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Aleksevich II, Tumanov VP, Kovalishin VI, Pavliust LP. [Changes in lipid metabolism, oxygen balance and muscle ultrastructure in tetanus in an experiment]. BIULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOI BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY 1985; 100:664-8. [PMID: 4074863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dogs and white rats with experimental tetanus were examined for blood plasma lipids and red cells, their acid resistance, oxygen balance, cytochrome oxidase and aspartate transaminase activity and muscle ultrastructure. The amount of blood plasma lipids was found to be increased, the lipid content in red cells was lowered because of phospholipid washing out. The red cell resistance was lowered, their sedimentation rate was accelerated. Oxygen metabolism in muscles was first enhanced to form excess lipid peroxides, disturbing the integrity of cell membranes and myocyte ultrastructure, and then it was suppressed because of depletion of the compensatory mechanisms and eventuated in the destruction of part of cells and later on in the death of animals.
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Sofola OA, Elesha SO. Changes in blood chemistry and liver histopathology of rabbits during experimental tetanus toxicity. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 1985; 14:185-91. [PMID: 3004179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in blood chemistry, especially blood glucose, were studied in rabbits developing tetanus after injection of tetanus toxin. Blood glucose levels increased significantly above control values after the animals developed tetanus. The increase in glucose level paralleled the depletion of liver glycogen, detected by means of PAS staining. The observed changes were not affected by adrenergic receptor block or catecholamine depletion by reserpine, suggesting non-mediation of the sympathetic nervous system in the response. A direct action of the toxin on the liver, initiating glycogen depletion, is being postulated.
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Paul SS, Utal DS, Gupta GS. Tetanus neonatorum. Indian Pediatr 1984; 21:683-7. [PMID: 6519800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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O'Keefe SJ, Wesley A, Jialal I, Epstein S. The metabolic response and problems with nutritional support in acute tetanus. Metabolism 1984; 33:482-7. [PMID: 6425611 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(84)90152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen patients with severe tetanus were studied in the first and second week of illness in order to assess metabolic changes and nutritional requirements. Nine required muscular paralysis and subsequent assisted ventilation in order to control spasms. Symptoms and signs of sympathetic overactivity were especially common in the latter groups with a fourfold increase in urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion. Other hormonal and metabolic abnormalities included hyperglycemia, mildly elevated insulin concentrations with no significant rise in cortisol, and glucagon. Evidence of excessive protein catabolism was obtained particularly during the second week of illness, mean urinary nitrogen excretion being 20.5 +/- 13.8 g/d. Maintenance of nutrient homeostasis proved impossible with conventional enteral-feeding techniques: high-density feeds exacerbated hyperglycemia and diarrhea; low-density feeds were unable to maintain nitrogen balance (-12.34 g/d in ventilated patients, second week). The results indicate that loss of lean body mass is inevitable in such patients unless the metabolic response can be suppressed or more aggressive forms of nutritional support (eg, total parenteral nutrition including sufficient insulin to maintain normoglycemia) are employed.
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Guillois B, Leclerc F, Chenaud M, Ythier H, Gaudier B. [Tetanus. Apropos a case]. PEDIATRIE 1984; 39:39-42. [PMID: 6739226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The authors report a case of tetanus in a 19 months infant who has only received BCG. After a four days period during which two laryngeal spasms occurred, the infant presents a generalized tetanus. The outcome was favorable with specific serotherapy myorelaxants and assisted ventilation of four weeks duration.
