151
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rai
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Regional Plant Resource Centre
| | - A. B. Das
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Regional Plant Resource Centre
| | - P. Das
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Regional Plant Resource Centre
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152
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Siegel JF, Delakas D, Rai S, Kushner L. Unilateral nephrectomy induces the expression of the Wilms tumor gene in the contralateral kidney of the adult rat. J Urol 1996; 156:688-92. [PMID: 8683761 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199608001-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor suppressor gene WT-1 encodes a nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein that is a transcriptional regulator. This gene is commonly deleted or defective in Wilms tumors and the Denys-Drash syndrome. Recently WT-1 was demonstrated to be essential for the development of the urogenital tract. We determined whether we could induce WT-1 expression in mature kidneys induced to grow by performing contralateral nephrectomy in mature rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Northern analysis with a 32phosphorus-labeled antisense riboprobe synthesized by in vitro transcription of a 731 bp complementary deoxyribonucleic acid insert spanning exons 1 to 7 of the rat WT-1 in a pT7 Blue vector was used to demonstrate the expression of WT-1 in the developing and adult Sprague-Dawley rat kidney. RESULTS Transcript levels of WT-1 in the rat kidney decreased from day 0 (day of birth) to day 16, after which WT-1 transcripts were undetectable in the normal rat kidney. Unilateral nephrectomy in the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat (250 to 300 gm.) induced the expression of WT-1 ribonucleic acid in the contralateral kidney to detectable levels by Northern analysis 0.25 hours after nephrectomy. Subsequently levels of WT-1 ribonucleic acid decreased progressively to undetectable by 3 hours after nephrectomy. Expression of this gene was not detected in the normal kidneys of adult rats or sham operated adult rats. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the WT-1 gene product is involved in normal renal growth in the adult and developing rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Siegel
- Department of Urology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
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153
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Banaras Hindu University, India
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154
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Rai S, Singh UP, Mishra GD, Singh SP, Wagner KG. Synergistic effects of ajoene and the microwave power density memories of water on germination inhibition of fungal spores. Med Biol Eng Comput 1995; 33:313-6. [PMID: 7475368 DOI: 10.1007/bf02510505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of ajoene and the microwave power density memories of water on germination inhibition of some fungal spores are examined. The study reveals power memory varying different synergistic effects of different concentrations of ajoene on the inhibition of spore germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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155
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Bhat SK, Rai S, Razdan AK, Chopra S. Relative velocity fluctuations in turbulence. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1994; 50:5127-5129. [PMID: 9962601 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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156
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Hehlen MP, Güdel HU, Shu Q, Rai J, Rai S, Rand SC. Cooperative bistability in dense, excited atomic systems. Phys Rev Lett 1994; 73:1103-1106. [PMID: 10057625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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157
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Goodrich RP, Yerram NR, Tay-Goodrich BH, Forster P, Platz MS, Kasturi C, Park SC, Aebischer NJ, Rai S, Kulaga L. Selective inactivation of viruses in the presence of human platelets: UV sensitization with psoralen derivatives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:5552-6. [PMID: 8202526 PMCID: PMC44034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of viruses in blood products requires that the method employed display selectivity in its action for viral elements while not affecting the biological entity of interest. Several methods have been developed for the treatment of human plasma or products derived from human plasma. An effective technique for the treatment of the cellular components of blood has been lacking, in part due to the inability to develop agents capable of selectively targeting viral agents in the milieu of cellular material. In this paper, we examine the behavior of a group of viral sensitizers designed to be added to cellular samples and be activated upon exposure to UVA light. Upon activation, these agents are capable of disrupting nucleic acids of the virus in a manner that renders them inactive for proliferation. The selectivity observed in this inactivation is determined by the chemical structure of the sensitizer, which can be varied to increase viral killing capacity while diminishing collateral damage to cellular and protein constituents.
