The development and application of a blocking ELISA kit for the diagnosis of infectious coryza

A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (B-ELISA) kit for the diagnosis of infectious coryza was developed in this study. The kit was based on a recently described blocking ELISA that uses monoclonal antibodies to achieve specificity for antibodies to either Haemophilus paragallinarum serovar A or serovar C. The results showed that the B-ELISA kit detected 96 and 90%, respectively, of chickens vaccinated or challenged with H. paragallinarum serovar A. When used on chickens vaccinated or challenged with H. paragallinarum serovar C, the kit detected 77 and 40%, respectively, as positive. The majority of sera from vaccinated chickens were still positive on the serovars A and C ELISAs 4 months after vaccination. Based on pen trial data, the serovar A B-ELISA kit had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100%. The serovar C B-ELISA kit had a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 100%. A range of field sera was examined with the kit, generating results that correlated with the known vaccination/disease history of the flocks examined. As freeze drying the monoclonal antibodies and the conjugate had some effect on optimal working concentration, the kit used liquid solutions of these two reagents. The kit could be stored for 7 days at 37 degrees C, 10 months at 4 degrees C and more than 1 yearat -20 degrees C. Our results suggest that the kit would be a useful aid in the diagnosis of infectious coryza in China and other countries where H. paragallinarum serovars A and C are the predominant or sole serovars.

Further studies on the use of a polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of infectious coryza

Further information is reported on the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the diagnosis of infectious coryza in China. The majority of sinus swabs taken from artificially infected chickens and stored in glycerol-enriched phosphate-buffered saline were still positive by PCR after storage for 180 days at either 4 degrees C or - 20 degrees C. Storage of swabs in either saline or nutrient broth was not as effective. Traditional culture failed to detect H. paragallinarum after storage for 3 days, regardless of storage medium or storage temperature. With dry swabs, the PCR could detect H. paragallinarum after storage for 7 days or longer at either 4 degrees C or - 20 degrees C, while traditional culture could not. In PCR tests on 64 artificially-challenged chickens, all were positive by PCR at the six sampling dates up to 18 days post-challenge. Traditional culture gave a similar result. Both PCR and culture detected 50% or less of chickens as positive at 21 and 24 days post challenge. Antibiotic treatment reduced the ability of both culture and the PCR test to detect H. paragallinarum. The value of the PCR test and its superiority over traditional culture for the diagnosis of infectious coryza has been confirmed in these experiments.

[A randomized clinical trial of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage III non-small cell lung cancer]

BACKGROUND

To explore the feasibility and toxicity of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage III NSCLC and to evaluate its effects on tumor response, resection rate, tumor downstaging, and survival rate.

METHODS

From Jan. 1990 to Jan. 2001, 624 patients were randomly devided into group A ( preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy group) and group B ( control group, without neoadjuvant chemotherapy) . Group A had 314 patients and group B had 310 cases. The patients in group A were give 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and operations were performed in 4 weeks after finishing the last chemotherapy. Twenty-one patients were given bronchial artery intervensional chemotherapy. The other 293 cases were given intravenous chemotherapy. The regimens included MVP in 68 cases, CAP in 36 cases, EP in 67 cases, VIP in 20 cases, Gem+ DDP in 30 cases, NVB+ DDP in 32 cases, Taxol+ NVB in 30 cases, and Taxol+ DDP in 10 cases. The patients in group B were firstly operated. Thoracic radiation therapy of 50-55 Gy was g iven in the patients with N1 and N2 disease both in group A and group B.

RESULTS

The tumor response to induction chemotherapy was 73. 57%( 231/ 314) in group A. The tumor downstaging was 43. 63%( 137/ 314) . The histological complete response was 15. 92%( 50/ 314) . The resection rate was 97. 69% in group A, and 91. 94% in group B. No significant differences of blood loss, operative complications and mortality were observed between the group A and group B. The 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates were 89. 35%, 67. 46% , 34. 39% and 29. 34% in group A, and 87. 53%, 51. 54%, 24. 19% and 21. 64% in group B respectively. The long-term survival rate in group A was remarkably higher than that in group B ( P < 0. 01) .

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrate that the preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy is safe and effective. It is helpful to decrease the tumor staging , to increase the resection rate of the tumor, and to improve the long-term survival rate and life qualities of patients with stage III NSCLC.

