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Yan J, Zhang Z, Chen M, Lin T, Yuan K. How will Chinese cities reduce their carbon emissions? Evidence from spatial differences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:72461-72479. [PMID: 35610447 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban regions are the dominant carbon emitter in China. Although the role of urban regions is a crucial concern in peaking China's carbon emission in 2030 or earlier, there were little focus set to the driving factors among urban regions from spatial differences. To excavate more effective abatement strategies to China's cities, this paper improved the environmental Leontief and Ghosh input-output models and structural decomposition analysis to investigate the driving factors of the spatial differences in the CO2 emissions among four municipalities. The results released that the increasing enlarged spatial differences of CO2 emission were significant. In general, the spatial differences were dramatically influenced by the per capita final demand level from the demand perspective and the sectoral energy intensity from the supply perspective. In particular, the structural factors presented an increasingly critical role. Inspired by the results, the city level "common but distinct" policy implications were formulated.
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Zhao Z, Liu Q, Lan J, Li Y. Emission Characteristics of Air Pollutants and CO 2 from 11 Cities with Different Economic Development around the Bohai Sea in China from 2008-2017. TOXICS 2022; 10:547. [PMID: 36136512 PMCID: PMC9505806 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cities around the Bohai Sea are one of the main population cluster areas in China, which are characterized by high levels of sustainability performance and human capital, as well as resource-intensive industries. In this study, levels of economic development metrics and emissions of air pollutants (BC, CO, NH3, NOx, OC, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2) and CO2 across eleven cities around the Bohai Sea from 2008 to 2017 were compared to illustrate the potential relationships between air pollutants/carbon emissions and socioeconomic developments. Meanwhile, the associations between the levels of economic development metrics (GDP per capita), emissions, and energy use per GDP have also been examined. Large differences across these 11 cities presenting different economic development levels and energy consumption characteristics have been observed. Cities with development dependable on the consumption of fossil fuels and the development of resource-intensive industries have emitted large amounts of air pollutants and CO2. Furthermore, the emissions and energy use per GDP for all the cities follow environmental Kuznets curves. The comparison results suggested that the developing cities dependable on resource-intensive industries around the Bohai Sea would obtain greater socioeconomic benefits owing to the interregional cooperation policies under top-down socioeconomic development plans and bottom-up technology development, accompanied by reduced emissions of air pollutants and CO2.
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Hou Y, Liu X, Han G, Bai L, Li J, Wang Y. The Impacts of Nitrogen Pollution and Urbanization on the Carbon Dioxide Emission from Sewage-Draining River Networks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10296. [PMID: 36011931 PMCID: PMC9408182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from river water have sparked worldwide concerns due to supersaturate CO2 levels in the majority of global rivers, while the knowledge on the associations among nitrogen pollution, urbanization, and CO2 emissions is still limited. In this study, the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), carbon and nitrogen species, and water parameters in sewage-draining river networks were investigated. Extremely high pCO2 levels were observed in sewage and drainage river waters, such as Longfeng River, Beijing-drainage River, and Beitang-drainage River, which were approximately 4 times higher than the averaged pCO2 in worldwide rivers. Correlations of carbon/nitrogen species and pCO2 indicated that carbon dioxide in rural rivers and sewage waters primarily originated from soil aeration zones and biological processes of organic carbon/nitrogen input from drainage waters, while that in urban rivers and lakes was mainly dominated by organic matter degradation and biological respiration. Enhanced internal primary productivity played critical roles in absorbing CO2 by photosynthesis in some unsaturated pCO2 sampling sites. Additionally, higher pCO2 levels have been observed with higher NH4+-N and lower DO. CO2 fluxes in sewage waters exhibited extremely high levels compared with those of natural rivers. The results could provide implications for assessing CO2 emissions in diverse waters and fulfilling water management polices when considering water contamination under intense anthropogenic activities.