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158
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Singh SP, Rai S, Rai AK, Tiwari SP, Singh SS, Abraham J. Athermal physiological effects of microwaves on a cynobacterium Nostoc muscorum: evidence for EM-memory bits in water. Med Biol Eng Comput 1994; 32:175-80. [PMID: 8022214 DOI: 10.1007/bf02518915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Athermal physiological effects of continuous wave and modulated microwaves were studied on a cynobacterium Nostoc muscorum. The study shows that different microwave frequencies in continuous wave and modulated modes produced significantly different physiological effects on the algae. Water-mediated bioeffects further present additional proof that water has the capability to remember the imposed electromagnetic field characteristics for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Singh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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159
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Rai S, Kasturi C, Grayzar J, Platz MS, Goodrich RP, Yerram NR, Wong V, Tay-Goodrich BH. Dramatic improvements in viral inactivation with brominated psoralens, naphthalenes and anthracenes. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:59-65. [PMID: 8378434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amino or polyamino derivatives of naphthalene (N-H), anthracene (A-H) and 8-alkoxypsoralen (PSR-H) were prepared along with their monobrominated analogs (N-Br, A-Br and PSR-Br). The ammonium salts of these compounds are all water soluble and bind strongly to calf thymus DNA and to lambda phage, a double-helical DNA, protein-coated virus. Binding of the sensitizer to DNA occurs, presumably by a mixture of hydrophobic, intercalative and electrostatic interactions. Relative binding constants to calf thymus DNA and to lambda phage were measured by the ethidium bromide fluorescence quenching assay. In general the brominated analogs bind more tightly to calf thymus DNA and to the virus than to the nonhalogenated analogs. It is demonstrated that the brominated aromatics are much more effective at inactivating lambda phage upon photoactivation (lambda approximately 310 or 350 nm) than are their nonbrominated analogs. At identical sensitizer concentrations (by weight) and light flux N-Br, A-Br, and PSR-Br produce 5-6 more logs of viral inactivation than their nonbrominated counterparts (N-H, A-H and PSR-H, respectively). The bromine effect may originate from light-induced electron transfer and subsequent cleavage of the C-Br bond of the sensitizer radical anion bonds to form aryl radicals. Singlet oxygen cannot be responsible for the viral inactivation because the brominated sensitizers are equally effective in the presence and absence of oxygen. Dithiothreitol does not protect lambda phage from light-induced inactivation by the brominated sensitizer thereby demonstrating that the photogenerated reactive intermediates responsible for the effect are complexed to the virus and are not generated free in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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160
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Rai J, Rai S, Chopra S. Source-correlation effects in the time domain. Phys Rev A 1993; 47:4400-4403. [PMID: 9909447 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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161
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Rai S, Malik SC, Sharma D. Behavior problems among preschool children. Indian Pediatr 1993; 30:475-8. [PMID: 8288328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Of 200 preschool children (aged 3-6 years) screened in the Pediatric Outpatient Department, over a period of six months, 44 (22%) had behavior problems. The prevalence of behavior problems was higher among boys. Second-born boys and the eldest girls had a higher prevalence of temper tantrums, destructive nature, difficulty in management and hyperactivity. Fearful reactions and attention seeking behavior was encountered only in girls. Behavior problems were more common in children from nuclear families and a lower socio-economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rai
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi
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162
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Kumar AS, Prasad S, Rai S, Saxena DK. Right thoracotomy revisited. Tex Heart Inst J 1993; 20:40-2. [PMID: 8508062 PMCID: PMC325051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
From September 1991 through August 1992, 38 patients (34 female and 4 male) underwent mitral valve surgery through a limited right anterior thoracotomy. The ascending aorta was easily cannulated for arterial return in all patients. Although there was no operative mortality, 8 patients required reoperation for bleeding, usually associated with the site of chest-wall puncture for the left atrial pressure line and epicardial pacing wires, a problem that we were able to correct. Right lower lobe collapse occurred in 2 patients, but the lungs were fully expanded in all patients before hospital discharge. We believe that a return to this older surgical approach is particularly suited to young patients and provides the important advantages over median sternotomy of superior mitral valve exposure and a cosmetically acceptable scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kumar
- Cardiothoracic Sciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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163
