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Ogawa C, Inoue R, Yonejima Y, Hisa K, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki T. Supplemental Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NTM048 attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:3043-3055. [PMID: 34028144 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is associated with altered intestinal microbiota. Here, we investigated the ameliorative effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 strain in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were administered NTM048 for 21 days alongside the topical application of IMQ on the dorsal skin for 6 consecutive days. IMQ induced psoriatic symptoms such as erythema and scaling and also upregulated interleukin (IL)-17, a key effector cytokine of psoriasis, in the skin. Supplemental NTM048 suppressed these abnormalities, increased the levels of plasma deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid and altered the faecal microbiota composition, as indicated by the increased abundance of Akkermansia and decreased abundance of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Notably, DCA treatment of murine splenocytes reduced IL-17 production. CONCLUSIONS The NTM048-mediated reduction of psoriasis was shown to involve the downregulation of IL-17 in mouse skin, which was possibly associated with the plasma DCA derived from intestinal microbiota. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our findings propose not only a novel approach for psoriasis reduction but also a crosstalk between the skin and intestine in psoriasis.
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Xia Y, Wang J, Fang X, Dou T, Han L, Yang C. Combined analysis of metagenomic data revealed consistent changes of gut microbiome structure and function in inflammatory bowel disease. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:3018-3031. [PMID: 34008889 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To reveal the consistency and discrepancy in the gut microbial structure and function in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients from different regions. METHODS AND RESULTS Gut microbes, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors genes (VFGs) were analysed using metagenome data from three cohorts. The abundance of Escherichia coli extensively increased in IBD patients, whereas Subdoligranulum unclassified decreased dramatically in IBD patients from three countries. Escherichia coli showed a positive correlation with multiple ARGs and VFGs in cohorts from China and the United States, including multidrug-related resistance genes and Capsule and LOS-related virulence factors genes. Escherichia coli biofilm synthesis pathways significantly enriched in IBD patients from three different regions. Notably, Subdoligranulum unclassified and Eubacterium hallii were negatively related to ARGs and VFGs. CONCLUSIONS Consistent changes of microbiome structure and function were observed in IBD patients from three different regions. As pathogenic bacteria, E. coli may accelerate IBD progression through encapsulation in biofilms by upregulating antibiotic resistance in Crohn's disease patients. Subdoligranulum unclassified and E. hallii may be beneficial for IBD patients and could serve as potential probiotics for IBD treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work dispels worries about the regional differences in gut microbial changes in IBD patients and provides useful guidance for more rational microbiome-based therapies.
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Bi Y, Tu Y, Zhang N, Wang S, Zhang F, Suen G, Shao D, Li S, Diao Q. Multiomics analysis reveals the presence of a microbiome in the gut of fetal lambs. Gut 2021; 70:853-864. [PMID: 33589511 PMCID: PMC8040156 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microbial exposure is critical to neonatal and infant development, growth and immunity. However, whether a microbiome is present in the fetal gut prior to birth remains debated. In this study, lambs delivered by aseptic hysterectomy at full term were used as an animal model to investigate the presence of a microbiome in the prenatal gut using a multiomics approach. DESIGN Lambs were euthanised immediately after aseptic caesarean section and their cecal content and umbilical cord blood samples were aseptically acquired. Cecal content samples were assessed using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing to characterise any existing microbiome. Both sample types were analysed using metabolomics in order to detect microbial metabolites. RESULTS We detected a low-diversity and low-biomass microbiome in the prenatal fetal gut, which was mainly composed of bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Escherichia coli was the most abundant species in the prenatal fetal gut. We also detected multiple microbial metabolites including short chain fatty acids, deoxynojirimycin, mitomycin and tobramycin, further indicating the presence of metabolically active microbiota. Additionally, bacteriophage phiX174 and Orf virus, as well as antibiotic resistance genes, were detected in the fetal gut, suggesting that bacteriophage, viruses and bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus during the gestation period. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence that the prenatal gut harbours a microbiome and that microbial colonisation of the fetal gut commences in utero.
