wilt of banana. Improvement of resistance to Fusarium wilt in susceptible cultivars is being addressed through both conventional and advanced breeding approaches. However, engineering of banana endosphere with bacterial endophytes from resistant genotypes like Pisang lilly and YKM5 will induce the immune response against Foc, irrespective of races. The composition of the bacterial endomicrobiome in different banana cultivars is dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The major bacterial endophytic genera antagonistic to Foc are Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, Virgibacillus, Staphylococcus, Cellulomonas, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Kocuria spp., Paracoccus sp., Acinetobacter spp. Agrobacterium, Aneurinibacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Lysinibacillus, Micrococcus, Rhizobium, Sporolactobacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Microbacterium, Rhodococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Luteimonas, Dokdonella, Rhodanobacter, Luteibacter, Steroidobacter, Nevskia, Aquicella, Rickettsiella, Legionella, Tatlockia and Streptomyces. These bacterial endophytes promote the growth of banana plantlets by solubilising phosphate, producing indole acetic acid and siderophores. Application of banana endophytes during the hardening phase of tissue-cultured clones serves as a shield against Foc. Hitherto, MAMP molecules of endophytes including flagellin, liposaccharides, peptidoglycans, elongation factor, cold shock proteins and hairpins induce microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity to suppress plant pathogens. The cascade of events associated with ISR and SAR is induced through MAPK and transcription factors including WRKY and MYC. Studies are underway to exploit the potential of antagonistic bacterial endophytes against Foc isolates and to develop an understanding of the MAMP-triggered immunity and metabolomics cross talk modulating resistance. This review explores the possibility of harnessing the potential bacterial endomicrobiome against Foc and developing nanoformulations with bacterial endophytes for increased efficacy against lethal pathogenic races of Foc infecting banana.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02833-5.

Efficacy of herbal alternatives in maintaining oral health in cancer patients: A systematic review

Herbal rinses possess different medicinal properties. Numerous studies have reported the usefulness of various herbal oral rinses. Few studies claimed that herbal rinses are superior to synthetic mouth rinses for certain purposes, but there appears to be a lack of sound scientific evidence to prove the efficacy of herbal rinses in controlling oral plaque in cancer patients. This review analyses the various clinical studies on herbal rinses and aims to find the safety and efficacy of red ginseng mouth rinses over other available mouth rinses in carcinoma patients. A thorough electronic search was conducted in various databases and 10 articles were included in the review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data extracted were tabulated and analyzed. The risk of bias table was drawn. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Of the 10 clinical trials included in the review, three studies appeared to have low risk of bias. The mean follow-up period was 14 days, ranging from 7 to 21 days. The sample size in each study was reported to be between 10 and 50, except one study with 240 samples. Seven studies have reported a significant difference between the herbal mouth rinse group and the chlorhexidine group. Of all the herbal rinses, mouth rinses with ginger extracts show more efficacy over other herbal rinses and red ginseng appears to be a more safer herbal rinse. Based on the available evidence, herbal mouth rinses are comparable to synthetic mouth rinses in their anti-bacterial properties. The red ginseng with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties may be an alternative mouth rinse in cancer patients. However, further clinical trials with more samples are required for better evidence.

Evaluating the expression of GLUT-1 in oral leukoplakia

Aim:

The aim of the present study is to analyze the role of GLUT-1 in detection of early alterations occurring in oral leukoplakia. This study was to evaluate the expression of GLUT-1 in normal oral epithelium, the expression of GLUT-1 levels in the tissue samples of oral leukoplakia and to statistically compare the expression of GLUT-1 in normal epithelium and oral leukoplakia.

Materials and Methods:

The study sample comprised formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 23 cases of histopathologically diagnosed oral leukoplakia and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 10 cases of normal oral mucosa. Sections were mounted on glass slide coated with Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APES; Sigma chemical co., USA) and processed for subsequent immunohistochemical study to demonstrate GLUT-1.

Results:

GLUT-1 expression in normal oral mucosa revealed weak positivity in all 10 cases (100%). The oral leukoplakia cases showed immunopositivity in all 23 cases (100%) of which 10 cases (39.14%) demonstrated focal positivity and 13 cases (60.86%) of diffuse positivity. The results were compared statistically using ANOVA test was significant at P = 0.002.

Conclusion:

The present study shows expression of GLUT-1 in leukoplakia may be used as a reliable marker to identify the high risk group for malignant transformation.

Do preoperative glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and random blood glucose levels predict wound healing complications following exodontia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients?-a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

Many dental surgeons consider a type 2 diabetic patient to be at higher risk for wound healing complications following exodontia. Random blood glucose (RBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values help the surgeon determine the glycemic control and assess if the patient can undergo the surgical procedure.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to analyze if preoperative HbA1C and RBG testing could predict the risk of wound healing and infectious complications in type 2 DM patients undergoing exodontia in an office setting.

METHODS

This prospective observational study included 133 type 2 diabetic patients and age- and gender-matched non-diabetic patients undergoing exodontia. Preoperative HbA1C values and random blood glucose levels were obtained for patients in both groups. Wound healing and infectious complications and additional interventions performed were recorded.