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Volume and rate of volcanic CO 2 emissions governed the severity of past environmental crises. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202039119. [PMID: 35878029 PMCID: PMC9351498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202039119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The emplacement of large igneous provinces (LIPs) has been linked to catastrophic mass extinctions in Earth's history, but some LIPs are only associated with less severe oceanic anoxic events, and others have negligible environmental effects. Although it is widely accepted that massive magma outpouring can affect the environment through volatile degassing, it remains debated what controls the severity of environmental crises. Here, we demonstrate that the second-most-voluminous Phanerozoic LIP, the Kerguelen LIP, may have contributed to the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a, a global event previously believed to have been caused by the Ontong Java LIP. Geochronological data show that the earliest eruptions of the Kerguelen LIP preceded the onset of oceanic anoxic event 1a by at least ∼5 million years. Analyses of CO2 abundances in melt inclusions combined with Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the volume and degassing rate of CO2 emissions from the Kerguelen LIP are an order of magnitude lower compared to LIPs that caused severe mass extinctions. We propose that the severity of volcanism-related environmental and biotic perturbations is positively correlated with the volume and rate of CO2 emissions. Our results highlight the significant importance of reducing and slowing down CO2 emission in preventing future disastrous environmental consequences.
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Li Y, Zhang C, Li S, Usman A. Energy efficiency and green innovation and its asymmetric impact on CO2 emission in China: a new perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47810-47817. [PMID: 35190980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green innovation undoubtedly plays a significant role in generating employment opportunities, improving green economic activity, and increasing environmental sustainability. This study scrutinizes the effect of energy efficiency and green innovation on CO2 emissions for China using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) from 1991 to 2019. Findings show that energy efficiency and green innovation contribute to reducing CO2 emissions in China. Energy efficiency and green innovation are also important nonlinear determinants of CO2 emissions. An increase in energy efficiency and green innovation lowers CO2 emissions, while a fall in energy efficiency and green innovation increases CO2 emissions in China in the long run. Some policy measures are suggested to attain carbon neutrality.
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Mohsin M, Naseem S, Sarfraz M, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Baig SA. Does energy use and economic growth allow for environmental sustainability? An empirical analysis of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52873-52884. [PMID: 35277816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of environmental pollution and the destruction of eco-systems force every individual economy to focus on environmentally friendly economic development. This research explores economic growth, energy use, foreign direct investment, agriculture, industrialization, and urban population growth with environmental sustainability proxied as CO2 emissions from 1971 to 2018. Econometric methods are employed for different purposes as the unit root for the stationary check. ARDL determines the long-run relationship, while the Decoupling Index examines the growing speed of variables and CO2 emissions, and VECM has been used for short- and long-run causalities. The study's findings confirm the long-run impact of all environmental pollution variables as ECM-1 is negatively significant. The short-run causality test shows CO2 emissions because of economic growth (GDP = > CO2 ≠ GDP), energy use (ENU = > CO2 ≠ ENU), and foreign direct investment (FDI = > CO2 ≠ FDI) at a 1% level. In contrast, CO2 emissions are not the Granger cause of GDP, ENU, and FDI. Economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment will increase CO2 emission, not vice versa. The study findings suggest that governments should move toward adopting green technology by implementation of green fiscal policies.
