126
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Aragón M, Marcé R, Borrull F. Determination of phthalates and organophosphate esters in particulated material from harbour air samples by pressurised liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 101:473-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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127
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Determination of musk fragrances in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction coupled to automated ionic liquid-based headspace single-drop microextraction followed by GC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2735-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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128
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Maijó I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. DETERMINATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN RIVER WATER BY SWEEPING-MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.629386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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129
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Vallecillos L, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Fully automated ionic liquid-based headspace single drop microextraction coupled to GC–MS/MS to determine musk fragrances in environmental water samples. Talanta 2012; 99:824-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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130
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Bratkowska D, Davies A, Fontanals N, Cormack PA, Borrull F, Sherrington DC, Marcé RM. Hypercrosslinked strong anion-exchange resin for extraction of acidic pharmaceuticals from environmental water. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2621-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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131
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Bratkowska D, Fontanals N, Ronka S, Trochimczuk AW, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Comparison of different imidazolium supported ionic liquid polymeric phases with strong anion-exchange character for the extraction of acidic pharmaceuticals from complex environmental samples. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1953-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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132
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Botello I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Investigation of in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in water samples. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:528-35. [PMID: 22287181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used as an enrichment technique in combination with CE for the preconcentration and separation of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), codeine (COD) and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM). The separation buffer (BGE) used was 80 mM disodium phosphate anhydrous and 6 mM of HCl (final BGE pH of 3). The SPE extractor consists of a small segment of capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoretic capillary. Different parameters affecting preconcentration were evaluated, such as sample pH, the volume of the elution plug and sample injection time. The detection limits (LODs) reached for standard samples by in-line SPE-CE-UV ranged between 50 and 200 ng/L, with sensitivity enhancement factors ranging from 2300 to 5300. Reproducibility values (expressed in terms of relative standard deviation) were below 7.6% for standard samples. This is a simple and an effective method for the determination of the studied drugs of abuse and their metabolites. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated in tap and river water samples which were directly analyzed without any off-line pretreatment. Analytical parameters were evaluated and LODs were between 70 and 270 ng/L with relative recoveries between 85 and 97%.
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133
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Gilart N, Marcé RM, Borrull F, Fontanals N. Determination of pharmaceuticals in wastewaters using solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:875-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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134
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Herrero P, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marcé R. Determination of glucocorticoids in sewage and river waters by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1224:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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135
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Ramírez N, Cuadras A, Rovira E, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Chronic risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere near the largest Mediterranean industrial site. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 39:200-9. [PMID: 22208760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on characterising the risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by means of inhalation in people living in the vicinity of the largest chemical production site in the Mediterranean area. Eighty-six VOCs were initially selected for this study based on their adverse environmental and health effects. The monitoring campaign was conducted for 276 days in three different locations around the chemical site. The analytical method used for the characterisation was based on European standard method EN-14662-2, which consists of the active sampling of air for 24h in charcoal tubes, followed by extraction with carbon disulphide and GC-MS analysis. Forty-four VOCs with toxicological data available concerning their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects were quantified during the monitoring campaign. None of the quantified VOCs showed average concentrations exceeding their chronic reference concentrations and, therefore, no non-carcinogenic health effects are expected as a result of this exposure. However, the global average cancer risk due to VOC exposure in the area (3.3×10(-4)) was found to be above the values recommended by the WHO and USEPA. The influence of the analytical method was also evaluated by comparing cancer risk estimates using a thermal desorption (TD) method based on method EN-14662-1. The results of the 24-h samples for the solvent extraction method were compared with the average of 12 daily samples of 2-h for the TD method for 24 sampling days. Although the global estimated lifetime cancer risk was statistically comparable for both methods, some differences were found in individual VOC risks. To our knowledge, this is the first study that estimates the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by the inhalation of VOCs in people living near a chemical site of this size, and compares the estimated cancer risk obtained using two different standard analytical methods.
