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Won HH, Myung W, Song GY, Lee WH, Kim JW, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Predicting national suicide numbers with social media data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61809. [PMID: 23630615 PMCID: PMC3632511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is not only an individual phenomenon, but it is also influenced by social and environmental factors. With the high suicide rate and the abundance of social media data in South Korea, we have studied the potential of this new medium for predicting completed suicide at the population level. We tested two social media variables (suicide-related and dysphoria-related weblog entries) along with classical social, economic and meteorological variables as predictors of suicide over 3 years (2008 through 2010). Both social media variables were powerfully associated with suicide frequency. The suicide variable displayed high variability and was reactive to celebrity suicide events, while the dysphoria variable showed longer secular trends, with lower variability. We interpret these as reflections of social affect and social mood, respectively. In the final multivariate model, the two social media variables, especially the dysphoria variable, displaced two classical economic predictors – consumer price index and unemployment rate. The prediction model developed with the 2-year training data set (2008 through 2009) was validated in the data for 2010 and was robust in a sensitivity analysis controlling for celebrity suicide effects. These results indicate that social media data may be of value in national suicide forecasting and prevention.
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Lee Y, Lim SW, Kim SY, Chung JW, Kim J, Myung W, Song J, Kim S, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Association between the BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Chronicity of Depression. Psychiatry Investig 2013; 10:56-61. [PMID: 23482723 PMCID: PMC3590431 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2013.10.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both clinical and biological factors influence the course of depressive disorders. This study tested for associations between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene at the Val66Met locus and the course of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Three hundred ten Korean subjects (209 patients, 101 controls) were genotyped for rs6265 at nucleotide 196 (G/A), which produces an amino acid substitution at codon 66 (Val66Met) of the gene for BDNF. Course of illness was evaluated both by chronicity of current episode (episode duration >24 months) and by the lifetime history of recurrences. RESULTS Patients with the Met/Met BDNF genotype had a significantly higher rate of chronic depression than all others. There was a significant dose effect of the Met allele on chronicity. Compared with the Val/Val genotype, the relative risk of chronicity was 1.67 for the Val/Met genotype, and 2.58 for the Met/Met genotype. Lifetime history of recurrent episodes was not related to BDNF genotypes but was significantly associated with younger age of onset and with a history of depression in first degree relatives. CONCLUSION BDNF genotyping may be informative for anticipating chronicity in major depression.
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Myung W, Lim SW, Kim S, Kim H, Chung JW, Seo MY, Kim JW, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Serotonin transporter genotype and function in relation to antidepressant response in Koreans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:283-90. [PMID: 22885912 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene polymorphisms are linked with antidepressant response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRIs), though the favorable allelic variant differs by ethnic group (Caucasian versus Korean or Japanese). In Caucasian patients, response also is linked to measures of platelet 5-HTT function. OBJECTIVES Here, we study both 5-HTT gene polymorphisms and 5-HTT function as determinants of antidepressant response to SSRIs in Korean patients. METHODS We enrolled 99 patients with major depression and 48 control subjects. For statistical power, both samples were enriched with the l/l 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, which is uncommon in Koreans. Patients were treated with fluoxetine or sertraline. Response was assessed at 6 weeks. Subjects were genotyped for s/l polymorphism in the 5-HTT promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Platelet 5-HTT activity was determined as maximal uptake rate (Vmax) and affinity constant (Km). RESULTS Response was differentially associated with the s allele of 5-HTTLPR, which also was significantly associated with Vmax. These associations are opposite to those reported in Caucasian populations. Responders had significantly higher Vmax and Km than nonresponders. In Koreans as well as Caucasians, high Vmax is related to antidepressant response to SSRIs, though the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism associations with both response and function differ by ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Both ethnicity and function must be considered in evaluating candidate gene biomarkers of response to SSRIs in depression.
