Prevalence and associations of presenting near-vision impairment in the Australian National Eye Health Survey

PurposeTo describe the prevalence and associations of presenting near vision impairment (NVI) in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.MethodsA sample of 3098 non-Indigenous Australians (aged 50-98 years) and 1738 Indigenous Australians (aged 40-92 years) living in 30 randomly selected Australian sites were examined as part of the population-based National Eye Health Survey (NEHS). Binocular presenting NVI was defined as near vision worse than N8 (20/50).ResultsIn total, 4817 participants (99.6% of the total sample, comprising 3084 non-Indigenous Australians and 1733 Indigenous Australians) had complete data on near visual acuity. The overall weighted prevalence of presenting NVI was 21.6% (95% CI: 19.6, 23.8) in non-Indigenous Australians and 34.7% (95% CI: 29.2, 40.8) among Indigenous Australians. In the non-Indigenous population, higher odds of presenting NVI were associated with older age (OR=1.68 per 10 years, P<0.001), fewer years of education (OR=0.95 per year, P<0.001) and residing in Remote geographical areas (OR=1.71, P=0.003) after multivariate adjustments. Among Indigenous Australians, older age (OR=1.69 per 10 years, P<0.001), fewer years of education (OR=0.91 per year, P=0.003) and residing in Inner Regional (OR=2.01, P=0.008), Outer Regional (OR=2.17, P=<0.001) and Remote geographical areas (OR=1.72, P=0.03) were associated with greater odds of presenting NVI.ConclusionsNVI represents a notable public health concern in Australia, affecting approximately 20% of non-Indigenous Australian and one-third of Indigenous Australian adults.

[Opportunistic infection in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: the disease spectrum and the characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets]

Objective: To investigate the common opportunistic infections and the characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: From December 2013 to December 2016, peripheral lymphocyte subsets were consecutively detected by flow cytometry in treated SLE patients with or without opportunistic infections (OIs) . The lymphocyte subsets in healthy donors were used as normal control group. Results: A total of 145 treated SLE patients were enrolled including 108 with OIs and 37 without OIs. The common OIs were cytomegalovirus (CMV) diseases (66/108), Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP, 16/108), other fungal infections (16/108), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, 15/108) and tuberculosis (14/108). Compared with treated SLE without OIs, total lymphocyte, CD(4+) T, and CD(8+) T lymphocyte counts were significantly reduced in SLE with OIs [1 260 (780, 1 810) cells/μl vs. 565 (399, 1 043) cells/μl, P<0.001; 485 (280, 811) cells/μl vs. 173 (95, 327) cells/μl, P<0.001; 464 (339, 764) cells/μl vs. 265 (158, 424) cells/μl, P=0.003, respectively]. Conclusions: The common OIs in treated SLE patients were CMV diseases, PJP, other fungi, EBV and tuberculosis. OIs are prone to develop in SLE patients with severe lymphocytopenia, especially CD(4+) T cell depletion.

Convergent synthesis and properties of photoactivable NADPH mimics targeting nitric oxide synthases

A new series of photoactivable NADPH mimics bearing one or two O-carboxymethyl groups on the adenosine moiety have been readily synthesized using click chemistry. These compounds display interesting one- or two-photon absorption properties. Their fluorescence emission wavelength and quantum yields (Φ) are dependent on the solvent polarity, with a red-shift in a more polar environment (λ_max,em = 460-467 nm, Φ > 0.53 in DMSO, and λ_max,em = 475-491 nm, Φ < 0.17 in Tris). These compounds show good binding affinity towards the constitutive nNOS and eNOS, confirming for the first time that the carboxymethyl group can be used as a surrogate of phosphate. Two-photon fluorescence imaging of nanotriggers in living cells showed that the presence of one carboxymethyl group (especially on the 3' position of the ribose) strongly favors the addressing of nanotriggers to eNOS in the cell context.

[Middle ear teratoma in infant: report of three cases and review of the literatures]

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics and therapeutic experiences of the middle ear teratoma in infants. Methods: Three cases of middle ear teratoma, from 2012-2015 in Beijing Friendship Hospital were analyzed. Results: The three cases all developed slowly and presented unilateral otorrhea and hearing loss. Otoscopy showed the granulation tissue in the external ear canal. Audiological changes varied according to the degree of severity. Imaging features showed the pocket-like occupancy lesions in the Eustachian tube area. The temporal bone CT showed mass with soft tissue density usually involved in the mastoid and tympanic cavity. MRI showed mixed signal intense on both T1 and T2 weighted imaging. All the three cases received neoplasm resection of the middle ear. Only one case received tympanoplasty surgery at the same time. And all the pathology results displayed mature teratoma. The follow-up time was 17 to 54 months. MRI showed complete removal of the tumor. Conclusions: Teratoma are rare in the head and neck neoplasm. When the infants suffer from the unilateral otorrhea, hearing loss, and granulation tissue formed in the external ear canal, it should be vigilant for teratoma. The differential diagnosis is middle ear cholesteatoma, congenital first branchial cyst or fistula, and middle ear carcinoma. Temporal bone CT combined with MRI could improve the accuracy of diagnosis. It should be totally resection as soon as possible if there is no contraindication. Postoperative follow-up and imaging examination are necessary to eliminate tumor recurrence.