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Chandra V, McAllister F. Therapeutic potential of microbial modulation in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2021; 70:gutjnl-2019-319807. [PMID: 33906958 PMCID: PMC8292583 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sun D, Bai R, Zhou W, Yao Z, Liu Y, Tang S, Ge X, Luo L, Luo C, Hu GF, Sheng J, Xu Z. Angiogenin maintains gut microbe homeostasis by balancing α-Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae. Gut 2021; 70:666-676. [PMID: 32843357 PMCID: PMC7904960 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play essential roles in maintaining gut health and are associated with IBD. This study is to elucidate the effect of angiogenin (ANG), an intestine-secreted AMP, on gut microbiota and its relevance with IBD. DESIGN The effect of ANG on microbiota and its contribution to colitis were evaluated in different colitis models with co-housing and faecal microbiota transplantation. ANG-regulated bacteria were determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and their functions in colitis were analysed by bacterial colonisation. The species-specific antimicrobial activity of ANG and its underlying mechanism were further investigated with microbiological and biochemical methods. ANG level and the key bacteria were characterised in IBD faecal samples. RESULTS ANG regulated microbiota composition and inhibited intestinal inflammation. Specifically, Ang1 deficiency in mice led to a decrease in the protective gut commensal strains of Lachnospiraceae but an increase in the colitogenic strains of α-Proteobacteria. Direct binding of ANG to α-Proteobacteria resulted in lethal disruption of bacterial membrane integrity, and consequently promoted the growth of Lachnospiraceae, which otherwise was antagonised by α-Proteobacteria. Oral administration of ANG1 reversed the dysbiosis and attenuated the severity of colitis in Ang1-deficient mice. The correlation among ANG, the identified bacteria and IBD status was established in patients. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate a novel role of ANG in shaping gut microbe composition and thus maintaining gut health, suggesting that the ANG-microbiota axis could be developed as a potential preventive and/or therapeutic approach for dysbiosis-related gut diseases.
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He Y, Mujagond P, Tang W, Wu W, Zheng H, Chen X, Chen M, Ma W, Chen G, Zhou H. Non-nucleatum Fusobacterium species are dominant in the Southern Chinese population with distinctive correlations to host diseases compared with F. nucleatum. Gut 2021; 70:810-812. [PMID: 32690601 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Zhang X, Coker OO, Chu ESH, Fu K, Lau HCH, Wang YX, Chan AWH, Wei H, Yang X, Sung JJY, Yu J. Dietary cholesterol drives fatty liver-associated liver cancer by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Gut 2021; 70:761-774. [PMID: 32694178 PMCID: PMC7948195 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing healthcare burden worldwide. We examined the role of dietary cholesterol in driving NAFLD-HCC through modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites. DESIGN High-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHC), high-fat/low-cholesterol or normal chow diet was fed to C57BL/6 male littermates for 14 months. Cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin was administered to HFHC-fed mice. Germ-free mice were transplanted with stools from mice fed different diets to determine the direct role of cholesterol modulated-microbiota in NAFLD-HCC. Gut microbiota was analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing and serum metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomic analysis. Faecal microbial compositions were examined in 59 hypercholesterolemia patients and 39 healthy controls. RESULTS High dietary cholesterol led to the sequential progression of steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and eventually HCC in mice, concomitant with insulin resistance. Cholesterol-induced NAFLD-HCC formation was associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. The microbiota composition clustered distinctly along stages of steatosis, steatohepatitis and HCC. Mucispirillum, Desulfovibrio, Anaerotruncus and Desulfovibrionaceae increased sequentially; while Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides were depleted in HFHC-fed mice, which was corroborated in human hypercholesteremia patients. Dietary cholesterol induced gut bacterial metabolites alteration including increased taurocholic acid and decreased 3-indolepropionic acid. Germ-free mice gavaged with stools from mice fed HFHC manifested hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and cell proliferation. Moreover, atorvastatin restored cholesterol-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and completely prevented NAFLD-HCC development. CONCLUSIONS Dietary cholesterol drives NAFLD-HCC formation by inducing alteration of gut microbiota and metabolites in mice. Cholesterol inhibitory therapy and gut microbiota manipulation may be effective strategies for NAFLD-HCC prevention.