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Duan H, Dong X, Xie P, Chen S, Qin B, Dong Z, Yang W. Peaking Industrial CO 2 Emission in a Typical Heavy Industrial Region: From Multi-Industry and Multi-Energy Type Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137829. [PMID: 35805488 PMCID: PMC9266074 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peaking industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is critical for China to achieve its CO2 peaking target by 2030 since industrial sector is a major contributor to CO2 emissions. Heavy industrial regions consume plenty of fossil fuels and emit a large amount of CO2 emissions, which also have huge CO2 emissions reduction potential. It is significant to accurately forecast CO2 emission peak of industrial sector in heavy industrial regions from multi-industry and multi-energy type perspectives. This study incorporates 41 industries and 16 types of energy into the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) model to predict the CO2 emission peak of the industrial sector in Jilin Province, a typical heavy industrial region. Four scenarios including business-as-usual scenario (BAU), energy-saving scenario (ESS), energy-saving and low-carbon scenario (ELS) and low-carbon scenario (LCS) are set for simulating the future CO2 emission trends during 2018−2050. The method of variable control is utilized to explore the degree and the direction of influencing factors of CO2 emission in four scenarios. The results indicate that the peak value of CO2 emission in the four scenarios are 165.65 million tons (Mt), 156.80 Mt, 128.16 Mt, and 114.17 Mt in 2040, 2040, 2030 and 2020, respectively. Taking ELS as an example, the larger energy-intensive industries such as ferrous metal smelting will peak CO2 emission in 2025, and low energy industries such as automobile manufacturing will continue to develop rapidly. The influence degree of the four factors is as follows: industrial added value (1.27) > industrial structure (1.19) > energy intensity of each industry (1.12) > energy consumption types of each industry (1.02). Among the four factors, industrial value added is a positive factor for CO2 emission, and the rest are inhibitory ones. The study provides a reference for developing industrial CO2 emission reduction policies from multi-industry and multi-energy type perspectives in heavy industrial regions of developing countries.
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Carlassara L, Pastori G, Savi U, Cicciarella L, Giozzet M, Bandera A. [Home Hemodialysis: new organizational models to favor the economic and environmental sustainability in the province of Belluno]. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI NEFROLOGIA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI NEFROLOGIA 2022; 39:2022-vol3. [PMID: 35819040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is 7.05% in Italy. The replacement dialysis treatments determine greenhouse gas emissions thus contributing to climate change, an important source of risk to global health. Furthermore, the percentage of the Italian Gross Domestic Product destined to public health expenditure has progressively contracted. The province of Belluno has an area of 3610 km2, with a population density of 56 people/km2, an old age index of 248.5, and offers 4 dialysis centers; however, several patients take up to 8 hours/week to commute to the dialysis center, with a consequent significant environmental and economic impact. We have investigated the Home Hemodialysis (H-HD) models, both as Assisted Home Hemodialysis (AH-HD), and as Not-assisted Home Hemodialysis (NH-HD), to evaluate their environmental and economic sustainability, and the actual impact due to their adoption by 5 patients. Thanks to AH-HD it is possible a reduction up to 3767 kg of CO2 per year, and an economic saving of € 32 456 per year. Utilizing a NH-HD treatment, it is possible a reduction of 5330 kg of CO2 per year, and a reduction in annual healthcare costs up to € 30 156 per year. Furthermore, the adoption of H-HD treatment for 5 patients allowed an effective reduction of 14 537 kg of CO2 emitted and a net economic saving of € 57 975. Therefore, we consider H-HD methods a valid option for patients living in areas with low population density, where transports have a significant impact, allowing a net reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions and a considerable saving of the health resources.
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Synergic Benefits of Air Pollutant Reduction, CO 2 Emission Abatement, and Water Saving under the Goal of Achieving Carbon Emission Peak: The Case of Tangshan City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127145. [PMID: 35742389 PMCID: PMC9222741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to explore the synergic benefits of reducing air pollutants and CO2 and water consumption under the carbon emission peak (CEP) policies at a city level. Air pollutants and CO2 emissions are predicted by the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model, and the water consumption is forecast by the quota method. Two scenarios are constructed with the same policies, but to different degrees: the reference scenario achieves CEP in 2030, and the green and low carbon scenario achieves CEP in 2025. The prediction results show that air pollutant emissions, CO2 emissions, and water consumption can be obviously decreased by intensifying the CEP policies. The synergic abatement effect was illustrated by the synergic reduction curve. Accelerating the adjustment of economic structure saves the most water, reduces the greatest amount of CO2 emission, and also obtains the best synergic reduction capability between water consumption and CO2 emission. Transforming the traditionally long process of steelmaking toward a short electric process reduces the majority of PM2.5, SO2, and VOC emissions, while consuming more water. The study provides a new viewpoint to assess and optimize the CEP action plan at city levels.
