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Mitraka E, Jafari MJ, Vagin M, Liu X, Fahlman M, Ederth T, Berggren M, Jonsson MP, Crispin X. Oxygen-induced doping on reduced PEDOT. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2017; 5:4404-4412. [PMID: 28580144 PMCID: PMC5436492 DOI: 10.1039/c6ta10521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has shown promise as air electrode in renewable energy technologies like metal-air batteries and fuel cells. PEDOT is based on atomic elements of high abundance and is synthesized at low temperature from solution. The mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) over chemically polymerized PEDOT:Cl still remains controversial with eventual role of transition metal impurities. However, regardless of the mechanistic route, we here demonstrate yet another key active role of PEDOT in the ORR mechanism. Our study demonstrates the decoupling of conductivity (intrinsic property) from electrocatalysis (as an extrinsic phenomenon) yielding the evidence of doping of the polymer by oxygen during ORR. Hence, the PEDOT electrode is electrochemically reduced (undoped) in the voltage range of ORR regime, but O2 keeps it conducting; ensuring PEDOT to act as an electrode for the ORR. The interaction of oxygen with the polymer electrode is investigated with a battery of spectroscopic techniques.
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Wang S, Sun H, Ail U, Vagin M, Persson POÅ, Andreasen JW, Thiel W, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fazzi D, Fabiano S. Thermoelectric Properties of Solution-Processed n-Doped Ladder-Type Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10764-10771. [PMID: 27787927 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ladder-type "torsion-free" conducting polymers (e.g., polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL)) can outperform "structurally distorted" donor-acceptor polymers (e.g., P(NDI2OD-T2)), in terms of conductivity and thermoelectric power factor. The polaron delocalization length is larger in BBL than in P(NDI2OD-T2), resulting in a higher measured polaron mobility. Structure-function relationships are drawn, setting material-design guidelines for the next generation of conducting thermoelectric polymers.
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Khan ZU, Edberg J, Hamedi MM, Gabrielsson R, Granberg H, Wågberg L, Engquist I, Berggren M, Crispin X. Thermoelectric Polymers and their Elastic Aerogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4556-62. [PMID: 26836440 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronically conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of materials for novel electronics, such as printed electronics and flexible electronics. Their properties have been further diversified to introduce elasticity, which has opened new possibility for "stretchable" electronics. Recent discoveries demonstrate that conducting polymers have thermoelectric properties with a low thermal conductivity, as well as tunable Seebeck coefficients - which is achieved by modulating their electrical conductivity via simple redox reactions. Using these thermoelectric properties, all-organic flexible thermoelectric devices, such as temperature sensors, heat flux sensors, and thermoelectric generators, are being developed. In this article we discuss the combination of the two emerging fields: stretchable electronics and polymer thermoelectrics. The combination of elastic and thermoelectric properties seems to be unique for conducting polymers, and difficult to achieve with inorganic thermoelectric materials. We introduce the basic concepts, and state of the art knowledge, about the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers, and illustrate the use of elastic thermoelectric conducting polymer aerogels that could be employed as temperature and pressure sensors in an electronic-skin.
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Malti A, Edberg J, Granberg H, Khan ZU, Andreasen JW, Liu X, Zhao D, Zhang H, Yao Y, Brill JW, Engquist I, Fahlman M, Wågberg L, Crispin X, Berggren M. An Organic Mixed Ion-Electron Conductor for Power Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500305. [PMID: 27774392 PMCID: PMC5063141 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A mixed ionic-electronic conductor based on nanofibrillated cellulose composited with poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythio-phene):-poly(styrene-sulfonate) along with high boiling point solvents is demonstrated in bulky electrochemical devices. The high electronic and ionic conductivities of the resulting nanopaper are exploited in devices which exhibit record values for the charge storage capacitance (1F) in supercapacitors and transconductance (1S) in electrochemical transistors.