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Myung W, Song J, Lim SW, Won HH, Kim S, Lee Y, Kang HS, Lee H, Kim JW, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Genetic association study of individual symptoms in depression. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:400-6. [PMID: 22429480 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The heritability of some individual depressive symptoms has been well established. However, the causal genes related to individual depressive symptoms and genetic effects on the courses of individual depressive symptoms are still unclear. We examined these issues in 241 Korean patients who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depression. Patients entered a 12-week clinical trial with antidepressants. A total of 1399 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 79 candidate genes were assessed. The rs557762 and the TT haplotype in the 11th haplotype block of the GRIA3 gene were associated with feelings of guilt in females. The GGCCGGGC haplotype in the first haplotype block of TPH1 was significantly associated with middle insomnia. The ACAG haplotype in the 13th haplotype block of the GRIK2 gene was associated with somatic anxiety. Moreover, the effect of the rs557762 on guilt significantly varied across times. Our results indicate that there are associations between particular gene polymorphisms and some individual depressive symptoms. These results could contribute to understanding the biological mechanisms of depression.
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Carroll BJ, Iranmanesh A, Keenan DM, Cassidy F, Wilson WH, Veldhuis JD. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression: pituitary and adrenal responses to low glucocorticoid feedback. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 125:478-91. [PMID: 22211368 PMCID: PMC3893569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test three theories of hypercortisolemia in depression-hypothalamic overdrive, impaired glucocorticoid feedback, or autonomous cortisol production. METHOD We applied an overnight low-cortisol feedback strategy by administering metyrapone to hypercortisolemic depressed in-patients and control subjects. RESULTS Under metyrapone, the increases of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations and of basal and pulsatile ACTH secretion were not exaggerated in hypercortisolemic depressed patients compared with control subjects. ACTH approximate entropy (ApEn) did not differ at baseline or under metyrapone. Thus, neither hypothalamic overdrive nor irregular ACTH secretion was seen. We did not detect impaired cortisol feedback: the ACTH response was not reduced, and ApEn measures that are sensitive to feedback changes were comparable in both groups. Metyrapone disrupted cortisol secretory regularity in depressed and control subjects. On the baseline day, basal cortisol secretion was significantly increased and was highly irregular (high ApEn), and ACTH-cortisol cross-ApEn was markedly elevated in high-cortisol patients. CONCLUSION Classical feed-forward overdrive and impaired feedback theories of hypercortisolemia in depression were not supported. Depressive hypercortisolemia may result from alternative pathophysiological mechanisms involving irregular basal hypersecretion of cortisol, associated with adrenal enlargement, possibly through splanchnic sympathetic activation of the adrenal cortex.
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Christie M, Brosnan CA, Rothnagel JA, Carroll BJ. RNA decay and RNA silencing in plants: competition or collaboration? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:99. [PMID: 22639621 PMCID: PMC3355627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of RNA polymerase II transcription signals the beginning of a series of physically and functionally coupled pre-mRNA processing events that transform an RNA transcript into a highly structured, mature ribonucleoprotein complex. With such a complexity of co-transcriptional processes comes the need to identify and degrade improperly processed transcripts. Quality control of mRNA expression primarily involves exonucleolytic degradation of aberrant RNAs. RNA silencing, on the other hand, tends to be viewed separately as a pathway that primarily functions in regulating endogenous gene expression and in genome defense against transposons and viruses. Here, we review current knowledge of these pathways as they exist in plants and draw parallels to similar pathways in other eukaryotes. We then highlight some unexplored overlaps that exist between the RNA silencing and RNA decay pathways of plants, as evidenced by their shared RNA substrates and shared genetic requirements.
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Christie M, Carroll BJ. SERRATE is required for intron suppression of RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:2035-7. [PMID: 22112452 PMCID: PMC3337200 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.12.18238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transposons and viruses are generally devoid of introns and are prime targets for small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and RNA silencing. Conversely, endogenous genes often contain introns and are not usually subjected to post-transcriptional gene silencing by siRNAs. In a recent study, we reported that efficient intron splicing directly suppresses siRNA biogenesis and RNA silencing of a Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) transgene. Splicing-mediated suppression of GFP silencing was dependent on ABH1, the Arabidopsis ortholog of human mRNA cap-binding protein 80. Furthermore, genome-wide analyses of Arabidopsis small RNA libraries showed that exons from intron-containing genes accumulate less small RNAs than exons from intronless genes. Our in silico analysis therefore suggested that intron splicing has a fundamental role in protecting endogenous genes from becoming templates for siRNA biogenesis and RNA silencing. Here, we show that SERRATE (SE) is also required for splicing-mediated suppression of RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. SE encodes a zinc finger protein that, like ABH1, functions in micro-RNA (miRNA) biogenesis and intron splicing. The implications of our findings are also discussed in a broader context.