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Amirkhani M, Ghaemimood S, von Schreeb J, El-Khatib Z, Yaya S. Extreme weather events and death based on temperature and CO 2 emission - A global retrospective study in 77 low-, middle- and high-income countries from 1999 to 2018. Prev Med Rep 2022; 28:101846. [PMID: 35669858 PMCID: PMC9163583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary of reported number of extreme weather events/associated deaths globally. Data from a humanitarian disaster database (77 countries, 425 events, 1999–2018). Number of deaths increased significantly with the repetition of extreme events. Mortality rate in heat season was 7 fold higher than that in cold/severe winter. Consistent reporting measures, is needed, from severe weather-related events.
Due to rising temperatures and CO2 emissions, climate change has become one of the most important global issues. We described the relationship between extreme weather-related events and death, globally, from 1999 through 2018. We used data from the emergency events database of the Université Catholique de Louvain. We also categorized the countries’ income according to the World Bank GDP and we used the CO2 emission levels data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center to link the GDP and CO2 emissions to years of extreme weather conditions in each country. We conducted descriptive and Poisson Regression analysis to analyze the data. A total of 77 countries reported 425 extreme weather-related events from1999 through 2018. Mortality related events were highest in middle-income countries due to severe winter conditions (N = 2,020) and cold-waves (N = 70,972). The total number of recorded deaths due to heat waves was highest in high-income countries (N = 84,344). Furthermore, the number of deaths in high-income countries, compared to low-income countries, was five-fold higher (IRR 5.18; 95%CI 4.58; 5.85, p < 0.001). The mortality rate in heat season was almost seven-fold higher than that in cold/severe winter (IRR 33.43; 95%CI 32.85; 34.02, p < 0.001). The number of deaths increased significantly with the repetition of extreme events (IRR 6.82; 95%CI 6.68; 6.96, p < 0.001). We found the number of deaths increased in high-income countries, and this was associated with an increase in the number of times extreme events occurred per year and with heat wave.
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86
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Xu C, Chen Q. The driving factors and future changes of CO 2 emission in China's nonferrous metal industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45730-45750. [PMID: 35147888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an energy-intensive industry in China, it is critical to promote energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in the nonferrous metal industry (NMI). This study first applies the Tapio decoupling model to explore the relationships between the industrial output and CO2 emission in China's NMI. Then, the Generalized Divisia Index Model (GDIM) is adopted to uncover the factors driving the changes in CO2 emission from 2000 to 2019, and based on the decomposition results, scenario analysis is used to predict potential CO2 emission during 2021-2035. The results show that (1) the CO2 emission in China's NMI increases by 397.93 million tons (Mt) during 2000-2019, and the decoupling state between the industrial output and CO2 emission is characterized by the weak decoupling status; (2) overall, the output scale is the dominant factor promoting the CO2 emissions increase, followed by the investment scale and energy consumption scale, while the carbon intensity of output and the carbon intensity of investment are the two most important abatement factors; (3) the scenario analysis indicates that the CO2 emission from NMI will peak around 2030 under the low-carbon scenario while 2026 under the enhanced low-carbon scenario. Policy suggestions are further put forward for carbon emission reduction in China's NMI.
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Fabregat-Aibar L, Niñerola A, Pié L. Computable general equilibrium models for sustainable development: past and future. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38972-38984. [PMID: 35303228 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Computable general equilibrium models (CGE) are used to estimate the ex-ante quantitative impact of a change in economic policy. There is a bulk of research in the field of sustainable development applying it for testing implementation of carbon taxation, analyzing reductions of greenhouse gas (GHG), or addressing agricultural issues to work the land efficiently. The main objective of this review is to provide an exhaustive analysis of the literature about these models and their evolution over the last 50 years. The search was conducted in the main academic databases (Scopus and Web of Science), where 1353 articles were found from 1966 to 2019 related to the topic. The results of the descriptives, relational, and content analyses carried out show the current state of the-art, trends, subfields of research, and future gaps to fulfill. This article contributes to the literature that uses CGE models providing an overview of its different applications in the field of sustainability. It gives useful insights to academics who want to further research the field.
