101
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Cui L, Rao J. 2-Cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) condensation for site-specific labeling of proteins at the terminal cysteine residues. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:81-92. [PMID: 25560068 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Site specificity is pivotal in obtaining homogeneously labeled proteins without batch-to-batch variations. More importantly, precisely controlled modification at specific sites avoids potential pitfalls that could otherwise interfere with protein folding, structure, and function. Inspired by the chemical synthesis of D-luciferin, we have developed an efficient strategy (second-order rate constant k 2 = 9.2 M(-1) s(-1)) for labeling of proteins containing 1,2-aminothiol via reaction with 2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT). In addition, the CBT condensation enjoys the convenience of protein engineering, as production of N-terminal cysteine-containing proteins has been well developed for native chemical ligation. This protocol describes the preparation of Renilla luciferase (rLuc) with 1,2-aminothiol at either its N- or C-terminus, and site-specific labeling of rLuc with fluorescein or (18)F via CBT condensation.
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102
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Rao J, Liu D, Zhang N, He H, Ge F, Chen C. Differential gene expression in incompatible interaction between Lilium regale Wilson and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii revealed by combined SSH and microarray analysis. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314060144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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103
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Ye D, Shuhendler AJ, Pandit P, Brewer KD, Tee SS, Cui L, Tikhomirov G, Rutt B, Rao J. Caspase-responsive smart gadolinium-based contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of drug-induced apoptosis. Chem Sci 2014; 4:3845-3852. [PMID: 25429349 PMCID: PMC4241271 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive detection of caspase-3/7 activity in vivo has provided invaluable predictive information regarding tumor therapeutic efficacy and anti-tumor drug selection. Although a number of caspase-3/7 targeted fluorescence and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes have been developed, there is still a lack of gadolinium (Gd)-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes that enable high spatial resolution detection of caspase-3/7 activity in vivo. Here we employ a self-assembly approach and develop a caspase-3/7 activatable Gd-based MRI probe for monitoring tumor apoptosis in mice. Upon reduction and caspase-3/7 activation, the caspase-sensitive nano-aggregation MR probe (C-SNAM: 1) undergoes biocompatible intramolecular cyclization and subsequent self-assembly into Gd-nanoparticles (GdNPs). This results in enhanced r1 relaxivity-19.0 (post-activation) vs. 10.2 mM-1 s-1 (pre-activation) at 1 T in solution-and prolonged accumulation in chemotherapy-induced apoptotic cells and tumors that express active caspase-3/7. We demonstrate that C-SNAM reports caspase-3/7 activity by generating a significantly brighter T1-weighted MR signal compared to non-treated tumors following intravenous administration of C-SNAM, providing great potential for high-resolution imaging of tumor apoptosis in vivo.
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104
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Cheng Y, Xie H, Sule P, Hassounah H, Graviss EA, Kong Y, Cirillo JD, Rao J. Fluorogenic probes with substitutions at the 2 and 7 positions of cephalosporin are highly BlaC-specific for rapid Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9360-4. [PMID: 24989449 PMCID: PMC4499257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are either time consuming or require expensive instruments and are thus are not suitable for point-of-care diagnosis. The design, synthesis, and evaluation of fluorogenic probes with high specificity for BlaC, a biomarker expressed by Mtb, are described. The fluorogenic probe CDG-3 is based on cephalosporin with substitutions at the 2 and 7 positions and it demonstrates over 120,000-fold selectivity for BlaC over TEM-1 Bla, the most common β-lactamase. CDG-3 can detect 10 colony-forming units of the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG in human sputum in the presence of high levels of contaminating β-lactamases expressed by other clinically prevalent bacterial strains. In a trial with 50 clinical samples, CDG-3 detected tuberculosis with 90% sensitivity and 73% specificity relative to Mtb culture within one hour, thus demonstrating its potential as a low-cost point-of-care test for use in resource-limited areas.