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Dysbiosis and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Is Exacerbated Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:311-327. [PMID: 33997519 PMCID: PMC8093480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are no data evaluating the microbiome in congenital heart disease following cardiopulmonary bypass. The authors evaluated patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and noncardiac patients undergoing surgery without bypass. Patients with congenital heart disease had differences in baseline microbiome compared with control subjects, and this was exacerbated following surgery with bypass. Markers of barrier dysfunction were similar for both groups at baseline, and surgery with bypass induced significant intestinal barrier dysfunction compared with control subjects. This study offers novel evidence of alterations of the microbiome in congenital heart disease and exacerbation along with intestinal barrier dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CHD, congenital heart disease
- CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EBD, epithelial barrier dysfunction
- FABP2, fatty acid binding protein 2
- LCOS, low–cardiac output syndrome
- NPO, nil per os
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RA, relative abundance
- bacterial interactions
- cardiovascular disease
- enteric bacterial microflora
- intestinal barrier function
- intestinal microbiology
- rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid
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Fassarella M, Blaak EE, Penders J, Nauta A, Smidt H, Zoetendal EG. Gut microbiome stability and resilience: elucidating the response to perturbations in order to modulate gut health. Gut 2021; 70:595-605. [PMID: 33051190 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, densely colonised by thousands of microbial species. It varies among individuals and depends on host genotype and environmental factors, such as diet and antibiotics. In this review, we focus on stability and resilience as essential ecological characteristics of the gut microbiome and its relevance for human health. Microbial diversity, metabolic flexibility, functional redundancy, microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions seem to be critical for maintaining resilience. The equilibrium of the gut ecosystem can be disrupted by perturbations, such as antibiotic therapy, causing significant decreases in functional richness and microbial diversity as well as impacting metabolic health. As a consequence, unbalanced states or even unhealthy stable states can develop, potentially leading to or supporting diseases. Accordingly, strategies have been developed to manipulate the gut microbiome in order to prevent or revert unhealthy states caused by perturbations, including faecal microbiota transplantation, supplementation with probiotics or non-digestible carbohydrates, and more extensive dietary modifications. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies has evidenced interindividual variability in extent and direction of response to diet and perturbations, which has been attributed to the unique characteristics of each individual's microbiome. From a clinical, translational perspective, the ability to improve resilience of the gut microbial ecosystem prior to perturbations, or to restore its equilibrium afterwards, would offer significant benefits. To be effective, this therapeutic approach will likely need a personalised or subgroup-based understanding of individual genetics, diet, gut microbiome and other environmental factors that might be involved.
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Xu K, Gao X, Xia G, Chen M, Zeng N, Wang S, You C, Tian X, Di H, Tang W, Li P, Wang H, Zeng X, Tan C, Meng F, Li H, He Y, Zhou H, Yin J. Rapid gut dysbiosis induced by stroke exacerbates brain infarction in turn. Gut 2021; 70:gutjnl-2020-323263. [PMID: 33558272 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Neuroprotective approaches have failed in clinical trials, thus warranting therapeutic innovations with alternative targets. The gut microbiota is an important contributor to many risk factors for stroke. However, the bidirectional interactions between stroke and gut microbiota remain largely unknown. DESIGN We performed two clinical cohort studies to capture the gut dysbiosis dynamics after stroke and their relationship with stroke prognosis. Then, we used a middle cerebral artery occlusion model to explore gut dysbiosis post-stroke in mice and address the causative relationship between acute ischaemic stroke and gut dysbiosis. Finally, we tested whether aminoguanidine, superoxide dismutase and tungstate can alleviate post-stroke brain infarction by restoring gut dysbiosis. RESULTS Brain ischaemia rapidly induced intestinal ischaemia and produced excessive nitrate through free radical reactions, resulting in gut dysbiosis with Enterobacteriaceae expansion. Enterobacteriaceae enrichment exacerbated brain infarction by enhancing systemic inflammation and is an independent risk factor for the primary poor outcome of patients with stroke. Administering aminoguanidine or superoxide dismutase to diminish nitrate generation or administering tungstate to inhibit nitrate respiration all resulted in suppressed Enterobacteriaceae overgrowth, reduced systemic inflammation and alleviated brain infarction. These effects were gut microbiome dependent and indicated the translational value of the brain-gut axis in stroke treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a reciprocal relationship between stroke and gut dysbiosis. Ischaemic stroke rapidly triggers gut microbiome dysbiosis with Enterobacteriaceae overgrowth that in turn exacerbates brain infarction.