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31
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Lorber CG. [Specific infections in the mouth and jaws]. ZAHNARZTLICHE PRAXIS 1983; 34:499-507. [PMID: 6588694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Aleksevich II, Tumanov VP, Iavorskiĭ OG, Gordiĭ PD, Kovalyshin VI. [Effect of tetanus toxin on the myocardium]. BIULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOI BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY 1983; 95:95-7. [PMID: 6830972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chou SM, Payne WN. Vacuolation and chromatolysis of lower motoneurons in tetanus. A case report and review of the literature. CLEVELAND CLINIC QUARTERLY 1982; 49:255-64. [PMID: 7168915 DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.49.4.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Alvárez Sánchez B, García Sanz M, Merino de Cos P, Caturla Such J, Fuster Lozano M, Serrano T, Soria Muñoz F, Aguado Pérez M. [Diagnosis of acute generalized tetanus using total CPK values. Prognostic-developmental correlates]. Rev Clin Esp 1982; 165:43-6. [PMID: 7122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tavares W, Keim LS, Torres Filho SR, de Oliveira SA, Dias M. [Recurrent tetanus and recrudescent tetanus]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1982; 24:107-15. [PMID: 6127779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Rumbesht LM, Bardakhch'ian EA, Poliak AI. [Ultrastructural changes in the pituitary gland during tetanus intoxication and effects of butyroxan]. BIULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOI BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY 1982; 93:63-5. [PMID: 7066532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Risk WS, Bosch EP, Kimura J, Cancilla PA, Fischbeck KH, Layzer RB. Chronic tetanus: clinical report and histochemistry of muscle. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4:363-6. [PMID: 7290102 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A patient who was partially immune to tetanus developed nonfulminant tetanus after a minor injury. Manifestations of the disease persisted for over 17 months. Electrophysiologic studies revealed an absent silent period in the masseter muscle, large-amplitude F-responses, and denervation. A muscle biopsy showed neurogenic atrophy with reinnervation. This observation supports the existence of chronic tetanus and provides morphologic evidence for a peripheral action of tetanus toxin in humans.
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Gadoth N, Dagan R, Sandbank U, Levy D, Moses SW. Permanent tetraplegia as a consequence of tetanus neonatorum. Evidence for widespread lower motor neuron damage. J Neurol Sci 1981; 51:273-8. [PMID: 7276978 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(81)90105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that no permanent neurological damage is found among survivors of tetanus neonatorum. Newborns dying shortly after the onset of tetanus also lack significant neurological abnormalities. In adults a variety of neuromuscular lesions have been reported; however, a uniform pathological picture is absent. We report a case of a newborn with severe tetanus in whom striking evidence of anterior horn neuronal damage was documented, causing permanent nonprogressive tetraplegia. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for this lesion involves the retrograde axoplasmic flow of tetanus toxin reaching the spinal cord via nerve endings in the infected umbilical cord stump.
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Vorácová A, Skálová E, Cerný E. [Unusual cerebral changes in fast progressing tetanus (author's transl)]. CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH 1980; 119:910-2. [PMID: 7438163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Fourie DT, Ginsberg B. The action of tetanus toxin: a case report. S Afr Med J 1979; 56:1009-10. [PMID: 550427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of neonatal tetanus in an infant with myelomeningocele is described, and the possible action of tetanus toxin is discussed.
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Dastur FD, Nair KG. Recent advances in tetanus. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 1979; 27:551-7. [PMID: 528515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sato H, Ito A, Yamakawa Y, Murata R. Toxin-neutralizing effect of antibody against subtilisin-digested tetanus toxin. Infect Immun 1979; 24:958-61. [PMID: 468382 PMCID: PMC414401 DOI: 10.1128/iai.24.3.958-961.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A form of systemic tetanus with atypical symptoms was observed in mice injected in the left thigh with a mixture of tetanus toxin and antibody produced in guinea pigs against a fragment of toxin obtained from a subtilisin digest of the crystallized toxin. The mice did not show typical symptoms of the local tetanus such as convulsions or spastic paralysis of the injected limb.