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105
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Pu K, Shuhendler AJ, Valta MP, Cui L, Saar M, Peehl DM, Rao J. Phosphorylcholine-coated semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as rapid and efficient labeling agents for in vivo cell tracking. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1292-8. [PMID: 24668903 PMCID: PMC4134769 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the pressing need to noninvasively monitor transplanted cells in vivo with fluorescence imaging, desirable fluorescent agents with rapid labeling capability, durable brightness, and ideal biocompatibility remain lacking. Here, phosphorylcholine-coated near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) are reported as a new class of rapid, efficient, and cytocompatible labeling nanoagents for in vivo cell tracking. The phosphorylcholine coating results in efficient and rapid endocytosis and allows the SPN to enter cells within 0.5 h in complete culture medium apparently independent of the cell type, while its NIR fluorescence leads to a tissue penetration depth of 0.5 cm. In comparison to quantum dots and Cy5.5, the SPN is tolerant to physiologically ubiquitous reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in durable fluorescence both in vitro and in vivo. These desirable physical and physiological properties of the SPN permit cell tracking of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells in living mice at a lower limit of detection of 10 000 cells with no obvious alteration of cell phenotype after 12 d. SPNs thus can provide unique opportunities for optimizing cellular therapy and deciphering pathological processes as a cell tracking label.
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106
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Ye D, Pandit P, Kempen P, Lin J, Xiong L, Sinclair R, Rutt B, Rao J. Redox-triggered self-assembly of gadolinium-based MRI probes for sensing reducing environment. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1526-36. [PMID: 24992373 PMCID: PMC4140571 DOI: 10.1021/bc500254g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Controlled
self-assembly of small molecule gadolinium (Gd) complexes
into nanoparticles (GdNPs) is emerging as an effective approach to
design activatable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes and amplify
the r1 relaxivity. Herein, we employ a
reduction-controlled macrocyclization reaction and self-assembly to
develop a redox activated Gd-based MRI probe for sensing a reducing
environment. Upon disulfide reduction at physiological conditions,
an acyclic contrast agent 1 containing dual Gd-chelates
undergoes intramolecular macrocyclization to form rigid and hydrophobic
macrocycles, which subsequently self-assemble into GdNPs, resulting
in a ∼60% increase in r1 relaxivity
at 0.5 T. Probe 1 has high r1 relaxivity (up to 34.2 mM–1 s–1 per molecule at 0.5 T) upon activation, and also shows a high sensitivity
and specificity for MR detection of thiol-containing biomolecules.
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107
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Su X, Cheng K, Jeon J, Shen B, Venturin GT, Hu X, Rao J, Chin FT, Wu H, Cheng Z. Comparison of two site-specifically (18)F-labeled affibodies for PET imaging of EGFR positive tumors. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3947-56. [PMID: 24972326 PMCID: PMC4218868 DOI: 10.1021/mp5003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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The
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) serves as an attractive target
for cancer molecular imaging and therapy. Our previous positron emission
tomography (PET) studies showed that the EGFR-targeting affibody molecules 64Cu-DOTA-ZEGFR:1907 and 18F-FBEM-ZEGFR:1907 can discriminate between high and low EGFR-expression
tumors and have the potential for patient selection for EGFR-targeted
therapy. Compared with 64Cu, 18F may improve
imaging of EGFR-expression and is more suitable for clinical application,
but the labeling reaction of 18F-FBEM-ZEGFR:1907 requires a long synthesis time. The aim of the present study is
to develop a new generation of 18F labeled affibody probes
(Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 and 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907) and to determine whether they are suitable agents
for imaging of EGFR expression. The first approach consisted of conjugating
ZEGFR:1907 with NOTA and radiolabeling with Al18F to produce Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907. In a second
approach the prosthetic group 18F-labeled-2-cyanobenzothiazole
(18F-CBT) was conjugated to Cys-ZEGFR:1907 to
produce 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907. Binding affinity
and specificity of Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 and 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907 to EGFR were evaluated using
A431 cells. Biodistribution and PET studies were conducted on mice
bearing A431 xenografts after injection of Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 or 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907 with
or without coinjection of unlabeled affibody proteins. The radiosyntheses
of Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 and 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907 were completed successfully within 40 and 120 min
