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Yamada T, Fedotovskaya O, Cheng AJ, Cornachione AS, Minozzo FC, Aulin C, Fridén C, Turesson C, Andersson DC, Glenmark B, Lundberg IE, Rassier DE, Westerblad H, Lanner JT. Nitrosative modifications of the Ca2+ release complex and actin underlie arthritis-induced muscle weakness. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1907-14. [PMID: 24854355 PMCID: PMC4602262 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle weakness is a prominent clinical feature in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the underlying mechanism(s) is unknown. Here we investigate the mechanisms behind arthritis-induced skeletal muscle weakness with special focus on the role of nitrosative stress on intracellular Ca(2+) handling and specific force production. METHODS Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, degree of nitrosative stress and composition of the major intracellular Ca(2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor 1, RyR1) complex were measured in muscle. Changes in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and force production were assessed in single-muscle fibres and isolated myofibrils using atomic force cantilevers. RESULTS The total neuronal NOS (nNOS) levels were increased in muscles both from collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and patients with RA. The nNOS associated with RyR1 was increased and accompanied by increased [Ca(2+)]i during contractions of muscles from CIA mice. A marker of peroxynitrite-derived nitrosative stress (3-nitrotyrosine, 3-NT) was increased on the RyR1 complex and on actin of muscles from CIA mice. Despite increased [Ca(2+)]i, individual CIA muscle fibres were weaker than in healthy controls, that is, force per cross-sectional area was decreased. Furthermore, force and kinetics were impaired in CIA myofibrils, hence actin and myosin showed decreased ability to interact, which could be a result of increased 3-NT content on actin. CONCLUSIONS Arthritis-induced muscle weakness is linked to nitrosative modifications of the RyR1 protein complex and actin, which are driven by increased nNOS associated with RyR1 and progressively increasing Ca(2+) activation.
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Minozzo FC, Baroni BM, Correa JA, Vaz MA, Rassier DE. Force produced after stretch in sarcomeres and half-sarcomeres isolated from skeletal muscles. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2320. [PMID: 23900500 PMCID: PMC3728588 DOI: 10.1038/srep02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate if isolated sarcomeres and half-sarcomeres produce a long-lasting increase in force after a stretch is imposed during activation. Single and half-sarcomeres were isolated from myofibrils using micro-needles, which were also used for force measurements. After full force development, both preparations were stretched by different magnitudes. The sarcomere length (SL) or half-sarcomere length variations (HSL) were extracted by measuring the initial and final distances from the Z-line to the adjacent Z-line or to a region externally adjacent to the M-line of the sarcomere, respectively. Half-sarcomeres generated approximately the same amount of isometric force (29.0 ± SD 15.5 nN·μm−2) as single sarcomeres (32.1 ± SD 15.3 nN·μm−2) when activated. In both cases, the steady-state forces after stretch were higher than the forces during isometric contractions at similar conditions. The results suggest that stretch-induced force enhancement is partly caused by proteins within the half-sarcomere.
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Ribeiro PA, Ribeiro JP, Minozzo FC, Pavlov I, Leu NA, Kurosaka S, Kashina A, Rassier DE. Contractility of myofibrils from the heart and diaphragm muscles measured with atomic force cantilevers: Effects of heart-specific deletion of arginyl-tRNA–protein transferase. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3564-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kalganov A, Shalabi N, Zitouni N, Kachmar LH, Lauzon AM, Rassier DE. Forces measured with micro-fabricated cantilevers during actomyosin interactions produced by filaments containing different myosin isoforms and loop 1 structures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:2710-2719. [PMID: 23671932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that the actin-activated ATP kinetics and the mechanical work produced by muscle myosin molecules are regulated by two surface loops, located near the ATP binding pocket (loop 1), and in a region that interfaces with actin (loop 2). These loops regulate force and velocity of contraction, and have been investigated mostly in single molecules. There is a lack of information of the work produced by myosin molecules ordered in filaments and working cooperatively, which is the actual muscle environment. METHODS We use micro-fabricated cantilevers to measure forces produced by myosin filaments isolated from mollusk muscles, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscles containing variations in the structure of loop 1 (tonic and phasic myosins). We complemented the experiments with in-vitro assays to measure the velocity of actin motility. RESULTS Smooth muscle myosin filaments produced more force than skeletal and mollusk myosin filaments when normalized per filament overlap. Skeletal muscle myosin propelled actin filaments in a higher sliding velocity than smooth muscle myosin. The values for force and velocity were consistent with previous studies using myosin molecules, and suggest a close correlation with the myosin isoform and structure of surface loop 1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The technique using micro-fabricated cantilevers to measure force of filaments allows for the investigation of the relation between myosin structure and contractility, allowing experiments to be conducted with an array of different myosin isoforms. Using the technique we observed that the work produced by myosin molecules is regulated by amino-acid sequences aligned in specific loops.