An intronic variant associated with systemic lupus erythematosus changes the binding affinity of Yinyang1 to downregulate WDFY4

Two recent genome-wide association studies of East Asian populations revealed three genetic variants in WDFY4/LRRC18 associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To identify the gene contributing to this disease susceptibility, we examined the mRNA expression of WDFY4 and LRRC18 in patients with SLE and healthy controls. WDFY4 was significantly downregulated in SLE patients as compared with controls. We used allelic expression and dual-luciferase assays to identify the functional variant. Transcriptional activity was lower for the rs877819A than -G allele. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays revealed that the transcription factor Yinyang1 (YY1) binds to rs877819, with lower affinity to the A allele, which explained the reduced transcriptional activity. This effect was further confirmed by YY1 small interfering RNA knockdown, overexpression and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. rs877819 in WDFY4 might be the functional site associated with SLE by reduced binding of YY1 and downregulating WDFY4 expression.

Association of CD14-260 polymorphisms, red-complex periodontopathogens and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels with cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients

BACKGROUD AND OBJECTIVE: Genetic factors may influence the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, therefore increasing the risk for the initiation and development of periodontal disease. The present study was carried out to investigate the association of CD14-260 polymorphisms, subgingival microbiota, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine levels with cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) in renal transplant patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 204 patients were dichotomized into two groups: 124 with GO and 80 without GO. The CD14-260 polymorphisms were measured using an allele-specific PCR method. The levels of periodontal pathogens were determined by real-time PCR of subgingival samples. GCF levels of IL-1β and sCD14 were detected by ELISA.

RESULTS

The frequency of CD14-260 genotype CT + TT was found to be similar in both groups. Patients with GO presented increased prevalence of Pg, Td, and Tf (red complex) and significantly higher levels of interleukin -1β than those without GO. Patients with GO carrying CT + TT genotypes were found to have higher frequencies of Pg, Td, and Tf than those carrying the CC genotype. Furthermore, in the presence of red complex, CT + TT genotypes were associated with higher interleukin -1β levels and severe GO. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of GO is not dependent on age, gender and pharmacological variables, being only associated with CD14-260 genotype and red complex periodontopathogens.

CONCLUSION

No association between CD14-260 polymorphisms and the prevalence of GO was revealed in renal transplant patients administered CsA. However, CD14-260 CT + TT genotypes are associated with the prevalence of red complex periodontopathogens in patients with GO, and may thus play some role in the development of severe CsA-induced GO.

The Adipose Tissue Endocrine Mechanism of the Prophylactic Protective Effect of Pioglitazone in High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance

OBJECTIVE: To explore the adipose tissue endocrine mechanism of pioglitazone and its possible prophylactic role in insulin resistance. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomized to receive a normal diet (N group), a high-fat insulin resistance-inducing diet (IR group), or a high-fat diet plus treatment with pioglitazone (P group). Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were tested at weeks 10 and 11 after starting the diet and, at week 12, adipose, liver and skeletal muscle tissue samples were taken. HepG2 cells were cultured with palmitic acid (PA), pioglitazone and PA plus pioglitazone, and RNA interference was used to downregulate adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) 2 in these cells. The mRNA and protein levels of adipokines (resistin and adiponectin), AdipoR1 and 2 and uptake of [3H]-labelled glucose were measured in the HepG2 cells. RESULTS: Resistin and adiponectin in adipose tissue and AdipoR2 in liver tissue were significantly decreased in the IR group compared with the N group. Adiponectin and AdipoR2 were significantly increased and insulin resistance significantly decreased in the P group versus the IR group. In HepG2 cells, AdipoR2 levels and glucose uptake decreased significantly when PA was ≥ 200 μM, but were elevated by pioglitazone. Small interfering RNA-AdipoR2 confirmed glucose uptake in liver was regulated by AdipoR2. CONCLUSIONS: Pioglitazone prevented insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Liver AdipoR2-mediated glucose uptake is important in the prophylactic effect of pioglitazone on insulin resistance.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis by NF-κB-dependent mechanisms

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) causes atherosclerosis in mice fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD). The mechanisms by which CIH promotes atherosclerosis are incompletely understood. This study defined the mechanistic role of NF-κB pathway in CIH+HCD induced atherosclerosis. Wild type (WT) and mice deficient in the p50 subunit of NF-κB (p50-KO) were fed normal chow diet (ND) or HCD, and exposed to sham or CIH. Atherosclerotic lesions on the en face aortic preparation and cross-sections of aortic root were examined. In WT mice, neither CIH nor HCD exposure alone caused, but CIH+HCD caused evident atherosclerotic lesions on both preparations after 20weeks of exposure. WT mice on ND and exposed to CIH for 35.6weeks did not develop atherosclerotic lesions. P50 gene deletion diminished CIH+HCD induced NF-κB activation and abolished CIH+HCD induced atherosclerosis. P50 gene deletion inhibited vascular wall inflammation, reduced hepatic TNF-α level, attenuated the elevation in serum cholesterol level and diminished macrophage foam cell formation induced by CIH+HCD exposure. These results demonstrate that inhibition of NF-κB activation abrogates the activation of three major atherogenic mechanisms associated with an abolition of CIH+HCD induced atherosclerosis. NF-κB may be a central common pathway through which CIH+HCD exposure activates multiple atherogenic mechanisms, leading to atherosclerosis.

