Mathematical Modeling and Simulation Provides Evidence for New Strategies of Ovarian Stimulation

New approaches to ovarian stimulation protocols, such as luteal start, random start or double stimulation, allow for flexibility in ovarian stimulation at different phases of the menstrual cycle. It has been proposed that the success of these methods is based on the continuous growth of multiple cohorts ("waves") of follicles throughout the menstrual cycle which leads to the availability of ovarian follicles for ovarian controlled stimulation at several time points. Though several preliminary studies have been published, their scientific evidence has not been considered as being strong enough to integrate these results into routine clinical practice. This work aims at adding further scientific evidence about the efficiency of variable-start protocols and underpinning the theory of follicular waves by using mathematical modeling and numerical simulations. For this purpose, we have modified and coupled two previously published models, one describing the time course of hormones and one describing competitive follicular growth in a normal menstrual cycle. The coupled model is used to test ovarian stimulation protocols in silico. Simulation results show the occurrence of follicles in a wave-like manner during a normal menstrual cycle and qualitatively predict the outcome of ovarian stimulation initiated at different time points of the menstrual cycle.

Periprocedural Safety and Feasibility of the New LVIS EVO Device for Stent-Assisted Coiling of Intracranial Aneurysms: An Observational Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Stent-assisted treatment techniques can be an effective treatment option for intracranial aneurysms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periprocedural feasibility and safety of the new LVIS EVO stent for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with the LVIS EVO in 11 European neurovascular centers were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and aneurysm characteristics, procedural parameters, immediate grade of occlusion, and technical and clinical complications were assessed.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven patients with 59 aneurysms were treated with the LVIS EVO device; 57.6% of the aneurysms were incidental; 15.3% were acutely ruptured; 15.3% were recanalized or residual aneurysms; and 11.9% were treated for symptoms other than acute hemorrhage. The most frequent aneurysm locations were the middle cerebral artery (25.4%) and the anterior communicating artery (22.0%). The rate of immediate successful deployment was 93.2%. In 6.8% (n = 4) of cases, additional in-stent angioplasty was needed. The immediate complete occlusion rate was 54.2%, while there was a residual aneurysm in 35.6% and a residual neck in 10.2%. Periprocedural technical complications occurred in 7/59 treatments (11.9%; the most frequent technical complication [n = 3] was thrombus formation), which all resolved completely without clinical sequelae. Postprocedural neurologic complications occurred after 4/59 treatments (6.8%; 2 transient ischemic attacks, 1 minor stroke, 1 major stroke), of which only 1 persistent complication was directly related to the procedure (minor stroke in the vascular territory distal to the stent).

CONCLUSIONS

The LVIS EVO stent is a safe, feasible device for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

ICF-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for complex regional pain syndrome of the hand: efficacy, long-term outcomes, and impact of therapy duration

Background

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare but feared complication in hand surgery. Although multimodal therapy concepts are recommended, there is only low evidence on efficacy of such approaches. Furthermore, recommendations regarding therapy duration are lacking. Aim of this study was to validate the efficacy of an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation concept for treatment of CRPS of the hand and to find correlations between therapy duration and outcome measures.

Methods

Patients with CRPS of the hand after occupational trauma that underwent an ICF-based rehabilitation program between 2010 and 2014 were included in this retrospective study. Besides demographic data, outcomes included pain (VAS), range of motion assessed by fingertip-to-palm-distance (PTPD) and fingernail-to-table-distance (FTTD) as well as strength in grip, 3-point pinch and lateral pinch. All measures were gathered at admission to and discharge from inpatient rehabilitation therapy as well as at follow-up. Statistical analysis included paired t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis.