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136
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Ramírez N, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Simultaneous determination of parabens and synthetic musks in water by stir-bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:580-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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137
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Gomez V, Majamaa K, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Determination and occurrence of organic micropollutants in reverse osmosis treatment for advanced water reuse. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2012; 66:61-71. [PMID: 22678201 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand on water resources has increased the interest in wastewater reclamation for multiple end-use applications such as indirect and direct potable reuse. In these applications, the removal of organic micropollutants is of a greater concern than in conventional wastewater treatment. This article presents a collection of data of trace organic micropollutants in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in North East Spain using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment. The RO rejection values of the organic molecules studied with a wide range of solute size and hydrophobicity were determined. Several chromatographic methods monitoring different endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were used. Results indicated that secondary effluents from this Spanish WWTP contained most of the studied organic compounds indicating incomplete removal of organics in the conventional treatment of the plant. However, the rejection of most micropollutants was high for all three RO membrane types (low energy, high rejection, fouling resistant) tested. It was observed that some selected micropollutants were less efficiently removed (e.g. the small and polar and the more hydrophobic) and the molecular weight and membrane material influenced removal efficiencies.
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138
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Llop A, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Pressurised hot water extraction followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of N-nitrosamines in sewage sludge. Talanta 2012; 88:284-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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139
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Mola M, Palomo M, Peñalver A, Aguilar C, Borrull F. Distribution of naturally occurring radioactive materials in sediments from the Ebro river reservoir in Flix (Southern Catalonia, Spain). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 198:57-64. [PMID: 22018871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Industrial waste containing radioactive isotopes (from U-decay series) was released into Ebro river basin due to the activity of a dicalcium phosphate (DCP) plant for a period of more than two decades. Gross alpha, gross beta, (40)K, (226)Ra and (210)Pb activities were determined in several sludge samples taken at different depths from different points in the area of influence of the DCP plant located in Flix. Samples were collected from two different zones: one in front of the DCP plant and the second in front of a wastewater treatment plant installed several years after the DCP plant. The data obtained verify the influence of industrial DCP production on radioactivity levels present in the area.
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140
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Bratkowska D, Marcé R, Cormack P, Borrull F, Fontanals N. Development and application of a polar coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of emerging pollutants from environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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141
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Fontanals N, Marcé RM, Borrull F. On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to hydrophilic interaction chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of polar drugs. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5975-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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142
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Ramírez N, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Determination of parabens in house dust by pressurised hot water extraction followed by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6226-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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143
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Ramírez N, Cuadras A, Rovira E, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Risk assessment related to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas and particle phases near industrial sites. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1110-6. [PMID: 21478082 PMCID: PMC3237345 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation is one of the main means of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) because of their ubiquitous presence in the atmosphere. However, most studies have considered only PAHs found in the particle phase and have omitted the contribution of the gas-phase PAHs to the risk. OBJECTIVE We estimated the lifetime lung cancer risk from PAH exposure by inhalation in people living next to the largest chemical site in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. METHODS We determined 18 PAHs in the atmospheric gas and particle phase. We monitored the PAHs for 1 year in three locations near the chemical site in different seasons. We used toxic equivalence factors to calculate benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalents (BaP-eq) for individual PAHs and applied the World Health Organization unit risk (UR) for BaP (UR = 8.7 × 10-5) to estimate lifetime cancer risks due to PAH exposures. RESULTS We observed some spatial and seasonal variability in PAH concentrations. The contribution of gas-phase PAHs to the total BaP-eq value was between 34% and 86%. The total estimated average lifetime lung cancer risk due to PAH exposure in the study area was 1.2 × 10-4. CONCLUSIONS The estimated risk was higher than values recommended by the World Health Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency but lower than the threshold value of 10-3 that is considered an indication of definite risk according to similar risk studies. The results also showed that risk may be underestimated if the contributions of gas-phase PAHs are not considered.
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144
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Maijó I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. An in-line SPE strategy to enhance sensitivity in CE for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in river water samples. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2114-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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145
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Llop A, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Automated on-fiber derivatization with headspace SPME-GC-MS-MS for the determination of primary amines in sewage sludge using pressurized hot water extraction. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1531-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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146
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Gomez V, Ferreres L, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Determination of non-ionic and anionic surfactants in environmental water matrices. Talanta 2011; 84:859-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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147
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Pedrouzo M, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Analytical methods for personal-care products in environmental waters. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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148
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Pedrouzo M, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marcé RM. Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in waste and surface waters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1091-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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149
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Botello I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Simultaneous determination of weakly ionizable analytes in urine and plasma samples by transient pseudo-isotachophoresis in capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:527-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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150
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Ramírez N, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determining synthetic musks in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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