Linagliptin monotherapy provides superior glycaemic control versus placebo or voglibose with comparable safety in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo and active comparator-controlled, double-blind study

AIMS

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of linagliptin 5 and 10 mg vs. placebo and voglibose in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

This study enrolled patients with inadequately controlled T2DM who were previously treated with one or two oral antidiabetics or were drug naÏve. After a 2 to 4-week washout and placebo run-in, 561 patients were randomized (2 : 2 : 2 : 1) to double-blind treatment with linagliptin 5 or 10 mg qd, voglibose 0.2 mg tid or placebo. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with linagliptin vs. placebo after 12 weeks and vs. voglibose after 26 weeks.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics were well balanced across treatment groups (overall mean HbA1c was 8.01%). The adjusted mean (95% confidence interval) treatment differences at week 12 were -0.87% (-1.04, -0.70; p < 0.0001) and -0.88% (-1.05, -0.71; p < 0.0001) for linagliptin 5 and 10 mg vs. placebo and at week 26 were -0.32% (-0.49, -0.15; p = 0.0003) and -0.39% (-0.56, -0.21; p < 0.0001) for linagliptin 5 and 10 mg vs. voglibose. At week 12, mean HbA1c was 7.58, 7.48 and 8.34% in patients receiving linagliptin 5 mg, linagliptin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. At week 26, mean HbA1c was 7.63% with linagliptin 5 mg, 7.50% with linagliptin 10 mg and 7.91% with voglibose. Drug-related adverse event rates were comparable across treatment groups over 12 weeks (9.4% linagliptin 5 mg, 8.8% linagliptin 10 mg and 10.0% placebo) and 26 weeks (11.3% linagliptin 5 mg, 10.6% linagliptin 10 mg and 18.5% voglibose). There were no documented cases of hypoglycaemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Linagliptin showed superior glucose-lowering efficacy and comparable safety and tolerability to both placebo and voglibose in Japanese patients with T2DM.

Protective effects of calcium on copper toxicity in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco: copper accumulation, enzymatic activities, histology

The present study was conducted to determine interactive effects of waterborne co-exposure of copper (Cu) and calcium (Ca) on Cu accumulation, enzymatic activities and histology in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and test the prediction that Ca could protect against Cu--induced toxicity in the fish species. Yellow catfish were exposed to 0, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cu/l, in combination with 0 and 50 mg Ca/l. Waterborne Cu and Ca co-exposure influenced the majority of tested enzymatic activities (succinate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase), and changed Cu contents in several organs (gill, liver, kidney, gastrointestine and muscle). For histological observations, at the same Ca level, waterborne Cu exposure induced injuries in gills and liver. However, Ca addition seemed to mitigate the severity of Cu--induced injuries. Thus, our study demonstrated that Ca had the capacity to reduce Cu toxicity in P. fulvidraco.

Severe diffuse non-scarring hair loss in systemic lupus erythematosus - clinical and histopathological analysis of four cases

BACKGROUND

Although diffuse non-scarring hair loss been found common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), study that conduted on the severe type has been scarce.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to explore the dermoscopic and pathological features of severe diffuse hair loss in SLE.

METHOD

Data including clinico-laboratory, dermoscopic and histopathological findings of four patients with SLE with severe diffuse hair loss were analysed retrospectively.

RESULTS

All four patients were women aged 41, 39, 14 and 48 with complaints of hair loss involving 55%, 100%, 60% and 55% of their scalp respectively. Common clinical findings observed in the patients were sparse scalp hair with clusters of newly regrown hair. Scalp dermoscopy showed scaling, perifollicular telangiectasia, increased numbers of short vellus hairs, focal atrichia and decreased hair shaft pigmentation. Scalp tissue histopathology revealed typical changes of SLE such as epidermal atrophy with focal liquefaction, degeneration of the basement membrane zone, pigment incontinence, mild focal perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrates and deposition of immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction. Treatment and improvement in SLE disease activity indices had a favourable impact on hair regrowth.

CONCLUSION

The severe type of hair loss in patient with SLE presents a unique set of clinical, dermoscopic and histopathological features.