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Hu S, Vich Vila A, Gacesa R, Collij V, Stevens C, Fu JM, Wong I, Talkowski ME, Rivas MA, Imhann F, Bolte L, van Dullemen H, Dijkstra G, Visschedijk MC, Festen EA, Xavier RJ, Fu J, Daly MJ, Wijmenga C, Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Weersma RK. Whole exome sequencing analyses reveal gene-microbiota interactions in the context of IBD. Gut 2021; 70:285-296. [PMID: 32651235 PMCID: PMC7815889 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both the gut microbiome and host genetics are known to play significant roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. However, the interaction between these two factors and its implications in the aetiology of IBD remain underexplored. Here, we report on the influence of host genetics on the gut microbiome in IBD. DESIGN To evaluate the impact of host genetics on the gut microbiota of patients with IBD, we combined whole exome sequencing of the host genome and whole genome shotgun sequencing of 1464 faecal samples from 525 patients with IBD and 939 population-based controls. We followed a four-step analysis: (1) exome-wide microbial quantitative trait loci (mbQTL) analyses, (2) a targeted approach focusing on IBD-associated genomic regions and protein truncating variants (PTVs, minor allele frequency (MAF) >5%), (3) gene-based burden tests on PTVs with MAF <5% and exome copy number variations (CNVs) with site frequency <1%, (4) joint analysis of both cohorts to identify the interactions between disease and host genetics. RESULTS We identified 12 mbQTLs, including variants in the IBD-associated genes IL17REL, MYRF, SEC16A and WDR78. For example, the decrease of the pathway acetyl-coenzyme A biosynthesis, which is involved in short chain fatty acids production, was associated with variants in the gene MYRF (false discovery rate <0.05). Changes in functional pathways involved in the metabolic potential were also observed in participants carrying rare PTVs or CNVs in CYP2D6, GPR151 and CD160 genes. These genes are known for their function in the immune system. Moreover, interaction analyses confirmed previously known IBD disease-specific mbQTLs in TNFSF15. CONCLUSION This study highlights that both common and rare genetic variants affecting the immune system are key factors in shaping the gut microbiota in the context of IBD and pinpoints towards potential mechanisms for disease treatment.
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Goeser F, Münch P, Lesker TR, Lutz PL, Krämer B, Kaczmarek DJ, Finnemann C, Nischalke HD, Geffers R, Parcina M, McHardy A, Strassburg C, Hoerauf A, Nattermann J, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Spengler U. Neither black nor white: do altered intestinal microbiota reflect chronic liver disease severity? Gut 2021; 70:438-440. [PMID: 32503844 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xiao Y, Guo Z, Li Z, Ling H, Song C. Role and mechanism of action of butyrate in atherosclerotic diseases: a review. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:543-552. [PMID: 33098194 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is a bioactive molecule produced by the intestinal flora and plays a major role in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that butyrate can regulate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Coincidentally, it reduces hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, which are major risk factors of AS. However, the mechanism by which butyrate regulates the development of AS remains unclear. In this article, we review the effect of butyrate treatment on AS with a focus on the mechanisms of butyrate-mediated modulation of several atherosclerotic processes. These include the improvement of monocyte-endothelial interactions, macrophage lipid accumulation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and lymphocyte differentiation and function. The existing research indicates that butyrate treatment may be a potentially effective strategy for the prevention of AS. Identity and underlying mechanisms of the molecular pathways of these interactions should be explored in the future to counter AS effectively.
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Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G. Autologous faecal microbiota transplantation for type 1 diabetes: a potential mindshift in therapeutic microbiome manipulation? Gut 2021; 70:2-3. [PMID: 33239339 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Casanova NA, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Joaquim PE, Dominguez JE, Fernández-Miyakawa ME, Chacana PA. Efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:135-145. [PMID: 33251637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonella by in vitro assays and in vivo trials. METHODS AND RESULTS The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed that extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P < 0·01) and 12 (P < 0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to control Salmonella in poultry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.
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Jeffery IB, O'Herlihy E, Shanahan F, O' Toole PW. Microbiome alterations in IBS. Gut 2020; 69:2263-2264. [PMID: 32139549 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Paone P, Cani PD. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners? Gut 2020; 69:2232-2243. [PMID: 32917747 PMCID: PMC7677487 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is often considered as a key organ involved in the digestion of food and providing nutrients to the body for proper maintenance. However, this system is composed of organs that are extremely complex. Among the different parts, the intestine is viewed as an incredible surface of contact with the environment and is colonised by hundreds of trillions of gut microbes. The role of the gut barrier has been studied for decades, but the exact mechanisms involved in the protection of the gut barrier are various and complementary. Among them, the integrity of the mucus barrier is one of the first lines of protection of the gastrointestinal tract. In the past, this 'slimy' partner was mostly considered a simple lubricant for facilitating the progression of the food bolus and the stools in the gut. Since then, different researchers have made important progress, and currently, the regulation of this mucus barrier is gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. Among the factors influencing the mucus barrier, the microbiome plays a major role in driving mucus changes. Additionally, our dietary habits (ie, high-fat diet, low-fibre/high-fibre diet, food additives, pre- probiotics) influence the mucus at different levels. Given that the mucus layer has been linked with the appearance of diseases, proper knowledge is highly warranted. Here, we debate different aspects of the mucus layer by focusing on its chemical composition, regulation of synthesis and degradation by the microbiota as well as some characteristics of the mucus layer in both physiological and pathological situations.