Results

Eighty-nine patients with a mean age of 45 years were included in this study. Duration of rehabilitation therapy was 53 days on average. All outcomes improved significantly during rehabilitation therapy. Pain decreased from 6.4 to 2.2. PTPD of digit 2 to 5 improved from 2.5, 2.8, 2.6, and 2.3 cm to 1.3, 1.4, 1.2, and 1.1 cm, respectively. FTTD of digit 2 to 5 decreased from 1.5, 1.7, 1.5, and 1.6 cm to 0.6, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.7 cm, respectively. Strength ameliorated from 9.5, 3.7, 2.7 kg to 17.9, 5.6, 5.0 kg in grip, lateral pinch, and 3-point pinch, respectively. Improvement in range of motion significantly correlated with therapy duration. 54% of patients participated at follow-up after a mean of 7.5 months. Outcome measures at follow-up remained stable compared to discharge values without significant differences.

Conclusion

The ICF-based rehabilitation concept is a reliable and durable treatment option for CRPS of the hand. Range of motion improved continuously with therapy duration and thus may serve as an indicator for optimum length of therapy.

Susceptibility of the floodwater mosquito Aedes albifasciatus from eggs of different dormancy times to the nematode parasite Strelkovimermis spiculatus

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of egg dormancy times on susceptibility of larvae of the floodwater mosquito Aedes albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to parasitism by their natural enemy Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and on their life history traits. Aedes albifasciatus eggs stored for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months were hatched, and the larvae either exposed to S. spiculatus (treatment group) or not exposed (control group). Egg dormancy time had a negative effect on the retention of parasites, but no effect on the prevalence and intensity of parasitism or the melanization of nematodes. The survival to adulthood of control individuals decreased as dormancy time increased, whereas that of exposed individuals that remained uninfected was constant and low. A trend towards increasing development times with longer dormancy times was detected in the control group, but not in the exposed noninfected group. The results suggest nonconsumptive effects of parasites in exposed but not infected larvae from eggs with short dormancy times. In contrast, the relatively low fitness of larvae from eggs with long dormancy times regardless of their contact with the nematodes may be the result of the nutritional deprivation during the egg stage.

Random-pattern versus perforator-based adipocutaneous skin paddles for postoperative monitoring of free muscle flaps-a comparative retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Free microvascular muscle flaps represent well-established reconstructive options for complex soft tissue defects. However, due to their lack of cutaneous capillary beds, they are difficult to monitor postoperatively. To this end, random and axial-pattern adipocutaneous skin paddles are often included. The objective of the study was to compare the impact of random-pattern versus perforator-based adipocutaneous skin paddles on operative efficacy and muscle flap safety.

METHODS

Between August 2014 and July 2016, a total of 120 free muscle flaps were included in this retrospective monocentric cohort study. Based on their skin-paddle type, they were either grouped into a 'perforator-based' (group Pb) or 'random-pattern' (group Rp) cohort. The electronic medical records and operative reports of all patients were subsequently reviewed and patient, defect, and flap characteristics of both groups were compared. The effect of the competing skin paddle types on the overall operative time, incidences of flap loss or microvascular complications, and total length of hospital stay were then assessed.

RESULTS

Group Pb comprised 72 flaps, whereas 48 flaps constituted group Rp. Patient, defect, and flap characteristics were similar between both groups. Groups Pb and Rp were comparable regarding patient age (group Pb: 61 (10-90) vs. Rp: 59 (13-81), p = 0.556), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) class (group Pb: 3 (1-4) vs. Rp 3 (1-3), p = 0.977), and comorbidities, summarized by the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI; group Pb: 1 (0-4 vs. Rp: 1 (0-5), p = 0.295). Both types of monitoring skin paddles were equally reliable. There was no significant difference in the mean operation time between both groups (group Pb: 373 ± 122 min vs. Rp: 342 ± 84 min, p = 0.124). In-patient treatment after flap surgery and total length of hospital stay were significantly shorter in group Pb (group Pb: 24 ± 10 days vs. Rp: 32 ± 17 days, p = 0.002 and group Pb: 39 ± 15 vs. Rp: 48 ± 24, p = 0.022).

CONCLUSION

Perforator-based skin paddles are a reliable tool for postoperative perfusion monitoring of free muscle flaps and help avoid additional surgical interventions as opposed to their random-pattern counterparts. Thus, the overall and postoperative length of hospital stay is significantly reduced.