P2-02-01: A Novel Inflammatory Breast Cancer-Specific Oncogene, Tazarotene-Induced Gene 1, Promotes Tumorigenicity and Invasiveness through the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal and aggressive form of breast cancer and is highly metastatic. The prognosis of patients with IBC is poor, and effective standard therapies for IBC are limited because the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of IBC remain unknown. We recently found that tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) expression is significantly higher in IBC cell lines than in non-IBC cell lines. In both IBC and non-IBC data sets, estrogen receptor-negative/HER2−negative samples had significantly higher expression of TIG1 than did other clinical subtypes (estrogen receptor-positive/HER2−negative and HER2−positive). Therefore, we hypothesized that TIG1 plays an important role in the malignant process of IBC. In these studies, we determined the biological function of TIG1 in IBC cells and elucidated the molecular mechanism by which TIG1 regulates the invasiveness of IBC cells.

Methods: TIG1 expression in SUM149 and KPL-4 IBC cells was stably knocked down, and the effects of this knockdown on in vitro cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were analyzed. The effects of restoring TIG1 expression on TIG1-silencing IBC cells were also examined. To determine the tumorigenic activity of TIG1 in vivo, TIG1 stable-knockdown SUM149 cells and control shRNA-transfected cells were implanted into the mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice, and tumor growth was monitored. The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl, a potential functional partner of TIG1, was identified using DNA microarray analysis. The interaction between TIG1 and Axl in IBC cells was examined using immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy assays. The signaling pathway in IBC cells in which TIG1 participates was also investigated.

Results: Knockdown of TIG1 expression in IBC cells reduced their proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Also, silencing of TIG1 dramatically inhibited IBC tumor growth in a xenograft model. Moreover, restoring TIG1 expression rescued the proliferation, motility, and invasiveness of TIG1-silenced IBC cells. Most importantly, we identified Axl as a functional partner of TIG1 by showing that TIG1 interacted with and stabilized Axl in IBC cells. TIG1 regulated the invasiveness of IBC cells through mediation of the Axl signaling pathway. In SUM149 cells, TIG1 depletion decreased Axl expression, which led to downregulation of expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, a molecule required for Axl-mediated invasion, and inactivation of nuclear factor-kB, ultimately leading to decreased invasiveness of IBC cells.

Conclusion: Our results identified TIG1 as an oncogenic gene that contributes to the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of IBC. Our data also linked TIG1 with the key tumorigenic gene Axl in IBC cells. Further studies designed to establish TIG1 as a therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with IBC are under way.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-02-01.

Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib overcomes P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in resistant leukemic cell lines

INTRODUCTION

To study the effect of bortezomib alone or in combination with daunorubicin (DNR) on an mdr1 single-factor drug-resistant leukemia cell line K562/MDR1, a multifactor-resistant cell line K562/A02, a drug-sensitive cell line K562, and primary cells from acute myeloid leukemia patients.

METHODS

The cell lines were exposed to bortezomib, DNR, and bortezomib plus DNR, and cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis rate, and expression of MDR1/BCL2 were analyzed.

RESULTS

Bortezomib potently inhibited growth and increased the apoptosis rate in the cell lines. In K562/MDR1 and K562/A02, the calcium channel blocker verapamil reduced the 50% inhibitory concentration and apoptosis rate of DNR, a P-gp protein substrate, but not of bortezomib. Bortezomib plus DNR had synergistic effect on antiproliferation (synergistic ratio > 1). Apoptosis was substantially more increased by the combination of two drugs than by bortezomib alone. Bortezomib arrested the cell cycles of three cell lines at the G2/M stage, decreased BCL2 mRNA expression, but did not affect MDR1 mRNA levels. The antiproliferative role of bortezomib was also confirmed in primary leukemia cells.

CONCLUSION

Bortezomib is a promising potential therapy for acute leukemia, especially mdr1 drug-resistant leukemia.

Effect of waterborne zinc exposure on metal accumulation, enzymatic activities and histology of Synechogobius hasta

The present study was conducted to determine the metal accumulation, antioxidant enzymatic response, hepatic intermediary metabolism and histological changes in Synechogobius hasta exposed to 0.35 (control), 9.7 and 19.2mg/L Zn, respectively, on the 0, 4th, 8th and 12th day. Waterborne Zn exposure significantly reduced hepatosomatic index, hepatic lipid contents and fatty liver occurrence rate, increased Zn, Fe and Mn contents and reduced the contents of Cu and Ca in liver, and increased muscle Zn content. Waterborne Zn exposure also significantly influenced enzymatic activities involved in antioxidant responses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, malondialdehyde) in liver and spleen, and changed hepatic intermediary enzymatic activities (succinate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase), impaired the histological structure of the gill and spleen, and reduced vacuolated hepatocytes. Thus, our study demonstrated for the first time that waterborne Zn exposure could reduce fatty liver syndrome in S. hasta.