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Ding Y, Zhao L, Liu Y, Sun J, Pi Y, Shao JH. Effects of protein aggregation induced by NaCl and temperature on gelation of silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) pupa raw powder. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126679. [PMID: 37666404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects have great potential for producing protein-rich ingredients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of protein aggregation induced by NaCl (0-1 M) and temperature (65-95 °C) on gelation of Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi) pupa raw powder. No thermal aggregates were observed at low temperature (65 °C), on the basis of there being no significant enhancement in turbidity and particle size (P > 0.05), regardless of NaCl concentrations. At elevated temperatures (75-95 °C), protein solutions exhibited significantly higher turbidity and particle size (P < 0.05), accompanied by an initial rise in surface hydrophobicity followed by a decline, alongside declining sulfhydryl. This marks the beginning of massive thermal aggregation driven by molecular forces. In addition, covalent (disulfide bonds) and non-covalent (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobicity) forces were influenced by NaCl, leading to variability in the protein aggregation and gelation. Correlation analysis indicates that the higher protein aggregation induced by ions was beneficial to the construction of more compact three-dimensional structures, as well as to the rheology, texture, and water-holding capacity of A. pernyi pupa gels. However, excessive salt ions destroyed the gel structure. Our findings will aid the use of A. pernyi pupae as textural ingredients in formula foods.
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Tang J, Lu J, Zhang C, Zhang D, Yu S, Fang F, Naing ZL, Soe ET, Ding Z, Liang G. Reduced expression of the P-glycoprotein gene HaABCB1 is linked to resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin but not Cry2Ab toxin in Helicoverpa armigera. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127668. [PMID: 37884238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of pest resistance to Bt insecticidal proteins presents a serious threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. The cotton bollworm has been extensively exposed to Bt cotton worldwide and has evolved resistance in laboratory and field. Previous studies have highlighted the significant roles played by the ABC transporter proteins in Bt resistance. In this study, the ORF of HaABCB1 was cloned and analyzed. The expression of HaABCB1 was detected in all developmental stages and tissues, with the highest expression in third instar larvae stage and hindgut tissue. Compared with susceptible strain, a remarkable decrease of HaABCB1 expression in Cry1Ac resistant strain while no significant change in Cry2Ab resistant strain were found. The HaABCB1 expression reduced after susceptible larvae induced by Cry1Ac, but no obvious expression changes after Cry2Ab exposure. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of HaABCB1 could lead to a significant reduction in larval susceptibility to Cry1Ac, but not to Cry2Ab, in susceptible strain. Genetic linkage analysis confirmed that decreased expression of the HaABCB1 mediates resistance to Cry1Ac, but not Cry2Ab resistance. This knowledge contributes to better understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying Bt resistance and provide theoretical foundation for the development of new strategies for pest resistance management.
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Wang C, Guo Y, Li H, Chen P. [Analyzing the evolution of insect TMED gene and the expression pattern of silkworm TMED gene]. SHENG WU GONG CHENG XUE BAO = CHINESE JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 39:4996-5013. [PMID: 38147997 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.230251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane emp24 domain (TMED) gene is closely related to immune response, signal transduction, growth and disease development in mammals. However, only the Drosophila TMED gene has been reported on insects. We identified the TMED family genes of silkworm, Tribolium castaneum, tobacco moth and Italian bee from their genomes, and found that the TMED family gene composition patterns of one α-class, one β-class, one δ-class and several γ-classes arose in the common ancestor of pre-divergent Hymenoptera insects, while the composition of Drosophila TMED family members has evolved in a unique pattern. Insect TMED family γ-class genes have evolved rapidly, diverging into three separate subclasses, TMED6-like, TMED5-like and TMED3-like. The TMED5-like gene was lost in Hymenoptera, duplicated in the ancestors of Lepidoptera and duplicated in Drosophila. Insect TMED protein not only has typical structural characteristics of TMED, but also has obvious signal peptide. There are seven TMED genes in silkworm, distributed in six chromosomes. One of seven is single exon and others are multi-exons. The complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences of seven TMED genes of silkworm were cloned from larval tissues and registered in GenBank database. BmTMED1, BmTMED2 and BmTMED6 were expressed in all stages and tissues of the silkworm, and all genes were expressed in the 4th and 5th instar and silk gland of the silkworm. The present study revealed the composition pattern of TMED family members, their γ class differentiation and their evolutionary history, providing a basis for further studies on TMED genes in silkworm and other insects.
