Nutrient removal using anaerobically fermented leachate of food waste in the BNR process

Nutrients removal efficiencies highly depend on the presence of biodegradable organic carbon in the biological nutrient removal (BNR) process but most domestic wastewater in Korea has shown a low C/N ratio and has a small amount of biodegradable COD (chemical oxygen demand). On the other hand, about 11,577 tons of food waste that contains a lot of organic material has been produced in Korea per day. The feasibility and applicability of anaerobically fermented leachate of food waste (AFLFW) as an external carbon source was examined in the laboratory-scale BNR process at different operation conditions with synthetic wastewater and domestic sewage. As the addition of AFLFW increased, the average removal efficiencies of SCOD, T-N, T-P changed from 96%, 60%, and 2% to 90%, 77%, and 67%, respectively. From anoxic nitrate utilization tests, it was observed that once the readily biodegradable COD (especially VFAs) was depleted, the denitrification rate reduced from 8.2 mg NO3-N/g VSS/hr to 0.7 mg NO3-N/g VSS/hr. From the molecular size distribution test, it was concluded that about 60% of soluble COD in effluent, which was considered to originate from AFLFW, had a large molecular size (> 30 kDa) that was not used by microorganisms.

Effects of ferric ion on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment

Bioleaching is one of the promising procedures for removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments. The advantages of this biotechnology are that it is easy, efficient, less costly and friendly to the environment. However, the principal disadvantage of this process is its slow kinetics in metal solubilization, which may limit practical application of the bioleaching process. In order to enhance the rate and efficiency of metal solubilization, the ferric ion was used as a catalytic agent in the bioleaching process. It was found that the sediment pH apparently decreased in the bioleaching after addition of ferric ion. The metal solubilization increased quickly after the addition of ferric ion. The rate of metal solubilization was enhanced by the addition of ferric ion, especially for Cr and Pb. An increase in the amount of ferric ion added increased the final efficiency of metal solubilization. The highest final efficiency of metal solubilization was obtained in the bioleaching with 1 g/L of ferric ion. Besides, the growth of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was not affected by addition of ferric ion in the bioleaching. It was concluded that the kinetics of metal solubilization were enhanced by addition of ferric ion in the bioleaching process.

Self perceived work related stress and the relation with salivary IgA and lysozyme among emergency department nurses

AIMS

To assess and compare the self perceived work related stress among emergency department (ED) and general ward (GW) nurses, and to investigate its relation with salivary IgA and lysozyme.

METHODS

One hundred and thirty two of 208 (63.5%) registered female ED and GW nurses participated in the study. A modified mental health professional stress scale (PSS) was used to measure self perceived stress. ELISA methods were used to determine the salivary IgA and lysozyme levels.

RESULTS

On PSS, ED nurses had higher scores (mean 1.51) than GW nurses (1.30). The scores of PSS subscales such as organisational structure and processes (OS), lack of resources (RES), and conflict with other professionals (COF) were higher in ED than in GW nurses. ED nurses had lower secretion rates of IgA (geometric mean (GM) 49.1 micro g/min) and lysozyme (GM 20.0 micro g/min) than GW nurses (68.2 micro g/min, 30.5 micro g/min). Significant correlations were observed between PSS and log IgA and lysozyme secretion rates. OS, RES, and COF were correlated with log IgA and lysozyme levels.

CONCLUSION

ED nurses, who reported a higher level of professional stress, showed significantly lower secretion rates of salivary IgA and lysozyme compared to GW nurses. Salivary IgA and lysozyme were inversely correlated with self perceived work related stress. As these salivary biomarkers are reflective of the mucosal immunity, results support the inverse relation between stress and mucosal immunity.

Mitochondrial targeting drug lonidamine triggered apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant HepG2 cells

Mitochondria play a crucial role in the induction and execution of apoptosis. Accordingly, recent suggestions have been made to use agents that directly act on mitochondria to trigger apoptosis so that drug-sensitive and-resistant tumour cells can be eliminated. To test this hypothesis, human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 and its derivative R-HepG2 with doxorubicin (Dox) resistance as a result of expression of P-glycoprotein were used to investigate the effect of lonidamine (LND), a new mitochondrial targeting drug, on the induction of apoptosis. Results from our study indicate that R-HepG2 cells were more sensitive to LND than parental cells in terms of cytotoxicity determined by alamar blue assay. Cell death induced by LND was associated with the hallmarks of apoptosis such as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, release of cytochrome c, phosphatidyl-serine externalization and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, combined treatment of cells with Dox and LND elicited more cell death. Taken together, our results suggest a potential use of LND as an anti-cancer drug to bypass drug resistance and to trigger tumour destruction through apoptosis in HepG2 and R-HepG2 cells.

Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis with subdural effusion: a case report

Haemophilus influenzae type b causes invasive infection in children under 2 years of age. The disease may be complicated with hearing impairment, lowered learning ability, and other neurologic sequelae. The incidence of invasive H. influenzae type b has declined dramatically after the introduction of routine administration of protein-conjugated H. influenzae type b vaccine in the United States and some other countries. Because of its low incidence in Taiwan, many clinicians are not familiar with the initial symptoms and management of H. influenzae type b. This case report describes a 7-month-old H. influenzae type b meningitis patient who had initial presentations of prolonged intermittent fever and vague neurologic signs. Left peripheral facial palsy with hearing loss in left ear and bilateral frontal subdural effusion developed during the first 5 days of cefotaxime therapy. Betamethasone was then given for 4 days to relieve the severe inflammation. Drug-induced fever was observed after 11 days of antibiotic use and subsided with prednisolone treatment. Left ear hearing impairment persisted during the follow-up period, but the children did not experience other significant development delay.

Clinical features of atypical Kawasaki disease

From 1989 through 1998, a total of 132 children admitted to the National Taiwan University Hospital were identified as having Kawasaki disease. Twenty (15%) of them did not meet the diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki disease, but were considered atypical Kawasaki based on the specific clinical signs and exclusion of other causes by serologic study and culture result. The patients' age ranged from 5 months to 11 years, with a mean of 22.2 months and a median of 15 months. The male to female ratio was 1.9:1. Twenty-five percent (5/20) of them had coronary arterial lesion. No difference was found in the age distribution, sex, and rate of coronary artery involvement between typical and atypical Kawasaki disease. All patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin except for 2 patients. At follow-up, patients with coronary arterial lesions had a prognosis as good as those with typical Kawasaki disease. According to these observations, atypical Kawasaki disease may be part of Kawasaki disease occurring via the same pathogenesis, but has incomplete manifestation. Clinical practitioners should have a high index of suspicion to diagnose and initiate prompt treatment to reduce the comorbidity of coronary arterial disease in patients with atypical Kawasaki disease.

Methods of the National Check Bus Project

OBJECTIVES

Prevention at the worksite is considered increasingly important. This paper describes the methods used in a nationwide prevention campaign performed at a large Swiss bank and a Swiss industrial company. The aim of this project was to encourage general health awareness among company employees. We also aimed to provide the companies with general health analyses of their staff as a basis for future health promotion. Furthermore, new screening methods were evaluated in the field of research.

METHODS

Participation in the programme was voluntary and free of charge. The programme targeted all 25,243 employees of the two companies in all regions of Switzerland. A mobile unit was available on site. The programme included a written health questionnaire and medical examinations (e.g., blood pressure, blood tests, ultrasound of the common carotid artery, osteodensitometry, examinations of the eye, etc). Analysis of individual test results, information brochures, and a telephone information service were also provided. Based on the data of the individuals, the "health status" of the employees of the two companies was analysed. The companies did not have access to the data of the individuals. The programme ran from August 1996 to August 1998.

RESULTS

With a total of 10,321 persons taking part in the project, the participation rate was 41%. For the different examinations offered, patterns of participation were identifiable that varied with age, hierarchical status within the concern, body mass index, and number of physical complaints of the employee. Some of the variables showed the same trend for different tests, while others showed opposite trends.

CONCLUSIONS

Participation in worksite health promotion programmes is dependent on a complex system of individual and structural variables that need to be considered when planning worksite health promotion programmes. Consideration of specific target population characteristics, including motivations and incentives as well as structural constraints is likely to improve participation rates in worksite health promotion programmes among employees.