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Stavrinidou E, Gabrielsson R, Gomez E, Crispin X, Nilsson O, Simon DT, Berggren M. Electronic plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1501136. [PMID: 26702448 PMCID: PMC4681328 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The roots, stems, leaves, and vascular circuitry of higher plants are responsible for conveying the chemical signals that regulate growth and functions. From a certain perspective, these features are analogous to the contacts, interconnections, devices, and wires of discrete and integrated electronic circuits. Although many attempts have been made to augment plant function with electroactive materials, plants' "circuitry" has never been directly merged with electronics. We report analog and digital organic electronic circuits and devices manufactured in living plants. The four key components of a circuit have been achieved using the xylem, leaves, veins, and signals of the plant as the template and integral part of the circuit elements and functions. With integrated and distributed electronics in plants, one can envisage a range of applications including precision recording and regulation of physiology, energy harvesting from photosynthesis, and alternatives to genetic modification for plant optimization.
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Khan ZU, Bubnova O, Jafari MJ, Brooke R, Liu X, Gabrielsson R, Ederth T, Evans DR, Andreasen JW, Fahlman M, Crispin X. Acido-basic control of the thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) thin films. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2015; 3:10616-10623. [PMID: 27019715 PMCID: PMC4786950 DOI: 10.1039/c5tc01952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PEDOT-Tos is one of the conducting polymers that displays the most promising thermoelectric properties. Until now, it has been utterly difficult to control all the synthesis parameters and the morphology governing the thermoelectric properties. To improve our understanding of this material, we study the variation in the thermoelectric properties by a simple acido-basic treatment. The emphasis of this study is to elucidate the chemical changes induced by acid (HCl) or base (NaOH) treatment in PEDOT-Tos thin films using various spectroscopic and structural techniques. We could identify changes in the nanoscale morphology due to anion exchange between tosylate and Cl- or OH-. But, we identified that changing the pH leads to a tuning of the oxidation level of the polymer, which can explain the changes in thermoelectric properties. Hence, a simple acid-base treatment allows finding the optimum for the power factor in PEDOT-Tos thin films.
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Malti A, Gabrielsson EO, Crispin X, Berggren M. An Electrochromic Bipolar Membrane Diode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3909-3914. [PMID: 26016815 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with bipolar membranes (a complementary stack of selective membranes) may be used to rectify current. Integrating a bipolar membrane into a polymer electrochromic display obviates the need for an addressing backplane while increasing the device's bistability. Such devices can be made from solution-processable materials.
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Weathers A, Khan ZU, Brooke R, Evans D, Pettes MT, Andreasen JW, Crispin X, Shi L. Significant electronic thermal transport in the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2101-6. [PMID: 25688732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Suspended microdevices are employed to measure the in-plane electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of suspended poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films. The measured thermal conductivity is higher than previously reported for PEDOT and generally increases with the electrical conductivity. The increase exceeds that predicted by the Wiedemann-Franz law for metals and can be explained by significant electronic thermal transport in PEDOT.
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Fabiano S, Usta H, Forchheimer R, Crispin X, Facchetti A, Berggren M. Selective remanent ambipolar charge transport in polymeric field-effect transistors for high-performance logic circuits fabricated in ambient. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7438-7443. [PMID: 25284119 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ambipolar polymeric field-effect transistors can be programmed into a p- or n-type mode by using the remanent polarization of a ferroelectric gate insulator. Due to the remanent polarity, the device architecture is suited as a building block in complementary logic circuits and in CMOS-compatible memory cells for non-destructive read-out operations.
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Fabiano S, Braun S, Liu X, Weverberghs E, Gerbaux P, Fahlman M, Berggren M, Crispin X. Poly(ethylene imine) impurities induce n-doping reaction in organic (semi)conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6000-6. [PMID: 25043202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Volatile impurities contained in polyethyleneimine (PEI), and identified as ethyleneimine dimers and trimers, are reported. These N-based molecules show a strong reducing character, as demonstrated by the change in electrical conductivity of organic (semi)conductors exposed to the PEI vapor. The results prove that electron transfer rather than a dipole effect at the electrode interface is the origin of the work-function modification by the PEI-based layers.
