1
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Abstract
The creation of biologically inspired artificial membranes on substrates with custom size and in close proximity to each other not only provides a platform to study biological processes in a simplified manner, but they also constitute building blocks for chemical or biological sensors integrated in microfluidic devices. Scanning probe lithography tools such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) have opened a new paradigm in this regard, although they possess some inherent drawbacks like the need to operate in air environment or the limited choice of lipids that can be patterned. In this work, we propose the use of the fluid force microscopy (FluidFM) technology to fabricate biomimetic membranes without losing the multiplexing capability of DPN but gaining flexibility in lipid inks and patterning environment. We shed light on the driving mechanisms of the FluidFM-mediated lithography processes in air and liquid. The obtained results should prompt the creation of more realistic biomimetic membranes with arbitrary complex phospholipid mixtures, cholesterol, and potential functional membrane proteins directly patterned in physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Berganza
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Kaysheva AL, Isaeva AI, Pleshakova TO, Shumov ID, Valueva AA, Ershova MO, Ivanova IA, Ziborov VS, Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Ryabtsev SV, Archakov AI, Ivanov YD. Detection of Circulating Serum microRNA/Protein Complexes in ASD Using Functionalized Chips for an Atomic Force Microscope. Molecules 2021; 26:5979. [PMID: 34641523 PMCID: PMC8512613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, which circulate in blood, are characterized by high diagnostic value; in biomedical research, they can be considered as candidate markers of various diseases. Mature microRNAs of glial cells and neurons can cross the blood-brain barrier and can be detected in the serum of patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as components of macrovesicles, macromolecular protein and low-density lipoprotein particles. In our present study, we have proposed an approach, in which microRNAs in protein complexes can be concentrated on the surface of AFM chips with oligonucleotide molecular probes, specific against the target microRNAs. MicroRNAs, associated with the development of ASD in children, were selected as targets. The chips with immobilized molecular probes were incubated in serum samples of ASD patients and healthy volunteers. By atomic force microscopy (AFM), objects on the AFM chip surface have been revealed after incubation in the serum samples. The height of these objects amounted to 10 nm and 6 nm in the case of samples of ASD patients and healthy volunteers, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of protein components on the chip surface allowed us to identify several cell proteins. These proteins are involved in the binding of nucleic acids (GBG10, RT24, RALYL), in the organization of proteasomes and nucleosomes (PSA4, NP1L4), and participate in the functioning of the channel of active potassium transport (KCNE5, KCNV2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Kaysheva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Arina I. Isaeva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Tatyana O. Pleshakova
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Ivan D. Shumov
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Anastasia A. Valueva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Maria O. Ershova
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Irina A. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Vadim S. Ziborov
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
- Laboratory of Shock Wave Impacts, Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya St. 13 Bd.2, 125412 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana G. Vorsanova
- Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Taldomskaya St. 2, 125412 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Alexander I. Archakov
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
| | - Yuri D. Ivanov
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.K.); (T.O.P.); (I.D.S.); (A.A.V.); (M.O.E.); (I.A.I.); (V.S.Z.); (A.I.A.); (Y.D.I.)
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3
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Niina T, Matsunaga Y, Takada S. Rigid-body fitting to atomic force microscopy images for inferring probe shape and biomolecular structure. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009215. [PMID: 34283829 PMCID: PMC8323932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can visualize functional biomolecules near the physiological condition, but the observed data are limited to the surface height of specimens. Since the AFM images highly depend on the probe tip shape, for successful inference of molecular structures from the measurement, the knowledge of the probe shape is required, but is often missing. Here, we developed a method of the rigid-body fitting to AFM images, which simultaneously finds the shape of the probe tip and the placement of the molecular structure via an exhaustive search. First, we examined four similarity scores via twin-experiments for four test proteins, finding that the cosine similarity score generally worked best, whereas the pixel-RMSD and the correlation coefficient were also useful. We then applied the method to two experimental high-speed-AFM images inferring the probe shape and the molecular placement. The results suggest that the appropriate similarity score can differ between target systems. For an actin filament image, the cosine similarity apparently worked best. For an image of the flagellar protein FlhAC, we found the correlation coefficient gave better results. This difference may partly be attributed to the flexibility in the target molecule, ignored in the rigid-body fitting. The inferred tip shape and placement results can be further refined by other methods, such as the flexible fitting molecular dynamics simulations. The developed software is publicly available. Observation of functional dynamics of individual biomolecules is important to understand molecular mechanisms of cellular phenomena. High-speed (HS) atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool that enables us to visualize the real-time dynamics of working biomolecules under near-physiological conditions. However, the information available by the AFM images is limited to the two-dimensional surface shape detected via the force to the probe. While the surface information is affected by the shape of the probe tip, the probe shape itself cannot be directly measured before each AFM measurement. To overcome this problem, we have developed a computational method to simultaneously infer the probe tip shape and the molecular placement from an AFM image. We show that our method successfully estimates the effective AFM tip shape and visualizes a structure with a more accurate placement. The estimation of a molecular placement with the correct probe tip shape enables us to obtain more insights into functional dynamics of the molecule from HS-AFM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Niina
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoji Takada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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4
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Korobchevskaya K, Colin-York H, Barbieri L, Fritzsche M. Extended mechanical force measurements using structured illumination microscopy. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 379:20200151. [PMID: 33896200 PMCID: PMC7612033 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying cell generated mechanical forces is key to furthering our understanding of mechanobiology. Traction force microscopy (TFM) is one of the most broadly applied force probing technologies, but its sensitivity is strictly dependent on the spatio-temporal resolution of the underlying imaging system. In previous works, it was demonstrated that increased sampling densities of cell derived forces permitted by super-resolution fluorescence imaging enhanced the sensitivity of the TFM method. However, these recent advances to TFM based on super-resolution techniques were limited to slow acquisition speeds and high illumination powers. Here, we present three novel TFM approaches that, in combination with total internal reflection, structured illumination microscopy and astigmatism, improve the spatial and temporal performance in either two-dimensional or three-dimensional mechanical force quantification, while maintaining low illumination powers. These three techniques can be straightforwardly implemented on a single optical set-up offering a powerful platform to provide new insights into the physiological force generation in a wide range of biological studies. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Colin-York
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Barbieri
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford. OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford. OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
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5
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Schmidt P, Lajoie J, Sivasankar S. Robust scan synchronized force-fluorescence imaging. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 221:113165. [PMID: 33352414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous atomic force microscope (AFM) and sample scanning confocal fluorescence microscope measurements are widely used to obtain mechanistic and structural insights into protein dynamics in live cells. However, the absence of a robust technique to synchronously scan both AFM and confocal microscope piezo stages makes it difficult to visualize force-induced changes in fluorescent protein distribution in cells. To address this challenge, we have built an integrated AFM-confocal fluorescence microscope platform that implements a synchronous scanning method which eliminates image artifacts from piezo motion ramping, produces accurate pixel binning and enables the collection of a scanned image of a sample while applying force to a single point on the sample. As proof of principle, we use this instrument to monitor the redistribution of fluorescent E-cadherin, an essential transmembrane protein, in live cells, upon application of mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - John Lajoie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sanjeevi Sivasankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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6