CoO microspheres and metallic Co evolved from hexagonal α-Co(OH)2 plates in a hydrothermal process for lithium storage and magnetic applications

CoO microspheres and metallic Co could be successfully synthesized by simply reacting cobalt acetate with a mixture solvent of ethylene glycol and deionized water in a hydrothermal process for different times. As the reaction proceeded, α-Co(OH)₂, CoO and metallic Co were produced. To understand the phase evolution processes from α-Co(OH)₂ to CoO and then metallic Co, a range of time-dependent experiments were carried out, and the intermediate products obtained at different reaction times were investigated in detail. The investigation revealed that CoO microspheres were actually evolved from α-Co(OH)₂ as a precursor. Just elongating the reaction time, CoO microspheres could be further reduced to metallic Co. With a pure ethylene glycol medium for the same reaction, only α-Co(OH)₂ could be generated, indicating an important role of water. When the obtained CoO microspheres were used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, they delivered a specific capacity of 803 mA h g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 with a retention of 453 mA h g^-1 after 70 cycles. Meanwhile, the magnetic properties of the obtained CoO microspheres and metallic Co were investigated, with the CoO microspheres showing an antiferromagnetic behavior and the metallic Co exhibiting ferromagnetic characteristics. This study suggested a novel method for synthesizing CoO with a uniform microsphere morphology and bulk metallic Co easily.

Bimetallic gold(i) complexes of photoswitchable phosphines: synthesis and uses in cooperative catalysis

The first photoswitchable bimetallic gold catalysts based on an azobenzene backbone have been synthesized and their catalytic properties have been investigated.

Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss and the inflammatory response following enhanced-recovery primary total hip arthroplasty: a randomised clinical trial

AIMS

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of multiple boluses of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid (TXA) on the hidden blood loss (HBL) and inflammatory response following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 150 patients were allocated randomly to receive a single bolus of 20 mg/kg IV TXA before the incision (group A), a single bolus followed by a second bolus of 1 g IV-TXA three hours later (group B) or a single bolus followed by two boluses of 1 g IV-TXA three and six hours later (group C). All patients were treated using a standard peri-operative enhanced recovery protocol. Primary outcomes were HBL and the level of haemoglobin (Hb) as well as the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as markers of inflammation. Secondary outcomes included the length of stay in hospital and the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

RESULTS

The mean HBL was significantly lower in group C (402.13 ml standard deviation (sd) 225.97) than group A (679.28 ml sd 277.16, p < 0.001) or B (560.62 ml sd 295.22, p = 0.010). The decrease in the level of Hb between the pre-operative baseline and the level on the third post-operative day was 30.82 g/L (sd 6.31 g/L) in group A, 27.16 g/L (sd 6.83) in group B and 21.98 g/L (sd 3.72) in group C. This decrease differed significantly among the three groups (p < 0.01). The mean level of CRP was significantly lower in group C than in the other two groups on the second (p ≤ 0.034) and third post-operative days (p ≤ 0.014). The levels of IL-6 were significantly lower in group C than group A on the first three post-operative days (p = 0.023). The mean length of stay was significantly lower in group C than group A (p = 0.023). No VTE or other adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSION

Multiple boluses of IV-TXA can effectively reduce HBL following primary THA. A regime of three boluses leads to a smaller decrease in the level of Hb, less post-operative inflammation and a shorter length of stay in hospital than a single bolus. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1442-9.

[Revisional radical mastoidectomy surgeries--25 cases'experience]

Objective: To analyze the risk factors of failure to dry ear after radical mastoidectomy and discuss key points in revisonal surgery. Methods: Clinical data of 25 patients(32 ears) with revisonal mastoidectomy were analyzed. The preoperative temporal bone CT findings, intra-operative findings, surgical procedures, postoperative operating cavities and aural abilities were recorded and analyzed. Results: All patients received preoperative temporal bone CT followed by revisonal radical mastoidectomy under microscope and general anesthesia. Among the revisonal surgeries, 19 ears(59.4%) presented cholesteatoma and 13 ears(40.6%) had no cholesteatoma. In addition, the inadequate opening for mastoid cavity and incompleted removal of the pathological tissues accounted for 90.6%(29/32), the insufficient drainage of surgical cavity for 90.6%(29/32), the lesions in tympanic ostium of eustachian tube for 31.2%(10/32), the improper operation procedures and selection of incision for 15.6%(5/32). As for the re-operation of the modified canal wall down mastoidectomy, tympanoplasty(Ⅱ) plus plastic repairing of cavity of concha were performed in 14 ears(43.8%), the modified canal wall down mastoidectomy, tympanoplasty(Ⅱ) plus reconstruction posterior bony wall of ear canal in 2 ears(6.2%); the modified canal wall down mastoidectomy, tympanoplasty(Ⅲ) plus plastic repairing of cavity of concha in 10 eras(31.3%), the modified canal wall down mastoidectomy, tympanoplasty(Ⅲ) plus reconstruction posterior boney wall of ear canal in 1 ear(3.1%); the radical mastoidectomy plus plastic repairing of cavity of concha in 5 ears(15.6%). Lodoform gauzes were packed in surgical cavity for 2 weeks and the antibiotic was used for 3 days after surgery. All patients had dressing of ears and their ears were dropped with ofloxacin regularly. The dry ear time ranged from 4 to 8 weeks, the average point was the 5th week. During a period of 6-18 months for follow-up, all patients got dried ears. The epithelialization of the operating cavity was well and the tympanic membranes were integrity. There was not pus in surgical cavities. Neither granulation tissue nor cholesteatoma was found to reoccur. Both pure tone air hearing thresholds and air-bone gap decreased in 27 ears after the revisional surgeries, with statistically significant different in comparison to those before the operation (P<0.05). Conclusions: There are many factors leading to the failure of radical mastoidectomy, including not fully opening of the surgical cavity , incomplete removal of the lesion tissue, poor drainage of surgical cavity, the lesions in the tympanic ostium of eustachian tube, and the improper operation procedures. Treatment strategies were taken according to above factors to obtain dry ear in revisional surgeries.