with a decay-corrected yield of 15% and 41% using a 2-step, 1-pot
reaction and 2-step, 2-pot reaction, respectively. Both probes bound
to EGFR with low nanomolar affinity in A431 cells. Although 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907 showed instability in vivo, biodistribution studies revealed rapid and high tumor accumulation
and quick clearance from normal tissues except the bones. In contrast,
Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 demonstrated high in vitro and in vivo stability, high tumor
uptake, and relative low uptake in most of the normal organs except
the liver and kidneys at 3 h after injection. The specificity of both
probes for A431 tumors was confirmed by their lower uptake on coinjection
of unlabeled affibody. PET studies showed that Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 and 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907 could
clearly identify EGFR positive tumors with good contrast. Two strategies
for 18F-labeling of affibody molecules were successfully
developed as two model platforms using NOTA or CBT coupling to affibody
molecules that contain an N-terminal cysteine. Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 and 18F-CBT-ZEGFR:1907 can
be reliably obtained in a relatively short time. Biodistribution and
PET studies demonstrated that Al18F-NOTA-ZEGFR:1907 is a promising PET probe for imaging EGFR expression in living mice.
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108
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Cheng Y, Xie H, Sule P, Hassounah H, Graviss EA, Kong Y, Cirillo JD, Rao J. Fluorogenic Probes with Substitutions at the 2 and 7 Positions of Cephalosporin are Highly BlaC-Specific for RapidMycobacterium tuberculosisDetection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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109
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Lu H, Zhang F, Rao J, Sun Y, Qian X, Lu L, Wang X. N-Acetylcysteine Treatment Attenuates ROS Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis During Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201407151-01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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110
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Smith M, Gooseman M, Scammell S, Rao J, Edwards J. P-133 * PULMONARY METASTASECTOMY IN COLORECTAL CANCER: CONTRIBUTION TO THE PULMICC TRIAL DOES NOT HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON ACTIVITY. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu167.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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111
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Yang HP, Liu JF, Rao J, Zhang XM, Qian HL, Niu XQ, Zhao ZL. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) genetic variant and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2014; 13:4146-53. [PMID: 24938707 DOI: 10.4238/2014.may.30.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) exerts anti-proliferative or pro-apoptotic effects through IGF-dependent as well as IGF-independent mechanisms in vitro. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between genetic variants in IGFBP-3 (rs2270628) and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a Chinese Han population. Five hundred ESCC cases and 500 cancer-free controls of the Chinese Han population were involved in this study. The IGFBP-3 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2270628 was genotyped and the estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for its association with the risk of ESCC were determined using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Compared with the rs2270628 CC genotype, TT genotype was associated with a significantly increased ESCC risk with OR (95%CI) of 2.07 (1.05-4.09), but CT genotype was not (OR = 1.25, 95%CI =0.94-1.66). IGFBP-3 SNP rs2270628 may contribute to the risk of ESCC in the Chinese Han population.
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112
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Ye D, Shuhendler AJ, Cui L, Tong L, Tee SS, Tikhomirov G, Felsher DW, Rao J. Bioorthogonal cyclization-mediated in situ self-assembly of small-molecule probes for imaging caspase activity in vivo. Nat Chem 2014; 6:519-26. [PMID: 24848238 PMCID: PMC4031611 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly of small molecules in living systems could enable a myriad of applications in biology and medicine, and it has been widely used to synthesize supramolecules and nano/microstructures in solution and in living cells. However, controlling self-assembly of synthetic small molecules in living animals is challenging because of the complex and dynamic in vivo physiological environment. Here we employed an optimized first-order bioorthogonal cyclization reaction to control self-assembly of a fluorescent small molecule, and demonstrated its in vivo applicability by imaging of casapae-3/7 activity in human tumor xenograft mouse models of chemotherapy. The in situ assembled fluorescent nanoparticles have been successfully imaged in both apoptotic cells and tumor tissues using three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy. This strategy combines the advantages offered by small molecules with those of nanomaterials and should find widespread use for non-invasive imaging of enzyme activity in vivo.