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Agarwal DK, Agarwal KN, Upadhyay SK, Mittal R, Prakash R, Rai S. Physical and sexual growth pattern of affluent Indian children from 5 to 18 years of age. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29:1203-82. [PMID: 1286886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to study growth parameters on 12,899 boys and 9,951 girls of affluent class from 8 States of the country. In pooled data, the 50th centile height approached 30-40th centile till 6 1/2 years in boys and up to 10 years in girls, and ultimately the height growth curves for both fell between the 10-20th centile of NCHS standards. Similarly, for weight, they approached 10-20th centile of NCHS at the age of 17 yr. Comparison with other European countries showed that Indian affluents are shorter and lighter; however, they are similar to their counterparts of Asian origin. The secular trend for height in Delhi showed increase of 2.1 cm for boys, and 2.7 cm for girls per decade at 17 yr and 14 yr, respectively. In Varanasi, the corresponding trend was 1.5 and 2.1 cm at 16 yr for boys and girls, respectively. The mean ages for genital development stages G 2-5 were 11.9, 13.3, 14.6 and 15.9 yr; respectively. In girls, the breast development Stages B 2-5 had mean ages of 10.9, 12.8, 13.9 and 14.8 yr, respectively. The mean age for menarche was 12.6 yr. In 14 yr old boys, the mean height may vary between 150.3, 155.8, 161.2 and 165.2 cm and mean weight between 38.0, 42.5, 46.8 and 52.9 kg for genital stages G 2-5, respectively. Similarly, girls of 12.5 yr (close to menarcheal age of 12.6 yr) had mean height 145.3, 150.3, 152.1 and 153.8 cm and mean weight 34.7, 41.2, 45.4 and 54.4 kg for breast stages B 2-5, respectively. It is recommended that for growth assessment during adolescence these charts in relation to sexual development and age be used for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
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164
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Bhatia MS, Dhar NK, Rai S, Malik SC. Enuresis: an analysis of 82 cases. Indian J Med Sci 1990; 44:337-42. [PMID: 2093085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Of 400 children over the age of four years, 82 (20.5%) were found to be enuretics. Enuresis was found to be statistically higher (p less than 0.001) in lower social class and between the age group 3 to 5 years. Enuresis was found to be significantly more among boys as compared to girls (p less than 0.001). Various stress factors (e.g. negligence, overprotection, strictness of parents etc) and other associated habit disorders (e.g. fear reactions, nailbiting, temper-tantrums etc) were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in enuretics as compared to control group. The group who was put on combined drug (imipramine) and psychological treatment showed a better long term response than the patients who were put only on drug or psychological treatment (p less than 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bhatia
- Dept. of Phychiatry, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi
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165
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Bhatia MS, Rai S, Singbhal PK, Nigam VR, Bohra N, Malik SC. Pica: prevalence and etiology. Indian Pediatr 1988; 25:1165-70. [PMID: 3251830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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166
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Bhatia MS, Agrawal P, Khastbir U, Rai S, Bhatia A, Bohra N, Malik SC. A study of emergency psychiatric referrals in a government hospital. Indian J Psychiatry 1988; 30:363-8. [PMID: 21927338 PMCID: PMC3008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric referrals in emergency O. P. D. of a teaching general hospital were studied from January 1986 to December 1987. The referral rate was 1.5%. The source, reason and purpose of referrals were studied. Hysterical fits, altered sensorium and excitements together constituted three fourth of all emergency referrals. The diagnosis of neurosis was made in one third of the patients and about one fourth of all patients were labelled as suffering from hysterical neurosis (fits being the most common presentation).
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bhatia
- Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, New Delhi - 110 001
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167
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Rai S, Rai J, Chopra S. Photon statistics and squeezing of a free-electron laser for an initial Bose-Einstein distribution and for an initial nearly pure state. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 35:2957-2961. [PMID: 9898496 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.35.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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168
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Rai S, Jindal RP, Nijjer SS. Internal mammary lymph node metastasis in carcinoma. Indian J Cancer 1980; 17:169-71. [PMID: 7461693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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169
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Chaturvedi UC, Mathur A, Singh UK, Kushwaha MR, Mehrotra RM, Kapoor AK, Rai S, Gurha RG. The problem of paralytic poliomyelitis in the urban and rural population around Lucknow, India. J Hyg (Lond) 1978; 81:179-87. [PMID: 701784 PMCID: PMC2129770 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A house to house survey was done from October 1972 to March 1974, covering 528952 individuals of urban population at Lucknow and 50,156 individuals of rural population of Unnao district, to find out the incidence of polio-like paralysis in our population. Among 12874 urban children up to 8 years old 8.2/1000 had polio-like paralysis while 4.6/1000 children of the rural population of 13554 children were affected. The incidence was significantly higher in the urban population. In the preschool age group almost 1 out of every 100 children was affected. A higher number of children were affected during 1968-9 and 1971-2, though it did not reach epidemic proportion. The findings show that paralytic polio is a serious problem in our country where poliomyelitis is endemic: this is contrary to the views generally held so far.