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Tao R, Hu J, Chu G. Nitrapyrin Addition Mitigated CO 2 Emission from a Calcareous Soil Was Closely Associated with Its Effect on Decreasing Cellulolytic Fungal Community Diversity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5299-5309. [PMID: 35452238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Application of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) has been widely used to inhibit nitrification and reduce N2O emissions. However, the impacts of NI addition on soil carbon transformation and carbon-degrading microbial communities have not been well explored. Here, a microcosm experiment was carried out, and four treatments were designed: (i) unfertilized control, (ii) urea alone, (iii) urea plus cattle manure, and (iv) urea plus cattle manure with nitrapyrin. The influence of nitrapyrin on soil CO2 emissions, carbon-degrading extracellular enzyme activities, and the abundance and diversity of the cbhI community was investigated. Compared to the treatment of urea plus cattle manure, nitrapyrin significantly decreased cumulative CO2 emissions by 51.8%. Moreover, cbhI community gene copies and their α-diversities (P < 0.05) were also significantly reduced by nitrapyrin application. A partial least squares path model showed that CO2 emission was positively associated with cbhI community α-diversity but negatively associated with nitrapyrin addition. We conclude that the mitigation of soil CO2 emissions by nitrapyrin can be ascribed to its effects on decreasing of cellulose-degrading gene community diversity. Our findings provide new insights into the side-effects of nitrapyrin on abating CO2 emission.
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Gul A, Xiumin W, Chandio AA, Rehman A, Siyal SA, Asare I. Tracking the effect of climatic and non-climatic elements on rice production in Pakistan using the ARDL approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31886-31900. [PMID: 35013971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effect of climatic and non-climatic factors on rice production by employing an annual time series data from the period of 1970 to 2018. The study employed an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) approach, and the long-term equilibrium linkages between the variables have been discovered. Additionally, the study also used a regression model to determine the robustness for the authentication of results. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR) methods, and the VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) technique confirmed the long-run causal relationships amid the variables. The empirical results further revealed that climatic factors including annual temperature negatively affect the rice crop production, while carbon dioxide emission positively influenced via long-run. Similarly, non-climatic factors like area under rice crop, fertilizer consumption, labor force, and water availability affect the rice production positively in the long-run analysis. Finally, the pairwise Granger causality test revealed that both climatic and non-climatic variables had a substantial impact on rice yield in Pakistan. Based on the study's findings, the government and policy makers should formulate alleviation polices to tackle with harsh effects of climate change and consistent adoption of measures to secure overall agricultural production including rice crop because it is a country stable food.
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90
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Liu D. Convergence of energy carbon emission efficiency: evidence from manufacturing sub-sectors in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31133-31147. [PMID: 35006565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With China's economy entering the stage of high-quality development, manufacturing energy carbon emission efficiency has become the focus of academic attention. It is of great significance to study the convergence of manufacturing energy carbon emission efficiency for realizing high-quality development of manufacturing in China. Based on the panel data of China's manufacturing sub-sectors, this paper measures and analyzes the evolution trend of manufacturing energy carbon emission and its efficiency. On this basis, this paper uses the coefficient of variation and convergence model to test the convergence of manufacturing energy carbon emission efficiency. The results show that China's manufacturing energy carbon emissions and its efficiency demonstrate an increasing trend. Coal was the main source of manufacturing energy carbon emissions. The manufacturing energy carbon emission efficiency does not have σ convergence, but has [Formula: see text] convergence, and its convergence has industry heterogeneity. The manufacturing energy carbon emission efficiency exits scale effect and technology effect, but not the effect of opening to the outside world and institutional effect, and its effect exists industry heterogeneity. By reducing carbon emissions, adopting differentiated policies, adjusting the industry scale, and enhancing the industry technology intensity, China's manufacturing can improve the energy carbon emission efficiency and promote high-quality economic development.
