151
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Elder RC, Blubaugh EA, Heineman WR, Burke PJ, McMillin DR. Thin-layer spectroelectrochemical studies of copper and nickel unsymmetrical Schiff base complexes. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00161a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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152
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Roston DA, Brooks EE, Heineman WR. Elimination of intermetallic compound interferences in twin-electrode thin-layer anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac50047a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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153
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154
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Wilson RM, Hannemann K, Heineman WR, Kirchhoff JR. Laser-jet delayed trapping: electron-transfer trapping of the photoenol from 2-methylbenzophenone. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00249a060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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155
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Bandoli G, Mazzi U, Ichimura A, Libson K, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. An isothiocyanato complex of technetium(II). Spectroelectrochemical and single-crystal x-ray structural studies on trans-[Tc(DPPE)2(NCS)2]0, where DPPE = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00186a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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156
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Hurst RW, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. Technetium electrochemistry. 1. Spectroelectrochemical studies of halogen, diars, and diphos complexes of technetium in nonaqueous media. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50224a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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157
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158
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159
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Kirchhoff JR, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. Technetium electrochemistry. 6. Electrochemical behavior of cationic rhenium and technetium complexes in aqueous and aqueous micellar solutions. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00293a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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160
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161
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162
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163
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Ichimura A, Heineman WR, Vanderheyden JL, Deutsch E. Technetium electrochemistry. 2. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies of the bis(tertiary phosphine) (D) complexes trans-[TcIIID2X2]+ (X =chlorine or bromine). Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00177a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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165
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Lewis JY, Zodda JP, Deutsch E, Heineman WR. Determination of pertechnetate by liquid chromatography with reductive electrochemical detection. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00255a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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166
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Refosco F, Mazzi U, Deutsch E, Kirchhoff JR, Heineman WR, Seeber R. Electrochemistry of oxo-technetium(V) complexes containing Schiff base and 8-quinolinol ligands. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00296a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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167
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Lunte CE, Ridgway TH, Heineman WR. Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00132a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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168
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Smith DA, Heeg MJ, Heineman WR, Elder RC. Direct determination of Fe-C bond lengths in iron(II) and iron(III) cyanide solutions using EXAFS spectroelectrochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00322a062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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169
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170
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Konno T, Heeg MJ, Stuckey JA, Kirchhoff JR, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. Thiolato-technetium complexes. 5. Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of bis(o-phenylenebis(dimethylarsine))technetium(II) and -technetium(III) complexes with thiolato ligands. Single-crystal structural analyses of trans-[Tc(SCH3)2(DIARS)2]PF6 and trans-[Tc(SC6H5)2(DIARS)2]0. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00033a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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171
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Ichimura A, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. Technetium electrochemistry. 3. Spectroelectrochemical studies on the mixed-ligand technetium(III) complexes trans-[Tc(PR2R')2L]+ where L is a tetradentate Schiff base ligand and PR2R' is a monodentate tertiary phosphine ligand. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00208a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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172
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Martin JL, Yuan J, Lunte CE, Elder RC, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. Technetium-diphosphonate skeletal imaging agents: EXAFS structural studies in aqueous solution. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00314a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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173
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174
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175
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Denton MS, DeAngelis TP, Yacynych AM, Heineman WR, Gilbert TW. Oscillating mirror rapid scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer as a detector for liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac60365a043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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176
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Rohrbach DF, Deutsch E, Heineman WR, Pasternack RF. Thin-layer spectroelectrochemical study of tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphinecobalt(III). Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50176a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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177
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Konno T, Kirchhoff JR, Heineman WR, Deutsch E. Thiolato-technetium complexes. 2. Synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, and spectroelectrochemistry of the technetium(III) complexes trans-[Tc(SR)2(DMPE)]+, where R is an alkyl or benzyl group and DMPE is 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00305a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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178
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Birch ME, Coury LA, Heineman WR. Characterization and selectivity of electrodes coated with .gamma.-radiation-immobilized hydrogel matrixes. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00210a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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179
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180
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181
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Heineman WR, Kuwana T. Spectroelectrochemical studies of metal deposition and stripping and of specific adsorption on mercury-platinum optically transparent electrodes. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac60320a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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182
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183
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Pinkerton TC, Hajizadeh K, Deutsch E, Heineman WR. Optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical flow cell for liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac50059a043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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184
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185
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186
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Choi JW, Oh KW, Thomas JH, Heineman WR, Halsall HB, Nevin JH, Helmicki AJ, Henderson HT, Ahn CH. An integrated microfluidic biochemical detection system for protein analysis with magnetic bead-based sampling capabilities. Lab Chip 2002; 2:27-30. [PMID: 15100857 DOI: 10.1039/b107540n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development and characterization of an integrated microfluidic biochemical detection system for fast and low-volume immunoassays using magnetic beads, which are used as both immobilization surfaces and bio-molecule carriers. Microfluidic components have been developed and integrated to construct a microfluidic biochemical detection system. Magnetic bead-based immunoassay, as a typical example of biochemical detection and analysis, has been successfully performed on the integrated microfluidic biochemical analysis system that includes a surface-mounted biofilter and electrochemical sensor on a glass microfluidic motherboard. Total time required for an immunoassay was less than 20 min including sample incubation time, and sample volume wasted was less than 50 microl during five repeated assays. Fast and low-volume biochemical analysis has been successfully achieved with the developed biofilter and immunosensor, which is integrated to the microfluidic system. Such a magnetic bead-based biochemical detection system, described in this paper, can be applied to protein analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, USA.