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170
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171
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Rai S, Saronwala KC, Singh R. ABO blood groups in cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract. Indian J Cancer 1972; 9:97-100. [PMID: 5044717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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172
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Rai S, Saronwala KC, Mittal PK, Arora S. ABO blood group distribution in carcinoma of the breast. Indian J Cancer 1970; 7:135-9. [PMID: 5507059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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173
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Hegde D, Shetty H, Shetty PK, Rai S, Manjeera L, Vyas N, Hegde A, Mallya H, Rajesh A. (ARTICLE RETRACTED) Diagnostic value of VIA comparing with conventional Pap smear in the detection of colposcopic biopsy proved CIN. Bangladesh J Med Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v10i3.8362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted because it has already been published in the Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol.6(1) 2011 pp.7-12. http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/NJOG/article/view/5245
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174
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Gupta M, Rai S. Effect of Dedhuwa (Esomus danricus), Mara (Amblypharyngodon mola) and Pothi (Puntius sophore) on Carp Production in Chitwan, Nepal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.3126/on.v9i1.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the effect of adding Dedhuwa (Esomus danricus), Mara (Amblyparyngodon mola) and Pothi (Puntius sophore) on Carp production, an experiment was carried out in farmers’ pond in Chitwan. The experiment included four treatments in triplicates: T1, (Carp: Silver carp, Hypophthalmychthys molitrix, Bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, Rohu, Labeo rohita and Mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala), T2 (Carp+Dedhuwa), T3 (Carp+Mara), and T4 (Carp+Pothi). Fish were fed on dough of rice bran and mustard oil cake (1:1) at the rate of 3% of body weight. Results showed that Dedhuwa, Mara and Pothi did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in terms of production. Production of Silver carp and Bighead carp was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 and T4 than control indicating no niche overlapping among these fish. Based on total production and profit T4 appeared to be best.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v9i1.5741
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175
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Gautam B, Shrestha BR, Lama P, Rai S. Antiemetic prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting with ondansetron-dexamethasone combination compared to ondansetron or dexamethasone alone for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970; 6:319-28. [DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v6i3.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common distressing experience in patients following laparoscopic surgeries. This study was aimed at comparing the efficacies of Ondansetron-Dexamethasone combination with each drug alone as a prophylaxis against PONV in patients after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy done under general anaesthesia. Materials and methods: Hundred and fifty ASA I and II patients, aged 23 to 65 yrs, were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial to receive one of three treatment regimens: 4 mg Ondansetron (Group O), 8 mg Dexamethasone (Group D) or 4 mg Ondansetron plus 8 mg Dexamethasone (Group OD) (n=50 for each). A standardized balanced general anaesthetic technique was employed. Any episode of PONV and need for rescue antiemetic were assessed at six, 12 and 24 hrs post operation. Complete response was defined as no PONV in 24 hrs and need for rescue antiemetic was considered as failure of prophylaxis. Pain scores, time to first analgesia demand, amount of Meperidine consumption, adverse event(s) and duration of hospital stay were recorded. Results: Complete response occurred in 66.7, 66.0 and 89.4% in Groups O, D and OD respectively. Rescue antiemetics were required in 29.2, 31.9 and 8.5% of patients in Groups O, D, and OD respectively. Significantly high incidence of vomiting and failure of prophylaxis (19.1%) occurred in group D during the first six hrs (P=0.023 versus O & 0.008 versus OD). More frequent antiemetic rescue was required in group O at 6 to 24 hr interval as compared to group OD (P=0.032). Conclusion: Combination of Ondansetron and Dexamethasone is better than each drug alone in preventing PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Dexamethasone alone is significantly less effective in preventing early vomiting compared to its combination with Ondansetron; whereas Ondansetron alone is less effective against late PONV as compared with combination therapy. Key words: Antiemetic prophylaxis; Dexamethasone; laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Ondansetron; postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i3.1706 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 3, Issue 23, 319-328
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