Effects of restricted feeding, low-energy diet, and implantation of trenbolone acetate plus estradiol on growth, carcass traits, and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in finishing barrows

Effects of restricted feeding (80% ad libitum), feeding a low-energy diet containing 84% DE (2.95 Mcal/kg) of the control diet, and implantation of Revalor H (140 mg trenbolone acetate plus 14 mg estradiol-17beta) on growth, carcass traits, and serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGFbinding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were studied in crossbred finishing barrows beginning from 59 +/- 0.9 kg of body weight. Blood samples were taken every 3 wk and the animals were slaughtered at approximately 105 kg body weight. Restricted feeding caused a decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG; feeding the low-energy diet was effective in reducing backfat thickness but decreased gain:feed; the implantation caused a decrease in ADG, feed intake, and backfat thickness and increased gain:feed. Overall pork quality based on pH, drip loss, and the lightness in color of longissimus muscle was not affected by any of the treatments. Serum IGF-I concentration increased following the implantation but did not change (P > 0.05) due to other treatments. Immunoreactive IGFBP-3 concentration was not changed by any of the treatments. Overall ADG was positively correlated with early-stage (d 21) IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations only in unimplanted barrows, whereas backfat thickness was negatively correlated with d-42 IGF-I concentration in all but unimplanted barrows with ad libitum intake. A strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) between IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations was apparent with increasing age of the animals. Results suggest that growth rate and backfat thickness are decreased by a moderate restriction of feed or energy intake with no accompanying changes in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and that the beneficial effect of Revalor H implantation on feed efficiency may be mediated, in part, by IGF-I. Moreover, both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations may be useful as growth indices in pigs.

Novel anaerobic process for the recovery of methane and compost from food waste

Multi-step sequential batch two-phase anaerobic composting (MUSTAC) process was used to recover methane and composted material from food waste. The MUSTAC process consists of five leaching beds for hydrolysis, acidification and post-treatment, and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methane recovery. This process involves the combined methods of sequential batch operation and two-phase anaerobic digestion for simple operation and high efficiency. Rumen microorganisms are inoculated due to their enhanced cellulolytic activity. Each leaching bed is operated in a sequential batch mode. Five leaching beds are operated in a multi-step mode with a two-day interval between degradation stages. Acidified products in the leachate from the leaching beds are converted to methane in the UASB reactor. The MUSTAC process demonstrated that it was capable of removing 84.9% of volatile solids (VS) and converting 85.6% of biochemical methane potential (BMP) into methane at 10.9 kg VS/m3 x d in 10 days. Methane gas production rate was 2.31 m3/m3 x d. The output from the post-treatment of residues in the same leaching bed without troublesome moving met the Korean regulation on compost, indicating that it could be used for soil amendment.

Formation of protoberberine-type alkaloids by the tubers of somatic embryo-derived plants of Corydalis yanhusuo

The effects of 0.5 - 5 mg/l abscisic acid [ABA], 0.5 - 10 mg/l (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol [paclobutrazol] and 0.5 - 2 mg/l alpha-cyclopropyl-alpha-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol [ancymidol], 0.5 - 5 mg/l gibberellic acid [GA(3)] and 15 - 100 mg/l polyethylene glycol [PEG] 4000 supplemented in half-strength Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium on the production of the two major protoberberine-type alkaloids (D,L-tetrahydropalmatine and D-corydaline) by the tubers of somatic embryo-derived plants of Corydalis yanhusuo were examined. Somatic embryo derived plants were also maintained for 6 months on half-strength MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l GA(3) or 0.5 mg/l paclobutrazol. The alkaloid contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis revealed that the contents of D,L-tetrahydropalmatine and D-corydaline in the tubers of somatic embryo-derived plants were higher than the marketed crude drug and varied with growth regulator/PEG-4000 treatment and the age of the plant.

A single center's 30 years' experience of esophageal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has been reported to be increasing in incidence in a number of regions throughout the world, while the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the esophagus is mostly stable or decreasing. To evaluate the increasing tendency of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

METHODS

We studied retrospectively the records of patients with histologically proven esophageal cancer between 1970 and 1999 at the Yonsei Medical Center.