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Xia X, Wang Q, Gurr GM, Vasseur L, Han S, You M. Gut bacteria mediated adaptation of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, to secondary metabolites of host plants. mSystems 2023; 8:e0082623. [PMID: 37909778 PMCID: PMC10734469 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00826-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this study, we identify an important role of gut bacteria in mediating the adaptation of diamondback moth (DBM) to plant secondary metabolites. We demonstrate that kaempferol's presence in radish seedlings greatly reduces the fitness of DBM with depleted gut biota. Reinstatement of gut biota, particularly Enterobacter sp. EbPXG5, improved insect performance by degrading kaempferol. This bacterium was common in the larval gut of DBM, lining the epithelium as a protective film. Our work highlights the role of symbiotic bacteria in insect herbivore adaptation to plant defenses and provides a practical and mechanistic framework for developing a more comprehensive understanding of insect-gut microbe-host plant co-evolution.
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Babczyńska A, Rost-Roszkowska M, Kafel A, Łozowski B, Augustyniak M, Tarnawska M. Adaptation by death? Cell death-based tolerance to cadmium in 150-generation exposure of Spodoptera exiqua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:1057-1070. [PMID: 37804089 PMCID: PMC10724025 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms, including autophagy and apoptosis, which serve to regulate and ensure proper organism functions under optimal conditions, play additional defensive roles under environmental pressure. The aim of this study was to test the following hypotheses: (i) elevated autophagy and apoptosis intensity levels, as defensive processes in response to contact with cadmium, are maintained for a limited number of generations and (ii) the number of generations after which levels of cell death processes reach the reference level depends on selective pressure. Cell death processes were assessed by light and transmission electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL), and cytometric analyses. Model insects (Spodoptera exiqua, Hübner, 1808) were orally exposed to various concentrations of cadmium for 18 generations and compared with reference strains exposed to cadmium or not (control) for over 150 generations. Elevated programmed cell death intensity levels decreased after several generations, indicating tolerance of individuals to cadmium in the diet and verifying the first hypothesis; however, testing the second hypothesis indicated that the number of generations depended not only on pressure intensity, but also on cell death type, since levels of autophagy remained increased for a minimum of 12 generations.
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Mo BT, Guo H, Li GC, Cao LL, Gong XL, Huang LQ, Wang CZ. Discovery of Insect Attractants Based on the Functional Analyses of Female-Biased Odorant Receptors and Their Orthologs in Two Closely Related Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19408-19421. [PMID: 38039319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction plays an instrumental role in host plant selection by phytophagous insects. Helicoverpa assulta and Helicoverpa armigera are two closely related moth species with different host plant ranges. In this study, we first comparatively analyzed the function of 11 female-biased odorant receptors (ORs) and their orthologs in the two species by the Drosophila T1 neuron expression system and then examined the electroantennography responses of the two species to the most effective OR ligands. Behavioral assays using a Y-tube olfactometer indicate that guaiene, the primary ligand of HassOR21-2 and HarmOR21-2, only attracts the females, while benzyl acetone, the main ligand of HassOR35 and HarmOR35, attracts both sexes of the two species. Oviposition preference experiments further confirm that guaiene and benzyl acetone are potent oviposition attractants for the mated females of both species. These findings deepen our understanding of the olfactory coding mechanisms of host plant selection in herbivorous insects and provide valuable attractants for managing pest populations.
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Kryukova NA, Kryukov VY, Polenogova OV, Chertkova ЕА, Tyurin MV, Rotskaya UN, Alikina T, Kabilov МR, Glupov VV. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia (Rickettsiales) alters larval metabolism of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22053. [PMID: 37695720 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Infection of intestinal tissues with Wolbachia has been found in Habrobracon hebetor. There are not many studies on the relationship between Habrobracon and Wolbachia, and they focus predominantly on the sex index of an infected parasitoid, its fertility, and behavior. The actual role of Wolbachia in the biology of Habrobracon is not yet clear. The method of complete eradication of Wolbachia in the parasitoid was developed here, and effects of the endosymbiont on the host's digestive metabolism were compared between two lines of the parasitoid (Wolbachia-positive and Wolbachia-negative). In the gut of Wolbachia+ larvae, lipases' activity was higher almost twofold, and activities of acid proteases, esterases, and trehalase were 1.5-fold greater than those in the Wolbachia- line. Analyses of larval homogenates revealed that Wolbachia+ larvae accumulate significantly more lipids and have a lower amount of pyruvate as compared to Wolbachia- larvae. The presented results indicate significant effects of the intracellular symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia on the metabolism of H. hebetor larvae and on the activity of its digestive enzymes.