[Effect of interferon-γ on airway inflammation following respiratory syncytial virus reinfection in mice]

Objective: To identify the role of interferon (IFN)-γ during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) re-infection in mice. Method: Female wild type C57BL/6 mice and IFN-γ knockout mice (IFN-γ(-/-) mice) at the age of 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: control group and RSV group, according to random number table.Each group was further divided into primary infection group and re-infection group.There were 8 groups.Mice were sacrificed on days 5, 7, 14 to collect samples.There were 5-8 mice in each group at each time point.And experiment was repeated twice. Leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted, left lung tissues were stained with HE and histopathological scoring (HPS) was performed.The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13 were determined with ELISA.T test or single factor analysis of variance was used to compare between groups. Result: (1) Mice infected or reinfected with RSV showed pale hair, weight loss, decreased activity and anorexia.(2) IFN-γ levels significantly increased on days 5 and 7 following RSV primary infection and reinfection as compared to control groups in wild type mice ((192±44) vs.(36±8) and (531±161) vs.(23±4) pg/ml on day 5, (100±23) vs.(36±8) and (862±186) vs.(23±4) pg/ml on day 7, t=2.654, 2.513, 2.654, 3.968, all P<0.05). (3) Compared to the RSV-reinfected IFN-γ(-/-) mice, RSV-reinfected wild type mice had less body weight loss ((13.6±2.6)% vs.(22.7±2.9)% on day 5, (18.0±3.1)% vs.(26.5±1.8)% on day 7, t=2.314, 2.308, both P<0.05), lower lung tissue histopathological score ((1.50±0.09) vs.(2.07±0.11) on day 5, (1.53±0.11) vs.(2.08±0.09) on day 7, (1.10±0.06) vs.(1.59±0.08) on day 14, t=3.916, 3.890, 4.837, all P<0.01), less BALF inflammatory cells count ((11.6±2.0) vs.(44.2±10.6)×10(5)/ml on day 5, (18.2±3.9) vs.(38.3±2.2)×10(5)/ml on day 7, t=2.818, 4.786, both P<0.05), and lower levels of IL-5 and IL-13 ((24±3) vs.(148±23), (23±4) vs.(169±26) pg/ml on day 5, (30±8) vs.(233±44), (20±5) vs.(182±19) pg/ml on day 7, (91±6) vs.(129±19), (62±8) vs.(132±5) pg/ml on day 14, t=5.252, 5.445, 4.517, 7.326, 3.816, 7.577, all P<0.01). Conclusion: IFN-γ can alleviate airway inflammation following RSV reinfection in mice.

Downregulation of SASH1 correlates with poor prognosis in cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to analyze the association of SASH1 expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients suffering cervical cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The expressions of SASH1 mRNA and protein in cervical cancer tissues and matched normal cervical tissues were detected by Real-time PCR and Immunohistochemistry. Based on the above findings, the association among SASH1 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed. Overall survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The variables were used in univariate and multivariate analysis by the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that both SASH1 mRNA and proteins were downregulated in cervical cancer tissues compared with those in matched normal tissues (both p < 0.05). Also, decreased SASH1 expression in cervical cancer was found to be significantly associated with high FIGO Stage (p = 0.001), lymph nodes metastasis (p = 0.003) and differentiation (p = 0.018). Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that low SASH1 expression level was associated with poorer overall survival (p < 0.01). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that status of SASH1 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with cervical cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggested that SASH1 can be useful as a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target in cervical cancer patients.

Size-dependent electrical transport properties in Co nanocluster-assembled granular films

A series of Co nanocluster-assembled films with cluster sizes ranging from 4.5 nm to 14.7 nm were prepared by the plasma-gas-condensation method. The size-dependent electrical transport properties were systematically investigated. Both of the longitudinal resistivity (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{xx}$$\end{document}ρxx) and saturated anomalous Hall resistivity (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{xy}^{A}$$\end{document}ρxyA) continuously increased with the decrease of the cluster sizes (d). The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{xx}$$\end{document}ρxx firstly increased and then decreased with increasing the temperature for all samples, which could be well described by involving the thermally fluctuation-induced tunneling (FIT) process and scattering. The tunneling effect was verified to result in the invalidation of classical anomalous Hall effect (AHE) scaling relation. After deducting the contribution from tunneling effect to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{xx}$$\end{document}ρxx, the AHE scaling relation between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{xy}^{A}$$\end{document}ρxyA and the scattering resistivity (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{S}$$\end{document}ρS) by varying the temperature was reconstructed. The value of scaling exponent γ increased with increasing Co cluster sizes. The size dependence of γ might be qualitatively interpreted by the interface and surface-induced spin flip scattering. We also determined the scaling relation between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{xy}^{A}$$\end{document}ρxyA and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rho }_{S}$$\end{document}ρS at 5 K by changing the Co cluster sizes, and a large value of γ = 3.6 was obtained which might be ascribed to the surface and interfacial scattering.

