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Dogra S, Stansley BJ, Xiang Z, Qian W, Gogliotti RG, Nicoletti F, Lindsley CW, Niswender CM, Joffe ME, Conn PJ. Activating mGlu 3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Rescues Schizophrenia-like Cognitive Deficits Through Metaplastic Adaptations Within the Hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:385-398. [PMID: 33965197 PMCID: PMC8403106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in GRM3, the gene encoding the mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptor, are associated with impaired cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Limited availability of selective genetic and molecular tools has hindered progress in developing a clear understanding of the mechanisms through which mGlu3 receptors regulate synaptic plasticity and cognition. METHODS We examined associative learning in mice with trace fear conditioning, a hippocampal-dependent learning task disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. Underlying cellular mechanisms were assessed using ex vivo hippocampal slice preparations with selective pharmacological tools and selective genetic deletion of mGlu3 receptor expression in specific neuronal subpopulations. RESULTS mGlu3 receptor activation enhanced trace fear conditioning and reversed deficits induced by subchronic phencyclidine. Mechanistic studies revealed that mGlu3 receptor activation induced metaplastic changes, biasing afferent stimulation to induce long-term potentiation through an mGlu5 receptor-dependent, endocannabinoid-mediated, disinhibitory mechanism. Selective genetic deletion of either mGlu3 or mGlu5 from hippocampal pyramidal cells eliminated effects of mGlu3 activation, revealing a novel mechanism by which mGlu3 and mGlu5 interact to enhance cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that activation of mGlu3 receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells enhances hippocampal-dependent cognition in control and impaired mice by inducing a novel form of metaplasticity to regulate circuit function, providing a clear mechanism through which genetic variation in GRM3 can contribute to cognitive deficits. Developing approaches to positively modulate mGlu3 receptor function represents an encouraging new avenue for treating cognitive disruption in schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases.
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Malinky CA, Lindsley CW, Han C. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Loperamide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2964-2973. [PMID: 34346690 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loperamide, a popular and inexpensive over-the-counter antidiarrheal medicine, is a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It has been on the market since 1976 and is relatively safe with no central nervous system-related side effects when used for a short period of time at the recommended therapeutic dose (2-8 mg/day). In recent years, loperamide has become notoriously known as the "poor man's methadone" for people with substance dependence due to the increase in loperamide overdoses from self-administered medication to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms. As a result, in 2018, the FDA decided to limit the available packaged dose of loperamide to stop prominent abuse. This review provides the synthesis and chemical properties of loperamide as well as the pharmacology and adverse effects of its use and the social effects of such abuse.
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Burger WAC, Gentry PR, Berizzi AE, Vuckovic Z, van der Westhuizen ET, Thompson G, Yeasmin M, Lindsley CW, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ, Tobin AB, Christopoulos A, Valant C, Thal DM. Identification of a Novel Allosteric Site at the M 5 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3112-3123. [PMID: 34351123 PMCID: PMC7616173 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has emerged as an exciting therapeutic target for the treatment of addiction and behavioral disorders. This has been in part due to promising preclinical studies with the M5 mAChR selective negative allosteric modulator (NAM), ML375. The binding site of ML375 remains unknown, however, making it difficult to develop improved M5 mAChR selective modulators. To determine the possible location of the ML375 binding site, we used radioligand binding and functional assays to show that ML375 does not interact with the well-characterized "common" mAChR allosteric site located in the receptor's extracellular vestibule, nor a previously proposed second allosteric site recognized by the modulator, amiodarone. Molecular docking was used to predict potential allosteric sites within the transmembrane (TM) domain of the M5 mAChR. These predicted sites were assessed using M5-M2 mAChR receptor chimeras and further targeted with site-directed mutagenesis, which enabled the identification of a putative binding site for ML375 at the interface of TMs 2-4. Collectively, these results identify a third allosteric site at the M5 mAChR and highlight the ability of allosteric modulators to selectively target highly conserved proteins.
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Spock M, Carter TR, Bollinger KA, Han C, Baker LA, Rodriguez AL, Peng L, Dickerson JW, Qi A, Rook JM, O’Neill JC, Watson KJ, Chang S, Bridges TM, Engers JL, Engers DW, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. Discovery of VU6028418: A Highly Selective and Orally Bioavailable M 4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1342-1349. [PMID: 34413964 PMCID: PMC8366002 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the SAR leading to the discovery of VU6028418, a potent M4 mAChR antagonist with high subtype-selectivity and attractive DMPK properties in vitro and in vivo across multiple species. VU6028418 was subsequently evaluated as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of dystonia and other movement disorders. During the characterization of VU6028418, a novel use of deuterium incorporation as a means to modulate CYP inhibition was also discovered.