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Christie M, Croft LJ, Carroll BJ. Intron splicing suppresses RNA silencing in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:159-67. [PMID: 21689169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Silencing of introduced transgenes constitutes a major bottleneck in the production of transgenic crops. Commonly, these transgenes contain no introns, a feature shared with transposons, which are also prime targets for gene silencing. Given that introns are very common in endogenous genes but are often lacking in transgenes and transposons, we hypothesised that introns may suppress gene silencing. To investigate this, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of small RNA densities in exons from intronless versus intron-containing genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that small RNA libraries are strongly enriched for exon sequences derived from intronless genes. Small RNA densities in exons of intronless genes were comparable to exons of transposable elements. To test these findings in vivo we used a transgenic reporter system to determine whether introns are able to suppress gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Introducing an intron into a transgene reduced silencing by more than fourfold. Compared with intronless transcripts, the spliced transcripts were less effective substrates for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6-mediated gene silencing. This intron suppression of transgene silencing requires efficient intron splicing and is dependent on ABH1, the Arabidopsis orthologue of human cap-binding protein 80.
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Carroll BJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder subtypes invalid. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2011; 68:978-980. [PMID: 21893663 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression in eukaryotic organisms, whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) guide host-cell defence against viruses, transposons and transgenes. A key issue in plant biology is whether miRNAs act only in cells in which they are formed, or if, like siRNAs, they also function after passive diffusion or active transportation into other cells. Recent reports show that miRNAs are indeed able to move between plant cells to direct developmental programming of gene expression. In both leaf and root development, miRNAs establish intercellular gradients of gene expression that are essential for cell and tissue differentiation. Gradients in gene expression also play crucial roles in animal development, and there is strong evidence for intercellular movement of miRNAs in animals. Thus, intercellular movement of miRNAs may be crucial to animal developmental biology as well as plants.
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Wong CE, Zhao YT, Wang XJ, Croft L, Wang ZH, Haerizadeh F, Mattick JS, Singh MB, Carroll BJ, Bhalla PL. MicroRNAs in the shoot apical meristem of soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2495-506. [PMID: 21504877 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in various developmental processes. In this study, we characterize the miRNA profile of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of an important legume crop, soybean, by integrating high-throughput sequencing data with miRNA microarray analysis. A total of 8423 non-redundant sRNAs were obtained from two libraries derived from micro-dissected SAM or mature leaf tissue. Sequence analysis allowed the identification of 32 conserved miRNA families as well as 8 putative novel miRNAs. Subsequent miRNA profiling with microarrays verified the expression of the majority of these conserved and novel miRNAs. It is noteworthy that several miRNAs* were expressed at a level similar to or higher than their corresponding mature miRNAs in SAM or mature leaf, suggesting a possible biological function for the star species. In situ hybridization analysis revealed a distinct spatial localization pattern for a conserved miRNA, miR166, and its star speciessuggesting that they serve different roles in regulating leaf development. Furthermore, localization studies showed that a novel soybean miRNA, miR4422a, was nuclear-localized. This study also indicated a novel expression pattern of miR390 in soybean. Our approach identified potential key regulators and provided vital spatial information towards understanding the regulatory circuits in the SAM of soybean during shoot development.
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Indrasumunar A, Searle I, Lin MH, Kereszt A, Men A, Carroll BJ, Gresshoff PM. Nodulation factor receptor kinase 1α controls nodule organ number in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:39-50. [PMID: 21175888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two allelic non-nodulating mutants, nod49 and rj1, were characterized using map-based cloning and candidate gene approaches, and genetic complementation. From our results we propose two highly related lipo-oligochitin LysM-type receptor kinase genes (GmNFR1α and GmNFR1β) as putative Nod factor receptor components in soybean. Both mutants contained frameshift mutations in GmNFR1α that would yield protein truncations. Both mutants contained a seemingly functional GmNFR1β homeologue, characterized by a 374-bp deletion in intron 6 and 20-100 times lower transcript levels than GmNFR1α, yet both mutants were unable to form nodules. Mutations in GmNFR1β within other genotypes had no defects in nodulation, showing that GmNFR1β was redundant. Transgenic overexpression of GmNFR1α, but not of GmNFR1β, increased nodule number per plant, plant nitrogen content and the ability to form nodules with restrictive, ultra-low Bradyrhizobium japonicum titres in transgenic roots of both nod49 and rj1. GmNFR1α overexpressing roots also formed nodules in nodulation-restrictive acid soil (pH 4.7). Our results show that: (i) NFR1α expression controls nodule number in soybean, and (ii) acid soil tolerance for nodulation and suppression of nodulation deficiency at low titre can be achieved by overexpression of GmNFR1α.