[Clinical observation on the treatment of intractable otomastoiditis with reconstruction of external auditory canal wall]

Objective:To observe the clinical effect on the treatment of intractable tympanitis with reconstruction of external auditory canal wall.Method:Five cases underwent radical removel of residual lesion and reconsruction of external auditory posterior canal wall using hydroxyapatite ceramic wall with transferred pedicle temporalis fascia covering on it were analyzed. The implement of ossicular chain reconstruction depends on the probing for tympanic cavity intraoperatively. Periodic review were conducted in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th month after surgery.Result:All 5 cases gained dryears within 3 months after surgery, in which hearing of 3 cases improved and ABG were within 20 dB. 1 cases showed no improvement compared to preoperation, and 1 case gained a worse audiology result. Central part of the transplant of 1 case was naked, while peripheral part had been epithelization and external auditory canal gained no accessible to mastoid cavity, the patient were also found recurrence of cholesteatom inside the mastoid cavity when received CT examination during outpatient follow-up one year postoperatively, and underwent correction surgery. 1 case underwent revision operation for a fistula between the reconstructed wall and the skin of the outer auditory canal. No surgical complications like infection or facial paralysis occurred, all patients were satisfied with surgery effect.Conclusion:HA with transferred vascularized temporalis fascia pedicle for the reconstructon of the external auditory canal wall is an effective method for the treatment of intractable tympanitis, and worth promoting.

Study on the relationship between the RASSF10 gene and the biological behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between Ras association domain family gene 10 (RASSF10 gene) and the biological behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HCC cell lines were generated with stable overexpression or low expression of RASSF10 protein. A cell line transfected with an empty vector was treated as control. At 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, the cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay, the invasion ability was determined by Transwell chambers, and the scratch assay was used to assess the migration ability. Additionally, cell lines were injected subcutaneously in the axillary fossa of nude mice aged 5-6 weeks. Tumors were measured weekly for 6 consecutive weeks to observe tumor volume, tumor growth rate, weight, and tumor metastasis in nude mice of the different groups.

RESULTS

In both the control group and low expression group, cell proliferation rates, cell invasion, and migration abilities, increased over time but decreased over time in the overexpression group. At each time point, data in the overexpression group were markedly lower than those in the control group, and highest in the low expression group. The differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). In both control group and low expression group, tumor volume, tumor growth rate, weight, and tumor metastasis number were increased in nude mice over time, while they decreased in the overexpression group (except for tumor metastasis number). At each time point, data in the overexpression group were markedly lower than in the control group, and highest in the low expression group. The differences were statistically significant (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Like a tumor suppressor gene, RASSF10 can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells.

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with weekly nedaplatin versus radiotherapy alone in elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

PURPOSE

We conduct this study to compare the efficacy and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) concurrent weekly nedaplatin (NDP) versus IMRT alone in the stage III/IV non-surgical elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

117 patients were enrolled into our study. The patients were assigned into two different groups: radiotherapy (RT) group and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) group. Patients in RT group were treated with IMRT at a single daily dose of 2 Gy for 5 days per week, totally 52-66 Gy. The CRT group, IMRT concurrent weekly NDP at a dose of 25 mg/m².

RESULTS

In CRT group, the median survival was 11.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.894-13.106 months) and in RT group, it was 7.0 months (95% CI 5.771-8.229 months). The 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, survival rates in the combined treatment arm were higher than the radiation therapy arm (46.8 vs 25.9%, 25.1 vs 11.8%, 14.7 vs 8.0%; p < 0.001). The Cox's multiple regression analysis showed that CRT had significantly better overall survival than RT (HR 0.523; 95.0% CI 0.338-0.807; p = 0.003). The objective response rate provided that 73.3% treated with CRT compared with 51.1% (p = 0.018) received RT alone. Of the hematologic toxicities, leukocytes (35.0 vs 0%; p < 0.001), neutrophils (33.3 vs 0%; p < 0.001) were significantly more common in the CRT group than the RT group.

CONCLUSIONS

We first discovered that NDP concurrent IMRT for treating stage III/IV non-surgical elderly patients with NSCLC was good curative effect of better objective response rate and well-tolerated. However, within the low number of patients, only stage IV gained a survival benefit.

[Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and influence factors in residents aged 18-65 years in Beijing]

Objective: To understand the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and related risk factors in residents aged 18-65 years in Beijing and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of hypercholesterolemia. Methods: The data were collected from Beijing Non-communicable and Chronic Disease Survey and stratified cluster sampling method was used to select study subjects, and questionnaire investigation, physical measurement and laboratory examination were conducted to collect information. Results: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline hypercholesterolemia was 6.26% and 21.34% respectively in 17 662 residents surveyed, the average total cholesterol level was (4.69±0.95) mmol/L. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 6.33% in men and 6.20% in women, the difference was not significant (Z=1.64, P=0.10). The prevalence was higher inurban area than in suburb (6.73% vs. 5.59%; Z=-7.27, P<0.01). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia increased with age (trend χ(2)=308.85, P<0.01). The trend was observed in men (trend χ(2)=81.65, P<0.01), in women (trend χ(2)=318.04, P<0.01), in urban area (trend χ(2)=201.77, P<0.01) and in suburb (trend χ(2)=114.65, P<0.01). Multiple logistic regression showed age, being female (OR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.04-1.45), overweight (OR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.34-1.81), obesity (OR=1.82, 95%CI: 1.54-2.16), smoking (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.03-1.50), alcohol use (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 1.12-1.75), beef and mutton intake >1 time per week (OR=1.19, 95%CI: 1.02-1.39) were risk factors. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Beijing was lower than national level, and age, gender, location, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, beef and mutton intake were main influencing factors.