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Abstract
While many fields have contributed to biological physics, nanotechnology offers a new scale of observation. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) provides nanometre structural information and dynamics with subsecond resolution of biological systems. Moreover, HS-AFM allows us to measure piconewton forces within microseconds giving access to unexplored, fast biophysical processes. Thus, HS-AFM provides a tool to nourish biological physics through the observation of emergent physical phenomena in biological systems. In this review, we present an overview of the contribution of HS-AFM, both in imaging and force spectroscopy modes, to the field of biological physics. We focus on examples in which HS-AFM observations on membrane remodelling, molecular motors or the unfolding of proteins have stimulated the development of novel theories or the emergence of new concepts. We finally provide expected applications and developments of HS-AFM that we believe will continue contributing to our understanding of nature, by serving to the dialogue between biology and physics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Dynamic in situ microscopy relating structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Casuso
- Aix-Marseile University, Inserm, CNRS, LAI, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Lorena Redondo-Morata
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Felix Rico
- Aix-Marseile University, Inserm, CNRS, LAI, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
- e-mail:
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7
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Yokota T, McCourt J, Ma F, Ren S, Li S, Kim TH, Kurmangaliyev YZ, Nasiri R, Ahadian S, Nguyen T, Tan XHM, Zhou Y, Wu R, Rodriguez A, Cohn W, Wang Y, Whitelegge J, Ryazantsev S, Khademhosseini A, Teitell MA, Chiou PY, Birk DE, Rowat AC, Crosbie RH, Pellegrini M, Seldin M, Lusis AJ, Deb A. Type V Collagen in Scar Tissue Regulates the Size of Scar after Heart Injury. Cell 2020; 182:545-562.e23. [PMID: 32621799 PMCID: PMC7415659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scar tissue size following myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, yet little is known about factors regulating scar size. We demonstrate that collagen V, a minor constituent of heart scars, regulates the size of heart scars after ischemic injury. Depletion of collagen V led to a paradoxical increase in post-infarction scar size with worsening of heart function. A systems genetics approach across 100 in-bred strains of mice demonstrated that collagen V is a critical driver of postinjury heart function. We show that collagen V deficiency alters the mechanical properties of scar tissue, and altered reciprocal feedback between matrix and cells induces expression of mechanosensitive integrins that drive fibroblast activation and increase scar size. Cilengitide, an inhibitor of specific integrins, rescues the phenotype of increased post-injury scarring in collagen-V-deficient mice. These observations demonstrate that collagen V regulates scar size in an integrin-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yokota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jackie McCourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuxun Ren
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yerbol Z Kurmangaliyev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Samad Ahadian
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Thang Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xing Haw Marvin Tan
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abraham Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Passarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Passarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergey Ryazantsev
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David E Birk
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachelle H Crosbie
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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8
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Stubb A, Laine RF, Miihkinen M, Hamidi H, Guzmán C, Henriques R, Jacquemet G, Ivaska J. Fluctuation-Based Super-Resolution Traction Force Microscopy. Nano Lett 2020; 20:2230-2245. [PMID: 32142297 PMCID: PMC7146861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanics play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and are often misregulated in disease. Traction force microscopy is one of the key methods that has enabled researchers to study fundamental aspects of mechanobiology; however, traction force microscopy is limited by poor resolution. Here, we propose a simplified protocol and imaging strategy that enhances the output of traction force microscopy by increasing i) achievable bead density and ii) the accuracy of bead tracking. Our approach relies on super-resolution microscopy, enabled by fluorescence fluctuation analysis. Our pipeline can be used on spinning-disk confocal or widefield microscopes and is compatible with available analysis software. In addition, we demonstrate that our workflow can be used to gain biologically relevant information and is suitable for fast long-term live measurement of traction forces even in light-sensitive cells. Finally, using fluctuation-based traction force microscopy, we observe that filopodia align to the force field generated by focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Stubb
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Romain F. Laine
- MRC-Laboratory
for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Mitro Miihkinen
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory
for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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9
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Abstract
Lipid-protein complexes are the basis of pulmonary surfactants covering the respiratory surface and mediating gas exchange in lungs. Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial lipid overexpressed in mammalian lungs infected by bacterial pneumonia. In addition, increased oxygen supply (hyperoxia) is a pathological factor also critical in bacterial pneumonia. In this paper we fabricate a micrometer-size graphene-based sensor to measure oxygen permeation through pulmonary membranes. Combining oxygen sensing, X-ray scattering, and Atomic Force Microscopy, we show that mammalian pulmonary membranes suffer a structural transformation induced by cardiolipin. We observe that cardiolipin promotes the formation of periodic protein-free inter-membrane contacts with rhombohedral symmetry. Membrane contacts, or stalks, promote a significant increase in oxygen gas permeation which may bear significance for alveoli gas exchange imbalance in pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Marilyn Porras-Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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10
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Tian J, Yin X, Li J, Qi W, Huang P, Chen X, Luo J. Tribo-Induced Interfacial Material Transfer of an Atomic Force Microscopy Probe Assisting Superlubricity in a WS 2/Graphene Heterojunction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:4031-4040. [PMID: 31889443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Robust superlubricity of 2D materials could be obtained by transferring graphene on the tip surface for the formation of interlayer friction of heterojunction, owing to the availability of stable interfacial incommensurate contact. Nevertheless, the material transfer mechanisms assisting superlubricity via atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe are still hardly comprehended. In this work, we reported a superlow friction coefficient (0.003) of the WS2/graphene heterojunction governed by graphene flake-transferred AFM tips and achieved a superlubricity state of velocity independence. Both low adhesion of the heterojunction and excellent wear-resistance for tip were also observed, which were attributed to the extremely low interface interaction during the incommensurate contact. The in-depth investigation on the frictional contact zones of probes was performed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The observations emphasize the prevailing mechanisms of tribo-induced interfacial material transfer when AFM probes scan on the surface of 2D materials. The evolution of the superlubricity state principally depends on the establishment of interfacial nanostructures in the self-adaptive running-in period, by different contact mechanics and tribo-reconstructing pathways. These results stimulate a technical route to develop superlubricious tribopairs of 2D materials and guide a promising perspective in the engineering system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jianbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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11