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Wang X, Qin B, Wang H, Dong X, Duan H. Carbon Mitigation Pathways of Urban Transportation under Cold Climatic Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084570. [PMID: 35457437 PMCID: PMC9026331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate heterogeneity has enormous impacts on CO2 emissions of the transportation sector, especially in cold regions where the demand for in-car heating and anti-skid measures leads to high energy consumption, and the penetration rate of electric vehicles is low. It entails to propose targeted emission reduction measures in cold regions for peaking CO2 emissions as soon as possible. This paper constructs an integrated long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP) model that incorporates multi-transportation modes and multi-energy types to predict the CO2 emission trend of the urban transportation sector in a typical cold province of China. Five scenarios are set based on distinct level emission control for simulating the future trends during 2017–2050. The results indicate that the peak value is 704.7–742.1 thousand metric tons (TMT), and the peak time is 2023–2035. Energy-saving–low-carbon scenario (ELS) is the optimal scenario with the peak value of 716.6 TMT in 2028. Energy intensity plays a dominant role in increasing CO2 emissions of the urban transportation sector. Under ELS, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 68.66%, 6.56% and 1.38% through decreasing energy intensity, increasing the proportion of public transportation and reducing the proportion of fossil fuels, respectively. Simultaneously, this study provides practical reference for other cold regions to formulate CO2 reduction roadmaps.
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Verma K, Pandey J. Collateral implications of carbon and metal pollution on carbon dioxide emission at land-water interface of the Ganga River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24203-24218. [PMID: 34822092 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 source and sink is among the most debated issues that have puzzled climate change geochemist for decades. Here, we tested whether heavy metal pollutants in river sediments favor preservation of organic matter through shielding microbial degradation. We measured CO2 emission and extracellular enzyme activities at land-water interface (LWI) of 7 sites along a 285 km main stem of the Ganga River and 60 locations up- and downstream of two contrasting point sources discharging urban (Assi drain; Asdr) and industrial (Ramnagar drain; Rmdr) wastewaters to the river. We found the lowest CO2 flux at Rmdr mouth characterized by the highest concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd. The fluxes were relatively higher at locations up- and downstream Rmdr. Substrate induced respiration (SIR), protease, FDAase, and β-D-glucosidase all showed a similar trend, but phenol oxidase and alkaline phosphatase showed opposite trend at the main river stem and Asdr. Sites rich in terrestrially derived organic matter have high phenol oxidase activity with low CO2 emission. The CO2 emission in the main river stem showed curvilinear relationships with total heavy metals (∑THM; R2 = 0.68; p < 0.001) and TOC (R2 = 0.65; p < 0.001). The dynamic fit model of main stem data showed that the ∑THM above 337.4 µg g-1 were able to significantly decrease the activities of protease, FDAase, and β-D-glucosidase. The study has implications for understanding C-cycling in human-impacted river sediments where metal pollution shields microbial degradation consequently carbon and nutrient release and merits attention towards river management decisions.
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Hussain MN, Li Z, Sattar A. Effects of urbanization and nonrenewable energy on carbon emission in Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25078-25092. [PMID: 34837625 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of urbanization and nonrenewable energy consumption on carbon emissions. The context of the analysis is 54 African Union countries from 1996 to 2019. For estimation, we use panel quantile regression (PQR) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). Our regression results demonstrate that there is a positive correlation between urbanization and CO2 emission. Further, our empirical results confirmed that nonrenewable energy consumption increases environmental pollution in African Union countries. The outcomes demonstrate the EKC hypothesis because at the initial stage of development, when economic growth increases, environmental pollution increases; after a threshold point, environmental pollution decreases as economic growth increases. It can find an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission. The findings also show that urbanization should be planned; otherwise, it can lead to environmental degradation in the long run. Africa continent takes strict action and builds a blueprint for efficient and effective energy production and consumption. The only solution to achieve green growth in Africa is to shift from fossil fuel energy supply to renewable energy supply.