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Minozzo FC, Rassier DE. Contractile Properties of Half-Sarcomeres Mechanically Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Myofibrils. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Kalganov A, Shalabi N, Zitouni N, Kachmar LH, Lauzon AM, Rassier DE. Forces measured with micro-fabricated cantilevers during actomyosin interactions produced by filaments containing different myosin isoforms and loop 1 structures. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2710-2719. [PMID: 23220701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that the actin-activated ATP kinetics and the mechanical work produced by muscle myosin molecules are regulated by two surface loops, located near the ATP binding pocket (loop 1), and in a region that interfaces with actin (loop 2). These loops regulate force and velocity of contraction, and have been investigated mostly in single molecules. There is a lack of information of the work produced by myosin molecules ordered in filaments and working cooperatively, which is the actual muscle environment. METHODS We use micro-fabricated cantilevers to measure forces produced by myosin filaments isolated from mollusk muscles, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscles containing variations in the structure of loop 1 (tonic and phasic myosins). We complemented the experiments with in-vitro assays to measure the velocity of actin motility. RESULTS Smooth muscle myosin filaments produced more force than skeletal and mollusk myosin filaments when normalized per filament overlap. Skeletal muscle myosin propelled actin filaments in a higher sliding velocity than smooth muscle myosin. The values for force and velocity were consistent with previous studies using myosin molecules, and suggest a close correlation with the myosin isoform and structure of surface loop 1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The technique using micro-fabricated cantilevers to measure force of filaments allows for the investigation of the relation between myosin structure and contractility, allowing experiments to be conducted with an array of different myosin isoforms. Using the technique we observed that the work produced by myosin molecules is regulated by amino-acid sequences aligned in specific loops.
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Rassier DE. Residual force enhancement in skeletal muscles: one sarcomere after the other. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2012; 33:155-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-012-9308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kurosaka S, Leu NA, Pavlov I, Han X, Ribeiro PAB, Xu T, Bunte R, Saha S, Wang J, Cornachione A, Mai W, Yates JR, Rassier DE, Kashina A. Arginylation regulates myofibrils to maintain heart function and prevent dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:333-41. [PMID: 22626847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginylation mediated by arginyltransferase (ATE1) is essential for heart formation during embryogenesis, however its cell-autonomous role in cardiomyocytes and the differentiated heart muscle has never been investigated. To address this question, we generated cardiac muscle-specific Ate1 knockout mice, in which Ate1 deletion was driven by α-myosin heavy chain promoter (αMHC-Ate1 mouse). These mice were initially viable, but developed severe cardiac contractility defects, dilated cardiomyopathy, and thrombosis over time, resulting in high rates of lethality after 6months of age. These symptoms were accompanied by severe ultrastructural defects in cardiac myofibrils, seen in the newborns and far preceding the onset of cardiomyopathy, suggesting that these defects were primary and likely underlay the development of the future heart defects. Several major sarcomeric proteins were arginylated in vivo. Moreover, Ate1 deletion in the hearts resulted in a significant reduction of active and passive myofibril forces, suggesting that arginylation is critical for both myofibril structural integrity and contractility. Thus, arginylation is essential for maintaining the heart function by regulation of the major myofibril proteins and myofibril forces, and its absence in the heart muscle leads to progressive heart failure through cardiomyocyte-specific defects.