RESULTS

Total cases of esophageal cancer were 969 patients of which the cases of adenocarcinoma and SCCA were 27 patients and 918 patients, respectively. The ratio of esophageal adenocarcinoma to SCCA was 0.0375 in the 1970s, 0.0241 in the 1980s and 0.0292 in the 1990s. There was no statistical difference (p = 0.811) in the ratios of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus between the three consecutive 10-year groups.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, unlike the US and other western countries, it seems that the ratio of esophageal adenocarcinoma compared to SCCA has not increased among patients with esophageal carcinoma at the Yonsei Medical Center.

Empirical monotherapy with meropenem in serious bacterial infections in children

The efficacy and safety profile of meropenem were analyzed according to data collected from hospitalized pediatric patients aged 4 days to 20 years who had serious bacterial infections and were treated in a major teaching hospital in Taipei. Of the 53 patients enrolled, 47 were analyzed for clinical efficacy and 53 for safety. The satisfactory clinical response rate was 57% in lower respiratory tract infection, 58% in septicemia, 100% in complicated urinary tract infection, osteomyelitis, and central nervous system infection, 83% in skin and soft tissue infection, and 93% in intra-abdominal infection. Eleven (21%) patients experienced adverse events related to meropenem. The most commonly observed adverse reactions were elevated hepatic enzymes (7.5%), increased alkaline phosphatase (3.8%), and thrombocytosis (3.8%). There was no meropenem-related seizure, withdrawal, or death. The results of this study suggested that meropenem is well tolerated even in young infants, and is effective in treating serious childhood bacterial infection. However, this study also identified a proportion of hospitalized pediatric patients with isolates that were resistant to meropenem. The trends in meropenem resistance among nosocomially acquired bacteria should be monitored closely.

Sex change in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli: a review in gonadal development, estradiol, estrogen receptor, aromatase activity and gonadotropin

Black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker, a marine protandrous hermaphrodite, is functional male for the first two years of life but begins to sexually change to female after the third year. Testicular tissue and ovarian tissue was separated by connective tissue in the bisexual gonad. This sex pattern provides a very good model to study the endocrine mechanism of sex change in fish. The annual profiles of plasma estradiol, vitellogenin and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in males were significantly different from those in the three-year-old females. Significantly high levels of plasma estradiol during the prespawning/spawning season and low levels of plasma 11-ketotestosterone during the spawning season were observed in the inversing females. No difference of plasma testosterone levels was observed in males and females. Oral administration of estradiol stimulated high levels of gonadal aromatase activity, plasma gonadotropin II levels and sex change in the two-year-old fish. Exogenous estradiol administered for 5-6 months induced a reversible sex change in one- and two-year-old fish. The sensitive period for estradiol treatment of sex change is from early prespawning to spawning season. Implantation with testosterone for more than a year could not block the natural sex change in three-year-old fish. Exogenous aromatase inhibitors (1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione or fadrozole) suppressed aromatase activity in the brain. Oral administration with aromatase inhibitors for a year further inhibited the natural sex change in three-year-old black porgy and all fish became functional male with spermiation. Estrogen receptor alpha gene in the ovarian tissue of bisexual gonad is significantly less expressed than that in the vitellogenic ovary of female on the basis of reverse-transcription polymerase-chain reaction. There was no difference in the annual profiles of the plasma gonadotropin II levels in the males and natural inversing females. Plasma gonadotropin II levels were significantly higher in estradiol-treated group than those in the control. It is concluded that estradiol, aromatase activity and estrogen receptor in the ovarian tissue play an important role in the natural and controlled sex change in black porgy. The association of gonadotropin and sex change in black porgy is not clear.

Performance of UASB reactor treating leachate from acidogenic fermenter in the two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating leachate from acidogenic fermenter in the two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was consistently over 96% up to the loading rates of 15.8 g COD/l d. The methane production rate increased to 5.51/l d. Of all the COD removed, 92% was converted to methane and the remaining presumably to biomass. At loading rates over 18.7 g COD/l d, the COD removal efficiency decreased due to sludge flotation and washout in the reactor, which resulted from short HRT of less than 10.6 h. The residual propionate concentration was the highest among the volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the effluent. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) analysis showed that the VFA-degrading activity of granule was the highest for butyrate, and the lowest for propionate. Typical granules were found to be mainly composed of microcolonies of Methanosaeta. The size distribution of sludge particles indicated that partially granulated sludge could maintain the original structure of granular sludge and continue to gain size in the UASB reactor treating leachate from acidogenic fermenter.