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94
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Sarfraz M, Mohsin M, Naseem S. A blessing in disguise: new insights on the effect of COVID-19 on the carbon emission, climate change, and sustainable environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29651-29662. [PMID: 34993782 PMCID: PMC8736295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a pandemic, has affected greenhouse gas emissions and contributed to the uncertainty of environmental activities. This study demonstrates the effect of lockdowns, the number of new confirmed cases, and the number of newly confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 on CO2 emissions. The data series used are for the UK from 23 March 2020 to 31 December 2020 and for Spain from 14 March 2020 to 31 December 2020. This research adopted the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test for a stationarity check of the data series, the Johansen cointegration test for determining cointegration among variables, and the vector error correction model (VEC) Granger causality test for directional cause and effect between exogenous and endogenous variables. The VEC model shows a bidirectional relationship between CO2 emissions and lockdown and a unidirectional relationship with newly confirmed cases and deaths for the UK. The results of Spain confirmed the unidirectional relationship of CO2 emissions, lockdown, new confirmed cases, and deaths. The Granger causality test reconfirms the relationship of variables except for newly confirmed deaths for the UK and newly confirmed cases for Spain. Conclusively, the pandemic breakout reduced the emission of CO2. The directional relation of variables supported the short-run relationship of CO2 emissions with newly confirmed cases and deaths, while a long- and short-run relationship was shown with lockdown. The directional and relational behavior of lockdown potentially linked the CO2 emissions with daily life activities.
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95
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Waste Originating from the Cleaning of Flue Gases from the Combustion of Industrial Wastes as a Lime Partial Replacement in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072576. [PMID: 35407906 PMCID: PMC9000008 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to study the suitability of partial replacement of lime by waste originating from the cleaning of flue gases from the combustion of industrial wastes in the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The compressive strength, bulk density, pore structure, phase composition, and microstructure of hydration products of the AAC were analyzed. According to the results, the addition of the waste can effectively enhance the mechanical properties of AAC due to the differences in morphology of hydration product—1.1 nm tobermorite and related dense microstructure. The pore size distribution was significantly influenced by waste addition, which was one of the main reasons for the increase in thermal conductivity. The XRD and SEM results showed that foreign ions introduced with the wastes affect the synthesis of 1.1 nm tobermorite. Moreover, it was shown that waste containing a high content of CaO can be used as lime replacement, which allows reducing CO2 emissions during the AAC production process.
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96
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Environmental Impact of Surgical Masks Consumption in Italy Due to COVID-19 Pandemic. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062046. [PMID: 35329499 PMCID: PMC8949017 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic suddenly changed the lifestyle of billions of people. Face masks became indispensable to protect from the contagion providing a significant environmental impact. The aim of this work is to propose possible solutions to decrease masks’ impact on the environment. For this reason, different masks (surgical and fabric) were considered, and the CO2 emissions associated with the mask materials production were calculated. Carbon Footprint (CF) for each material composing the masks was evaluated through the database Ces Selector 2019. The software Qgis (version 2.18.20) allows us to elaborate the CO2 emissions maps for each Italian region. Finally, for surgical masks, which are often imported from abroad, the CF related to transport was considered. It results that fabric masks are a sustainable solution to prevent contagion. The total CO2 emission associated with the use of fabric masks from the beginning of the pandemic (March 2020) to December 2021 resulted in about 7 kton compared to 350 kton for surgical masks.
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97
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Hu Y, Qiu Y, Chen J, Hao L, Rufford TE, Rudolph V, Wang G. Integrating a Top-Gas Recycling and CO 2 Electrolysis Process for H 2-Rich Gas Injection and Reduce CO 2 Emissions from an Ironmaking Blast Furnace. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062008. [PMID: 35329460 PMCID: PMC8953265 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introducing CO2 electrochemical conversion technology to the iron-making blast furnace not only reduces CO2 emissions, but also produces H2 as a byproduct that can be used as an auxiliary reductant to further decrease carbon consumption and emissions. With adequate H2 supply to the blast furnace, the injection of H2 is limited because of the disadvantageous thermodynamic characteristics of the H2 reduction reaction in the blast furnace. This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of H2 behaviour at different stages with the thermal requirement consideration of an iron-making blast furnace. The effect of injecting CO2 lean top gas and CO2 conversion products H2–CO gas through the raceway and/or shaft tuyeres are investigated under different operating conditions. H2 utilisation efficiency and corresponding injection volume are studied by considering different reduction stages. The relationship between H2 injection and coke rate is established. Injecting 7.9–10.9 m3/tHM of H2 saved 1 kg/tHM coke rate, depending on injection position. Compared with the traditional blast furnace, injecting 80 m3/tHM of H2 with a medium oxygen enrichment rate (9%) and integrating CO2 capture and conversion reduces CO2 emissions from 534 to 278 m3/tHM. However, increasing the hydrogen injection amount causes this iron-making process to consume more energy than a traditional blast furnace does.