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Aung HT, Harrison DK, Findlay I, Mattick JS, Martin NG, Carroll BJ. Stringent programming of DNA methylation in humans. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 13:405-11. [PMID: 20874461 DOI: 10.1375/twin.13.5.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe a PCR-based method called Amplified Methylation Polymorphism (AMP) for scanning genomes for DNA methylation changes. AMP detects tissue-specific DNA methylation signatures often representing junctions between methylated and unmethylated DNA close to intronexon junctions and/or associated with CpG islands. Identical AMP profiles are detected for healthy, young, monozygotic twins.
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Carroll BJ, McNeil DL, Gresshoff PM. Isolation and properties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutants that nodulate in the presence of high nitrate concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 82:4162-6. [PMID: 16593577 PMCID: PMC397955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ev. Bragg] were mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate. The M(2) progeny (i.e., the first generation after mutagenesis) of these seeds were screened for increased nodulation under high nitrate culture conditions. Fifteen independent nitrate-tolerant symbiotic (nts) mutants were obtained from 2500 M(2) families. In culture on sand with KNO(3), nodule mass and nodule number in mutant lines were several-fold those of the wild type cultured under the same conditions. Inheritance of the nts character through to subsequent generations was observed in the 10 mutants tested. Mutant nts382 also nodulated more than the wild type in the absence of nitrate. Furthermore, nitrate stimulated growth in both the wild type and nts382, and these lines had similar nitrate reductase activity. These results indicate that nts382 is affected in a nodule-development regulatory gene and not in a gene related to nitrate assimilation.
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Carroll BJ. Childhood maltreatment and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:e59. [PMID: 20202626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paungfoo-Lonhienne C, Lonhienne TGA, Mudge SR, Schenk PM, Christie M, Carroll BJ, Schmidt S. DNA is taken up by root hairs and pollen, and stimulates root and pollen tube growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:799-805. [PMID: 20388669 PMCID: PMC2879792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) enters roots as inorganic phosphate (P(i)) derived from organic and inorganic P compounds in the soil. Nucleic acids can support plant growth as the sole source of P in axenic culture but are thought to be converted into P(i) by plant-derived nucleases and phosphatases prior to uptake. Here, we show that a nuclease-resistant analog of DNA is taken up by plant cells. Fluorescently labeled S-DNA of 25 bp, which is protected against enzymatic breakdown by its phosphorothioate backbone, was taken up and detected in root cells including root hairs and pollen tubes. These results indicate that current views of plant P acquisition may have to be revised to include uptake of DNA into cells. We further show that addition of DNA to P(i)-containing growth medium enhanced the growth of lateral roots and root hairs even though plants were P replete and had similar biomass as plants supplied with P(i) only. Exogenously supplied DNA increased length growth of pollen tubes, which were studied because they have similar elongated and polarized growth as root hairs. Our results indicate that DNA is not only taken up and used as a P source by plants, but ironically and independent of P(i) supply, DNA also induces morphological changes in roots similar to those observed with P limitation. This study provides, to our knowledge, first evidence that exogenous DNA could act nonspecifically as signaling molecules for root development.
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Cassidy F, Weiner RD, Cooper TB, Carroll BJ. Combined catecholamine and indoleamine depletion following response to ECT. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196:493-4. [PMID: 20513863 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating major depression is unknown. We studied two candidate mechanisms through inhibiting simultaneously the synthesis of noradrenaline and serotonin in patients immediately after successful treatment with ECT using a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. There were no significant changes in depression scores under any experimental conditions, or between the amine-depleted and placebo groups despite reductions of 61% in serum homovanillic acid, 47% in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyenylethyleneglycol, and 89% in serum tryptophan. Catecholamine and serotonin availability may not be necessary for maintaining the initial antidepressant response to ECT.