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Rasmussen TS, Mentzel CMJ, Kot W, Castro-Mejía JL, Zuffa S, Swann JR, Hansen LH, Vogensen FK, Hansen AK, Nielsen DS. Faecal virome transplantation decreases symptoms of type 2 diabetes and obesity in a murine model. Gut 2020; 69:2122-2130. [PMID: 32165408 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with gut microbiota (GM) changes. The gut viral community is predominated by bacteriophages (phages), which are viruses that attack bacteria in a host-specific manner. The antagonistic behaviour of phages has the potential to alter the GM. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the efficacy of faecal virome transplantation (FVT) from lean donors for shifting the phenotype of obese mice into closer resemblance of lean mice. DESIGN The FVT consisted of viromes with distinct profiles extracted from the caecal content of mice from different vendors that were fed a low-fat (LF) diet for 14 weeks. Male C57BL/6NTac mice were divided into five groups: LF (as diet control), high-fat (HF) diet, HF+ampicillin (Amp), HF+Amp+FVT and HF+FVT. At weeks 6 and 7 of the study, the HF+FVT and HF+Amp+FVT mice were treated with FVT by oral gavage. The Amp groups were treated with Amp 24 hours prior to first FVT treatment. RESULTS Six weeks after first FVT, the HF+FVT mice showed a significant decrease in weight gain compared with the HF group. Further, glucose tolerance was comparable between the LF and HF+FVT mice, while the other HF groups all had impaired glucose tolerance. These observations were supported by significant shifts in GM composition, blood plasma metabolome and expression levels of genes associated with obesity and T2D development. CONCLUSIONS Transfer of caecal viral communities from mice with a lean phenotype into mice with an obese phenotype led to reduced weight gain and normalised blood glucose parameters relative to lean mice. We hypothesise that this effect is mediated via FVT-induced GM changes.
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Liu T, Wang B, Cao H. Effects of high-fat diet-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis: far beyond the gut. Gut 2020; 69:2259. [PMID: 32111631 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ding N, Li FH, Yao B, Mu YP, Zhao AZ. Reply to the comment. Gut 2020; 69:2259-2260. [PMID: 32276951 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Yeoh YK, Chen Z, Wong MCS, Hui M, Yu J, Ng SC, Sung JJY, Chan FKL, Chan PKS. Southern Chinese populations harbour non-nucleatum Fusobacteria possessing homologues of the colorectal cancer-associated FadA virulence factor. Gut 2020; 69:1998-2007. [PMID: 32051205 PMCID: PMC7569397 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fusobacteria are not common nor relatively abundant in non-colorectal cancer (CRC) populations, however, we identified multiple Fusobacterium taxa nearly absent in western and rural populations to be comparatively more prevalent and relatively abundant in southern Chinese populations. We investigated whether these represented known or novel lineages in the Fusobacterium genus, and assessed their genomes for features implicated in development of cancer. METHODS Prevalence and relative abundances of fusobacterial species were calculated from 3157 CRC and non-CRC gut metagenomes representing 16 populations from various biogeographies. Microbial genomes were assembled and compared with existing reference genomes to assess novel fusobacterial diversity. Phylogenetic distribution of virulence genes implicated in CRC was investigated. RESULTS Irrespective of CRC disease status, southern Chinese populations harboured increased prevalence (maximum 39% vs 7%) and relative abundances (average 0.4% vs 0.04% of gut community) of multiple recognised and novel fusobacterial taxa phylogenetically distinct from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Genomes assembled from southern Chinese gut metagenomes increased existing fusobacterial diversity by 14.3%. Homologues of the FadA adhesin linked to CRC were consistently detected in several monophyletic lineages sister to and inclusive of F. varium and F. ulcerans, but not F. mortiferum. We also detected increased prevalence and relative abundances of F. varium in CRC compared with non-CRC cohorts, which together with distribution of FadA homologues supports a possible association with gut disease. CONCLUSION The proportion of fusobacteria in guts of southern Chinese populations are higher compared with several western and rural populations in line with the notion of environment/biogeography driving human gut microbiome composition. Several non-nucleatum taxa possess FadA homologues and were enriched in CRC cohorts; whether this imposes a risk in developing CRC and other gut diseases deserves further investigation.