[Chemical peeling for treatment of Melasma, pigmentary disorders and hyperpigmentation : Indications, effectivity and risks]

Pigmentary disorders and hyperpigmentation are widespread. Dark skin types in particular show a tendency to formation of melasmas and to hyperpigmentation. Light skin types have a tendency to ephelides and solar lentigines. In addition to topical treatment with lightening substances, superficial chemical peeling as well as combined procedures of topical treatment with chemical peeling play an important role in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. A strict avoidance of UV light and consequent daily application of sun protectíon factor 50+ are mandatory for successful treatment.

Measures to manage, reduce and prevent medicines shortages in European countries in 2020

Background

Several countries have seen an increase in medicines shortages that constitute a major public health threat as they can negatively impact the health outcomes of patients. The study aims to survey measures that European countries apply or consider introducing to address medicines shortages.

Methods

A questionnaire was sent to the public authorities, as involved in the Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information (PPRI) network, in 47 countries, thereof 44 countries of the WHO European region. Respondents were asked to report measures in place or being discussed as of the first quarter of 2020.

Results

Preliminary data from 8 countries (Albania, Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden; further responses are expected) show that national registers to which manufacturers notify, usually on a mandatory basis, upcoming and existing shortages (including end dates and causes in some countries) are common (all countries but Albania). Medicine reserve supplies that have to be kept for defined medicines exist in Albania and Finland; they are being established the Netherlands and are under discussion in Germany and Sweden. Finland and Italy allow issuing export bans for targeted medicines; this possibility is before implementation in Austria, was planned and then withdrawn in Romania and is under discussion in the other countries (except Albania). Further measures include simplified import permits (with patient information leaflets in foreign language), working groups with relevant stakeholders and financial sanctions for manufacturers in case of non-supply.

Conclusions

Governments have been reacting to shortages by implementing appropriate measures and adapting existing ones. Actions taken differ with regard to stakeholders addressed, the degree of obligation and the focus (optimising the management of existing shortages vs. prevention of future supply limitations).

Key messages

A mix of measures to address medicine shortages is applied in European countries. Recently, the number of measures increased, and actions requested from stakeholders tend to have become mandatory.

Combination of the PI3K inhibitor Idelalisib with the conventional cytostatics cytarabine and dexamethasone leads to changes in pathway activation that induce anti-proliferative effects in B lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines

BACKGROUND

The introduction of combined conventional cytostatics and pathway-specific inhibitors has opened new treatment options for several cancer types including hematologic neoplasia such as leukaemias. As the detailed understanding of the combination-induced molecular effects is often lacking, the identification of combination-induced molecular mechanisms bears significant value for the further development of interventional approaches.

METHODS

Combined application of conventional cytostatic agents (cytarabine and dexamethasone) with the PI3K-inhibitor Idelalisib was analysed on cell-biologic parameters in two acute pro-B lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) cell lines. In particular, for comparative characterisation of the molecular signatures induced by the combined and mono application, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed. Emphasis was placed on pathways and genes exclusively regulated by drug combinations.

RESULTS

Idelalisib + cytostatics combinations changed pathway activation for, e.g., "Retinoblastoma in cancer", "TGF-b signalling", "Cell cycle" and "DNA-damage response" to a greater extent than the two cytostatics alone. Analyses of the top-20 regulated genes revealed that both combinations induce characteristic gene expression changes.

CONCLUSION

A specific set of genes was exclusively deregulated by the drug combinations, matching the combination-specific anti-proliferative cell-biologic effects. The addition of Idelalisib suggests minor synergistic effects which are rather to be classified as additive.