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Kramer RCLN, Verlinden EJ, Angeloni L, van den Heuvel A, Fratila-Apachitei LE, van der Maarel SM, Ghatkesar MK. Multiscale 3D-printing of microfluidic AFM cantilevers. Lab Chip 2020; 20:311-319. [PMID: 31808485 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever probes have all the functionalities of a standard AFM cantilever along with fluid pipetting. They have a channel inside the cantilever and an aperture at the tip. Such probes are useful for precise fluid manipulation at a desired location, for example near or inside cells. They are typically made by complex microfabrication process steps, resulting in expensive probes. Here, we used two different 3D additive manufacturing techniques, stereolithography and two-photon polymerization, to directly print ready-to-use microfluidic AFM cantilever probes. This approach has considerably reduced the fabrication time and increased the design freedom. One of the probes, 564 μm long, 30 μm wide, 30 μm high, with a 25 μm diameter channel and 2.5 μm wall thickness had a spring constant of 3.7 N m-1 and the polymer fabrication material had an elastic modulus of 4.2 GPa. Using these 3D printed probes, AFM imaging of a surface, puncturing of the cell membrane, and aspiration at the single cell level have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C L N Kramer
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Eleonoor J Verlinden
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Livia Angeloni
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands. and Department of Biomechanical Engineering (BME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Anita van den Heuvel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering (BME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Murali K Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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12
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Roman M, Wrobel TP, Panek A, Paluszkiewicz C, Kwiatek WM. Nanoscale AFM-IR spectroscopic imaging of lipid heterogeneity and effect of irradiation in prostate cancer cells. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:425502. [PMID: 31300624 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab31dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of the AFM-IR technique, which combines nanoscale imaging with chemical contrast through infrared spectroscopy, opened up new fields for exploration, which were out of reach for other modalities, e.g. Raman spectroscopy. Lipid droplets (LDs) are key organelles, which are associated with stress response mechanisms in cells and their size falls into that niche. LDs composition is heterogeneous and varies depending on cancer cell type and the tumor microenvironment. Prostate cancer cells show a unique lipid metabolism manifested by an increased requirement for lipid accumulation in cytosolic LDs. In the current work, AFM-IR nanoimaging was undertaken to analyze lipids in untreated and x-ray irradiated PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Cells poor in LDs showed slightly increased lipid signal in cytoplasm close to the nucleus. On the other hand, high lipid signal coming from LDs accumulation could be found in any part of the cytoplasmic region. The observed behavior was found to be independent from irradiation and its dose. According to the band assignment of the collected AFM-IR spectra, the main components of LDs were assigned to cholesteryl esters. The size of LDs present in cells poor in lipids was found to be of less than 1 μm, whereas LDs aggregates spread out over a few microns. Analysis of AFM-IR spectra shows relative homogeneity of LDs composition in single cells and heterogeneity of LDs content within the PC-3 cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Roman
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
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13
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Aramesh M, Forró C, Dorwling-Carter L, Lüchtefeld I, Schlotter T, Ihle SJ, Shorubalko I, Hosseini V, Momotenko D, Zambelli T, Klotzsch E, Vörös J. Localized detection of ions and biomolecules with a force-controlled scanning nanopore microscope. Nat Nanotechnol 2019; 14:791-798. [PMID: 31308500 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids and ions secreted from single cells are the key signalling factors that determine the interaction of cells with their environment and the neighbouring cells. It is possible to study individual ion channels by pipette clamping, but it is difficult to dynamically monitor the activity of ion channels and transporters across the cellular membrane. Here we show that a solid-state nanopore integrated in an atomic force microscope can be used for the stochastic sensing of secreted molecules and the activity of ion channels in arbitrary locations both inside and outside a cell. The translocation of biomolecules and ions through the nanopore is observed in real time in live cells. The versatile nature of this approach allows us to detect specific biomolecules under controlled mechanical confinement and to monitor the ion-channel activities of single cells. Moreover, the nanopore microscope was used to image the surface of the nuclear membrane via high-resolution scanning ion conductance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Csaba Forró
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ines Lüchtefeld
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Schlotter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan J Ihle
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Klotzsch
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics/ Mechanobiology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Meller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Dehullu J, Valotteau C, Herman-Bausier P, Garcia-Sherman M, Mittelviefhaus M, Vorholt JA, Lipke PN, Dufrêne YF. Fluidic Force Microscopy Demonstrates That Homophilic Adhesion by Candida albicans Als Proteins Is Mediated by Amyloid Bonds between Cells. Nano Lett 2019; 19:3846-3853. [PMID: 31038969 PMCID: PMC6638552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans frequently forms drug-resistant biofilms in hospital settings and in chronic disease patients. Cell adhesion and biofilm formation involve a family of cell surface Als (agglutinin-like sequence) proteins. It is now well documented that amyloid-like clusters of laterally arranged Als proteins activate cell-cell adhesion under mechanical stress, but whether amyloid-like bonds form between aggregating cells is not known. To address this issue, we measure the forces driving Als5-mediated intercellular adhesion using an innovative fluidic force microscopy platform. Strong cell-cell adhesion is dependent on expression of amyloid-forming Als5 at high cell surface density and is inhibited by a short antiamyloid peptide. Furthermore, there is greatly attenuated binding between cells expressing amyloid-forming Als5 and cells with a nonamyloid form of Als5. Thus, homophilic bonding between Als5 proteins on adhering cells is the major mode of fungal aggregation, rather than protein-ligand interactions. These results point to a model whereby amyloid-like β-sheet interactions play a dual role in cell-cell adhesion, that is, in formation of adhesin nanoclusters ( cis-interactions) and in homophilic bonding between amyloid sequences on opposing cells ( trans-interactions). Because potential amyloid-forming sequences are found in many microbial adhesins, we speculate that this novel mechanism of amyloid-based homophilic adhesion might be widespread and could represent an interesting target for treating biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Dehullu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman-Bausier
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Melissa Garcia-Sherman
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210 United States
| | | | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210 United States
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 4000 Liege, Belgium
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16
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Kontomaris SV, Grant C, Alexandratou E, Stylianou A. Atomic Force Microscopy: In Sickness and in Health. Scanning 2019; 2019:6149247. [PMID: 31217831 PMCID: PMC6537000 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6149247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos-Vasileios Kontomaris
- Mobile Radio Communications Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
- Athens Metropolitan College, Sorou 74, Marousi 15125, Greece
| | - Colin Grant
- Hitachi High-Technologies Europe, Techspace One, Keckwick Lane, Warrington WA4 4AB, UK
| | - Eleni Alexandratou
- Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2238, Cyprus
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17
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Nasrallah H, Vial A, Pocholle N, Soulier J, Costa L, Godefroy C, Bourillot E, Lesniewska E, Milhiet PE. Imaging Artificial Membranes Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1886:45-59. [PMID: 30374861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8894-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers represent a very attractive way to mimic biological membranes, especially to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with the lateral segregation of membrane components. Observation of these model membranes with high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) allows the capture of both topography and dynamics of membrane components, with a spatial resolution in the nanometer range and image capture time of less than 1 s. In this context, we have developed new protocols adapted for HS-AFM to form supported lipid bilayers on small mica disks using the vesicle fusion or Langmuir-Blodgett methods. In this chapter we describe in detail the protocols to fabricate supported artificial bilayers as well as the main guidelines for HS-AFM imaging of such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Nasrallah
- INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Vial
- INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Pocholle
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Jérémy Soulier
- INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Luca Costa
- INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Godefroy
- INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Bourillot
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Eric Lesniewska
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet
- INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France.
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Montpellier, France.
