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McGregor SM, McElherne J, Minor A, Keller-Ramey J, Dunning R, Husain AN, Vigneswaran W, Fitzpatrick C, Krausz T. BAP1 immunohistochemistry has limited prognostic utility as a complement of CDKN2A (p16) fluorescence in situ hybridization in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 2016; 60:86-94. [PMID: 27771374 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BRCA-associated protein 1 (BAP1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and CDKN2A (p16) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have shown clinical utility in confirming the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), but the role for using these 2 markers to guide clinical management is not yet clear. Although p16 loss is predictive of poor prognosis, there is controversy as to whether BAP1 loss is predictive of a more favorable prognosis; how these results interact with one another has not been explored. We performed CDKN2A FISH on a previously published tissue microarray on which we had performed BAP1 IHC, revealing combined BAP1/p16 status for 93 MPM cases. As expected, BAP1 IHC in combination with CDKN2A FISH resulted in high sensitivity (84%) and specificity (100%) for MPM, and p16 loss was an independent predictor of poor survival (hazard ratio, 2.2553; P = .0135). There was no association between BAP1 loss and p16 loss, as 26%, 28%, 30%, and 16% of overall cases demonstrated loss of BAP1 alone, loss of p16 alone, loss of both BAP1 and p16, or neither abnormality, respectively. Although multivariate analysis demonstrated that BAP1 IHC is not an independent predictor of prognosis, when viewed in combination with homozygous CDKN2A deletion, risk stratification was evident. More specifically, patients with CDKN2A disomy and loss of BAP1 expression had improved outcomes compared with those with CDKN2A disomy and retained BAP1 expression (hazard ratio, 0.2286; P = .0017), and this finding was notably evident among epithelioid cases. We conclude that BAP1 IHC provides prognostic information within the context of CDKN2A FISH that may have clinical utility beyond diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M McGregor
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792.
| | - James McElherne
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637.
| | - Agata Minor
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637.
| | | | - Ryan Dunning
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637.
| | - Aliya N Husain
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637.
| | | | - Carrie Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637.
| | - Thomas Krausz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637.
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Ascoli V, Cozzi I, Vatrano S, Izzo S, Giorcelli J, Romeo E, Carnovale-Scalzo C, Grillo LR, Facciolo F, Visca P, Papotti M, Righi L. Mesothelioma families without inheritance of a BAP1 predisposing mutation. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:381-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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CDKN2A and BAP1 germline mutations predispose to melanoma and mesothelioma. Cancer Lett 2016; 378:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hereditary melanoma: Update on syndromes and management: Emerging melanoma cancer complexes and genetic counseling. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:411-20; quiz 421-2. [PMID: 26892651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer genomics have enabled the discovery of many cancer-predisposing genes that are being used to classify new familial melanoma/cancer syndromes. In addition to CDKN2A and CDK4, germline variants in TERT, MITF, and BAP1 have been added to the list of genes harboring melanoma-predisposing mutations. These newer entities may have escaped earlier description in part because of more advanced technologies now being used and in part because of their mixed cancer phenotype as opposed to a melanoma-focused syndrome. Dermatologists should be aware of (and be able to recognize) the clinical signs in high-risk patients in different contexts. Personal and family histories of cancer should always be sought in patients with multiple nevi or a positive history for melanoma, and should be updated annually. Various features that are unique to specific disorders, such as the appearance of melanocytic BAP1-mutated atypical intradermal tumors in cases of BAP1 melanoma syndrome, should also be recognized early. These patients should be offered regular screenings with the use of dermoscopy and total body photography, as needed. More importantly, referral to other specialists may be needed if a risk for internal malignancy is suspected. It is important to have in mind that these patients tend to develop multiple melanomas, along with various internal organ malignancies, often at younger ages; a multidisciplinary approach to their cancer screening and treatment is ideal.