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Rassier DE. The mechanisms of the residual force enhancement after stretch of skeletal muscle: non-uniformity in half-sarcomeres and stiffness of titin. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2705-13. [PMID: 22535786 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When activated skeletal muscles are stretched, the force increases significantly. After the stretch, the force decreases and reaches a steady-state level that is higher than the force produced at the corresponding length during purely isometric contractions. This phenomenon, referred to as residual force enhancement, has been observed for more than 50 years, but the mechanism remains elusive, generating considerable debate in the literature. This paper reviews studies performed with single muscle fibres, myofibrils and sarcomeres to investigate the mechanisms of the stretch-induced force enhancement. First, the paper summarizes the characteristics of force enhancement and early hypotheses associated with non-uniformity of sarcomere length. Then, it reviews new evidence suggesting that force enhancement can also be associated with sarcomeric structures. Finally, this paper proposes that force enhancement is caused by: (i) half-sarcomere non-uniformities that will affect the levels of passive forces and overlap between myosin and actin filaments, and (ii) a Ca(2+)-induced stiffness of titin molecules. These mechanisms are compatible with most observations in the literature, and can be tested directly with emerging technologies in the near future.
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Minozzo FC, Hilbert L, Rassier DE. Pre-power-stroke cross-bridges contribute to force transients during imposed shortening in isolated muscle fibers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29356. [PMID: 22242168 PMCID: PMC3252314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When skeletal muscles are activated and mechanically shortened, the force that is produced by the muscle fibers decreases in two phases, marked by two changes in slope (P1 and P2) that happen at specific lengths (L1 and L2). We tested the hypothesis that these force transients are determined by the amount of myosin cross-bridges attached to actin and by changes in cross-bridge strain due to a changing fraction of cross-bridges in the pre-power-stroke state. Three separate experiments were performed, using skinned muscle fibers that were isolated and subsequently (i) activated at different Ca2+ concentrations (pCa2+ 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0) (n = 13), (ii) activated in the presence of blebbistatin (n = 16), and (iii) activated in the presence of blebbistatin at varying velocities (n = 5). In all experiments, a ramp shortening was imposed (amplitude 10%Lo, velocity 1 Lo•sarcomere length (SL)•s−1), from an initial SL of 2.5 µm (except by the third group, in which velocities ranged from 0.125 to 2.0 Lo•s−1). The values of P1, P2, L1, and L2 did not change with Ca2+ concentrations. Blebbistatin decreased P1, and it did not alter P2, L1, and L2. We developed a mathematical cross-bridge model comprising a load-dependent power-stroke transition and a pre-power-stroke cross-bridge state. The P1 and P2 critical points as well as the critical lengths L1 and L2 were explained qualitatively by the model, and the effects of blebbistatin inhibition on P1 were also predicted. Furthermore, the results of the model suggest that the mechanism by which blebbistatin inhibits force is by interfering with the closing of the myosin upper binding cleft, biasing cross-bridges into a pre-power-stroke state.
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Ting LYM, Minozzo F, Rassier DE. Calcium Dependence of Titin-Regulated Passive Forces in Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Minozzo FC, Rassier DE. Effects of Ca2+ Concentration and MgADP on the Forces Produced After Stretch and Shortening of Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Cornachione AS, Rassier DE. A non-cross-bridge, static tension is present in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers after active force inhibition or actin extraction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C566-74. [PMID: 22094333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00355.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When activated muscle fibers are stretched, there is a long-lasting increase in the force. This phenomenon, referred to as "residual force enhancement," has characteristics similar to those of the "static tension," a long-lasting increase in force observed when muscles are stretched in the presence of Ca(2+) but in the absence of myosin-actin interaction. Independent studies have suggested that these two phenomena have a common mechanism and are caused either by 1) a Ca(2+)-induced stiffening of titin or by 2) promoting titin binding to actin. In this study, we performed two sets of experiments in which activated fibers (pCa(2+) 4.5) treated with the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin were stretched from 2.7 to 2.8 μm at a speed of 40 L(o)/s, first, after partial extraction of TnC, which inhibits myosin-actin interactions, or, second, after treatment with gelsolin, which leads to the depletion of thin (actin) filaments. We observed that the static tension, directly related with the residual force enhancement, was not changed after treatments that inhibit myosin-actin interactions or that deplete fibers from troponin C and actin filaments. The results suggest that the residual force enhancement is caused by a stiffening of titin upon muscle activation but not with titin binding to actin. This finding indicates the existence of a Ca(2+)-regulated, titin-based stiffness in skeletal muscles.