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Ahasan MS, Waltzek TB, Owens L, Ariel E. Characterisation and comparison of the mucosa-associated bacterial communities across the gastrointestinal tract of stranded green turtles, Chelonia mydas. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:361-378. [PMID: 33364533 PMCID: PMC7755585 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chelonia mydas are primarily herbivorous long-distance migratory sea turtles that contribute to marine ecosystems. Extensive research has been conducted to restore the populations of green turtles. Little is known about their gut microbiota which plays a vital role in their health. We investigated the mucosa-associated bacterial communities across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a total four (3, juvenile and 1, adult) stranded green turtles. Samples taken from four GI regions including oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine were analysed by high-throughput sequencing targeting hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial diversity and richness decreased longitudinally along the GI tract from oesophagus to the small intestine of stranded turtles. The large intestine showed a higher bacterial diversity and richness compared to small intestine. The bacterial community of green turtles' GI tract was largely dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria prevailed primarily in the oesophagus while anaerobes (Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae) constituted the bulk of large intestinal microbiota. Firmicutes dominated the GI tract except within the small intestine where Proteobacteria prevailed. At the OTU level, six percent of the total OTUs (>1% relative abundance) were common in all GI regions. This is a comprehensive characterisation of bacterial microbiota across the GI tract in green turtles which will provide a reference for future studies on turtle gut microbiome and their metabolism to improve their health and nutrition during rehabilitation.
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Assad SE, Rolny IS, Minnaard J, Pérez PF. Bifidobacteria from human origin: interaction with phagocytic cells. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1357-1367. [PMID: 32970888 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Given that phagocytic cells are main players of the host immune response, we studied the interaction of bifidobacteria with monocytic THP-1 cells in nonopsonic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Association/internalization, cell response (expression of HLA-DR and TLR2), M1/M2 macrophage polarization and colocalization of micro-organisms with Lysotracker or transferrin were evaluated. Screening with eight Bifidobacterium strains showed two patterns of interactions with THP-1 cells: high and low association and phagocytosis. Two strains with different surface properties were further studied: B. bifidum CIDCA 5310 and B. adolescentis CIDCA 5317. Strain CIDCA 5310 showed higher levels of colocalization in lysosome than strain CIDCA 5317. Both strains stimulated TLR2 expression. Strain CIDCA 5317 significantly increases HLA-DR expression, however, when cells are stimulated with IFN-γ, strain CIDCA 5310 induces the highest value of expression. Noteworthy, strain CIDCA 5310 was able to upregulate both M1 and M2 markers of macrophage polarization. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that bifidobacteria from human origin show different patterns of interaction with phagocytic cells thus leading to different cell responses. These findings add further insight on the mechanisms involved in the biologic effects of probiotics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Knowledge of the interaction of bifidobacteria with key players of the host immune response is paramount for the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects.
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Cheng WY, Wu CY, Yu J. The role of gut microbiota in cancer treatment: friend or foe? Gut 2020; 69:1867-1876. [PMID: 32759302 PMCID: PMC7497589 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been implicated in cancer and shown to modulate anticancer drug efficacy. Altered gut microbiota is associated with resistance to chemo drugs or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), whereas supplementation of distinct bacterial species restores responses to the anticancer drugs. Accumulating evidence has revealed the potential of modulating the gut microbiota to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs. Regardless of the valuable findings by preclinical models and clinical data of patients with cancer, a more thorough understanding of the interactions of the microbiota with cancer therapy helps researchers identify novel strategy for cancer prevention, stratify patients for more effective treatment and reduce treatment complication. In this review, we discuss the scientific evidence on the role of gut microbiota in cancer treatment, and highlight the latest knowledge and technologies leveraged to target specific bacteria that contribute to tumourigenesis. First, we provide an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in cancer, establishing the links between bacteria, inflammation and cancer treatment. Second, we highlight the mechanisms used by distinct bacterial species to modulate cancer growth, immune responses, as well as the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs and ICIs. Third, we demonstrate various approaches to modulate the gut microbiota and their potential in translational research. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current microbiome research in the context of cancer treatment, ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges and future perspectives.
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Jensen BA, Marette A. Microbial translocation in type 2 diabetes: when bacterial invaders overcome host defence in human obesity. Gut 2020; 69:1724-1726. [PMID: 32518079 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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