Effects of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 on the urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol in aircraft maintenance workers

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 2E1 (CYP2E1), and glutathione S-transferases mu (GSTM1) and theta (GSTT1) on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol levels, and to estimate the level of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aircraft maintenance workers. In 218 Korean aircraft maintenance workers, the geometric means of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol were 0.32 and 3.25 micromol/mol creatinine, respectively. These urinary concentrations were approximately at the upper limit of the general population. Mean urinary 2-naphthol concentrations were significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. CYP1A1 and GSTM1 were statistically significant in analyses on both 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol levels among smokers. The results suggest that smoking has more profound effects on urinary PAH metabolites than does genetic polymorphisms in this population, and that CYP1A1 and GSTM1 activity might be related to the metabolism of 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol.

Hepatitis A virus infection in Taipei in 1999

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Hepatitis A is a disease that is heavily affected by sanitation status. Hepatitis A is much less prevalent compared with decades ago in Taiwan, as in many rapidly developing regions. Hepatitis A vaccine is still self-paid under the National Health Insurance program and is still not widely utilized by the general public in Taiwan. This seroepidemiologic study evaluated the prevalence of antihepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) seropositivity in Taipei in 1999.

METHODS

A total of 1017 serum samples from healthy inhabitants in Taipei were examined for anti-HAV antibody by qualitative enzyme immunoassay.

RESULTS

The overall seroprevalence rate was 25.2% (255/1013) in the nonvaccinated population. The seropositivity rate for anti-HAV antibody among children younger than 12 months old was 23.3%. The rates dropped to between 1% and 4.8% among subjects between 1 and 20 years of age. A markedly higher rate of 40% was observed in subjects aged between 20 and 30 years. The seropositivity rate in subjects aged 31 to 50 was 80%. More than 90% of subjects older than 50 years were seropositive. The vaccination rate was low (0.5%).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that Taipei is an area of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis A virus. To achieve better herd immunity, a more active approach to the adoption of hepatitis A vaccine is warranted.

Identification of oral spirochetes at the species level and their association with other bacteria in endodontic infections

OBJECTIVES

Recent molecular approaches have revealed that fastidious organisms such as Bacteroides forsythus and oral treponemes were frequently found in root canals with apical periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to identify the isolates of oral spirochetes at the species level in endodontic infections and to determine their association with B forsythus and Porphyromonas gingivalis.

STUDY DESIGN

Seventy-nine teeth with apical periodontitis were selected for this study. After sampling from the root canals aseptically, polymerase chain reaction amplification for the 16S rRNA gene was performed with eubacterial universal primers. Subsequently, dot-blot hybridization was performed with 8 species-specific oligonucleotide probes. The microbial associations were analyzed by using the odds ratio.

RESULTS

The most frequently found species was P gingivalis (27.4%), followed by Treponema maltophilum (26%), B forsythus (16.4%), and Treponema socranskii (2.7%). Other treponemes, including Treponema denticola, were not detected in our samples. Significant microbial associations were identified between T maltophilum, B forsythus, and P gingivalis by performing analysis with the odds ratio.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that T maltophilum should be included in etiologic studies of endodontic diseases.

Tumour necrosis factor induced an early release of superoxide and a late mitochondrial membrane depolarization in L929 cells. Increase in the production of superoxide is not sufficient to mimic the action of TNF

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) cytotoxicity is mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress. One of the post-receptor events shortly after the addition of TNF is the generation of the superoxide anion (O2-*). In the present study, we attempted to examine the role of O2-* in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta(Psi)m) and the release of cytochrome c (cyto c) in L929 cells after stimulation with TNF. Challenge of cells with TNF (50 ng/ml) resulted in an early (30 min after the addition of TNF) increase in the production of O2-*. The use of mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors such as antimycin A and rotenone could, respectively, potentiate or suppress the TNF-mediated release of O2-* and cytotoxicity. TNF also induced a late (>3 h after the addition of TNF) depolarization in the Delta(Psi)m. Reduction in the release of O2-* by rotenone (50 microM) or thenoyltrifluoroacetone (250 microM) suppressed both the TNF-mediated Delta(Psi)m depolarization and cyto c release. However, increase in the production of O2-* by antimycin A (25 microM) only slightly enhanced the TNF effect in altering the Delta(Psi)m and the release of cyto c. Treating cells with antimycin A alone could not induce a reduction in Delta(Psi)m nor a release of cyto c. Taken together, our results indicate that TNF induced damage in mitochondria in L929 cells. Our data also show that an increase in the production of O2-* was important in the TNF cytotoxicity, but was not sufficient to mimic the action of TNF.