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Bubnova O, Khan ZU, Wang H, Braun S, Evans DR, Fabretto M, Hojati-Talemi P, Dagnelund D, Arlin JB, Geerts YH, Desbief S, Breiby DW, Andreasen JW, Lazzaroni R, Chen WM, Zozoulenko I, Fahlman M, Murphy PJ, Berggren M, Crispin X. Semi-metallic polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:190-4. [PMID: 24317188 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are lightweight, flexible, solution-processable materials that are promising for low-cost printed electronics as well as for mass-produced and large-area applications. Previous studies demonstrated that they can possess insulating, semiconducting or metallic properties; here we report that polymers can also be semi-metallic. Semi-metals, exemplified by bismuth, graphite and telluride alloys, have no energy bandgap and a very low density of states at the Fermi level. Furthermore, they typically have a higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivities compared with metals, thus being suitable for thermoelectric applications. We measure the thermoelectric properties of various poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) samples, and observe a marked increase in the Seebeck coefficient when the electrical conductivity is enhanced through molecular organization. This initiates the transition from a Fermi glass to a semi-metal. The high Seebeck value, the metallic conductivity at room temperature and the absence of unpaired electron spins makes polymer semi-metals attractive for thermoelectrics and spintronics.
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Fabiano S, Crispin X, Berggren M. Ferroelectric polarization induces electric double layer bistability in electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:438-442. [PMID: 24251907 DOI: 10.1021/am404494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The dense surface charges expressed by a ferroelectric polymeric thin film induce ion displacement within a polyelectrolyte layer and vice versa. This is because the density of dipoles along the surface of the ferroelectric thin film and its polarization switching time matches that of the (Helmholtz) electric double layers formed at the ferroelectric/polyelectrolyte and polyelectrolyte/semiconductor interfaces. This combination of materials allows for introducing hysteresis effects in the capacitance of an electric double layer capacitor. The latter is advantageously used to control the charge accumulation in the semiconductor channel of an organic field-effect transistor. The resulting memory transistors can be written at a gate voltage of around 7 V and read out at a drain voltage as low as 50 mV. The technological implication of this large difference between write and read-out voltages lies in the non-destructive reading of this ferroelectric memory.
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Laiho A, Nguyen HT, Sinno H, Engquist I, Berggren M, Dubois P, Coulembier O, Crispin X. Amphiphilic Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-Based Semiconducting Copolymers for Printing of Polyelectrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400527z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bubnova O, Berggren M, Crispin X. Tuning the Thermoelectric Properties of Conducting Polymers in an Electrochemical Transistor. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16456-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu J, Engquist I, Crispin X, Berggren M. Spatial control of p-n junction in an organic light-emitting electrochemical transistor. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:901-4. [PMID: 22188539 DOI: 10.1021/ja210936n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-voltage-operating organic electrochemical light-emitting cells (LECs) and transistors (OECTs) can be realized in robust device architectures, thus enabling easy manufacturing of light sources using printing tools. In an LEC, the p-n junction, located within the organic semiconductor channel, constitutes the active light-emitting element. It is established and fixated through electrochemical p- and n-doping, which are governed by charge injection from the anode and cathode, respectively. In an OECT, the electrochemical doping level along the organic semiconducting channel is controlled via the gate electrode. Here we report the merger of these two devices: the light-emitting electrochemical transistor, in which the location of the emitting p-n junction and the current level between the anode and cathode are modulated via a gate electrode. Light emission occurs at 4 V, and the emission zone can be repeatedly moved back and forth within an interelectrode gap of 500 μm by application of a 4 V gate bias. In transistor operation, the estimated on/off ratio ranges from 10 to 100 with a gate threshold voltage of -2.3 V and transconductance value between 1.4 and 3 μS. This device structure opens for new experiments tunable light sources and LECs with added electronic functionality.