Two-Center Experience in the Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms Using the Woven EndoBridge 17 Device Including Midterm Follow-Up Results: A Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The Woven EndoBridge device proved its effectiveness in the treatment of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms as a stand-alone device. Before 2016, Woven EndoBridge deployment required at least a 0.021-inch microcatheter. In 2016, a smaller device, the Woven EndoBridge 17 with finer size increments that used a 0.017-inch microcatheter, was introduced. We retrospectively analyzed our initial and follow-up results with the Woven EndoBridge 17 in ruptured and unruptured aneurysms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred twenty-seven intracranial aneurysms in 117 patients were scheduled for treatment with the Woven EndoBridge 17 between June 2017 and February 2019. Twenty-nine aneurysms were ruptured.

RESULTS

Treatment was performed as intended in 124 of 127 cases (97.6%). Additional devices such as stents or coils were used in 12 cases (9.7%). Five thromboembolic complications and 1 hemorrhagic complication were encountered, resulting in clinical deterioration in 2 patients. The overall morbidity and mortality in the entire series have been 1.7% and 0.0% to date, respectively. The follow-up results at 3 and 12 months revealed complete occlusion in 76.1% (70/92) and 78.0% (32/41).

CONCLUSIONS

The Woven EndoBridge 17 device is safe in the treatment of small broad-based aneurysms without the general need for additional devices. The low complication rate and the promising follow-up results underline the value of this technique in a growing range of endovascular treatment options for intracranial aneurysms.

Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Using a Manually Expandable Stent Retriever (Tigertriever) : Preliminary Single Center Experience

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a manually expandable stent retriever (Tigertriever, Rapid Medical, Yoqneam, Israel) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke caused by intracranial large vessel occlusions (LVO).

METHODS

We performed a single center retrospective analysis of all patients treated by mechanical thrombectomy due to LVO using the Tigertriever. The angiographic and clinical success was evaluated by the modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score (mTICI) and the modified Rankin score (mRS).

RESULTS

A total of 68 acute intracranial arterial occlusions in 61 patients (42 female, median age 77 years, range 43-92 years) were treated by mechanical thrombectomy using the Tigertriever. The overall successful reperfusion rate (mTICI 2b-3) was 85.3% (58/68 occlusions) with a first pass effect (mTICI 3) of 23.5% (16/68 occlusions). In 57 of the 68 occlusions the Tigertriever was used on an intention to treat approach with a success rate of 86.0% and in the 11 remaining occlusions where the Tigertriever was used as a bail-out device the success rate was 81.9%. In seven patients a mild subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred (11.5%) and one symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was observed (1.6%). At discharge 39.3% of the patients (24/61) had a favorable outcome (mRS 0-2).

CONCLUSION

The Tigertriever offers a safe and effective treatment option in ischemic stroke due to LVOs with reperfusion rates and a safety profile similar to alternative devices. The Tigertriever is a promising bail-out tool in complex cases. Its role as a first line device has to be evaluated in further prospective studies.

Endovascular Thrombectomy of Calcified Emboli in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Large intracranial vessel occlusion due to calcified emboli is a rare cause of major stroke. We assessed the prevalence, imaging appearance, the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy, and clinical outcome of patients with large-vessel occlusion due to calcified emboli.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical and procedural data of consecutive patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy due to calcified emboli in 7 European stroke centers.

RESULTS

We screened 2969 patients, and 40 patients matched the inclusion criteria, accounting for a prevalence of 1.3%. The mean maximal density of the thrombus was 327 HU (range, 150-1200 HU), and the mean thrombus length was 9.2 mm (range, 4-20 mm). Four patients had multiple calcified emboli, and 2 patients had an embolic event during an endovascular intervention. A modified TICI score of ≥2b was achieved in 57.5% (23/40), with minimal-to-no reperfusion (modified TICI 0-1) in 32.5% (13/40) and incomplete reperfusion (modified TICI 2a) in 10% (4/40). Excellent outcome (mRS 0-1) was achieved in only 20.6%, functional independence (mRS 0-2) in 26.5% and 90-day mortality was 55.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

Acute ischemic stroke with large-vessel occlusion due to calcified emboli is a rare entity in patients undergoing thrombectomy, with considerably worse angiographic outcome and a higher mortality compared with patients with noncalcified thrombi. Good functional recovery at 3 months can still be achieved in about a quarter of patients.