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98
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Rehman A, Ma H, Ozturk I, Ulucak R. Sustainable development and pollution: the effects of CO 2 emission on population growth, food production, economic development, and energy consumption in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17319-17330. [PMID: 34661835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Population growth has been a leading driver of global CO2 emissions over the last several decades. CO2 emission and greenhouse gas emissions are a key issue in the world that affects food production and also causes the climate change. The core purpose of this study was to inspect the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, food production, economic growth, livestock and energy utilization in Pakistan. The STIRPAT (Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology) model with the extension of an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method was utilized to demonstrate the linkage amid variables. Outcomes during short-run investigation reveal that variables population growth, economic growth, rural population growth, livestock production uncovered a productive association with CO2 emission. Furthermore, via long-run population growth, economic growth, rural population growth, livestock production and energy utilization have positive interaction with CO2 emission, while the variables food production and urban population growth demonstrated an adverse influence to CO2 emission during long- and short-run interaction. Similarly, the error correction model exposed that population growth, economic progress, livestock and energy utilization have constructive interaction to CO2 emission, while the variables food production, urban and rural population growth exposed an adverse impact to CO2 emission. On the basis of this analysis, we will address the strategic consequences.
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Liu N, Hong C, Sohail MT. Does financial inclusion and education limit CO2 emissions in China? A new perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18452-18459. [PMID: 34687414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
China is the second-largest economy in the world after the USA and the largest contributor of CO2 emissions in the globe followed by the USA. In this study, we have included two factors that could affect the CO2 emissions in China i.e. financial inclusion and education. Five different proxies of financial inclusion have been estimated through the ARDL technique and four of them have confirmed the favorable impact of financial inclusion on the environmental quality in China. Similarly, the role of education proved to be beneficial in reducing CO2 emissions in China. Among the control variables, GDP and population also exerted a negative impact on CO2 emissions, whereas, the research and development activities encourage carbon emissions. Our findings suggest that financial inclusion and education can play an important role in the fight against global warming. Funds should be transferred to those firms, businesses, and individuals who are involved in eco-innovations. Government should try to educate people on the environment and the harmful effects of global warming. Knowledge helps to build up technology that is more energy-efficient; hence, innovation through knowledge should be promoted to fortify the positive impacts of education on the eco-system.
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100
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Kaya Aydin G, Aydin U. Is there any convergence in the CO 2 emission efficiency of airlines? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17811-17820. [PMID: 34676474 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the CO2 emission efficiency of airlines in the years 2011 and 2018 by using the Atmosfair Airline Index. This index gives reliable results since it encompasses data from more than 100 airlines and considers important variables in the calculation of CO2 emissions. Firstly, we investigate the regional differences and the effect of the share of government ownership in the CO2 emission efficiency of airlines. These factors have not been taken into account in other studies by using such a comprehensive index. Secondly, by utilizing the Barro and Sala-i Martin model that is commonly used to examine the regional income convergence model in economics, we also check whether there is a convergence in the CO2 emission efficiency of airlines or not. As a result, in terms of efficiency growth, we find that airlines in Europe are more successful compared to airlines from other regions. Furthermore, increases in the share of government ownership in airlines negatively affect the CO2 emission efficiency in Asia, whereas it is insignificant in Europe and America. Moreover, there is no convergence in the CO2 emission efficiency of airlines from all regions. This shows that low-efficient airlines are not catching up with high-efficient airlines. Lastly, we find that charter airlines are more efficient in terms of CO2 emissions.
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