Elfin is expressed during early heart development

Elfin (previously named CLIM1) is a protein that possesses an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. It belongs to the family of Enigma proteins. Enigma proteins are a family of cytoplasmic proteins that contain an N-terminal PDZ domain and a series of C-terminal LIM domains. By virtue of these two protein interacting domains, Enigma proteins are capable of protein-protein interactions. It has been proposed that Enigma proteins may act as adapters between kinases and the cytoskeleton. We have previously shown that Elfin is most abundantly expressed in the heart and it colocalizes with alpha-actinin 2 at the Z-disks of the myocardium. In this report, Elfin was shown to localize at the actin stress fibers of myoblasts, as revealed by green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging. In situ hybridization and immunostaining showed that Elfin expression begins at an early stage in mouse development and is present throughout the developing heart. Taken together, our experimental results suggest that Elfin may play an important role in myofibrillogenesis and heart development.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a RING-H2 finger protein, ANAPC11, the human homolog of yeast Apc11p

Yeast Apc11p together with Rbx1 and Roc2/SAG define a new class of RING-H2 fingers in a superfamily of E3 ubiquitin ligases. The human homolog of Apc11p, ANAPC11 was identified during a large-scale partial sequencing of a human liver cancer cDNA library and partial characterization was performed. This 514 bp full-length cDNA has a predicted open reading frame (ORF) encoding 84 amino acids. The ORF codes for ANAPC11, the human anaphase promoting complex subunit 11 (yeast APC11 homolog), which possesses a RING-H2 finger motif and exhibits sequence similarity to subunits of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. In Northern blot hybridization with poly(A) RNA of various human tissues using radio-labelled ANAPC11 cDNA probe, we found strong signals detected in skeletal muscle and heart; moderate signals detected in brain, kidney, and liver; and detectable but low signals in colon, thymus, spleen, small intestine, placenta, lung, and peripheral blood leukocyte. The ANAPC11 gene is located at the human chromosome 17q25. ANAPC11 is distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm and nucleus with discrete accumulation in granular structures in all the cell lines (AML 12, HepG2, and C2C12) transfected. Expression level of ANAPC11 is found higher in certain types of cancer determined in the RNA dot blot experiment.

Immunogenicity and fecal poliovirus excretion in sequential use of inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Though inoculation with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is advocated, sequential use of IPV and live oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) has many advantages. This study aimed to define the immunogenicities of IPV and OPV in Taiwanese children after the use of a sequential schedule of IPV-OPV and also to determine whether prior IPV inoculation hampers the fecal passage of OPV.

METHODS

Fifty-nine infants were recruited to receive IPV-OPV sequential vaccinations consisting of IPV given at the ages of 2 and 4 months and OPV given at the ages of 6 and 18 months. Blood samples were taken at ages 2, 6, 18, and 19 months for antibody determination, and stool samples were collected to isolate vaccine strains of poliovirus after the second dose of OPV, at the age of 18 months.

RESULTS

None of the children had severe systemic or local reactions. Protective antibodies were detected in all infants at the age of 6 months, 2 months after the second IPV dose. The antibody titers were augmented at the age of 19 months, 1 month after the booster dose of OPV. Stool samples collected 7 days after the second dose of OPV yielded at least one type of poliovirus in 9 of 18 children. Analysis of stool samples revealed that poliovirus was excreted by the 28th day in only two of the children.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that both IPV and OPV exhibit immunogenicity in Taiwanese children. Side effects of an IPV-OPV sequential schedule were mild and infrequent. Viral shedding in stools after OPV vaccination was preserved in a substantial proportion of subjects. These findings suggest that this sequential vaccination schedule can maintain herd immunity.

Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva: a review of five year experience

BACKGROUND

Aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (SVA) are uncommon congenital lesions. The clinical presentations vary from asymptomatic to progressive heart failure following rupture of the aneurysm into an adjacent cardiac chamber. Retrograde aortogram is the diagnostic tool of choice preoperatively. Recent studies have demonstrated that the SVA can be accurately diagnosed using transthoracic two-dimensional, and color Doppler flow mapping, even for surgical preparation without cardiac catheterization. We report our 5-year experience of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of SVA.

METHODS

Eleven adult patients with SVA with or without rupture were studied using both TTE and TEE. All of the diagnoses were subsequently comfirmed by either cardiac catheterization or surgical findings.

RESULTS

Aneurysms originated in the right coronary sinus (n = 9) and noncoronary sinus (n = 2); they ruptured into the right ventricle in 5 patients and the right atrium in 5 patients. An unruptured right SVA was noted in 1 patient. Both TTE and TEE could identify the site of the aneurysm, rupture sites, and the receiving chamber equally well. Co-existent cardiac lesions included 11 cases of valvular aortic regurgitation (mild in 7, moderate in 2 and severe in 2). Two cases of perimembranous type ventricular septal defect (VSD) and 6 cases of supracristal type VSD (including 1 case of tetraology of Fallot, 3 supracristal, 1 muscular and 1 subaortic) were noted. Three cases were complicated with valvular vegetations (1 aortic valve, 1 aortic and tricuspid valve and 1 aortic and pulmonic valve). One patient had patent ductus arteriosus and 2 patients had pulmonic valvular stenosis.

CONCLUSIONS

TEE provides clearer definition for the detailed anatomy of the ruptured sac and co-existent cardiac lesions than TTE through high resolution and closer approach. We conclude that TEE is a powerful complementary diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with SVA. TEE also provides additionally useful information for guiding the surgical approach and for assessing the operative results even without cardiac catheterization.

Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in cultured macrophages via production of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c release without mitochondrial depolarization

The cytotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms induced by gliotoxin (GT), an immunosuppressive agent, in macrophages are poorly understood. We report here that GT induced a rapid apoptosis (DNA fragmentation and hypodiploid nuclei obtained within 4 hrs of treatment) in murine macrophages PU5-1.8 in a dose-dependent and cell cycle-independent manner. The GT-induced apoptosis was suppressed by z-Asp, z-VAD-fmk and antioxidants suggesting that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of caspases were important in this process. Also, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria was found to be an early event (within 1 hr) after addition of GT (250 ng/ml) and its presence in the cytosol was sufficient to elicit apoptosis. Interestingly, the release of cytochrome c was not accompanied by a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (psi m) as determined by several psi m-sensitive fluorescent indicators. Taken together, our results indicate that GT is a potent apoptotic agent in PU5-1.8 cells and the loss of psi m is not a universal early marker for apoptosis.

Is memory in the minority game irrelevant?

By analyzing the frequencies of selecting entries in the strategies and time series data of the minority game, we show that the memory in the minority game is irrelevant for the emergence of coordinate behavior. It is found that the memory in the game just yields periodic structures and statistically does not play any significant role as far as the volatility is concerned.

MCL1 transgenic mice exhibit a high incidence of B-cell lymphoma manifested as a spectrum of histologic subtypes

Viability-promoting genes such as BCL2 play an important role in human cancer but do not directly cause aggressive tumors. BCL2 transgenic mice develop lymphoma at low frequency, hindering studies of tumorigenesis and its inhibition in the presence of such gene products. MCL1 is a member of the BCL2 family that is highly regulated endogenously and that promotes cell viability and immortalization when introduced exogenously. Mice expressing an MCL1 transgene in hematolymphoid tissues have now been monitored for an extended period and were found to develop lymphoma with long latency and at high probability (more than 85% over 2 years). In most cases, the disease was widely disseminated and of clonal B-cell origin. A variety of histologic subtypes were seen, prominently follicular lymphoma and diffuse large-cell lymphoma. MCL1 thus sets the stage for the development of lymphoma as does BCL2, disease occurring with high probability and recapitulating a spectrum of subtypes as seen in human patients. These findings with the transgene underscore the importance of the normal, highly regulated pattern of MCL1 expression, in addition to providing a model for studying tumorigenesis and its inhibition in the presence of a viability promoting BCL2 family member. (Blood. 2001;97:3902-3909)