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Rassier DE, Pavlov I. Force produced by isolated sarcomeres and half-sarcomeres after an imposed stretch. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C240-8. [PMID: 21998143 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00208.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When a stretch is imposed to activated muscles, there is a residual force enhancement that persists after the stretch; the force is higher than that produced during an isometric contraction in the corresponding length. The mechanisms behind the force enhancement remain elusive, and there is disagreement if it represents a sarcomeric property, or if it is associated with length nonuniformities among sarcomeres and half-sarcomeres. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stretch on single sarcomeres and myofibrils with predetermined numbers of sarcomeres (n = 2, 3. . . , 8) isolated from the rabbit psoas muscle. Sarcomeres were attached between two precalibrated microneedles for force measurements, and images of the preparations were projected onto a linear photodiode array for measurements of half-sarcomere length (SL). Fully activated sarcomeres were subjected to a stretch (5-10% of initial SL, at a speed of 0.3 μm·s(-1)·SL(-1)) after which they were maintained isometric for at least 5 s before deactivation. Single sarcomeres showed two patterns: 31 sarcomeres showed a small level of force enhancement after stretch (10.46 ± 0.78%), and 28 sarcomeres did not show force enhancement (-0.54 ± 0.17%). In these preparations, there was not a strong correlation between the force enhancement and half-sarcomere length nonuniformities. When three or more sarcomeres arranged in series were stretched, force enhancement was always observed, and it increased linearly with the degree of half-sarcomere length nonuniformities. The results show that the residual force enhancement has two mechanisms: 1) stretch-induced changes in sarcomeric structure(s); we suggest that titin is responsible for this component, and 2) stretch-induced nonuniformities of half-sarcomere lengths, which significantly increases the level of force enhancement.
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MacIntosh BR, Glumpak JJ, Macnaughton MB, Rassier DE. Pattern of summation with fatigue and inhibition of calcium release in rat muscle. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44:410-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Minozzo FC, Rassier DE. Force Transients during Shortening of Activated Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Labuda A, Brastaviceanu T, Pavlov I, Paul W, Rassier DE. Optical detection system for probing cantilever deflections parallel to a sample surface. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:013701. [PMID: 21280831 DOI: 10.1063/1.3527913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, commercial atomic force microscopes have been optimized for measurements of forces perpendicular to the sample surface. In many applications, sensitive parallel force measurements are desirable. These can be obtained by positioning the cantilever with its long axis perpendicular to the sample: the so-called pendulum geometry. We present a compact optical beam deflection system which solves the geometrical constraint problems involved in focusing a light beam onto a cantilever in the pendulum geometry. We demonstrate the performance of the system on measurements of forces imparted by a muscle myofibril, which is in-plane to a high-magnification objective of an optical microscope.
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Kalganov A, Novinger R, Rassier DE. A technique for simultaneous measurement of force and overlap between single muscle filaments of myosin and actin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:351-6. [PMID: 21081114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show a method for direct measurements of force and simultaneous visualization of isolated muscle filaments. Single actin filaments isolated from chicken skeletal muscle and single thick filaments isolated from Mussels were imaged using fluorescence and dark field microscopy, respectively. Force generated by the filaments was measured using micro-fabricated cantilevers. Force values were in the range observed previously with myosin filaments and molecules. The results suggest that the technique can be used to investigate many issues of interest and debate in the field of muscle biophysics.