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Larsson O, Laiho A, Schmickler W, Berggren M, Crispin X. Controlling the dimensionality of charge transport in an organic electrochemical transistor by capacitive coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4764-9. [PMID: 21953895 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Herlogsson L, Crispin X, Tierney S, Berggren M. Polyelectrolyte-gated organic complementary circuits operating at low power and voltage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4684-4689. [PMID: 21919081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Bubnova O, Khan ZU, Malti A, Braun S, Fahlman M, Berggren M, Crispin X. Optimization of the thermoelectric figure of merit in the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:429-33. [PMID: 21532583 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) transform a heat flow into electricity. Thermoelectric materials are being investigated for electricity production from waste heat (co-generation) and natural heat sources. For temperatures below 200 °C, the best commercially available inorganic semiconductors are bismuth telluride (Bi(2)Te(3))-based alloys, which possess a figure of merit ZT close to one. Most of the recently discovered thermoelectric materials with ZT>2 exhibit one common property, namely their low lattice thermal conductivities. Nevertheless, a high ZT value is not enough to create a viable technology platform for energy harvesting. To generate electricity from large volumes of warm fluids, heat exchangers must be functionalized with TEGs. This requires thermoelectric materials that are readily synthesized, air stable, environmentally friendly and solution processable to create patterns on large areas. Here we show that conducting polymers might be capable of meeting these demands. The accurate control of the oxidation level in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) combined with its low intrinsic thermal conductivity (λ=0.37 W m(-1) K(-1)) yields a ZT=0.25 at room temperature that approaches the values required for efficient devices.
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Birgerson J, Keil M, Denier van der Gon AW, Crispin X, Lögdlund M, Salaneck WR. A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Ethylenedioxythiophene Adsorption on Polycrystalline Gold Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-660-jj5.29.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Birgerson J, Keil M, Denier van der Gon AW, Crispin X, Lögdlund M, Salaneck WR. A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Ethylenedioxythiophene Adsorption on Polycrystalline Gold Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-660-jj5.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe interaction between thin films of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and polycrystalline copper and gold surfaces has been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. Thick films of EDOT (∼100 Å) have been prepared by vapor deposition onto clean gold surfaces, which were cooled down to a temperature of 170 K during the deposition process. Monolayers were prepared by slowly heating the thick films up to 300 K. At 300 K most of the material has evaporated from the surface and about one monolayer remains chemisorbed on the gold surface. This shows that there is an interaction between EDOT and Au. This chemisorption causes a shift of around -0.5 eV of the binding energies for the core level electrons, presumably because of screening of the core-hole by the metal. An experimental and theoretical analysis of the valence level electrons suggests that two molecular orbitals, localized at the thiophene part of the molecule, are involved in the interaction with the metal atoms of the surface. The most likely orientation of the EDOT molecules is parallel to the Au surface. Upon adsorption the work function is changed from 5.2 eV for the clean gold surface to 4.0 eV for the EDOT monolayer. In the case of EDOT adsorbed on clean copper surfaces, no interaction was observed.
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Kergoat L, Herlogsson L, Braga D, Piro B, Pham MC, Crispin X, Berggren M, Horowitz G. A water-gate organic field-effect transistor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2565-2569. [PMID: 20491093 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Tzamalis G, Lemaur V, Karlsson F, Holtz PO, Andersson M, Crispin X, Cornil J, Berggren M. Fluorescence light emission at 1eV from a conjugated polymer. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nguyen HT, Coulembier O, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Crispin X, Dubois P. Novel regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based polycationic block copolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Herlogsson L, Cölle M, Tierney S, Crispin X, Berggren M. Low-voltage ring oscillators based on polyelectrolyte-gated polymer thin-film transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:72-76. [PMID: 20217700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Hamedi M, Herlogsson L, Crispin X, Marcilla R, Berggren M, Inganäs O. Electronic Textiles: Fiber-Embedded Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistors for e-Textiles (Adv. Mater. 5/2009). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 21162140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200990013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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