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18
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Pribyl J, Pešl M, Caluori G, Acimovic I, Jelinkova S, Dvorak P, Skladal P, Rotrekl V. Biomechanical Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes by Use of Atomic Force Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1886:343-353. [PMID: 30374878 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8894-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is not only a high-resolution imaging technique but also a sensitive tool able to study biomechanical properties of bio-samples (biomolecules, cells) in native conditions-i.e., in buffered solutions (culturing media) and stable temperature (mostly 37 °C). Micromechanical transducers (cantilevers) are often used to map surface stiffness distribution, adhesion forces, and viscoelastic parameters of living cells; however, they can also be used to monitor time course of cardiomyocytes contraction dynamics (e.g. beating rate, relaxation time), together with other biomechanical properties. Here we describe the construction of an AFM-based biosensor setup designed to study the biomechanical properties of cardiomyocyte clusters, through the use of standard uncoated silicon nitride cantilevers. Force-time curves (mechanocardiograms, MCG) are recorded continuously in real time and in the presence of cardiomyocyte-contraction affecting drugs (e.g., isoproterenol, metoprolol) in the medium, under physiological conditions. The average value of contraction force and the beat rate, as basic biomechanical parameters, represent pharmacological indicators of different phenotype features. Robustness, low computational requirements, and optimal spatial sensitivity (detection limit 200 pN, respectively 20 nm displacement) are the main advantages of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pribyl
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pešl
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine-Cardioangiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Guido Caluori
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Acimovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Jelinkova
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvorak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skladal
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Rotrekl
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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Stylianou A, Kontomaris SV, Grant C, Alexandratou E. Atomic Force Microscopy on Biological Materials Related to Pathological Conditions. Scanning 2019; 2019:8452851. [PMID: 31214274 PMCID: PMC6535871 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an easy-to-use, powerful, high-resolution microscope that allows the user to image any surface and under any aqueous condition. AFM has been used in the investigation of the structural and mechanical properties of a wide range of biological matters including biomolecules, biomaterials, cells, and tissues. It provides the capacity to acquire high-resolution images of biosamples at the nanoscale and allows at readily carrying out mechanical characterization. The capacity of AFM to image and interact with surfaces, under physiologically relevant conditions, is of great importance for realistic and accurate medical and pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this paper is to review recent trends of the use of AFM on biological materials related to health and sickness. First, we present AFM components and its different imaging modes and we continue with combined imaging and coupled AFM systems. Then, we discuss the use of AFM to nanocharacterize collagen, the major fibrous protein of the human body, which has been correlated with many pathological conditions. In the next section, AFM nanolevel surface characterization as a tool to detect possible pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis and cancer is presented. Finally, we demonstrate the use of AFM for studying other pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), through the investigation of amyloid fibrils and viruses, respectively. Consequently, AFM stands out as the ideal research instrument for exploring the detection of pathological conditions even at very early stages, making it very attractive in the area of bio- and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2238, Cyprus
| | - Stylianos-Vasileios Kontomaris
- Mobile Radio Communications Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
- Athens Metropolitan College, Sorou 74, Marousi 15125, Greece
| | - Colin Grant
- Hitachi High-Technologies Europe, Techspace One, Keckwick Lane, Warrington WA4 4AB, UK
| | - Eleni Alexandratou
- Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
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20
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Chang JK, Emon MAB, Li CS, Yang Q, Chang HP, Yang Z, Wu CI, Saif MT, Rogers JA. Cytotoxicity and in Vitro Degradation Kinetics of Foundry-Compatible Semiconductor Nanomembranes and Electronic Microcomponents. ACS Nano 2018; 12:9721-9732. [PMID: 30160102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Foundry-compatible materials and processing approaches serve as the foundations for advanced, active implantable microsystems that can dissolve in biofluids into biocompatible reaction products, with broad potential applications in biomedicine. The results reported here include in vitro studies of the dissolution kinetics and nanoscale bioresorption behaviors of device-grade thin films of Si, SiN x, SiO2, and W in the presence of dynamic cell cultures via atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. In situ investigations of cell-extracellular mechanotransduction induced by cellular traction provide insights into the cytotoxicity of these same materials and of microcomponents formed with them using foundry-compatible processes, indicating potential cytotoxicity elicited by W at concentrations greater than 6 mM. The findings are of central relevance to the biocompatibility of modern Si-based electronics technologies as active, bioresorbable microsystems that interface with living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Kai Chang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - M A Bashar Emon
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Chia-Shuo Li
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Quansan Yang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Hui-Ping Chang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Zijian Yang
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Chih-I Wu
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - M Taher Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering, and Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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21
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Abstract
A facile approach for functionalizing atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips with nanoparticles (NPs) will provide exciting opportunities in the field of tip-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy and in probing the interactions between NPs and biological systems. In this study, through successive exposure to polydopamine and AgNO3 solutions, the apex of AFM tips was functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNP-modified AFM tips were used to measure the interaction forces between AgNPs and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) formed on mica, as well as to probe the penetration of SLBs by AgNPs, with an emphasis on the effect of human serum albumin (HSA) proteins. AgNPs experienced predominantly repulsive forces when approaching SLBs. The presence of HSA resulted in an enhancement in the repulsive interactions between AgNPs and SLBs, likely through steric repulsion. Finally, the forces required for AgNPs to penetrate SLBs were higher in the presence of HSA probably due to the increase in the effective size of the nanoscale protuberances on the AFM tip stemming from the formation of protein coronas around the AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218-2686 , United States
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22
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Nievergelt AP, Banterle N, Andany SH, Gönczy P, Fantner GE. High-speed photothermal off-resonance atomic force microscopy reveals assembly routes of centriolar scaffold protein SAS-6. Nat Nanotechnol 2018; 13:696-701. [PMID: 29784964 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of protein complexes is at the core of many fundamental biological processes1, ranging from the polymerization of cytoskeletal elements, such as microtubules2, to viral capsid formation and organelle assembly3. To reach a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of self-assembly, high spatial and temporal resolutions must be attained. This is complicated by the need to not interfere with the reaction during the measurement. As self-assemblies are often governed by weak interactions, they are especially difficult to monitor with high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) due to the non-negligible tip-sample interaction forces involved in current methods. We have developed a HS-AFM technique, photothermal off-resonance tapping (PORT), which is gentle enough to monitor self-assembly reactions driven by weak interactions. We apply PORT to dissect the self-assembly reaction of SAS-6 proteins, which form a nine-fold radially symmetric ring-containing structure that seeds the formation of the centriole organelle. Our analysis reveals the kinetics of SAS-6 ring formation and demonstrates that distinct biogenesis routes can be followed to assemble a nine-fold symmetrical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Nievergelt
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Banterle
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Santiago H Andany
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg E Fantner
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Abstract
The folding and acquisition of proteins native structure is central to all biological processes of life. By contrast, protein misfolding can lead to toxic amyloid aggregates formation, linked to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. To shed light on the molecular basis of protein function and malfunction, it is crucial to access structural information on single protein assemblies and aggregates under native conditions. Yet, current conformation-sensitive spectroscopic methods lack the spatial resolution and sensitivity necessary for characterizing heterogeneous protein aggregates in solution. To overcome this limitation, here we use photothermal-induced resonance to demonstrate that it is possible to acquire nanoscale infrared spectra in water with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using this approach, we probe supramolecular aggregates of diphenylalanine, the core recognition module of the Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide, and its derivative Boc-diphenylalanine. We achieve nanoscale resolved IR spectra and maps in air and water with comparable SNR and lateral resolution, thus enabling accurate identification of the chemical and structural state of morphologically similar networks at the single aggregate ( i. e., fibril) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | | | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