Lipoprotein(a) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an internationally accepted independent atherogenic risk factor. Details about its synthesis, many aspects of composition and clearance from the bloodstream are still unknown. LDL receptor (LDLR) (and probably other receptors) play a role in the elimination of Lp(a) particles. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors increase the number of available LDLRs and in this way very effectively reduce the LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. As shown in controlled studies using PCSK9 inhibitors, Lp(a) levels are decreased by 20 to 30%, though in some patients no effect was observed. So far, it has not been clarified whether this decrease is associated with an effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVEs). In two recently published well-performed secondary prevention studies (FOURIER with evolocumab, ODYSSEY OUTCOMES with alirocumab) baseline Lp(a) levels were shown to have an impact on CVEs independently of baseline LDL-C concentrations. The rather modest PCSK9 inhibitor-induced decrease of Lp(a) was associated with a reduction of CVEs in both studies, even after adjusting (ODYSSEY OUTCOMES) for demographic variables (age, sex, race, region), baseline Lp(a), baseline LDL-C, change in LDL-C, and clinical variables (time from acute coronary syndrome, body mass index, diabetes, smoking history). The largest decrease of CVEs was seen in patients with relatively low concentrations of both LDL-C and Lp(a) (FOURIER). These findings will probably have an influence on the use of PCSK9 inhibitors in patients with high Lp(a) concentrations.

Improved Upper Limit on the Neutrino Mass from a Direct Kinematic Method by KATRIN

We report on the neutrino mass measurement result from the first four-week science run of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment KATRIN in spring 2019. Beta-decay electrons from a high-purity gaseous molecular tritium source are energy analyzed by a high-resolution MAC-E filter. A fit of the integrated electron spectrum over a narrow interval around the kinematic end point at 18.57 keV gives an effective neutrino mass square value of (-1.0_{-1.1}^{+0.9})  eV^{2}. From this, we derive an upper limit of 1.1 eV (90% confidence level) on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos. This value coincides with the KATRIN sensitivity. It improves upon previous mass limits from kinematic measurements by almost a factor of 2 and provides model-independent input to cosmological studies of structure formation.

Pulsatile tinnitus due to an aneurysmatic diverticulum of the jugular bulb treated with the Woven EndoBridge device

Tinnitus is a common symptom with an incidence of 4-20%. Pulsatile tinnitus represents a minor subgroup of less than 10% of all patients suffering from tinnitus. Pulsatile tinnitus - different from permanent mostly idiopathic tinnitus is mainly caused by physical sources related to vascular pathologies resulting in a change in blood volume and pressure or an alteration of the vessel lumen. Differential diagnosis for pulsatile tinnitus include dural arteriovenous fistulas, glomus tumors of the jugular foramen and the middle ear or atherosclerotic diseases of the carotid artery in the petrous or cavernous segment. Anomalies of the dural sinuses and the jugular bulb have been described as rare sources of synchronized tinnitus. The Woven EndoBridge (WEB, Microvention, Tustin, CA) is an intraaneurysmal flow diverter for the treatment of broad-based arterial aneurysms with a high safety and effectiveness profile. The initial version of the WEB with a dual layer structure evolved to a single layer structure in two different versions (WEB SL, WEB SLS). The WEB system does not require a concomitant antiplatelet therapy compared to other intraluminal devices as extra-aneurysmal flow-diverters or intracranial stents. Here we describe a case of an aneurysmatic diverticulum of the jugular bulb in a patient with ipsilateral pulsatile tinnitus treated with a WEB device.