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187
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Starkey DE, Han A, Bao JJ, Ahn CH, Wehmeyer KR, Prenger MC, Halsall HB, Heineman WR. Fluorogenic assay for beta-glucuronidase using microchip-based capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2001; 762:33-41. [PMID: 11589456 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used with a model enzyme assay to demonstrate its potential application to combinatorial drug screening. Hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase of the conjugated glucuronide, fluorescein mono-beta-D-glucuronide (FMG), liberated the fluorescent product, fluorescein. FMG and fluorescein were detected by fluorescence, with excitation and emission at 480 and 520 nm, respectively. Microchip CE was used to separate FMG and fluorescein. Fluorescein production was monitored to assess beta-glucuronidase activity. Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics analysis yielded the Km value. The results were compared with those from experiments done by conventional CE. The Km value for beta-glucuronidase with FMG is being reported for the first time as 18 microM. The inhibition of beta-glucuronidase by the competitive inhibitor D-saccharic acid-1,4-lactone (SL) was also determined using microchip CE. Reactions were done with various concentrations of inhibitor and constant beta-glucuronidase and FMG concentrations. A dose-response plot was acquired and the IC50 value for SL was determined to be 3 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Starkey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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188
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Kradtap S, Wijayawardhana C, Schlueter KT, Halsall H, Heineman WR. “Bugbead”: an artificial microorganism model used as a harmless simulant for pathogenic microorganisms. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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189
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Gao L, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR. Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 8. Selectivity at Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Polyelectrolyte Blend Modified Optically Transparent Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200105)13:8/9<613::aid-elan613>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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190
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Abstract
A bead based sandwich enzyme immunoassay coupled to electrochemical detection for ovalbumin has been developed. The enzyme label alkaline phosphatase was used to convert the substrate 4-aminophenyl phosphate to electroactive product 4-aminophenol. The detection was done in a microdrop by continuously monitoring the enzyme turnover with a rotating disk electrode. This reduces dilution of the enzyme product, a key to achieving low detection limits. The assay developed has a detection limit of 0.1 ng ml-1. Assay sensitivity in complex matrices such as food and serum was compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Purushothama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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191
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Choi J, Oh KW, Han A, Wijayawardhana CA, Lannes C, Bhansali S, Schlueter KT, Heineman WR, Halsall HB, Nevin JH, Helmicki AJ, Henderson HT, Ahn CH. Biomed Microdevices 2001; 3:191-200. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1011490627871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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192
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Ross SE, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR. Spectroelectrochemical sensing based on multimode selectivity simultaneously achievable in a single device. 9. Incorporation of planar waveguide technology. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5549-55. [PMID: 11101230 DOI: 10.1021/ac0007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of planar waveguide technology into a spectroelectrochemical sensor is described. In this sensor design, a potassium ion-exchanged BK7 glass waveguide was over-coated with a thin film of indium tin oxide (ITO) that served as an optically transparent electrode. A chemically selective film was spin-coated on top of the ITO film. The sensor supported five optical modes at 442 nm and three at 633 nm. Investigations on the impact of the ITO film on the optical properties of the waveguide and on the spectroelectrochemical performance of the sensor are reported. Sensing was based on the change in attenuation of light propagated through the waveguide resulting from an optically absorbing analyte. By applying either a triangular or square wave excitation potential waveform, electromodulation of the optical signal has been demonstrated with Fe(CN)6(3-/4-) as a model electroactive couple that partitions into a PDMDAAC-SiO2 film [where PDMDAAC = poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)] and absorbs at 442 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
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193