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113
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Shi H, Cheng Y, Lee KH, Luo RF, Banaei N, Rao J. Engineering the Stereochemistry of Cephalosporin for Specific Detection of Pathogenic Carbapenemase-Expressing Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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114
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Shi H, Cheng Y, Lee KH, Luo RF, Banaei N, Rao J. Engineering the Stereochemistry of Cephalosporin for Specific Detection of Pathogenic Carbapenemase-Expressing Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8113-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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115
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Pu K, Shuhendler AJ, Jokerst JV, Mei J, Gambhir SS, Bao Z, Rao J. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as photoacoustic molecular imaging probes in living mice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:233-9. [PMID: 24463363 PMCID: PMC3947658 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging holds great promise for the visualization of physiology and pathology at the molecular level with deep tissue penetration and fine spatial resolution. To fully utilize this potential, photoacoustic molecular imaging probes have to be developed. Here, we introduce near-infrared light absorbing semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as a new class of contrast agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging. These nanoparticles can produce a stronger signal than the commonly used single-walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanorods on a per mass basis, permitting whole-body lymph-node photoacoustic mapping in living mice at a low systemic injection mass. Furthermore, the semiconducting polymer nanoparticles possess high structural flexibility, narrow photoacoustic spectral profiles and strong resistance to photodegradation and oxidation, enabling the development of the first near-infrared ratiometric photoacoustic probe for in vivo real-time imaging of reactive oxygen species--vital chemical mediators of many diseases. These results demonstrate semiconducting polymer nanoparticles to be an ideal nanoplatform for developing photoacoustic molecular probes.
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116
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Ansari C, Tikhomirov GA, Hong SH, Falconer RA, Loadman PM, Gill JH, Castaneda R, Hazard FK, Tong L, Lenkov OD, Felsher DW, Rao J, Daldrup-Link HE. Development of novel tumor-targeted theranostic nanoparticles activated by membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases for combined cancer magnetic resonance imaging and therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:566-75, 417. [PMID: 24038954 PMCID: PMC3946335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A major drawback with current cancer therapy is the prevalence of unrequired dose-limiting toxicity to non-cancerous tissues and organs, which is further compounded by a limited ability to rapidly and easily monitor drug delivery, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic response. In this report, the design and characterization of novel multifunctional "theranostic" nanoparticles (TNPs) is described for enzyme-specific drug activation at tumor sites and simultaneous in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of drug delivery. TNPs are synthesized by conjugation of FDA-approved iron oxide nanoparticles ferumoxytol to an MMP-activatable peptide conjugate of azademethylcolchicine (ICT), creating CLIO-ICTs (TNPs). Significant cell death is observed in TNP-treated MMP-14 positive MMTV-PyMT breast cancer cells in vitro, but not MMP-14 negative fibroblasts or cells treated with ferumoxytol alone. Intravenous administration of TNPs to MMTV-PyMT tumor-bearing mice and subsequent MRI demonstrates significant tumor selective accumulation of the TNP, an observation confirmed by histopathology. Treatment with CLIO-ICTs induces a significant antitumor effect and tumor necrosis, a response not observed with ferumoxytol. Furthermore, no toxicity or cell death is observed in normal tissues following treatment with CLIO-ICTs, ICT, or ferumoxytol. These findings demonstrate proof of concept for a new nanotemplate that integrates tumor specificity, drug delivery and in vivo imaging into a single TNP entity through attachment of enzyme-activated prodrugs onto magnetic nanoparticles. This novel approach holds the potential to significantly improve targeted cancer therapies, and ultimately enable personalized therapy regimens.