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Hu H, Yin X, Pang S, Jiang Y, Weng Q, Hu Q, Wang J. Mechanism of destruxin a inhibits juvenile hormone binding protein transporting juvenile hormone to affect insect growth. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105654. [PMID: 38072529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Destruxin A, a non-ribosomal peptide toxin produced by Metarhizium, exhibits potent insecticidal activity by targeting various tissues, organs, and cells of insects. Our previous research has revealed that DA possesses the ability to bind to multiple proteins. In this study, we aimed to identify the most sensitive binding proteins of DA and investigate the physiological processes in which DA regulated. Through RNAi technology, we screened 22 binding proteins of DA in silkworm hemolymph. Among them, the juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP), a hormone transport protein crucial for growth and development regulation, exhibited the highest sensitivity to DA. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that DA could inhibit the body weight gain of silkworm larvae, accelerate the pupation occurrence, and modulate the content of free juvenile hormone (JH) in the hemolymph. We also observed that DA could induce conformational changes in both the JHBP and the JHBP-JH binding complex. Notably, at low dosage, DA influenced the binding of JHBP to JH, while at high dosage, it irreversibly affected the binding of JHBP to JH. Molecular docking and point-mutant experiments suggested that DA might affect the N-arm of JHBP, which is responsible for JH binding. Additionally, we discovered that JHBP is widely distributed in various tissues of the silkworm, including the epidermis, gut, fat body, Malpighian tubule, gonad, muscle, trachea, and hemocyte. This study provides novel insights into the insecticidal mechanism of DA and enhances our understanding of the pathogenic process of Metarhizium.
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Zhu Y, Kong L, Wang X, Xu J, Qian X, Yang Y, Xu Z, Zhu KY. Rolling circle transcription: A new system to produce RNA microspheres for improving RNAi efficiency in an agriculturally important lepidopteran pest (Mythimna separate). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105680. [PMID: 38072537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
We applied a new RNA interference (RNAi) system using rolling circle transcription (RCT) technology to generate RNA microspheres (RMS) for targeting two key chitin synthetic pathway genes [chitin synthase A (CHSA), chitin synthase B (CHSB)] in the larvae of the oriental armyworm (Mythimna separate), a RNAi-unsusceptible agriculturally important lepidopteran pest. Feeding the third-instar larvae with the RMS-CHSA- or RMS-CHSB-treated corn leaf discs suppressed the expression of CHSA by 81.7% or CHSB by 88.1%, respectively, at 72 h. The silencing of CHSA consequently affected the larval development, including the reduced body weight (54.0%) and length (41.3%), as evaluated on the 7th day, and caused significant larval mortalities (51.1%) as evaluated on the 14th day. Similar results were obtained with the larvae fed RMS-CHSB. We also compared RNAi efficiencies among different strategies: 1) two multi-target RMS [i.e., RMS-(CHSA + CHSB), RMS-CHSA + RMS-CHSB], and 2) multi-target RMS and single-target RMS (i.e., either RMS-CHSA or RMS-CHSB) and found no significant differences in RNAi efficiency. By using Cy3-labeled RMS, we confirmed that RMS can be rapidly internalized into Sf9 cells (<6 h). The rapid cellular uptake of RMS accompanied with significant RNAi efficiency through larval feeding suggests that the RCT-based RNAi system can be readily applied to study the gene functions and further developed as bio-pesticides for insect pest management. Additionally, our new RNAi system takes the advantage of the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNAi pathway using miRNA duplexes generated in vivo from the RMS by the target insect. The system can be used for RNAi in a wide range of insect species, including lepidopteran insects which often exhibit extremely low RNAi efficiency using other RNAi approaches.
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85
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Gan C, Zhang Z, Jin Z, Wang F, Fabrick JA, Wu Y. Helicoverpa armigera ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA2 is a functional receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ab toxin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105658. [PMID: 38072533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline (Cry) proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used in transgenic crops to control important insect pests. Bt crops have many benefits compared with traditional broad-spectrum insecticides, including improved pest control with reduced negative impacts on off-target organisms and fewer environmental consequences. Transgenic corn and cotton producing Cry2Ab Bt toxin are used globally to control several major lepidopteran pests, including the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Resistance to the Cry2Ab toxin and to Bt crops producing Cry2Ab is associated with mutations in the midgut ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA2 gene in several lepidopterans. Gene-editing knockout has further shown that ABCA2 plays an important functional role in Cry2Ab intoxication. However, the precise role of ABCA2 in the mode of action of Cry2Ab has yet to be reported. Here, we used two in vitro expression systems to study the roles of the H. armigera ABCA2 (HaABCA2) protein in Cry2Ab intoxication. Cry2Ab bound to cultured Sf9 insect cells producing HaABCA2, resulting in specific and dose-dependent susceptibility to Cry2Ab. In contrast, Sf9 cells expressing recombinant mutant proteins missing at least one of the extracellular loop regions 1, 3, 4, and 6 or the intracellular loop containing nucleotide-binding domain 1 lost susceptibility to Cry2Ab, indicating these regions are important for receptor function. Consistent with these results, Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing recombinant HaABCA2 showed strong ion membrane flux in the presence of Cry2Ab, suggesting that HaABCA2 is involved in promoting pore formation during Cry2Ab intoxication. Together with previously published data, our results support HaABCA2 being an important receptor of Cry2Ab where it functions to promote intoxication in H. armigera.