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Slaterbeck AF, Stegemiller ML, Seliskar CJ, Ridgway TH, Heineman WR. Spectroelectrochemical sensing based on multimode selectivity simultaneously achievable in a single device. 5. Simulation of sensor response for different excitation potential waveforms. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5567-75. [PMID: 11101233 DOI: 10.1021/ac991460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The simulation of the optical response in spectroelectrochemical sensing has been investigated. The sensor consists of a sensing film coated on an optically transparent electrode (OTE). The mode of detection is attenuated total reflection. Only species that partition into the sensing film, undergo electrochemistry at the potentials applied to the OTE, and have changes in their absorbance at the wavelength of light propagated within the glass substrate of the OTE can be sensed. A fundamental question arises regarding the excitation potential waveforms employed to initiate the electrochemical changes observed. Historically, selection has been based solely upon the effectiveness of the waveform to quickly electrolyze any analyte observable by the optical detection method employed. In this report, additional requirements by which the waveform should be selected for use in a remote sensing configuration are discussed. The effectiveness of explicit finite difference simulation as a tool for investigating the applicability of three different excitation potential waveforms (square, triangle, sinusoid) is demonstrated. The simulated response is compared to experimental results obtained from a prototype sensing platform consisting of an indium tin oxide OTE coated with a cation-selective, sol-gel-derived Nafion composite film designed for the detection of a model analyte, tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride. Using a diffusion coefficient determined from experimental data (5.8 x 10(-11) cm2 s for 5 x 10(-6) M Ru(bipy)3(2+)), the simulator program was able to accurately predict the magnitude of the absorbance change for each potential waveform (0.497 for square, 0.403 for triangular, and 0.421 for sinusoid), but underestimated the number of cycles required to approach steady state. The simulator program predicted 2 (square), 3 (triangle), and 5 cycles (sinusoid), while 5 (square), 15 (triangle), and 10 (sinusoid) cycles were observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Slaterbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
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194
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Maizels M, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR. Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 7. Sensing of Fe(CN)64-. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200011)12:17<1356::aid-elan1356>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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195
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Wijayawardhana CA, Wittstock G, Halsall HB, Heineman WR. Electrochemical Immunoassay with Microscopic Immunomagnetic Bead Domains and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200005)12:9<640::aid-elan640>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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196
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197
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Wijayawardhana CA, Wittstock G, Halsall HB, Heineman WR. Spatially addressed deposition and imaging of biochemically active bead microstructures by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2000; 72:333-8. [PMID: 10658327 DOI: 10.1021/ac990977q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure is described to deposit paramagnetic beads on surfaces to form microscopic agglomerates. By using surface-modified beads, microscopic structures with defined biochemical activity are formed. The shape and size of agglomerates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the biochemical activity was mapped with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). This approach is demonstrated using beads modified with anti-mouse antibodies (Ab). After allowing them to react with a conjugate of mouse IgG and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the beads were deposited as agglomerates of well-defined size and shape. The biochemical activity was recorded in the generation-collection SECM mode by oxidizing 4-aminophenol formed in the ALP-catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-aminophenyl phosphate at the surface of the beads. The signal height correlated with both the amount of beads present in one agglomerate and the proportion of Ab binding sites saturated with the ALP mouse IgG conjugate. The feedback mode of the SECM was used to image streptavidin-coated beads after reaction with biotinylated glucose oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wijayawardhana
- University of Leipzig, Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Germany
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198
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Wijayawardhana C, Halsall H, Heineman WR. Micro volume rotating disk electrode (RDE) amperometric detection for a bead-based immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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199
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Gao L, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR. Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 4. Sensing with Poly(vinyl alcohol)−Polyelectrolyte Blend Modified Optically Transparent Electrodes. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9901844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letian Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Carl J. Seliskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
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200
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Wijayawardhana C, Purushothama S, Cousino M, Halsall H, Heineman WR. Rotating disk electrode amperometric detection for a bead-based immunoassay. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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