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24
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Roder P, Hille C. Local tissue manipulation via a force- and pressure-controlled AFM micropipette for analysis of cellular processes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5892. [PMID: 29651136 PMCID: PMC5897369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Local manipulation of complex tissues at the single-cell level is challenging and requires excellent sealing between the specimen and the micromanipulation device. Here, biological applications for a recently developed loading technique for a force- and pressure-controlled fluidic force microscope micropipette are described. This technique allows for the exact positioning and precise spatiotemporal control of liquid delivery. The feasibility of a local loading technique for tissue applications was investigated using two fluorescent dyes, with which local loading behaviour could be optically visualised. Thus, homogeneous intracellular distribution of CellTracker Red and accumulation of SYTO 9 Green within nuclei was realised in single cells of a tissue preparation. Subsequently, physiological micromanipulation experiments were performed. Salivary gland tissue was pre-incubated with the Ca2+-sensitive dye OGB-1. An intracellular Ca2+ rise was then initiated at the single-cell level by applying dopamine via micropipette. When pre-incubating tissue with the nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive dye DAF-FM, NO release and intercellular NO diffusion was observed after local application of the NO donor SNP. Finally, local micromanipulation of a well-defined area along irregularly shaped cell surfaces of complex biosystems was shown for the first time for the fluidic force microscope micropipette. Thus, this technique is a promising tool for the investigation of the spatiotemporal effects of locally applied substances in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Roder
- Department of Physical Chemistry/Applied Laser Sensing in Complex Biosystems (ALS ComBi), Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carsten Hille
- Department of Physical Chemistry/Applied Laser Sensing in Complex Biosystems (ALS ComBi), Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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25
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Guo P, Wang B, Liu D, Yang J, Subramanyam K, McCarthy CR, Hebert J, Moses MA, Auguste DT. Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Predict Tumor Specificity of ICAM1 Antibody-Directed Nanomedicines. Nano Lett 2018; 18:2254-2262. [PMID: 29505261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool to detect in vitro antibody-antigen interactions. To date, however, AFM-measured antibody-antigen interactions have yet to be exploited to predict in vivo tumor specificity of antibody-directed nanomedicines. In this study, we have utilized AFM to directly measure the biomechanical interaction between live triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and an antibody against ICAM1, a recently identified TNBC target. For the first time, we provide proof-of-principle evidence that in vitro TNBC cell-ICAM1 antibody binding force measured by AFM on live cells more precisely correlates with in vivo tumor accumulation and therapeutic efficacy of ICAM1 antibody-directed liposomes than ICAM1 gene and surface protein overexpression levels. These studies demonstrate that live cell-antibody binding force measurements may be used as a novel in vitro metric for predicting the in vivo tumor recognition of antibody-directed nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- Vascular Biology Program , Boston Children's Hospital , 300 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital , 300 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - B Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - D Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - J Yang
- Vascular Biology Program , Boston Children's Hospital , 300 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital , 300 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - K Subramanyam
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - C R McCarthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - J Hebert
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - M A Moses
- Vascular Biology Program , Boston Children's Hospital , 300 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital , 300 Longwood Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - D T Auguste
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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26
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Sharma S, LeClaire M, Gimzewski JK. Ascent of atomic force microscopy as a nanoanalytical tool for exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:132001. [PMID: 29376505 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaab06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has made several significant contributions to the field of biology and medicine. In this review, we draw our attention to the recent applications and promise of AFM as a high-resolution imaging and force sensing technology for probing subcellular vesicles: exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoparticles found in several body fluids such as blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid and urine. Exosomes mediate cell-cell communication, transport proteins and genetic content between distant cells, and are now known to play important roles in progression of diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases. Because exosomes are smaller than 100 nm (about 30-120 nm), the structural and molecular characterization of these vesicles at the individual level has been challenging. AFM has revealed a new degree of complexity in these nanosized vesicles and generated growing interest as a nanoscale tool for characterizing the abundance, morphology, biomechanics, and biomolecular make-up of exosomes. With the recent interest in exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, AFM-based characterization promises to contribute towards improved understanding of these particles at the single vesicle and sub-vesicular levels. When coupled with complementary methods like optical super resolution STED and Raman, AFM could further unlock the potential of exosomes as disease biomarkers and as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
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27
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Chowdhury SR, Cao J, He Y, Lu HP. Revealing Abrupt and Spontaneous Ruptures of Protein Native Structure under picoNewton Compressive Force Manipulation. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2448-2454. [PMID: 29462552 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating protein conformations for exploring protein structure-function relationship has shown great promise. Although protein conformational changes under pulling force manipulation have been extensively studied, protein conformation changes under a compressive force have not been explored quantitatively. The latter is even more biologically significant and relevant in revealing protein functions in living cells associated with protein crowdedness, distribution fluctuations, and cell osmotic stress. Here we report our experimental observations on abrupt ruptures of protein native structures under compressive force, demonstrated and studied by single-molecule AFM-FRET spectroscopic nanoscopy. Our results show that the protein ruptures are abrupt and spontaneous events occurred when the compressive force reaches a threshold of 12-75 pN, a force amplitude accessible from thermal fluctuations in a living cell. The abrupt ruptures are sensitive to local environment, likely a general and important pathway of protein unfolding in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Yufan He
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - H Peter Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
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28
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Abstract
Mathematical models simulating different and representative engineering problem, atomic dry friction, the moving front problems and elastic and solid mechanics are presented in the form of a set of non-linear, coupled or not coupled differential equations. For different parameters values that influence the solution, the problem is numerically solved by the network method, which provides all the variables of the problems. Although the model is extremely sensitive to the above parameters, no assumptions are considered as regards the linearization of the variables. The design of the models, which are run on standard electrical circuit simulation software, is explained in detail. The network model results are compared with common numerical methods or experimental data, published in the scientific literature, to show the reliability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - F. Marín
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - J. L. Morales
- Department of Structures and Construction, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - M. Cánovas
- Metallurgical and Mining Engineering Department, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Alhama
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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29
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Nguyen SN, Sontag RL, Carson JP, Corley RA, Ansong C, Laskin J. Towards High-Resolution Tissue Imaging Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Shear Force Microscopy. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:316-322. [PMID: 28755258 PMCID: PMC5787403 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Constant mode ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of tissue sections with high lateral resolution of better than 10 μm was performed by combining shear force microscopy with nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI). Shear force microscopy enabled precise control of the distance between the sample and nano-DESI probe during MSI experiments and provided information on sample topography. Proof-of-concept experiments were performed using lung and brain tissue sections representing spongy and dense tissues, respectively. Topography images obtained using shear force microscopy were comparable to the results obtained using contact profilometry over the same region of the tissue section. Variations in tissue height were found to be dependent on the tissue type and were in the range of 0-5 μm for lung tissue and 0-3 μm for brain tissue sections. Ion images of phospholipids obtained in this study are in good agreement with literature data. Normalization of nano-DESI MSI images to the signal of the internal standard added to the extraction solvent allowed us to construct high-resolution ion images free of matrix effects. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son N Nguyen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ryan L Sontag
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - James P Carson
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Richard A Corley
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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31