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Moehle MS, Bender AM, Dickerson JW, Foster DJ, Qi A, Cho HP, Donsante Y, Peng W, Bryant Z, Stillwell KJ, Bridges TM, Chang S, Watson KJ, O’Neill JC, Engers JL, Peng L, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Hess EJ, Conn PJ, Rook JM. Discovery of the First Selective M 4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists with in Vivo Antiparkinsonian and Antidystonic Efficacy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1306-1321. [PMID: 34423268 PMCID: PMC8369681 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that broadly inhibit all five mAChR subtypes provide an efficacious treatment for some movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Despite their efficacy in these and other central nervous system disorders, antimuscarinic therapy has limited utility due to severe adverse effects that often limit their tolerability by patients. Recent advances in understanding the roles that each mAChR subtype plays in disease pathology suggest that highly selective ligands for individual subtypes may underlie the antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy observed with the use of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics. Our recent work has indicated that the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has several important roles in opposing aberrant neurotransmitter release, intracellular signaling pathways, and brain circuits associated with movement disorders. This raises the possibility that selective antagonists of M4 may recapitulate the efficacy of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics and may decrease or eliminate the adverse effects associated with these drugs. However, this has not been directly tested due to lack of selective antagonists of M4. Here, we utilize genetic mAChR knockout animals in combination with nonselective mAChR antagonists to confirm that the M4 receptor activation is required for the locomotor-stimulating and antiparkinsonian efficacy in rodent models. We also report the synthesis, discovery, and characterization of the first-in-class selective M4 antagonists VU6013720, VU6021302, and VU6021625 and confirm that these optimized compounds have antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy in pharmacological and genetic models of movement disorders.
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Holter KM, Lekander AD, LaValley CM, Bedingham EG, Pierce BE, Sands LP, Lindsley CW, Jones CK, Gould RW. Partial mGlu 5 Negative Allosteric Modulator M-5MPEP Demonstrates Antidepressant-Like Effects on Sleep Without Affecting Cognition or Quantitative EEG. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:700822. [PMID: 34276300 PMCID: PMC8283128 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.700822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) demonstrate anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects yet concern regarding adverse effect liability remains. Functional coupling of mGlu5 with ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) represents a potential mechanism through which full inhibition leads to adverse effects, as NMDAR inhibition can induce cognitive impairments and psychotomimetic-like effects. Recent development of "partial" mGlu5 NAMs, characterized by submaximal but saturable levels of blockade, may represent a novel development approach to broaden the therapeutic index of mGlu5 NAMs. This study compared the partial mGlu5 NAM, M-5MPEP, with the full mGlu5 NAM, VU0424238 on sleep, cognition, and brain function alone and in combination with a subthreshold dose of the NMDAR antagonist, MK-801, using a paired-associates learning (PAL) cognition task and electroencephalography (EEG) in rats. M-5MPEP and VU0424238 decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increased REM sleep latency, both putative biomarkers of antidepressant-like activity. Neither compound alone affected accuracy, but 30 mg/kg VU0424238 combined with MK-801 decreased accuracy on the PAL task. Using quantitative EEG, VU0424238, but not M-5MPEP, prolonged arousal-related elevations in high gamma power, and, in combination, VU0424238 potentiated effects of MK-801 on high gamma power. Together, these studies further support a functional interaction between mGlu5 and NMDARs that may correspond with cognitive impairments. Present data support further development of partial mGlu5 NAMs given their potentially broader therapeutic index than full mGlu5 NAMs and use of EEG as a translational biomarker to titrate doses aligning with therapeutic versus adverse effects.