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Li L, Zuo Y, Shi Y, Yang Y, Wu Y. Overexpression of the F116V allele of CYP9A186 in transgenic Helicoverpa armigera confers high-level resistance to emamectin benzoate. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 163:104042. [PMID: 38030045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Insect cytochrome P450s play important roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics and the metabolic resistance to insecticides. However, the approach for in vivo validation of the contribution of specific candidate P450s to resistance is still limited in most non-model insect species. Previous studies with heterologous expression and in vitro functional assays have confirmed that a natural substitution (F116V) in the substrate recognition site 1 (SRS1) of the CYP9A186 of Spodoptera exigua is a gain-of-function mutation, which results in detoxification capability of and thus high-level resistance to both emamectin benzoate (EB) and abamectin. In this study, we established an effective piggyBac-based transformation system in the serious agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera and overexpressed in vivo a resistance P450 allele, CYP9A186-F116V, from another lepidopteran pest Spodoptera exigua. Bioassays showed that transgenic H. armigera larvae expressing CYP9A186-F116V obtained 358-fold and 38.6-fold resistance to EB and abamectin, respectively. In contrast, a transgenic line of Drosophila melanogaster overexpressing this P450 variant only confers ∼20-fold resistance to the two insecticides. This bias towards the resistance level revealed that closely related species might provide a more appropriate cellular environment for gene expression and subsequent toxicokinetics of insecticides. These results not only present an alternative method for in vivo functional characterization of P450s in H. armigera and other phylogenetically close species but also provide a valuable genetic engineering toolkit for the genetic manipulation of H. armigera.
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Li H, Hong X, Zeng F, Bai C. Identification and expression profiles of olfactory-related genes based on transcriptome analysis in Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22061. [PMID: 37905450 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The sophisticated olfactory system of insects is plays a critical role in detecting chemical signals and guiding insect behaviors, such as selecting mates, finding hosts, evading predators, and discovering oviposition sites. Therefore, exploring and clarifying the molecular processes of this system is crucial for developing new insecticides or efficient pest control methods. Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is a disruptive insect pest damaging the stored grains over the world. However, the olfactory processes of P. interpunctella remain unclear. Herein, we employed a transcriptome analysis to identify olfactory and differentially expressed genes to characterize their expression patterns in different developmental stages and antennal tissue. Subsequently, a total of 172 potential olfactory-related genes included 42 odorant-binding proteins, 12 chemosensory proteins, 51 odorant receptors, 13 gustatory receptors, three sensory neuron membrane proteins, and 51 ionotropic receptors. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and BLASTx best-hit analyses showed that these olfactory genes were closely linked with those identified in other lepidopterans. Transcriptome analysis revealed 49 differentially expressed olfactory-related genes, and a semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that 11 olfactory genes were particularly expressed in the legs and wings of female P. interpunctella. Meanwhile, PintOBP29 was notably expressed in female antennae and legs. Genes with high expression levels in the abdomen showed high expression in the legs, but low expression in the antennae. Our findings provide the candidate genetic factors for analysis of the olfactory processes in P. interpunctella.