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Huang X, He J, Zhang HT, Sun K, Yang J, Wang H, Zhang H, Guo Z, Zha ZG, Zhou C. Effect of dacarbazine on CD44 in live melanoma cells as measured by atomic force microscopy-based nanoscopy. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8867-8886. [PMID: 29296081 PMCID: PMC5739545 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s149107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 ligand-receptor interactions are known to be involved in regulating cell migration and tumor cell metastasis. High expression levels of CD44 correlate with a poor prognosis of melanoma patients. In order to understand not only the mechanistic basis for dacarbazine (DTIC)-based melanoma treatment but also the reason for the poor prognosis of melanoma patients treated with DTIC, dynamic force spectroscopy was used to structurally map single native CD44-coupled receptors on the surface of melanoma cells. The effect of DTIC treatment was quantified by the dynamic binding strength and the ligand-binding free-energy landscape. The results demonstrated no obvious effect of DTIC on the unbinding force between CD44 ligand and its receptor, even when the CD44 nanodomains were reduced significantly. However, DTIC did perturb the kinetic and thermodynamic interactions of the CD44 ligand-receptor, with a resultant greater dissociation rate, lower affinity, lower binding free energy, and a narrower energy valley for the free-energy landscape. For cells treated with 25 and 75 μg/mL DTIC for 24 hours, the dissociation constant for CD44 increased 9- and 70-fold, respectively. The CD44 ligand binding free energy decreased from 9.94 for untreated cells to 8.65 and 7.39 kcal/mol for DTIC-treated cells, which indicated that the CD44 ligand-receptor complexes on DTIC-treated melanoma cells were less stable than on untreated cells. However, affinity remained in the micromolar range, rather than the millimolar range associated with nonaffinity ligands. Hence, the CD44 receptor could still be activated, resulting in intracellular signaling that could trigger a cellular response. These results demonstrate DTIC perturbs, but not completely inhibits, the binding of CD44 ligand to membrane receptors, suggesting a basis for the poor prognosis associated with DTIC treatment of melanoma. Overall, atomic force microscopy-based nanoscopic methods offer thermodynamic and kinetic insight into the effect of DTIC on the CD44 ligand-binding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Huang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University
| | - Jiexiang He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-tian Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Huajun Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhao Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-gang Zha
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
| | - Changren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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32
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LeBlanc S, Wilkins H, Li Z, Kaur P, Wang H, Erie DA. Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Characterize the Conformational Properties of Proteins and Protein-DNA Complexes That Carry Out DNA Repair. Methods Enzymol 2017; 592:187-212. [PMID: 28668121 PMCID: PMC5761736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe technique that allows visualization of single biomolecules and complexes deposited on a surface with nanometer resolution. AFM is a powerful tool for characterizing protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. It can be used to capture snapshots of protein-DNA solution dynamics, which in turn, enables the characterization of the conformational properties of transient protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. With AFM, it is possible to determine the stoichiometries and binding affinities of protein-protein and protein-DNA associations, the specificity of proteins binding to specific sites on DNA, and the conformations of the complexes. We describe methods to prepare and deposit samples, including surface treatments for optimal depositions, and how to quantitatively analyze images. We also discuss a new electrostatic force imaging technique called DREEM, which allows the visualization of the path of DNA within proteins in protein-DNA complexes. Collectively, these methods facilitate the development of comprehensive models of DNA repair and provide a broader understanding of all protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. The structural details gleaned from analysis of AFM images coupled with biochemistry provide vital information toward establishing the structure-function relationships that govern DNA repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonda LeBlanc
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hunter Wilkins
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zimeng Li
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Parminder Kaur
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dorothy A Erie
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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33
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Li X, Tao Y, Lee DH, Wickramasinghe HK, Lee AP. In situ mRNA isolation from a microfluidic single-cell array using an external AFM nanoprobe. Lab Chip 2017; 17:1635-1644. [PMID: 28401227 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present an in situ mRNA extraction platform to quantify marker-genes' expression levels of single target cells within high-density microfluidic trapping arrays. This platform enables single-cell transcriptomic analysis to reveal in-depth information of cellular mechanisms and population heterogeneity. Although microfluidic technology enables the automation of single-cell sorting, trapping and identification, most developed microfluidic devices are closed off and prevent single-cell access by external analytical equipment. Besides, cell lysing is usually required for mRNA extraction. In our platform, cells are trapped individually in a microwell array sealed by a 1 μm-thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, and a modified atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe-a dielectrophoretic nanotweezer (DENT)-penetrates through the membrane and extracts mRNA molecules from a single cell by dielectrophoresis. The single-cellular expression levels of 3 housekeeping genes from HeLa cells were analyzed quantitatively based on the quantification of the extracted mRNAs, and the probed cells remained viable when the applied alternating-current (AC) voltage was lower than 1.5 Vpp during mRNA probing. We also performed in situ mRNA isolation from a mixture of SK-BR-3 and U937 cells, mimicking a blood sample that underwent primary enrichment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and evaluated various marker-genes' expressions. This integrated platform combines the non-destructive and precise-control of a single-cell mRNA probe with sealed microfluidic systems' capability of upstream sample processing and downstream multifunctional analysis to enable a versatile and powerful tool for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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34
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Dufrêne YF, Ando T, Garcia R, Alsteens D, Martinez-Martin D, Engel A, Gerber C, Müller DJ. Imaging modes of atomic force microscopy for application in molecular and cell biology. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:295-307. [PMID: 28383040 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful, multifunctional imaging platform that allows biological samples, from single molecules to living cells, to be visualized and manipulated. Soon after the instrument was invented, it was recognized that in order to maximize the opportunities of AFM imaging in biology, various technological developments would be required to address certain limitations of the method. This has led to the creation of a range of new imaging modes, which continue to push the capabilities of the technique today. Here, we review the basic principles, advantages and limitations of the most common AFM bioimaging modes, including the popular contact and dynamic modes, as well as recently developed modes such as multiparametric, molecular recognition, multifrequency and high-speed imaging. For each of these modes, we discuss recent experiments that highlight their unique capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences and Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Toshio Ando
- Department of Physics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Alsteens
- Institute of Life Sciences and Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Martinez-Martin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Mattenstrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Engel
- Department of BioNanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gerber
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Mattenstrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Sadeghian H, Herfst R, Dekker B, Winters J, Bijnagte T, Rijnbeek R. High-throughput atomic force microscopes operating in parallel. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:033703. [PMID: 28372370 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an essential nanoinstrument technique for several applications such as cell biology and nanoelectronics metrology and inspection. The need for statistically significant sample sizes means that data collection can be an extremely lengthy process in AFM. The use of a single AFM instrument is known for its very low speed and not being suitable for scanning large areas, resulting in a very-low-throughput measurement. We address this challenge by parallelizing AFM instruments. The parallelization is achieved by miniaturizing the AFM instrument and operating many of them simultaneously. This instrument has the advantages that each miniaturized AFM can be operated independently and that the advances in the field of AFM, both in terms of speed and imaging modalities, can be implemented more easily. Moreover, a parallel AFM instrument also allows one to measure several physical parameters simultaneously; while one instrument measures nano-scale topography, another instrument can measure mechanical, electrical, or thermal properties, making it a lab-on-an-instrument. In this paper, a proof of principle of such a parallel AFM instrument has been demonstrated by analyzing the topography of large samples such as semiconductor wafers. This nanoinstrument provides new research opportunities in the nanometrology of wafers and nanolithography masks by enabling real die-to-die and wafer-level measurements and in cell biology by measuring the nano-scale properties of a large number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sadeghian
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rodolf Herfst
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Dekker
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Winters
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Bijnagte
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Rijnbeek
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