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Lindsley CW, Barrow J, Chibale K, Bolognesi ML, Conway S, Denny W, Ding K, Laufer S, Lai L, Liu H, Neamati N, Suzuki T, Meanwell N, Young W. Simplifying Submission Requirements for the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7877-7878. [PMID: 34128667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Spearing PK, Cho HP, Luscombe VB, Blobaum AL, Boutaud O, Engers DW, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Jeffrey Conn P, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. Discovery of a novel class of heteroaryl-pyrrolidinones as positive allosteric modulators of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128193. [PMID: 34118412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This Letter describes the synthesis and optimization of a series of heteroaryl-pyrrolidinone positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (mAChR M1). Through the continued optimization of M1 PAM tool compound VU0453595, with a focus on replacement of the 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one with a wide variety of alternative 4,5-dihydropyrrolo-fused heteroaromatics, the generation of M1 PAMs with structurally novel chemotypes is disclosed. Two compounds from these subseries, 8b (VU6005610) and 20a (VU6005852), show robust selectivity for the M1 mAChR, and no M1 agonism. Both compounds have favorable preliminary PK profiles in vitro;8b additionally demonstrates high brain exposure in a rodent IV cassette model.
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Walker LC, Huckstep KL, Chen NA, Hand LJ, Lindsley CW, Langmead CJ, Lawrence AJ. Muscarinic M 4 and M 5 receptors in the ventral subiculum differentially modulate alcohol seeking versus consumption in male alcohol-preferring rats. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3730-3746. [PMID: 33942300 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors mediate alcohol consumption and seeking in rats. While M4 and M5 receptors have recently been implicated to mediate these behaviours in the striatum, their role in other brain regions remain unknown. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ventral subiculum (vSub) both densely express M4 and M5 receptors and modulate alcohol-seeking, via their projections to the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In Indiana alcohol-preferring (iP) male rats, we examined Chrm4 (M4 ) and Chrm5 (M5 ) expression in the VTA and vSub following long-term alcohol consumption and abstinence using RT-qPCR. Using a combination of retrograde tracing and RNAscope, we examined the localisation of Chrm4 and Chrm5 on vSub cells that project to the AcbSh. Using selective allosteric modulators, we examined the functional role of M4 and M5 receptors within the vSub in alcohol consumption, context-induced alcohol-seeking, locomotor activity, and food/water consumption. KEY RESULTS Long-term alcohol and abstinence dysregulated the expression of genes for muscarinic receptors in the vSub, not in the VTA. Chrm4 was down-regulated following long-term alcohol and abstinence, while Chrm5 was up-regulated following long-term alcohol consumption. Consistent with these data, a positive allosteric modulator (VU0467154) of intra-vSub M4 receptors reduced context-induced alcohol-seeking, but not motivation for alcohol self-administration, while M5 receptor negative allosteric modulator (ML375) reduced initial motivation for alcohol self-administration, but not context-induced alcohol-seeking. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, our data highlight alcohol-induced cholinergic dysregulation in the vSub and distinct roles for M4 and M5 receptor allosteric modulators to reduce alcohol consumption or seeking.
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Kim K, Christov PP, Romaine I, Tian J, Jana S, Lamers AP, Dutter BF, Scaggs T, Jeon K, Guttentag B, Weaver CD, Lindsley CW, Waterson AG, Sulikowski GA. Ten-Year Retrospective of the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Chemical Synthesis Core. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:787-793. [PMID: 33877812 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis has been described as a central science. Its practice provides access to the chemical structures of known and/or designed function. In particular, human health is greatly impacted by synthesis that enables advancements in both basic science discoveries in chemical biology as well as translational research that can lead to new therapeutics. To support the chemical synthesis needs of investigators across campus, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology established a chemical synthesis core as part of its foundation in 2008. Provided in this Review are examples of synthetic products, known and designed, produced in the core over the past 10 years.