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Minozzo FC, Rassier DE. Effects of blebbistatin and Ca2+ concentration on force produced during stretch of skeletal muscle fibers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C1127-35. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00073.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When activated muscle fibers are stretched at low speeds [≤2 optimal length ( Lo)/s], force increases in two phases, marked by a change in slope [critical force (Pc)] that happens at a critical sarcomere length extension ( Lc). Some studies attribute Pc to the number of attached cross bridges before stretch, while others attribute it to cross bridges in a pre-power-stroke state. In this study, we reinvestigated the mechanisms of forces produced during stretch by altering either the number of cross bridges attached to actin or the cross-bridge state before stretch. Two sets of experiments were performed: 1) activated fibers were stretched by 3% Lo at speeds of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Lo/s in different pCa2+ (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0), or 2) activated fibers were stretched by 3% Lo at 2 Lo/s in pCa2+ 4.5 containing either 5 μM blebbistatin(+/−) or its inactive isomer (+/+). All stretches started at a sarcomere length (SL) of 2.5 μm. When fibers were activated at a pCa2+ of 4.5, Pc was 2.47 ± 0.11 maximal force developed before stretch (Po) and decreased with lower concentrations of Ca2+. Lc was not Ca2+ dependent; the pooled experiments provided a Lc of 14.34 ± 0.34 nm/half-sarcomere (HS). Pc and Lc did not change with velocities of stretch. Fibers activated in blebbistatin(+/−) showed a higher Pc (2.94 ± 0.17 Po) and Lc (16.30 ± 0.38 nm/HS) than control fibers (Pc 2.31 ± 0.08 Po; Lc 14.05 ± 0.63 nm/HS). The results suggest that forces produced during stretch are caused by both the number of cross bridges attached to actin and the cross bridges in a pre-power-stroke state. Such cross bridges are stretched by large amplitudes before detaching from actin and contribute significantly to the force developed during stretch.
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Rassier DE. Molecular basis of force development by skeletal muscles during and after stretch. MOLECULAR & CELLULAR BIOMECHANICS : MCB 2009; 6:229-241. [PMID: 19899446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When activated skeletal muscles are stretched at slow velocities, force increases in two phases: (i) a fast increase, and (ii) a slow increase. The transition between these phases is commonly associated with the mechanical detachment of cross-bridges from actin. This phenomenon is referred to as force enhancement during stretch. After the stretch, force decreases and reaches steady-state at levels that are higher than the force produced at the corresponding length during purely isometric contractions. This phenomenon is referred to as residual force enhancement. The mechanisms behind the increase in force during and after stretch are still a matter of debate, and have physiological implications as human muscles perform stretch contractions continuously during daily activity. This paper briefly reviews the potential mechanisms to explain stretch forces, including an increased number of cross-bridges attached to actin, an increased strain in cross-bridges upon stretch, the influence of passive elements upon activation and sarcomere length non-uniformities.
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Pun C, Syed A, Rassier DE. History-dependent properties of skeletal muscle myofibrils contracting along the ascending limb of the force-length relationship. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:475-84. [PMID: 19846455 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a history dependence of skeletal muscle contraction: stretching activated muscles induces a long-lasting force enhancement, while shortening activated muscles induces a long-lasting force depression. These history-dependent properties cannot be explained by the current model of muscle contraction, and its mechanism is unknown. The purposes of this study were (i) to evaluate if force enhancement and force depression are present at short lengths (the ascending limb of the force-length (FL) relationship), (ii) to evaluate if the history-dependent properties are associated with sarcomere length (SL) non-uniformity and (iii) to determine the effects of cross-bridge (de)activation on force depression. Rabbit psoas myofibrils were isolated and attached between two microneedles for force measurements. Images of the myofibrils were projected onto a linear photodiode array for measurements of SL. Myofibrils were activated by either Ca(2+) or MgADP; the latter induces cross-bridge attachment to actin independently of Ca(2+). Activated myofibrils were subjected to three stretches or shortenings (approx. 4% SL at approx. 0.07 microm s(-1) sarcomere(-1)) along the ascending limb of the FL relationship separated by periods (approx. 5 s) of isometric contraction. Force after stretch was higher than force after shortening at similar SLs. The differences in force could not be explained by SL non-uniformity. The FL relationship produced by Ca(2+)- and MgADP-activated myofibrils were similar in stretch experiments, but after shortening MgADP activation produced forces that were higher than Ca(2+) activation. Since MgADP induces the formation of strongly bound cross-bridges, this result suggests that force depression following shortening is associated with cross-bridge deactivation.