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Bondia P, Casado S, Flors C. Correlative Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging and Atomic Force Microscopy for the Characterization of Biological Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1663:105-113. [PMID: 28924662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging tools have greatly improved our ability to analyze the structure and molecular components of a wide range of biological systems at the nanoscale. High resolution imaging can be performed with a handful of techniques, each of them revealing particular features of the sample. A more comprehensive picture of a biological system can be achieved by combining the information provided by complementary imaging methods. Specifically, the correlation between super-resolution fluorescence imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides high resolution topography as well as specific chemical information, the latter with a spatial resolution that approaches that of AFM. We present a detailed protocol and discuss the requirements and challenges in terms of sample preparation, instrumentation, and image alignment to combine these two powerful techniques. This hybrid nanoscale imaging tool has the potential to provide robust validation for super-resolution methods as well as new insight into biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bondia
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Santiago Casado
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), C/ Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Abstract
Microbial cells have developed sophisticated multicomponent structures and machineries to govern basic cellular processes, such as chromosome segregation, gene expression, cell division, mechanosensing, cell adhesion and biofilm formation. Because of the small cell sizes, subcellular structures have long been difficult to visualize using diffraction-limited light microscopy. During the last three decades, optical and force nanoscopy techniques have been developed to probe intracellular and extracellular structures with unprecedented resolutions, enabling researchers to study their organization, dynamics and interactions in individual cells, at the single-molecule level, from the inside out, and all the way up to cell-cell interactions in microbial communities. In this Review, we discuss the principles, advantages and limitations of the main optical and force nanoscopy techniques available in microbiology, and we highlight some outstanding questions that these new tools may help to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics &Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, USA
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Belgium
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Qin L, Zhang J, Sun J, Czajkowsky DM, Shao Z. Development of a low-noise cryogenic atomic force microscope for high resolution imaging of large biological complexes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:859-61. [PMID: 27521793 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiading Campus , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Huff JL, Lynch MP, Nettikadan S, Johnson JC, Vengasandra S, Henderson E. Label-Free Protein and Pathogen Detection Using the Atomic Force Microscope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:491-7. [PMID: 15452335 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104268803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) uses a sharp micron-scale tip to scan and amplify surface features, providing exceptionally detailed topographical information with magnification on the order of ×106. This instrument is used extensively for quality control in the computer and semiconductor industries and is becoming a progressively more important tool in the biological sciences. Advantages of the AFM for biological application include the ability to obtain information in a direct, label-free manner and the ability to image in solution, providing real-time data acquisition under physiologically relevant conditions. A novel application of the AFM currently under development combines its surface profiling capabilities with fixed immuno-capture using antibodies immobilized in a nanoarray format. This provides a distinctive platform for direct, label-free detection and characterization of viral particles and other pathogens.
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Abstract
Understanding the complex interplay between cells and their biomechanics and how the interplay is influenced by the extracellular microenvironment, as well as how the transforming potential of a tissue from a benign to a cancerous one is related to the dynamics of both the cell and its surroundings, holds promise for the development of targeted translational therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of atomic force microscopy-based technology and its applications for identification of cellular progression to a cancerous phenotype. The review also offers insights into the advancements that are required for the next user-controlled tool to allow for the identification of early cell transformation and thus potentially lead to improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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41
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Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is widely used in physics, chemistry, and biology to analyze the topography of a sample at nanometer resolution. Controlling precisely the force applied by the AFM tip to the sample is a prerequisite for faithful and reproducible imaging. In amplitude modulation (oscillating) mode AFM, the applied force depends on the free and the setpoint amplitudes of the cantilever oscillation. Therefore, for keeping the applied force constant, not only the setpoint amplitude but also the free amplitude must be kept constant. While the AFM user defines the setpoint amplitude, the free amplitude is typically subject to uncontrollable drift, and hence, unfortunately, the real applied force is permanently drifting during an experiment. This is particularly harmful in biological sciences where increased force destroys the soft biological matter. Here, we have developed a strategy and an electronic circuit that analyzes permanently the free amplitude of oscillation and readjusts the excitation to maintain the free amplitude constant. As a consequence, the real applied force is permanently and automatically controlled with picoNewton precision. With this circuit associated to a high-speed AFM, we illustrate the power of the development through imaging over long-duration and at various forces. The development is applicable for all AFMs and will widen the applicability of AFM to a larger range of samples and to a larger range of (non-specialist) users. Furthermore, from controlled force imaging experiments, the interaction strength between biomolecules can be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyagi
- U1006 INSERM, Université Aix-Marseille, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Simon Scheuring
- U1006 INSERM, Université Aix-Marseille, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
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Ma CD, Acevedo-Vélez C, Wang C, Gellman SH, Abbott NL. Interaction of the Hydrophobic Tip of an Atomic Force Microscope with Oligopeptides Immobilized Using Short and Long Tethers. Langmuir 2016; 32:2985-2995. [PMID: 26895750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of the adhesive force generated between the hydrophobic tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and surfaces presenting oligopeptides immobilized using either short (∼1 nm) or long (∼60 nm) tethers. Specifically, we used either sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SSMCC) or 10 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) end-functionalized with maleimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide groups to immobilize helical oligomers of β-amino acids (β-peptides) to mixed monolayers presenting tetraethylene glycol (EG4) and amine-terminated EG4 (EG4N) groups. When SSMCC was used to immobilize the β-peptides, we measured the adhesive interaction between the AFM tip and surface to rupture through a single event with magnitude consistent with the interaction of a single β-peptide with the AFM tip. Surprisingly, this occurred even when, on average, multiple β-peptides were located within the interaction area between the AFM tip and surface. In contrast, when using the long 10 kDa PEG tether, we observed the magnitude of the adhesive interaction as well as the dynamics of the rupture events to unmask the presence of the multiple β-peptides within the interaction area. To provide insight into these observations, we formulated a simple mechanical model of the interaction of the AFM tip with the immobilized β-peptides and used the model to demonstrate that adhesion measurements performed using short tethers (but not long tethers) are dominated by the interaction of single β-peptides because (i) the mechanical properties of the short tether are highly nonlinear, thus causing one β-peptide to dominate the adhesion force at the point of rupture, and (ii) the AFM cantilever is mechanically unstable following the rupture of the adhesive interaction with a single β-peptide. Overall, our study reveals that short tethers offer the basis of an approach that facilitates measurement of adhesive interactions with single molecules presented at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Derek Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Claribel Acevedo-Vélez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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McGrath JS, Quist J, Seddon JRT, Lai SCS, Lemay SG, Bridle HL. Deformability Assessment of Waterborne Protozoa Using a Microfluidic-Enabled Force Microscopy Probe. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150438. [PMID: 26938220 PMCID: PMC4777494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many modern filtration technologies are incapable of the complete removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts from drinking-water. Consequently, Cryptosporidium-contaminated drinking-water supplies can severely implicate both water utilities and consumers. Existing methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium in drinking-water do not discern between non-pathogenic and pathogenic species, nor between viable and non-viable oocysts. Using FluidFM, a novel force spectroscopy method employing microchannelled cantilevers for single-cell level manipulation, we assessed the size and deformability properties of two species of Cryptosporidium that pose varying levels of risk to human health. A comparison of such characteristics demonstrated the ability of FluidFM to discern between Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium parvum with 86% efficiency, whilst using a measurement throughput which exceeded 50 discrete oocysts per hour. In addition, we measured the deformability properties for untreated and temperature-inactivated oocysts of the highly infective, human pathogenic C. parvum to assess whether deformability may be a marker of viability. Our results indicate that untreated and temperature-inactivated C. parvum oocysts had overlapping but significantly different deformability distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. McGrath
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Quist
- Nanoionics group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - James R. T. Seddon
- Nanoionics group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley C. S. Lai