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Lindsley CW, Hooker JM, Liotta DC. Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due: Properly Citing Relevant Prior Art. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:669. [PMID: 34055203 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bogan CM, Kaczmarek JV, Pierce JM, Chen SC, Boyd KL, Calcutt MW, Bridges TM, Lindsley CW, Nadelmann JB, Liao A, Hsieh T, Abramson DH, Francis JH, Friedman DL, Richmond A, Daniels AB. Evaluation of intravitreal topotecan dose levels, toxicity and efficacy for retinoblastoma vitreous seeds: a preclinical and clinical study. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:288-296. [PMID: 33972235 PMCID: PMC8788260 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Current melphalan-based intravitreal regimens for retinoblastoma (RB) vitreous seeds cause retinal toxicity. We assessed the efficacy and toxicity of topotecan monotherapy compared with melphalan in our rabbit model and patient cohort. Methods Rabbit experiments: empiric pharmacokinetics were determined following topotecan injection. For topotecan (15 μg or 30 µg), melphalan (12.5 µg) or saline, toxicity was evaluated by serial electroretinography (ERG) and histopathology, and efficacy against vitreous seed xenografts was measured by tumour cell reduction and apoptosis induction. Patients: retrospective cohort study of 235 patients receiving 990 intravitreal injections of topotecan or melphalan. Results Intravitreal topotecan 30 µg (equals 60 µg in humans) achieved the IC90 across the rabbit vitreous. Three weekly topotecan injections (either 15 µg or 30 µg) caused no retinal toxicity in rabbits, whereas melphalan 12.5 µg (equals 25 µg in humans) reduced ERG amplitudes 42%–79%. Intravitreal topotecan 15 µg was equally effective to melphalan to treat WERI-Rb1 cell xenografts in rabbits (96% reduction for topotecan vs saline (p=0.004), 88% reduction for melphalan vs saline (p=0.004), topotecan vs melphalan, p=0.15). In our clinical study, patients received 881 monotherapy injections (48 topotecan, 833 melphalan). Patients receiving 20 µg or 30 µg topotecan demonstrated no significant ERG reductions; melphalan caused ERG reductions of 7.6 μV for every injection of 25 µg (p=0.03) or 30 µg (p<0.001). Most patients treated with intravitreal topotecan also received intravitreal melphalan at some point during their treatment course. Among those eyes treated exclusively with topotecan monotherapy, all eyes were salvaged. Conclusions Taken together, these experiments suggest that intravitreal topotecan monotherapy for the treatment of RB vitreous seeds is non-toxic and effective.
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Lindsley CW, Hooker JM, Liotta DC. Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due: Properly Citing Relevant Prior Art. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1465. [PMID: 33899459 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lindsley CW, Hooker JM, Liotta DC. Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due: Properly Citing Relevant Prior Art. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5225. [PMID: 33899467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xiang Z, Lv X, Lin X, O'Brien DE, Altman MK, Lindsley CW, Javitch JA, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Input-specific regulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex by mGlu 2/mGlu 4 receptor heterodimers. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/677/eabd2319. [PMID: 33824180 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that regulate various aspects of central nervous system processing in normal physiology and in disease. They are thought to function as disulfide-linked homodimers, but studies have suggested that mGluRs can form functional heterodimers in cell lines. Using selective allosteric ligands, ex vivo brain slice electrophysiology, and optogenetic approaches, we found that two mGluR subtypes-mGluR2 and mGluR4 (or mGlu2 and mGlu4)-exist as functional heterodimers that regulate excitatory transmission in a synapse-specific manner within the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Activation of mGlu2/mGlu4 heterodimers inhibited glutamatergic signaling at thalamo-mPFC synapses but not at hippocampus-mPFC or amygdala-mPFC synapses. These findings raise the possibility that selectively targeting these heterodimers could be a therapeutic strategy for some neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders involving specific brain circuits.
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Lindsley CW, Schwarz JB. The Philip S. Portoghese Journal of Medicinal Chemistry/Division of Medicinal Chemistry Joint Lectureship Awards. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2311. [PMID: 33650865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fisher NM, AlHashim A, Buch AB, Badivuku H, Samman MM, Weiss KM, Cestero GI, Does MD, Rook JM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Gogliotti RG, Niswender CM. A GRM7 mutation associated with developmental delay reduces mGlu7 expression and produces neurological phenotypes. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143324. [PMID: 33476302 PMCID: PMC7934925 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) is a G protein–coupled receptor that has been recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. This association is supported by the identification of GRM7 variants in patients with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and severe developmental delay. One GRM7 mutation previously reported in 2 patients results in a single amino acid change, I154T, within the mGlu7 ligand-binding domain. Here, we report 2 new patients with this mutation who present with severe developmental delay and epilepsy. Functional studies of the mGlu7-I154T mutant reveal that this substitution resulted in significant loss of mGlu7 protein expression in HEK293A cells and in mice. We show that this occurred posttranscriptionally at the level of protein expression and trafficking. Similar to mGlu7–global KO mice, mGlu7-I154T animals exhibited reduced motor coordination, deficits in contextual fear learning, and seizures. This provides functional evidence that a disease-associated mutation affecting the mGlu7 receptor was sufficient to cause neurological dysfunction in mice and further validates GRM7 as a disease-causing gene in the human population.