Assessments of activities of daily living after arthroscopic SLAP repair with knot-tying versus knotless suture anchors

PURPOSE

The clinical influence of knot-tying or knotless anchor systems for the arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions (superior labrum lesion from anterior to posterior) remain unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a retrospective cohort analysis, 61 of 78 (78.2%) patients with isolated symptomatic SLAP II lesions were examined with a minimum of 24 months after arthroscopic SLAP repair compared to a control group: 28 patients with knot-tying anchors (group I, G1; 28.95 ± 9.48 years, 23 male/5 female), 33 with knotless anchors (group II, G2; 31 ± 10.09 years, 26 male/7 female) and 140 healthy volunteers (group III, G3; 30.9 ± 8.9 years, 109 male/31 female). The clinical assessment included an examination and estimated parameters of ADL (activities of daily living), the CS (Constant score), ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow score), DASH (disability of arm-shoulder hand) and the RS (Rowe score).

RESULTS

The ROM analysis recorded no significant differences for the external rotation in 0° abduction (G1 63.75° ± 15.55° versus = vs G2 65.30° ± 18.15°; p_{ERG1 vs G2} = 0.72). The clinical outcomes revealed significantly decreased pain status in G1 for the O'brien test and in G2 for the Palm-up test, whereas Yergason test showed similar pain levels (p_O'brien = 0.03; p_{palm up} = 0.02; p_yergason > 0.5). The pulley associated rotator cuff tests revealed a significantly inferior force status in G2 compared to G1 (p_lift-off = 0.005, p_Jobe = 0.02) whereas the further rotator cuff assessments were equal. In general, the intervention group showed increased pain level and functional deficits compared to the G3. The score analysis detected no significant differences with P_{CSG1 vs G2}, P_{ASESG1 vs G2}, P_{DASHG1 vs G2} and P_{RSG1 vs G2} all > 0.05 and significant impairments compared to G3 in all scores p_{G1/G2 vs G3} < 0.05 (CS_G1 = 88.28 ± 14.42, CS_G2=92.73 ± 9.24, CS_G3 = 96.2 ± 4.96; ASES_G1 = 81.10 ± 21.69, ASES_G2 = 85.35 ± 17.12, ASES_G3 = 94.95 ± 10.39,; DASH_G1= 35.75 ± 13.44, DASH_G2 = 36.03 ± 17.55, DASH_G3 = 27.13 ± 6.52; RS_G1 = 90.71 ± 9.88, RS_G2 = 88.33 ± 11.22, RS_G3= 92.96 ± 11.27).

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical assessment revealed for both anchor systems similar outcomes but showed general underestimated impairments after the SLAP repair surgery compared to the healthy control. The clinical status only marginally differed between both techniques, wherefore the present assessment of ADL allowed no recommendation of one of these two specific surgery technique for SLAP repair.

The role of analytical chemistry in exposure science: Focus on the aquatic environment

Exposure science, in its broadest sense, studies the interactions between stressors (chemical, biological, and physical agents) and receptors (e.g. humans and other living organisms, and non-living items like buildings), together with the associated pathways and processes potentially leading to negative effects on human health and the environment. The aquatic environment may contain thousands of compounds, many of them still unknown, that can pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the unquestionable importance of the aquatic environment, one of the main challenges in the field of exposure science is the comprehensive characterization and evaluation of complex environmental mixtures beyond the classical/priority contaminants to new emerging contaminants. The role of advanced analytical chemistry to identify and quantify potential chemical risks, that might cause adverse effects to the aquatic environment, is essential. In this paper, we present the strategies and tools that analytical chemistry has nowadays, focused on chromatography hyphenated to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry because of its relevance in this field. Key issues, such as the application of effect direct analysis to reduce the complexity of the sample, the investigation of the huge number of transformation/degradation products that may be present in the aquatic environment, the analysis of urban wastewater as a source of valuable information on our lifestyle and substances we consumed and/or are exposed to, or the monitoring of drinking water, are discussed in this article. The trends and perspectives for the next few years are also highlighted, when it is expected that new developments and tools will allow a better knowledge of chemical composition in the aquatic environment. This will help regulatory authorities to protect water bodies and to advance towards improved regulations that enable practical and efficient abatements for environmental and public health protection.