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Huet de la Tour E, Tardieu C, Tabary JC, Tabary C. Decrease of muscle extensibility and reduction of sarcomere number in soleus muscle following a local injection of tetanus toxin. J Neurol Sci 1979; 40:123-31. [PMID: 430099 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(79)90198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Slow soleus muscle in guinea pig developed within 4--6 days after local injection of a sublethal dose of tetanus toxin and 2--4 days after the first signs of local tetanus, a myostatic contracture characterized by a change in the passive tension--lengthening curve associated with a considerable decrease of the sarcomere number. It was demonstrated by clinical and EMG investigations that the soleus did have a tetanic spasm at least within the 2--4 day period of observation. When local tetanus was confined to slow soleus by functional suppression of rapid gastrocnemius and ankle flexor muscles, the decrease of the sarcomere number still persisted. This decrease failed to occur after section of the nerve supplying the soleus when associated with an injection of the tetanus toxin, and was much greater than when the soleus was passively shortened for the same period of time by plaster cast.
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Erdmann G, Habermann E. Histoautoradiography of central nervous system in rats with generalized tetanus due to 125I-toxin. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1977; 301:135-8. [PMID: 600325 DOI: 10.1007/bf00501428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rats were injected i.v. with 125I-tetanus toxin. In autoradiographs of the spinal cord radioactivity was found over the pericarya and in the surroundings of the motoneurones whereas grain density was less over their nuclear region. In addition, pericarya in the lateral horn of the thoracic region and also the bipolar cells of the spinal ganglia contained radioactivity. The central part and the dorsal horns of spinal cord, and the white substance did not show any appreciable radioactivity. Within the medulla oblongata, clusters of large cells representing motor nuclei, as well as some fibre tracts close to them, contained 125I. Forebrain and cerebellum remained free. According to its histoautoradiographic appearance, generalized tetanus can be described best as a combination of multiple local tetani.
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Silva CA, Sá MJ, Cruz C. Tetanus antibody production in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit and correlated histopathological features of the central nervous system. J Neurol Sci 1977; 33:213-27. [PMID: 578524 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(77)90195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological features in the central nervous system (CNS) developing during the active phase of tetanus antibody formation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as induced in 15 rabbits were studied. The measurement of antibody titres in serum and CSF by electroimmunodiffusion and histological examination were done sequentially at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days after cisternal secondary inoculation with fluid tetanus toxoid. Tetanus antibodies appeared in serum after the 1st and in CSF after the 5th day. Decreasing values of CSF total protein were found. The meaning of an elevated Q ratio as observed in this situation of strong antibody formation in the CSF was enhanced. The histopathological features in the central nervous system consisted of perivascular inflammatory infiltration, at first polymorphic and then composed almost exclusively of mononuclear cells with a predominantly leptomeningeal and subpial localization, which might represent the origin of CSF tetanus antibodies. The localization was related to the contact zone between the antigen- and antibody-containing compartments, respectively the subarachnoid space and vascularized structures of the brain and spinal cord. Four control rabbits presented neither tetanus antibodies in the CSF nor perivascular inflammatory infiltration in the CNS. Similarity between the present experimental results and the immunopathological features of the primary demyelinating diseases provides some useful information about the immunological inflammatory events in these diseases.
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Boussagol C, Marchand J. [Otitic tetanus]. ANNALES D'OTO-LARYNGOLOGIE ET DE CHIRURGIE CERVICO FACIALE : BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE D'OTO-LARYNGOLOGIE DES HOPITAUX DE PARIS 1977; 94:331-5. [PMID: 911128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Barua AR, Pal NC, Ghose BP. Tetanus myopathy. Indian J Med Res 1976; 64:673-9. [PMID: 965068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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King LE, Fedinec AA. Pathogenesis of local tetanus in rats: neural ascent of tetanus toxin. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1974; 281:391-401. [PMID: 4275259 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kryzhanovskii GN, Rumbesht OM, Saakov BA, Polyak AI, Gul'yants ES, Gavrilova TM. Response of the hypothalamic-neurosecretory system to experimental tetanus. Bull Exp Biol Med 1974; 77:484-7. [PMID: 4441673 DOI: 10.1007/bf00797399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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