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Davis DC, Bungard JD, Chang S, Rodriguez AL, Blobaum AL, Boutaud O, Melancon BJ, Niswender CM, Jeffrey Conn P, Lindsley CW. Lead optimization of the VU0486321 series of mGlu 1 PAMs. Part 4: SAR reveals positive cooperativity across multiple mGlu receptor subtypes leading to subtype unselective PAMs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 32:127724. [PMID: 33253881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Further optimization of the VU0486321 series of highly selective and CNS-penetrant mGlu1 PAMs identified unique 'molecular switches' on the central aromatic ring that engendered positive cooperativity with multiple mGlu subtypes across the receptor family, resulting in compounds with comparable activity at Group I (mGlu1/5) and Group III (mGlu4/6/7/8) mGlu receptors, receptors. These exciting data suggests this PAM chemotype appears to bind to multiple mGlu receptors, and that subtype selectivity is dictated by the degree of cooperativity, not a subtype selective, unique allosteric binding site. Moreover, there is interesting therapeutic potential for mGlu1/4/7/8 PAMs, as well as the first report of a GPCR allosteric 'privileged structure'.
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Lindsley CW. 2021: A New Year and New Directions for the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1. [PMID: 33395295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khajehali E, Bradley S, van der Westhuizen ET, Molloy C, Valant C, Finlayson L, Lindsley CW, Sexton PM, Tobin AB, Christopoulos A. Restoring Agonist Function at a Chemogenetically Modified M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4270-4279. [PMID: 33196174 PMCID: PMC7616161 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) have been successfully employed to activate signaling pathways associated with specific muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes. The M1 DREADD mAChR displays minimal responsiveness to the endogenous agonist acetylcholine (ACh) but responds to clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), an otherwise pharmacologically inert ligand. We have previously shown that benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), an M1 mAChR positive allosteric modulator (PAM), can rescue ACh responsiveness at these receptors. However, whether this effect is chemotype specific or applies to next-generation M1 PAMs with distinct scaffolds is unknown. Here, we reveal that new M1 PAMs restore ACh function at the M1 DREADD while modulating ACh binding at the M1 wild-type mAChR. Importantly, we demonstrate that the modulation of ACh function by M1 PAMs is translated in vivo using transgenic M1 DREADD mice. Our data provide important insights into mechanisms that define allosteric ligand modulation of agonist affinity vs efficacy and how these effects play out in the regulation of in vivo responses.
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Lindsley CW. FAREWELL. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3995. [PMID: 33322908 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Prisinzano TE, Lindsley CW. NeuroChat with Professor Thomas E. Prisinzaro. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3993-3994. [PMID: 33322907 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Walker LC, Berizzi AE, Chen NA, Rueda P, Perreau VM, Huckstep K, Srisontiyakul J, Govitrapong P, Xiaojian J, Lindsley CW, Jones CK, Riddy DM, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ, Lawrence AJ. Acetylcholine Muscarinic M 4 Receptors as a Therapeutic Target for Alcohol Use Disorder: Converging Evidence From Humans and Rodents. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:898-909. [PMID: 32331824 PMCID: PMC11390032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major socioeconomic burden on society, and current pharmacotherapeutic treatment options are inadequate. Aberrant alcohol use and seeking alters frontostriatal function. METHODS We performed genome-wide RNA sequencing and subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and receptor binding validation in the caudate-putamen of human AUD samples to identify potential therapeutic targets. We then back-translated our top candidate targets into a rodent model of long-term alcohol consumption to assess concordance of molecular adaptations in the rat striatum. Finally, we adopted rat behavioral models of alcohol intake and seeking to validate a potential therapeutic target. RESULTS We found that G protein-coupled receptors were the top canonical pathway differentially regulated in individuals with AUD. The M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) was downregulated at the gene and protein levels in the putamen, but not in the caudate, of AUD samples. We found concordant downregulation of the M4 mAChR, specifically on dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons in the rat dorsolateral striatum. Systemic administration of the selective M4 mAChR positive allosteric modulator, VU0467154, reduced home cage and operant alcohol self-administration, motivation to obtain alcohol, and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Local microinjections of VU0467154 in the rat dorsolateral striatum reduced alcohol self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results identify the M4 mAChR as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AUD and the D1 receptor-positive medium spiny neurons in the dorsolateral striatum as a key site mediating the actions of M4 mAChR in relation to alcohol consumption and seeking.
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Lindsley CW. Welcome BACK to the DARK Side: DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience II. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Conley AC, Key AP, Blackford JU, Rook JM, Conn J, Lindsley CW, Jones CK, Newhouse PA. Cognitive performance effects following a single dose of the M
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muscarinic positive allosteric modulator VU319. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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