Abstract P4-22-19: Time on treatment of everolimus versus endocrine monotherapy or chemotherapy for early-line treatment of HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer: A retrospective chart review study in the US

Background:

Among postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) whose disease progressed on a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI), everolimus-based therapy (EVE), different endocrine monotherapies (ET mono), and chemotherapies (CT) are commonly used. Time on treatment is an outcome primarily determined by a therapy's combined efficacy and safety profile. This study assessed the real-world time on treatment (TOT) among patients receiving these treatments in early-line (i.e., 1st and 2nd) settings.

Methods:

A nationwide sample of postmenopausal HR+/HER2- mBC patients treated by community oncologists in the US was included in this retrospective chart review. Eligible patients for this study were required to fail NSAI and then receive EVE, ET mono or CT (index therapy) as an early-line therapy for mBC between July 1, 2012 and April 15, 2013. TOT was measured from index therapy initiation to physician-reported treatment discontinuation and compared among treatment groups using Kaplan-Meier analyses with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for the line of therapy and baseline characteristics including recurrent or de novo disease status, age, race, insurance type, Charlson comorbidity index, sites of metastases (e.g., bone, any other visceral site), ECOG performance status, previous CT treatment in the mBC setting, and duration from the initiation of the last adjuvant ET to mBC diagnosis.

Results:

A total of 145 patients treated with EVE, 217 patients treated with ET mono, and 102 patients treated with CT were included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics among the three treatment groups were similar, although EVE-treated patients had higher burden of metastases relative to ET mono-treated patients, but lower burden relative to CT-treated patients. TOT was longer among EVE-treated patients than ET mono- and CT- treated patients (log-rank tests: p=0.01 and p&lt;0.01). For patients who completed their index treatment, the median TOT among EVE, ET mono, and CT treatment groups were 8.9, 5.7, and 6.1 months, respectively. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, EVE was associated with significantly longer TOT compared with ET mono [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45 – 0.85] and with CT (HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.22 – 0.46).

Conclusions:

This real-world US chart review study of postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC showed that patients receiving EVE in line 1 or 2 experienced significantly longer TOT than those receiving ET mono or CT.

Citation Format: Li N, Ohashi E, Koo V, Xie J, Hao Y, Tang DH. Time on treatment of everolimus versus endocrine monotherapy or chemotherapy for early-line treatment of HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer: A retrospective chart review study in the US [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-22-19.

Reducing Cardiac Fibrosis: Na/K-ATPase Signaling Complex as a Novel Target

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological process in cardiac disease and may lead to heart failure. It can also cause sudden death even in those without cardiac symptoms. Tissue fibrosis can be categorized into two categories: replacement fibrosis (also called reparative fibrosis) and reactive fibrosis. In replacement fibrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins are the initial steps in forming scarlike fibrotic tissue after acute cardiac injury and cardiac cell necrosis. Reactive fibrosis can be formed in response to hormonal change and pressure or volume overload. Experimental studies in animals have identified important pathways such as the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and the endothelin pathway that contribute to fibrosis formation. Despite the fact that clinical trials using RAAS inhibitors as therapies for reducing cardiac fibrosis and improving cardiac function have been promising, heart failure is still the leading cause of deaths in the United States. Intensive efforts have been made to find novel targets and to develop new treatments for cardiac fibrosis and heart failure in the past few decades. The Na/K-ATPase, a canonical ion transporter, has been shown to also function as a signal transducer and prolonged activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling has been found to promote the formation of cardiac fibrosis. Novel tools that block the activation of Na/K-ATPase signaling have been developed and have shown promise in reducing cardiac fibrosis. This review will discuss the recent development of novel molecular targets, focusing on the Na/K-ATPase signaling complex as a therapeutic target in treatment of cardiac fibrosis.

[An analysis of immunophenotyping of peripheral lymphocytes in adult patients with infectious mononucleosis and chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the immunophenotypic features of peripheral lymphocytes in adult patients with Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)-associated infectious mononucleosis(IM) and chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV).

METHODS

Eighteen IM patients, 12 CAEBV patients and 18 healthy donors were included. Lymphocyte subsets including CD3(-)CD19(+) B cells, CD3(-)CD16/56(+) NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. The expression of activation markers (HLA-DR and CD38) on CD8(+) T cells and CD28 expression on T cells were also determined. Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare variables among groups.