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Yin NN, Yao YJ, Liang YL, Wang ZQ, Li YH, Liu NY. Functional characterization of four antenna-biased chemosensory proteins in Dioryctria abietella reveals a broadly tuned olfactory DabiCSP1 and its key residues in ligand-binding. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105678. [PMID: 38072535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of the oligophagous cone-feeding moth Dioryctria abietella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to host plants primarily relies on olfactory-related proteins, particularly those candidates highly expressed in antennae. Here, through a combination of expression profile, ligand-binding assay, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis strategies, we characterized the chemosensory protein (CSP) gene family in D. abietella. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed the detectable expression of all 22 DabiCSPs in the antennae, of which seven genes were significantly enriched in this tissue. In addition, the majority of the genes (19/22 relatives) had the expression in at least one reproductive tissue. In the interactions of four antenna-dominant DabiCSPs and different chemical classes, DabiCSP1 was broadly tuned to 27 plant-derived odors, three man-made insecticides and one herbicide with high affinities (Ki < 6.60 μM). By contrast, three other DabiCSPs (DabiCSP4, CSP6 and CSP17) exhibited a narrow odor binding spectrum, in response to six compounds for each protein. Our mutation analyses combined with molecular docking simulations and binding assays further identified four key residues (Tyr25, Thr26, Ile65 and Val69) in the interactions of DabiCSP1 and ligands, of which binding abilities of this protein to 12, 15, 16 and three compounds were significantly decreased compared to the wildtype protein, respectively. Our study reveals different odor binding spectra of four DabiCSPs enriched in antennae and identifies key residues responsible for the binding of DabiCSP1 and potentially active compounds for the control of this pest.
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Gao X, Zhang J, Qin Q, Wu P, Zhang H, Meng Q. Metabolic changes during larval-pupal metamorphosis of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1663-1676. [PMID: 37200210 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is essential for insect metamorphosis. The accumulation and utilization of energy is still not completely clear during larval-pupal metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. We used metabolome and transcriptome analysis to reveal key metabolic changes in the fat body and plasma and the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism of Helicoverpa armigera, an important global agricultural insect pest, during larval-pupal metamorphosis. During the feeding stage, activation of aerobic glycolysis provided intermediate metabolites and energy for cell proliferation and lipid synthesis. During the non-feeding stages (the initiation of the wandering stage and the prepupal stage), aerobic glycolysis was suppressed, while, triglyceride degradation was activated in the fat body. The blocking of metabolic pathways in the fat body was probably caused by 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced cell apoptosis. 20-hydroxyecdysone cooperated with carnitine to promote the degradation of triglycerides and the accumulation of acylcarnitines in the hemolymph, allowing rapid transportation and supply of lipids from the fat body to other organs, which provided a valuable reference for revealing the metabolic regulation mechanism of lepidopteran larvae during the last instar. Carnitine and acylcarnitines are first reported to be key factors that mediate the degradation and utilization of lipids during larval-pupal metamorphosis of lepidopteran insects.
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Al-Danoon O, Mohanty S. Backbone and side chain NMR assignments and secondary structure calculation of the pheromone binding protein3 of Ostrinia nubilalis, an agricultural pest. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:223-227. [PMID: 37498448 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Ostrinia nubilalis, also known as European Corn Borer (ECB), is a serious pest in Europe and North America, as well as in Central Asia and Northern Africa. It damages a variety of agricultural crops such as corn, oats, buckwheat, millet, and soybeans. causing annually at least one billion dollars in loss. The Ostrinia nubilalis pheromone-binding protein3 (OnubPBP3), preferentially expressed in the male moth antenna, has been implicated in the detection of the female-secreted pheromone blend during the mating process. Understanding the structure of and function of OnubPBP3, including the mechanism of pheromone binding and its release at the dendritic olfactory neuron (ORN), is essential if integrated pest management through sensory inhibition is to be achieved. We report here the backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of OnubPBP3 at pH 6.5 using various triple resonance NMR experiments on a 13C, 15N-labeled protein sample. The secondary structure of OnubPBP3 consists of six α-helices and an unstructured C-terminus based on backbone chemical shifts.
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91
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de Fouchier A, Fruitet E, Lievers R, Kuperus P, Emerson J, Gould F, Heckel DG, Groot AT. Lipases and carboxylesterases affect moth sex pheromone compounds involved in interspecific mate recognition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7505. [PMID: 37980401 PMCID: PMC10657362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Moth sex pheromones are a classical model for studying sexual selection. Females typically produce a species-specific pheromone blend that attracts males. Revealing the enzymes involved in the interspecific variation in blend composition is key for understanding the evolution of these sexual communication systems. The nature of the enzymes involved in the variation of acetate esters, which are prominent compounds in moth pheromone blends, remains unclear. We identify enzymes involved in acetate degradation using two closely related moth species: Heliothis (Chloridea) subflexa and H. (C.) virescens, which have different quantities of acetate esters in their sex pheromone. Through comparative transcriptomic analyses and CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts, we show that two lipases and two esterases from H. virescens reduce the levels of pheromone acetate esters when expressed in H. subflexa females. Together, our results show that lipases and carboxylesterases are involved in tuning Lepidoptera pheromones composition.