- Nanoionics group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- Nanoionics group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Helen L. Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton controls cellular morphology and mediates the mechanical interactions between a cell and its environment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has the unique capability to map cytoskeletal mechanics and structures with nanometer resolution. However, whole-cell cytomechanical imaging with conventional AFM techniques is limited by low imaging speed. Here, we present fast nanomechanical mapping of cells using high-bandwidth AFM (HB-AFM), where >10(6) nanoindentation measurements were acquired in ∼10 min-a task that would take weeks to finish using conventional AFM. High-bandwidth measurements enabled capture of the entire tip-sample interaction for each tap on cells, engendering a new measurement ("force phase") that exceeds the contrast of conventional tapping mode and enabling spectral visualization of >10 harmonics. The abundance of measurements allowed discovery of subtle cytomechanical features, including the stiffness of fibers of the cellular spectrin network in situ. This approach bridges HB-AFM and high-harmonic imaging and opens future opportunities for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Karthik Vijayraghavan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Olav Solgaard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Manish J. Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Corresponding Author. Address Correspondence to
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45
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Gonzalez L, Rodrigues M, Maria Benito A, Pérez-García L, Puig-Vidal M, Otero J. Piezoelectric tuning fork biosensors for the quantitative measurement of biomolecular interactions. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:495502. [PMID: 26572065 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/49/495502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative measurement of biomolecular interactions is of great interest in molecular biology. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has proved its capacity to act as a biosensor and determine the affinity between biomolecules of interest. Nevertheless, the detection scheme presents certain limitations when it comes to developing a compact biosensor. Recently, piezoelectric quartz tuning forks (QTFs) have been used as laser-free detection sensors for AFM. However, only a few studies along these lines have considered soft biological samples, and even fewer constitute quantified molecular recognition experiments. Here, we demonstrate the capacity of QTF probes to perform specific interaction measurements between biotin-streptavidin complexes in buffer solution. We propose in this paper a variant of dynamic force spectroscopy based on representing adhesion energies E (aJ) against pulling rates v (nm s(-1)). Our results are compared with conventional AFM measurements and show the great potential of these sensors in molecular interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gonzalez
- SIC-BIO, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, C/Marti i Franques, 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Ossola D, Dorwling-Carter L, Dermutz H, Behr P, Vörös J, Zambelli T. Simultaneous Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy with Microchanneled Cantilevers. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:238103. [PMID: 26684144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.238103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We combined scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) into a single tool using AFM cantilevers with an embedded microchannel flowing into the nanosized aperture at the apex of the hollow pyramid. An electrode was positioned in the AFM fluidic circuit connected to a second electrode in the bath. We could thus simultaneously measure the ionic current and the cantilever bending (in optical beam deflection mode). First, we quantitatively compared the SICM and AFM contact points on the approach curves. Second, we estimated where the probe in SICM mode touches the sample during scanning on a calibration grid and applied the finding to image a network of neurites on a Petri dish. Finally, we assessed the feasibility of a double controller using both the ionic current and the deflection as input signals of the piezofeedback. The experimental data were rationalized in the framework of finite elements simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ossola
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Dermutz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Behr
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Thewes N, Loskill P, Spengler C, Hümbert S, Bischoff M, Jacobs K. A detailed guideline for the fabrication of single bacterial probes used for atomic force spectroscopy. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2015; 38:140. [PMID: 26701715 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) evolved as a standard device in modern microbiological research. However, its capability as a sophisticated force sensor is not used to its full capacity. The AFM turns into a unique tool for quantitative adhesion research in bacteriology by using "bacterial probes". Thereby, bacterial probes are AFM cantilevers that provide a single bacterium or a cluster of bacteria as the contact-forming object. We present a step-by-step protocol for preparing bacterial probes, performing force spectroscopy experiments and processing force spectroscopy data. Additionally, we provide a general insight into the field of bacterial cell force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hümbert
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Campus E2 9, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Herfst R, Dekker B, Witvoet G, Crowcombe W, de Lange D, Sadeghian H. A miniaturized, high frequency mechanical scanner for high speed atomic force microscope using suspension on dynamically determined points. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:113703. [PMID: 26628140 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations in the speed of the atomic force microscope (AFM) is the bandwidth of the mechanical scanning stage, especially in the vertical (z) direction. According to the design principles of "light and stiff" and "static determinacy," the bandwidth of the mechanical scanner is limited by the first eigenfrequency of the AFM head in case of tip scanning and by the sample stage in terms of sample scanning. Due to stringent requirements of the system, simply pushing the first eigenfrequency to an ever higher value has reached its limitation. We have developed a miniaturized, high speed AFM scanner in which the dynamics of the z-scanning stage are made insensitive to its surrounding dynamics via suspension of it on specific dynamically determined points. This resulted in a mechanical bandwidth as high as that of the z-actuator (50 kHz) while remaining insensitive to the dynamics of its base and surroundings. The scanner allows a practical z scan range of 2.1 μm. We have demonstrated the applicability of the scanner to the high speed scanning of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolf Herfst
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Dekker
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Witvoet
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Will Crowcombe
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dorus de Lange
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hamed Sadeghian
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands
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Gumí-Audenis B, Carlà F, Vitorino MV, Panzarella A, Porcar L, Boilot M, Guerber S, Bernard P, Rodrigues MS, Sanz F, Giannotti MI, Costa L. Custom AFM for X-ray beamlines: in situ biological investigations under physiological conditions. J Synchrotron Radiat 2015; 22:1364-71. [PMID: 26524300 PMCID: PMC4787838 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515016318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fast atomic force microscope (AFM) has been developed that can be installed as a sample holder for grazing-incidence X-ray experiments at solid/gas or solid/liquid interfaces. It allows a wide range of possible investigations, including soft and biological samples under physiological conditions (hydrated specimens). The structural information obtained using the X-rays is combined with the data gathered with the AFM (morphology and mechanical properties), providing a unique characterization of the specimen and its dynamics in situ during an experiment. In this work, lipid monolayers and bilayers in air or liquid environment have been investigated by means of AFM, both with imaging and force spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity. In addition, this combination allows the radiation damage induced by the beam on the sample to be studied, as has been observed on DOPC and DPPC supported lipid bilayers under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Gumí-Audenis
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Physical Chemistry Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Carlà
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - M. V. Vitorino
- University of Lisboa, Falculty of Science, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute – BIOISI, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - L. Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - P. Bernard
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - M. S. Rodrigues
- University of Lisboa, Falculty of Science, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute – BIOISI, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F. Sanz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Physical Chemistry Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. I. Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Physical Chemistry Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Costa
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
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Ji Y, Hui F, Shi Y, Han T, Song X, Pan C, Lanza M. Note: Fabrication of a fast-response and user-friendly environmental chamber for atomic force microscopes. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:106105. [PMID: 26521002 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope is one of the most widespread tools in science, but many suppliers do not provide a competitive solution to make experiments in controlled atmospheres. Here, we provide a solution to this problem by fabricating a fast-response and user-friendly environmental chamber. We corroborate the correct functioning of the chamber by studying the formation of local anodic oxidation on a silicon sample (biased under opposite polarities), an effect that can be suppressed by measuring in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The usefulness of this chamber goes beyond the example here presented, and it could be used in many other fields of science, including physics, mechanics, microelectronics, nanotechnology, medicine, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Ji
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Hui
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxue Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengbin Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mario Lanza
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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