RESULTS

IM patients had dramatically increased CD8(+) T cell counts than healthy donors (5.22×10(9)/L vs 0.54×10(9)/L, P<0.001). B cell counts moderately reduced in patients with IM than in healthy donors. No difference was found in absolute CD4(+) T cell and NK cell counts between IM and healthy donors. The levels of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8(+) T cells significantly increased in IM patients compared with those in healthy controls. The intensity of CD28 on CD8(+) T cells significantly decreased, which was not seen on CD4(+) T cells. The median cell counts of B, NK, CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T subsets in CAEBV patients were 0.02×10(9)/L, 0.06×10(9)/L, 0.26×10(9)/L and 0.21×10(9)/L respectively, which were significantly lower than those in healthy donors (0.22×10(9)/L, 0.38×10(9)/L, 0.78×10(9)/L, 0.54×10(9)/L)and IM patients (0.12×10(9)/L, 0.40×10(9)/L, 0.91×10(9)/L, 5.22×10(9)/L). The positive rates of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8(+) T cells in CAEBV patients were higher than those in healthy controls, but lower than those in IM patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The immunophenotypic pattern in adult patients with IM is characterized by a dramatic increase of extensively activated CD8(+) T cells, a moderate reduction of CD19(+) B cells and no significant change of CD4(+) T cells and CD16/56(+) NK cells. CAEBV is featured by an immunosuppression status as demonstrated by significantly decreased B, NK, CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T subsets.

Selectivity of a QCM gas sensor modified by ZnSn(OH)6via analysis of adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics

In this paper, a novel analysis approach was employed to achieve the selectivity of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor.

[The modern TCM education of Tianjin]

School education had gradually become the mainstream of medical education at the turn of the Qing Dynasty and Republican period. In Tianjin, there were western medical education, including the Peiyang Medical College, Army Medical College, and Lu's Medical School, whereas, there was no traditional medical school at all. To check this defect, two private TCM medical schools, the Learning School of TCM, and the Tianjin TCM Institution were set up by Chen Zedong and Gu Jinren respectively through persistent endeavor. Meanwhile, correspondence school of TCM were established by Zhang Xichun, Wei Jiaqian, and Ma Leshan. Though more TCM schools were planned, including Tianjin Private School of TCM by Lu Zongren and Qian Boquan, North China Professional TCM School by Zhang Yinqi and other colleagues, TCM Professional School by Zhang Dianju and the Tianjin Private Acu-Moxibustion School by Zhang Lihui, etc. All these did make their contributions to the training of TCM talents in modern times.

[A preliminary evaluation and discussion on the significance of the medical bamboo slips Ci shu (Needling Methods) unearthed from a Han tomb in the Mount. Laoguan, Chengdu]

The compilation of medical bamboo slips, Ci shu(Needling Methods), which was unearthed from a Han tomb in Mt. Laoguan, is a monograph dealing exclusively with the principles of clinical acupuncture manipulations with 40 acupuncture prescriptions, being the earliest unearthed work with documented standard methods of acupuncture manipulations and acupuncture prescriptions in China. The chapter Zhen fang (Acupuncture Prescriptions) is the earliest summary of standardized acupoint prescriptions up to now in China, which is of great significance to clinical practice directly derived from ancient clinical performance of acupuncture. The chapter Zhen fang of the book Ci shu is also one of the earliest ancient clinical reports archiving the acupoint. This may provide invaluable perspectives to the study of the conceptualization, origination, development, formation of theoretical system, and clinical application of acupoints.

[Clinical value of changes of SUVmax in series 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging before and after chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of changes of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in series ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging before and after chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: From July 2008 to July 2014, a total of 18 patients with pathological confirmed advanced NSCLC who received systemic chemotherapy were enrolled.¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scans were performed before, 3-4 weeks after 2-4 cycles chemotherapy, 3-4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy for all patients, and added fourth scan for 3 patients 1 year later.The SUVmax of region of interesting was calculated.The histological diagnosis or clinical findings in a 36 months follow-up period served as the standard of control. Results: New metastases foci were found by ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scans before chemotherapy in 7 of 18 patients.The plans of chemotherapy for 5 patients were changed as therapeutic responses were evaluated according to changes of SUVmax.Targeted therapy was added for 2 patients after the end of chemotherapy.There was a statistically significant difference in outcome of survival analysis between patients performed PET/CT scans and non-performed (P<0.05). Conclusion: Changes of SUVmax in series ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging before and after chemotherapy could be used to evaluate therapeutic response and effectively predict survival in patients with advanced NSCLC.

[Current smoking status and awareness of tobacco hazard in adults in Beijing, 2014]

Objective: To understand the status of current smoking and awareness of hazard in adults in Beijing, 2014. Methods: A total of 19 815 subjects were randomly selected with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from 180 communities of 36 townships of 16 districts in Beijing. Each subject received a standardized questionnaire interview. Results: The current smoking rate of the adults was 26.6% (5 253/19 738), which was higher in men (52.2%) than in women (3.6%) and higher in suburb area (28.9%) than in urban area (25.0%). The adults aged 50-59 had higher rate of current smoking. The daily smoking rate was 23.7% (4 677/19 738). The average age when smoking started was 19.2 years. On average, one smoker consumed 15.2 cigarettes per day. The average score for smoking hazard awareness was 5.8, which was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (5.5 vs. 6.0) (t=-9.854, P=0.000). In the smokers, 5.7% (298/5 213) intended to give up smoking within one month. Doctors gave advice to stop smoking for 66.0% of current smokers. The current smoking rate of patients with chronic disease was 31.8% (3 703/11 628), and 5.5% (202/3 686) of them intended to stop smoking within one month. Conclusions: The smoking rate was still high in men in Beijing. The age of starting smoking every day decreased among younger people. The levels of awareness of tobacco hazard and passive smoking were still low. The willingness of smoking cessation was low. The rate of doctor giving smoking cessation advice was low.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Ancherythroculter kurematsui (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Ancherythroculter kurematsui (A. kurematsui) is a unique small-size freshwater fish in southwest China. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of A. kurematsui was determined (GenBank accession number is KU234534). The mitochondrial genome sequence of A. kurematsui was a circular molecule with 16,621 bp in length, and contained 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes including 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a control region (D-loop). Four nucleotide compositions and their relative proportions of the entire mitogenome was 27.69% C, 16.16% G, 31.21% A and 24.93% T, with an A + T and G + C contents being 56.14% and 43.86%, respectively.