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117
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Smith M, Sharkey A, George R, Hubbard R, Rao J, Edwards J. 199 Prognostic implications of blood tests performed routinely prior to surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(14)70199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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118
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Tse HTK, Gossett DR, Moon YS, Masaeli M, Sohsman M, Ying Y, Mislick K, Adams RP, Rao J, Di Carlo D. Quantitative Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusions by Single-Cell Mechanophenotyping. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:212ra163. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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119
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Xia D, Huang M, Song S, Chen G, Wang J, Zhou J, Rao J, Zhuang G. Coupling of electron cyclotron waves to the desired mode in plasma of HL-2A tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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120
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Xia DH, Huang M, Zhou J, Rao J, Zhuang G. The coordinate transformation method for design of polarizers on HL-2A electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive systems. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:103504. [PMID: 24182107 DOI: 10.1063/1.4824144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarizers are widely used to change the polarization of millimeter waves on the electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive (ECRH and CD) systems. A new method based on the coordinate transformation and the Fourier expansion (the so-called C-method) has been developed for design of polarizers on the HL-2A ECRH and CD systems. This method transforms the grating problem to an eigenvalue problem, making it easy and clear to understand and solve. The comparison between the C-method, the integral method, and the low power test results is presented. It indicates that the C-method can be considered as a rigorous numerical method for the design of polarizers. Finally, two polarizers were designed based on the C-method which can be used together to achieve almost arbitrary polarization.
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121
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Rajaram K, Prabhu I, Rao J, Alam P, Woodwards R, Blackburn T. Publication of head and neck outcome data in public domain in the United Kingdom—what do patients want to know? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.07.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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122
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Chapman S, Dobrovolskaia M, Farahani K, Goodwin A, Joshi A, Lee H, Meade T, Pomper M, Ptak K, Rao J, Singh R, Sridhar S, Stern S, Wang A, Weaver JB, Woloschak G, Yang L. Nanoparticles for cancer imaging: The good, the bad, and the promise. NANO TODAY 2013; 8:454-460. [PMID: 25419228 PMCID: PMC4240321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular imaging and nanotechnology are providing new opportunities for biomedical imaging with great promise for the development of novel imaging agents. The unique optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of materials at the scale of nanometers allow the creation of imaging probes with better contrast enhancement, increased sensitivity, controlled biodistribution, better spatial and temporal information, multi-functionality and multi-modal imaging across MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound. These features could ultimately translate to clinical advantages such as earlier detection, real time assessment of disease progression and personalized medicine. However, several years of investigation into the application of these materials to cancer research has revealed challenges that have delayed the successful application of these agents to the field of biomedical imaging. Understanding these challenges is critical to take full advantage of the benefits offered by nano-sized imaging agents. Therefore, this article presents the lessons learned and challenges encountered by a group of leading researchers in this field, and suggests ways forward to develop nanoparticle probes for cancer imaging. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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123
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Shen B, Jeon J, Palner M, Ye D, Shuhendler A, Chin FT, Rao J. Innentitelbild: Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Drug-Induced Tumor Apoptosis with a Caspase-Triggered Nanoaggregation Probe (Angew. Chem. 40/2013). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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124
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Shen B, Jeon J, Palner M, Ye D, Shuhendler A, Chin FT, Rao J. Positron emission tomography imaging of drug-induced tumor apoptosis with a caspase-triggered nanoaggregation probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10511-4. [PMID: 23881906 PMCID: PMC4077287 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drug Design: An (18)F-labeled caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation positron emission tomography tracer was prepared and evaluated for imaging the caspase-3 activity in doxorubicin-treated tumor xenografts. Enhanced retention of the (18)F activity in apoptotic tumors is achieved through intramolecular macrocyclization and in situ aggregation upon caspase-3 activation (see picture).
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125
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Shen B, Jeon J, Palner M, Ye D, Shuhendler A, Chin FT, Rao J. Inside Cover: Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Drug-Induced Tumor Apoptosis with a Caspase-Triggered Nanoaggregation Probe (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40/2013). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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