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Indrasumunar A, Kereszt A, Searle I, Miyagi M, Li D, Nguyen CDT, Men A, Carroll BJ, Gresshoff PM. Inactivation of duplicated nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5) genes in recessive loss-of-function non-nodulation mutants of allotetraploid soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:201-14. [PMID: 20007291 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemically induced non-nodulating nod139 and nn5 mutants of soybean (Glycine max) show no visible symptoms in response to rhizobial inoculation. Both exhibit recessive Mendelian inheritance suggesting loss of function. By allele determination and genetic complementation in nod139 and nn5, two highly related lipo-oligochitin LysM-type receptor kinase genes in Glycine max were cloned; they are presumed to be the critical nodulation-inducing (Nod) factor receptor similar to those of Lotus japonicus, pea and Medicago truncatula. These duplicated receptor genes were called GmNFR5alpha and GmNFR5beta. Nonsense mutations in GmNFR5alpha and GmNFR5beta were genetically complemented by both wild-type GmNFR5alpha and GmNFR5beta in transgenic roots, indicating that both genes are functional. Both genes lack introns. In cultivar Williams82 GmNFR5alpha is located in chromosome 11 and in tandem with GmLYK7 (a related LysM receptor kinase gene), while GmNFR5beta is in tandem with GmLYK4 in homologous chromosome 1, suggesting ancient synteny and regional segmental duplication. Both genes are wild type in G. soja CPI100070 and Harosoy63; however, a non-functional NFR5beta allele (NFR5beta*) was discovered in parental lines Bragg and Williams, which harbored an identical 1,407 bp retroelement-type insertion. This retroelement (GmRE-1) and related sequences are located in several soybean genome positions. Paradoxically, putatively unrelated soybean cultivars shared the same insertion, suggesting a smaller than anticipated genetic base in this crop. GmNFR5alpha but not GmNFR5beta* was expressed in inoculated and uninoculated tap and lateral root portions at about 10-25% of GmATS1 (ATP synthase subunit 1), but not in trifoliate leaves and shoot tips.
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Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F, Iranmanesh A, Carroll BJ, Keenan DM, Pincus SM. Basal, pulsatile, entropic (patterned), and spiky (staccato-like) properties of ACTH secretion: impact of age, gender, and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4045-52. [PMID: 19755477 PMCID: PMC2758736 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age, gender, and BMI determine ultradian modes of LH and GH secretion, viz., pulsatile, basal, pattern-defined regularity [approximate entropy (ApEn)] and spikiness (sharp, brief excursions). Whether the same determinants apply to ACTH secretion is not known. SETTING The study was conducted at a tertiary medical center. SUBJECTS We studied normal women (n = 22) and men (n = 26) [ages, 23-77 yr; body mass index (BMI), 21-32 kg/m(2)]. METHODS Volunteers underwent 10-min blood sampling to create 24-h ACTH concentration profiles. OUTCOMES Dynamic measures of ACTH secretion were studied. RESULTS Mean ACTH concentrations (R(2) = 0.15; P = 0.006) and both pulsatile (R(2) = 0.12; P = 0.018) and basal (nonpulsatile) (R(2) = 0.16; P = 0.005) ACTH secretion correlated directly with BMI (n = 48). Men had greater basal (P = 0.047), pulsatile (P = 0.031), and total (P = 0.010) 24-h ACTH secretion than women, including when total secretion was normalized for BMI (P = 0.019). In men, both ACTH-cortisol feedforward and cortisol-ACTH feedback asynchrony (cross-ApEn) increased with age (R(2) = 0.20 and 0.22; P = 0.021 and 0.018). ACTH spikiness rose with age (P = 0.046), principally in women. Irregularity of cortisol secretion (ApEn) increased with age (n = 48; P = 0.010), especially in men. In both sexes, percentage pulsatile ACTH secretion predicted 24-h mean cortisol concentrations (R(2) = 0.14; P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Valid comparisons of ultradian ACTH dynamics will require cohorts matched for age, gender, and BMI, conditions hitherto not satisfied in most physiological studies of this axis.
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Carroll BJ. Clomipramine and glucocorticoid receptor function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2192-3; author reply 2194-5. [PMID: 19404244 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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