Association between TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism and the risk of myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis

The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) G-308A polymorphism has been suggested to be a susceptibility factor for myocardial infarction (MI). However, differing results from various studies have led to controversial conclusions. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between TNF-α G-308A polymorphism and MI. Reported studies published before March 30, 2015 were included and analyzed from the PubMed and Embase databases. Study selection and data extraction were carried out independently by two authors. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the association between the selected variables using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v2.2 software. In total, 12 publications with 13 case-control studies consisting of 6037 cases and 7262 controls were included in our meta-analysis. The overall results showed that there was no significant association between TNF-α G-308A polymorphism and MI risk [A vs G: OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 0.94-1.48; AA vs GG: OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 0.74-2.05; GA vs GG: OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 0.98-1.51; (GA+AA) vs G: OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 0.96-1.54; AA vs (GG+GA): OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 0.72-1.88]. However, when subgroup analysis was performed according to the stages of MI, results indicated that there was a significant association between TNF-α G-308A polymorphism and the risk of acute MI. Other subgroup analyses revealed no significant associations. Current evidence suggests that TNF-α G-308A polymorphism may be associated with increased risk for acute MI.

Genomic and enzymatic evidence for acetogenesis among multiple lineages of the archaeal phylum Bathyarchaeota widespread in marine sediments

Members of the archaeal phylum Bathyarchaeota are widespread and abundant in the energy-deficient marine subsurface sediments. However, their life strategies have remained largely elusive. Here, we provide genetic evidence that some lineages of Bathyarchaeota are acetogens, being capable of homoacetogenesis, a metabolism so far restricted to the domain Bacteria. Metabolic reconstruction based on genomic bins assembled from the metagenome of deep-sea subsurface sediments shows that the metabolism of some lineages of Bathyarchaeota is similar to that of bona fide bacterial homoacetogens, by having pathways for acetogenesis and for the fermentative utilization of a variety of organic substrates. Heterologous expression and activity assay of the acetate kinase gene ack from Bathyarchaeota, demonstrate further the capability of these Bathyarchaeota to grow as acetogens. The presence and expression of bathyarchaeotal genes indicative of active acetogenesis was also confirmed in Peru Margin subsurface sediments where Bathyarchaeota are abundant. The analyses reveal that this ubiquitous and abundant subsurface archaeal group has adopted a versatile life strategy to make a living under energy-limiting conditions. These findings further expand the metabolic potential of Archaea and argue for a revision of the role of Archaea in the carbon cycle of marine sediments.

Pravastatin and C reactive protein modulate protease- activated receptor-1 expression in vitro blood platelets

Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays an important role in mediating activation of human platelets by thrombin. However, mechanism of statin in ADP-induced platelet PAR-1 expression is also unknown. Aggregometry, flow cytometry, immunoblotting and ELISA were used to determine role of pravastatin participating in ADP-induced platelet activation and PAR-1 expression. ADP stimulation significantly increased PAR-1 expression on platelets. PAR-1 antagonist SCH-79797 inhibited platelet aggregation as well as decreased platelet P-selectin expression induced by ADP. CRP inhibited PAR-1 expression induced by ADP in a concentration-dependent manner. Pravastatin treatment reduced PAR-1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Combination treatment of CRP and Pravastatin significantly reduced platelet PAR-1 expression induced by ADP. By western-blot analysis, pravastatin treatment did not influence total PAR-1 after ADP treatment. CRP decreased platelet total PAR-1 expression induced by ADP. Pravastatin and CRP reduced TXB2 formation by ADP significantly. CRP decreased thrombin fragment F1+2 level with ADP treatment. Pravastatin, in contrast, did not influence F1+2 level. Upon treatment with Pravastatin reduced platelet LOX-1 expression induced by ADP. In conclusion, PAR-1 served as a critical mechanism to relay platelet activation process induced by ADP. CRP and pravastatin reduce PAR-1 expression in platelet by ADP pathway.

Abstract P2-08-20: Clinical outcomes among HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients with multiple metastatic sites

Background:

Hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) is the most common type of metastatic breast cancer (mBC). While overall the prognosis among these patients is poor with short progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), those with multiple metastatic sites (multiple mets) may have even worse clinical outcomes due to multiple organ involvement. This real-world study examined clinical outcomes among HR+/HER2- mBC patients with multiple mets.