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Grčić A, Ilijin L, Filipović A, Matić D, Mrdaković M, Todorović D, Vlahović M, Perić-Mataruga V. Digestive enzyme activity and macromolecule content in the hemolymph of differentially adapted Lymantria dispar L. populations after short-term increases in ambient temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116461. [PMID: 37343759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Global, unpredictable temperature increases have strong effects on all organisms, especially insects. Elucidating the effects of short-term temperature increases on midgut digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase, lipase, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase - LAP) and metabolic macromolecules in the hemolymph (proteins, lipids, and trehalose) of phytophagous pest larvae of Lymantria dispar is important for general considerations of insect adaptation to a warming climate and potential pest control options. We also wanted to determine whether the different adaptations of L. dispar populations to environmental pollution might affect their ability to cope with heat stress using larvae from the undisturbed, Kosmaj forest and disturbed, Lipovica forest. Heat treatments at 28 °C increased α-glucosidase activity in both larval populations, inhibited LAP activity in larvae from the polluted forest, and had no significant effect on trypsin and lipase activities, regardless of larval origin. The concentration of proteins, lipids, and trehalose in the hemolymph of larvae from the disturbed forest increased, whereas the population from the undisturbed forest showed only an increase in proteins and lipids after the heat treatments. Larval mass was also increased in larvae from the undisturbed forest. Our results suggest a higher sensitivity of digestive enzymes and metabolism to short-term heat stress in L. dispar populations adapted to pollution in their forest habitat, although climate warming is not beneficial even for populations from unpolluted forests. The digestive and metabolic processes of L. dispar larvae are substantially affected by sublethal short-term increases in ambient temperature.
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93
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Yan ZW, Chen FY, Zhang X, Cai WJ, Chen CY, Liu J, Wu MN, Liu NJ, Ma B, Wang MY, Chao DY, Gao CJ, Mao YB. Endocytosis-mediated entry of a caterpillar effector into plants is countered by Jasmonate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6551. [PMID: 37848424 PMCID: PMC10582130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects and pathogens release effectors into plant cells to weaken the host defense or immune response. While the imports of some bacterial and fungal effectors into plants have been previously characterized, the mechanisms of how caterpillar effectors enter plant cells remain a mystery. Using live cell imaging and real-time protein tracking, we show that HARP1, an effector from the oral secretions of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), enters plant cells via protein-mediated endocytosis. The entry of HARP1 into a plant cell depends on its interaction with vesicle trafficking components including CTL1, PATL2, and TET8. The plant defense hormone jasmonate (JA) restricts HARP1 import by inhibiting endocytosis and HARP1 loading into endosomes. Combined with the previous report that HARP1 inhibits JA signaling output in host plants, it unveils that the effector and JA establish a defense and counter-defense loop reflecting the robust arms race between plants and insects.
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Trisyono YA, Aryuwandari VEF, Rahayu T, Martinelli S, Head GP, Parimi S, Camacho LR. Baseline Susceptibility of the Field Populations of Ostrinia furnacalis in Indonesia to the Proteins Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 of Bacillus thuringiensis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:602. [PMID: 37888633 PMCID: PMC10610637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified MON 89034 corn (Zea mays L.) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins, viz. Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2, is a biotechnological option being considered for the management of the major corn pest in Indonesia, the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)). As a part of a proactive resistance-management program for MON 89034 corn in Indonesia, we assessed the baseline susceptibility of field-collected populations of O. furnacalis to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins. Dose-response bioassays using the diet-dipping method indicated that the lethal concentration (LC50) values of Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 in 24 different field populations of O. furnacalis ranged from 0.006 to 0.401 µg/mL and from 0.044 to 4.490 µg/mL, respectively, while the LC95 values ranged from 0.069 to 15.233 µg/mL for Cry1A.105 and from 3.320 to 277.584 µg/mL for Cry2Ab2. The relative resistance ratios comparing the most tolerant field populations and an unselected laboratory population were 6.0 for Cry1A.105 and 2.0 for Cry2Ab2 based on their LC50 values. Some field populations were more susceptible to both proteins than the unselected laboratory population. The LC99 and its 95% fiducial limits across the field populations were calculated and proposed as candidate diagnostic concentrations. These data provide a basis for resistance monitoring in Bt Corn and further support building resistance-management strategies in Indonesia.