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Pavlov I, Novinger R, Rassier DE. The mechanical behavior of individual sarcomeres of myofibrils isolated from rabbit psoas muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1211-9. [PMID: 19710362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00233.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a system to experiment with sarcomeres mechanically isolated from skeletal muscles. Single myofibrils from rabbit psoas were transferred into a temperature-controlled (22 degrees C or 15 degrees C) experimental chamber, and sarcomeres were isolated using precalibrated glass microneedles that were pierced externally, adjacent to the Z-lines. The force produced during activation was measured by tracking the displacement of the microneedles, and the sarcomere and half-sarcomere changes were measured by continuously tracking the Z-lines and A-bands position during the experiments. Sarcomeres produced a stress (force/cross-sectional area) of 112.75 +/- 4.96 nN/microm(2) (15 degrees C) and 128.47 +/- 5.58 nN/microm(2) (22 degrees C) at lengths between 2.0 microm and 2.4 microm. The descending limb was fitted with linear regression for length between 2.4 microm and 3.5 microm, which provided an abscissa extrapolating to 3.87 microm. The force-length relation was remarkably similar to a theoretical curve based on the degree of filament overlap. During sarcomere activation, we tracked the distance between the center of the A-band and the Z-lines. At lengths below 1.6 microm, movements of A-band were not detected. A-band movements increased with length to achieve a maximum displacement of 59.40 +/- 10.1 nm from the center at 2.0 microm-2.4 microm. A-band displacement decreased linearly in sarcomere lengths between 2.6 microm and 3.6 microm. A technique for monitoring force and length in single sarcomeres isolated from myofibrils represents a reliable technique to evaluate contractile mechanisms at the most basic, intact level of muscle organization, opening the possibility to clarify long-standing issues in the field of muscle contraction.
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Pun C, Syed A, Rassier DE. Effects of Length Changes on Force Produced by Ca2+ and ADP-Activated Myofibrils along the Ascending Limb of the Force-Length Relation. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Pavlov I, Rassier DE. Mechanical Properties of Individual Sarcomeres Isolated From Skeletal Muscles. Biophys J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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75
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Rassier DE. Pre-power stroke cross bridges contribute to force during stretch of skeletal muscle myofibrils. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:2577-86. [PMID: 18664437 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When activated skeletal muscle is stretched, force increases in two phases. This study tested the hypothesis that the increase in stretch force during the first phase is produced by pre-power stroke cross bridges. Myofibrils were activated in sarcomere lengths (SLs) between 2.2 and 2.5 microm, and stretched by approximately 5-15 per cent SL. When stretch was performed at 1 microms-1SL-1, the transition between the two phases occurred at a critical stretch (SLc) of 8.4+/-0.85 nm half-sarcomere (hs)-1 and the force (critical force; Fc) was 1.62+/-0.24 times the isometric force (n=23). At stretches performed at a similar velocity (1 microms-1SL-1), 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM; 1 mM) that biases cross bridges into pre-power stroke states decreased the isometric force to 21.45+/-9.22 per cent, but increased the relative Fc to 2.35+/-0.34 times the isometric force and increased the SLc to 14.6+/-0.6 nm hs-1 (n=23), suggesting that pre-power stroke cross bridges are largely responsible for stretch forces.
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