Methods:

In this retrospective chart review, a sample of postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC was collected from community-based oncology practices in the US. Patients were required to have failed a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor and later initiated a new treatment (defined as the index therapy) for mBC between July 1, 2012 and April 15, 2013. Patients were classified into two mutually exclusive groups: multiple mets or single metastatic site (single met), based on the number of non-lymph-node metastatic sites at index therapy initiation. PFS, time on treatment (TOT), and OS were compared between the two study groups using Kaplan-Meier analyses with log-rank tests and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for baseline characteristics, including age, race, insurance, mBC type, and months from initiation of last adjuvant endocrine therapy to mBC diagnosis, index therapy type, index therapy line, adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, and prior chemotherapy for mBC. Patients without an event were censored at the last follow-up. In addition, separate Cox proportional hazard models were conducted including an interaction term between line of therapy and study group to assess the impact of multiple mets on clinical outcomes across different lines of therapy.

Results:

A total of 408 patients in the single met group and 291 patients in the multiple mets group were included. Patients with multiple mets had worse ECOG performance status and a higher rate of prior chemotherapy use for mBC compared with patients in the single met group. Relative to patients with single met, patients with multiple mets were associated with significantly shorter PFS (log-rank test p&lt;0.001, hazard ratio (HR)=1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-2.14), TOT (log-rank test p&lt;0.001, HR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.09-1.72) and OS (log-rank test p&lt;0.001, HR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.12-2.63). Similar outcomes were observed in each line of therapy.

Table 1. Multivariable -adjusted comparisons of PFS, TOT, and OS between patients with multiple mets and single met by line of therapy PFSTOTOSMultiple mets vs. single metHR (95% CI)p-valueHR (95% CI)p-valueHR (95% CI)p-valueLine of therapy 11.51 (1.04,2.19)0.030*1.22 (0.86,1.73)0.2561.94 (1.06,3.56)0.032*Line of therapy 21.79 (1.17,2.74)0.008*1.50 (1.02,2.21)0.042*2.35 (1.03,5.38)0.043*Line of therapy 3+1.82 (1.18,2.83)0.007*1.46 (0.97,2.21)0.0721.03 (0.48,2.20)0.936*P &lt; 0.05

Conclusion:

Among HR+/HER2- mBC patients, those with multiple mets had significantly worse clinical outcomes, highlighting substantial disease burden and unmet need for more efficacious treatment for these patients.

Citation Format: Xie J, Hao Y, Li N, Lin PL, Ohashi E, Koo V, Wu EQ. Clinical outcomes among HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients with multiple metastatic sites. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-20.

Abstract P4-13-13: Real-world effectiveness of everolimus versus endocrine monotherapy or chemotherapy in HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients with liver metastasis or multiple metastatic sites

Background:

Liver metastasis and multiple metastatic sites are associated with higher risk of progression or death among women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Traditional treatments, like endocrine monotherapy (ET mono) or chemotherapy (CT), have limited effectiveness in these high-risk patients. Everolimus-based therapy (EVE) is a new treatment option with different mechanism of action. This study examined the real-world comparative effectiveness of EVE vs. ET mono or CT in patients with liver metastasis or multiple metastatic sites.

Methods:

A sample of postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC was obtained through a retrospective chart review of community-based oncology practices in the US. All patients initiated EVE, ET mono, or CT (defined as the index therapy) for mBC between July 2012 and April 2013 after the failure of a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. Patients with liver metastasis and those with multiple metastatic sites (i.e., ≥2 non-lymph-node metastases) at the index therapy initiation were analyzed separately. In each group, progression-free survival (PFS) and time on treatment (TOT) were compared between EVE vs. ET mono or CT, respectively, using Kaplan-Meier analyses with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for patient and disease characteristics, such as age, mBC type, performance status, tumor burden, and prior treatment. Patients without an event were censored at the last follow-up.

Results:

A total of 202 patients had liver metastasis, including 82 treated with EVE, 49 with ET mono, and 71 with CT. EVE patients had more severe mBC than ET mono patients and less severe mBC than CT patients, as indicated by proportion of patients receiving prior CT for mBC and tumor burden. Compared with ET mono, EVE was associated with significantly longer PFS (log-rank test p=0.049; hazard ratio (HR)=0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.87) and TOT (log-rank test p=0.054, HR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.28-0.86). Similarly, compared with CT, EVE was associated with significantly longer PFS (log-rank test p=0.024, HR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.44-1.32) and TOT (log-rank test p&lt;0.001, HR=0.35, 95% CI: 0.22-0.55).

A total of 265 patients had multiple metastatic sites, including 100 treated with EVE, 79 with ET mono, and 86 with CT. Similarly, EVE patients had more severe mBC than ET mono patients and less severe mBC than CT patients, as indicated by tumor burden. Compared with ET mono, EVE was associated with significantly longer PFS (log-rank test p=0.043, HR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.41-0.95) and TOT (log-rank test p=0.054, HR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97). Compared with CT, EVE was also associated with longer PFS (log-rank test p=0.004, HR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.92) and TOT (log-rank test p&lt;0.001, HR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.24-0.53).

Conclusion:

In this retrospective chart review of HR+/HER2- mBC patients, EVE was associated with significantly longer PFS and TOT compared with ET mono or CT in high-risk patients with liver metastasis or multiple metastatic sites.

Citation Format: Li N, Hao Y, Lin PL, Koo V, Ohashi E, Wu EQ, Xie J. Real-world effectiveness of everolimus versus endocrine monotherapy or chemotherapy in HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients with liver metastasis or multiple metastatic sites. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-13-13.