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95
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Yang G, Wang Y, Zhou C, Li Y, Gu Y, Li Z, Xu Z, Cheng J, Xu X. Discovery of Novel Diamides Scaffold Containing Monofluoro-acrylamides Activating the Insect Ryanodine Receptor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14137-14150. [PMID: 37733789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The research and development of organofluorine chemistry has flourished; in particular, monofluoroalkene has aroused considerable interest from medicinal and organic chemists. It is a significant attempt to introduce monofluoroalkene into agrochemicals. In this study, monofluoroalkene was introduced into diamide molecules and inserted between the aliphatic amide and benzene ring, and 44 compounds have been successfully synthesized. The bioassay results showed that compounds with monofluoro-acrylamide moiety (Z-isomers) had excellent larvicidal activity against lepidopteran pests at 5 mg·L-1. The LC50 values of compounds B16, B18, and B21 against Mythimna separata were 1.02, 1.32, and 0.78 mg·L-1, respectively. 3D-QSAR analysis including the CoMFA model and the CoMSIA model was conducted to illustrate the contributions of steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond fields on the bioactivity. Moreover, typical symptoms caused by chlorantraniliprole including dehydration, shrinkage, and blackening were also observed on the test larvae treated with monofluoro-acrylamide diamide compounds. M. separata central neurons calcium imaging experiment of compound B18 indicated that the monofluoro-acrylamide diamide compounds were potential insect ryanodine receptor activators. The molecular docking was performed in the CHL binding domain of Plutella xylostella RyR and revealed that the predicted binding mode of compound B21 was slightly different from that of CHL. The MM|GBSA dG Bind values of B21 and CHL with P. xylostella RyR were respectively -85.797 and -95.641 kcal·mol-1. The present work explored the insecticidal properties of a new diamide scaffold containing a monofluoro-acrylamide fragment and extended the application of monofluoroalkene in the agrochemical field.
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Borovsky D, Rougé P. Heliothis virescens chymotrypsin is translationally controlled by AeaTMOF binding ABC putative receptor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:1-24. [PMID: 37526204 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Heliothis virescens larval chymotrypsin (GenBank accession number AF43709) was cloned, sequenced and its three dimensional (3D) conformation modeled. The enzyme's transcript was first detected 6 days after larval emergence and the transcript level was shown to fall between larval ecdysis periods. Comparisons between the activities of larval gut chymotrypsin and trypsin shows that chymotrypsin activity is only 16% of the total trypsin activity and the pH optimum of the larval chymotrypsin is between pH 9-10, however the enzyme also exhibited a broad activity between pH 4-6. Injections of AeaTMOF and several shorter analogues into 3rd instar larvae followed by Northern blot analyses showed that although the chymotrypsins activities were inhibited by 60%-80% the transcript level of the sequenced chymotrypsin was not reduced and was similar to controls in which the chymotrypsin activity was not inhibited, indicating that AeaTMOF and its analogues exert a translational control. Based on these observations a putative AeaTMOF receptor (ABCC4) homologous to the Ae. aegypti ABC receptor sequence was found in the H. virescens genome. 3D molecular modeling and docking of the AeaTMOF and several of its analogues to the ABCC4 receptor showed that it can bind AeaTMOF and its analogues as was shown before for the Ae. aegypti receptor.
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Zheng W, Ma H, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Liu J, Zhang C, Liu Z, Zhou X. Knockout of tyramine receptor 1 results in a decrease of oviposition, mating, and sex pheromone biosynthesis in female Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3903-3912. [PMID: 37229578 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mating and oviposition are essential and closely coordinated events in the reproduction of moths. Although tyramine, a biogenic amine, can affect insect reproduction by binding its receptors, the specific regulatory mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. RESULTS Plutella xylostella mutant with tyramine receptor 1 (TAR1) knockout (homozygous mutant with 7-bp deletion, Mut7) was developed by the CRISPR/Cas9 system to investigate the effect of TAR1 knockout on the reproduction of the moth. Compared with wild-type (WT), the egg yield of Mut7 female (Mut7F ) was significantly lower, no significant difference was observed in the egg size and hatching ratio between the groups. Further analysis showed that TAR1 knockout adversely affected ovary development, characterized by shorter ovarioles and fewer mature oocyte. Additionally, TAR1 knockout significantly reduced the occurrence of mating, resulting in a decrease in egg yield in Mut7F . The amounts of sex pheromones were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed that the amounts of sex pheromone released by Mut7F were significantly lower before mating. Correspondingly, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of sex pheromone biosynthesis enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and desaturase (DES), were significantly lower in the Mut7F pheromone gland. The decreased sex pheromone biosynthesis in Mut7F , especially before re-mating, may be related to the underexpression of pheromone biosynthesis-activated neuropeptide (PBAN). CONCLUSION Overall, this study investigated the effect of PxTAR1 on oviposition and mating of P. xylostella. We report for the first time that TAR1 knockout could reduce the sex pheromone biosynthesis. These findings provide insights for developing a novel integrated pest control strategy based on mating interference. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Li Q, Shi J, Huang C, Guo J, Hellmich RL, He K, Wang Z. Roles of Ear Injury, Infestation, and Vector Activity by Ostrinia furnacalis (Asian Corn Borer) and Conogethes punctiferalis (Yellow Peach Moth) in Fusarium verticillioides Infection and Kernel Fumonisin Level. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1867-1875. [PMID: 37156741 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0421-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the roles of two corn borers, Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis and yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis, in Fusarium verticillioides infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. Effects of insect injury, manual injury, and insecticide application on fumonisin production also were assessed. In this study, third instars of ACB and YPM significantly increased GFP-tagged F. verticillioides infection compared with the control, regardless of the fungal inoculation method. Besides acquiring F. verticillioides spores from leaf surfaces and transmitting them to ears, larvae of the ACB and YPM also injure maize ears, which allows F. verticillioides from leaves or silk to infect ears more easily. This suggests that ACB and YPM larvae are vectors of F. verticillioides, which can increase the occurrence of ear rot. Manual injuries significantly increased GFP-tagged F. verticillioides infection of ears, while effective insect control significantly reduced F. verticillioides infection of ears. Insecticide control of borers also significantly reduced fumonisin content in kernels. Larval infestations significantly increased fumonisins in kernels to levels higher than or very close to the European Union threshold (4,000 μg kg-1). Significant and high correlations among corn borer attack, F. verticillioides severity, and kernel fumonisin levels were discovered, confirming the important role of ACB and YPM activity in F. verticillioides infection and kernel fumonisin production.
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Yao G, Han S, Wen Y, Xiao Y, Zhao C, Xu H. Design, synthesis, insecticidal activities and translocation of amino acid-tralopyril conjugates as vectorizing agrochemicals. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4018-4024. [PMID: 37278576 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugating amino acid moieties to active ingredients has been recognized as an effective method for improving the precise targeting of the active form to the specific site. Based on the vectorization strategy, a series of amino acid-tralopyril conjugates were designed and synthesized as novel proinsecticide candidates, with the potential capability of root uptake and translocation to the foliage of crops. RESULTS Bioassay results showed excellent insecticidal activities of some conjugates, in particular, the conjugates 6b, 6e, and 7e, against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), with equivalent insecticidal activity to chlorfenapyr (CFP). Importantly, conjugate 6e exhibited significantly higher in vivo insecticidal activity against P. xylostella than CFP. Furthermore, the systemic test experiments with Brassica chinensis demonstrated that conjugates 6e and 7e could be transported to the leaves, in contrast to CFP, which remained in the root. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility of amino acid fragment conjugation as a vectorization strategy for transporting non-systemic insecticides into the leaves of B. chinensis while maintaining in vivo insecticidal activity. The findings also provide insights for subsequent mechanism studies on the uptake and transport of amino acid-insecticide conjugates in plants. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Iwański B, Andrejko M. Changes in the apolipophorin III in Galleria mellonella larvae treated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104536. [PMID: 37414244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have demonstrated a correlation in time between changes in the amount of apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) in the fat body and hemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (exoA). An increase in the amount of apoLp-III was detected 1-8 h after the challenge; then, a temporary decrease was observed after 15 h followed by an increase in the level of apoLp-III, however to a different extent. The profile of apoLp-III forms in the hemolymph, hemocytes, and fat body of the exoA-challenged larvae was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with anti-apoLp-III antibodies. Two apoLp-III forms differing in isoelectric point values estimated at ∼ 6.5 and ∼ 6.1 in the hemolymph and ∼ 6.5 and ∼ 5.9 in the hemocytes as well as one isoform with pI ∼ 6.5 in the fat body with an additional apoLp-III-derived polypeptide with estimated pI ∼ 6.9 were detected in the control insects. The injection of exoA caused a significant decrease in the abundance of both apoLp-III isoforms in the insect hemolymph. In the hemocytes, a decrease in the amount of the pI ∼ 5.9 isoform was detected, while the major apoLp-III isoform (pI ∼ 6.5) remained unchanged. In addition, appearance of an additional apoLp-III-derived polypeptide with an estimated pI ∼ 5.2 was observed. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of the main isoform in the fat body between the control and exoA-challenged insects, but the polypeptide with pI ∼ 6.9 disappeared completely. It should be noted that the decrease in the amount of apoLp-III and other proteins was especially noticeable at the time points when exoA was detected in the studied tissues.
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