RESULTS

Duration of diabetes ranged from 1 to 25 years. 80.5% of diabetics were treated with oral hypoglycemics. A vast majority of patients in both groups underwent extraction of only a single tooth. There was no significant difference in non-infectious complications between the two groups. The absolute risk of infectious complications in diabetics was 10.5% compared to a 6.8% risk among the control group. Age, RBG values, HbA1C, duration of DM, and number and nature of exodontia performed did not show any statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

This study observed a slight, but not statistically significant increase in the risk of infectious complications in type 2 DM patients undergoing exodontia. Surgical site infections were amenable to surgical drainage with or without oral antibiotics on an outpatient basis with favorable healing outcomes.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The RBG and HbA1C values were not significantly associated with risk of infectious complications. Resorting to prophylactic antibiotics and warning about possible adverse healing for routine exodontia in type 2 DM patients is unnecessary.

Chelating modified cellulose bearing pendant heterocyclic moiety for effective removal of heavy metals

Cellulose bearing pendant Schiff base with heterocyclic chelating groups (CMC-Bz) was synthesized, which were fully characterized using various instrumental techniques such as solid state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) spectra. The adsorption of toxic metals onto cellulosic material was tested in a batch mode operation. The adsorption functional factors such as pH, adsorbent dose, metal ion concentration, equilibrium time and temperature were experimentally optimized for the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions. Adsorption isotherms were evaluated with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. Kinetic parameters and equilibrium adsorption capacities were investigated for pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. Thermodynamic parameters and reusability were also evaluated.

Predictive Statistical Representations of Observed and Simulated Rainfall Using Generalized Linear Models

This study explores the feasibility of predicting subdaily variations and the climatological spatial patterns of rain in the tropical Pacific from atmospheric profiles using a set of generalized linear models: logistic regression for rain occurrence and gamma regression for rain amount. The prediction is separated into different rain types from TRMM satellite radar observations (stratiform, deep convective, and shallow convective) and CAM5 simulations (large-scale and convective). Environmental variables from MERRA-2 and CAM5 are used as predictors for TRMM and CAM5 rainfall, respectively. The statistical models are trained using environmental fields at 0000 UTC and rainfall from 0000 to 0600 UTC during 2003. The results are used to predict 2004 rain occurrence and rate for MERRA-2/TRMM and CAM5 separately. The first EOF profile of humidity and the second EOF profile of temperature contribute most to the prediction for both statistical models in each case. The logistic regression generally performs well for all rain types, but does better in the east Pacific compared to the west Pacific. The gamma regression produces reasonable geographical rain amount distributions but rain rate probability distributions are not predicted as well, suggesting the need for a different, higher-order model to predict rain rates. The results of this study suggest that statistical models applied to TRMM radar observations and MERRA-2 environmental parameters can predict the spatial patterns and amplitudes of tropical rainfall in the time-averaged sense. Comparing the observationally trained models to models that are trained using CAM5 simulations points to possible deficiencies in the convection parameterization used in CAM5.

Global multivariate point pattern models for rain type occurrence

We seek statistical methods to study the occurrence of multiple rain types observed by satellite on a global scale. The main scientific interests are to relate rainfall occurrence with various atmospheric state variables and to study the dependence between the occurrences of multiple types of rainfall (e.g. short-lived and intense versus long-lived and weak; the heights of the rain clouds are also considered). Commonly in point process model literature, the spatial domain is assumed to be a small, and thus planar domain. We consider the log-Gaussian Cox Process (LGCP) models on the surface of a sphere and take advantage of cross-covariance models for spatial processes on a global scale to model the stochastic intensity function of the LGCP models. We present analysis results for rainfall observations from the TRMM satellite and atmospheric state variables from MERRA-2 reanalysis data over the tropical Eastern and Western Pacific Ocean, as well as over the entire tropical and subtropical ocean regions. Statistical inference is done through Monte Carlo likelihood approximation for LGCP models. We employ covariance approximation to deal with massive data.

Assessment of Oral Health Literacy and Its Relationship with Oral Health Related Behaviour and Socioeconomic Status Among Students of A University in Chennai City

Health literacy is the ability of a person to understand instructions on prescription, appointment cards, health education pamphlets, doctor’s directions and consent forms. A common reason for misunderstanding health instructions may be the patient’s low health literacy skills. Therefore the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the oral health literacy and its association with socioeconomic status and Oral health related behaviour among University students in Chennai City. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 362 students of a private University in Chennai City. The subjects were selected using stratified random sampling from different faculty of studies. Oral health literacy was assessed using a validated instrument, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD-30). The overall mean REALD-30 score of the participants was 19.13+5.6. The mean REALD-30 scores were lowest among students in the low socioeconomic status and highest among those in high class. The Mean REALD-30 scores among participants who rinsed their mouth were higher than those who did not rinse. About 46% had oral pain or discomfort during the past one year and their mean OHL score was significantly higher than those who did not had any pain or discomfort. The present study concludes that the overall oral health literacy of the study population is moderate and it does have a relationship with socioeconomic status and oral health behaviour although the different educational categories don’t influence it. Further studies are required to establish one to one causal relationship.