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Agaimy A, Hartmann A. [Hereditary renal tumors: More common than expected?]. DER PATHOLOGE 2016; 37:134-43. [PMID: 26979427 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-016-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas are associated with hereditary tumor syndromes in approximately 5 % of cases. In patients with a hereditary predisposition, tumors show an earlier age of onset, often with a multicentric and bilateral manifestation. While some patients with renal cell carcinoma can be classified into well-characterized kidney cancer syndromes others have a genetic background which is still poorly understood. Most of the specific tumor syndromes are associated with a histopathologically distinct renal cell tumor phenotype. The recognition of patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma and the identification of individual family members with a higher risk of development of renal tumors is important for early tumor detection and treatment. This manuscript reviews the clinical pathological and molecular findings of hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agaimy
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - A Hartmann
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstraße 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
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Andrici J, Goeppert B, Sioson L, Clarkson A, Renner M, Stenzinger A, Tayao M, Watson N, Farzin M, Toon CW, Smith RC, Mittal A, Samra JS, Hugh TJ, Chou A, Lawlor RT, Weichert W, Schirmacher P, Sperandio N, Ruzzenente A, Scarpa A, Gill AJ. Loss of BAP1 Expression Occurs Frequently in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2491. [PMID: 26765459 PMCID: PMC4718285 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Double hit BAP1 inactivation has been reported in a range of tumor types, including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), sometimes in association with germline mutation.We performed immunohistochemistry for BAP1 on a well-characterized cohort of 211 ICC patients undergoing surgical resection with curative intent at 3 institutions based in 3 different countries. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range, 36.5-86) and 108 (51%) were men. Negative staining for BAP1 (defined as completely absent nuclear staining in the presence of positive internal controls in nonneoplastic cells) occurred in 55 ICCs (26%). BAP1 loss predicted a strong trend toward improved median survival of 40.80 months (95% CI, 28.14-53.46) versus 24.87 months (95% CI, 18.73-31.01), P = 0.059). In a multivariate model including age, sex, BAP1 status, tumor stage, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor size, female sex was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.85), while advanced tumor stage and lymphovascular invasion (HR 1.89; 95% CI, 1.09-3.28) correlated with decreased survival. In a multivariate analysis, high grade tumors were associated with BAP1 loss (odds ratio [OR] 3.32; 95% CI, 1.29-8.55), while lymphatic invasion was inversely associated with BAP1 loss (OR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.13-0.99).In conclusion, we observed a trend toward improved prognosis in ICC associated with absent expression of BAP1 and an association of BAP1 loss with higher histological grade and absent lymphatic invasion. Female sex was associated with improved survival while advanced tumor stage and lymphatic invasion were associated with decreased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Andrici
- From the Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia (JA, LS, AC, MT, NW, MF, CWT, AJG); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (BG, MR, AS, WW, PS); Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards (LS, AC, MF, AJG); Histopath Pathology, North Ryde (CWT); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney (JA,CWT, RCS, AM, JSS, TJH, AJG); Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards; Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney (AM, JSS, TJH); Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, Sydney (JSS); Department of Anatomical Pathology, SYDPATH, St Vincents Hospitals, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia (AC); Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, ARC-NET Research Center (RTL, NS, AS); Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy (AR); and Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, NSW, Australia (AJG)
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McDonnell KJ, Gallanis GT, Heller KA, Melas M, Idos GE, Culver JO, Martin SE, Peng DH, Gruber SB. A novel BAP1 mutation is associated with melanocytic neoplasms and thyroid cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 209:75-81. [PMID: 26774355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, BRCA-1 associated protein (BAP1), underlie a tumor predisposition syndrome characterized by increased risk for numerous cancers including uveal melanoma, melanocytic tumors and mesothelioma, among others. In the present study we report the identification of a novel germline BAP1 mutation, c.1777C>T, which produces a truncated BAP1 protein product and segregates with cancer. Family members with this mutation demonstrated a primary clinical phenotype of autosomal dominant, early-onset melanocytic neoplasms with immunohistochemistry (IHC) of these tumors demonstrating lack of BAP1 protein expression. In addition, family members harboring the BAP1 c.1777C>T germline mutation developed other neoplastic disease including thyroid cancer. IHC analysis of the thyroid cancer, as well, demonstrated loss of BAP1 protein expression. Our investigation identifies a new BAP1 mutation, further highlights the relevance of BAP1 as a clinically important tumor suppressor gene, and broadens the range of cancers associated with BAP1 inactivation. Further study will be required to understand the full scope of BAP1-associated neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J McDonnell
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory T Gallanis
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Heller
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marilena Melas
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory E Idos
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie O Culver
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sue-Ellen Martin
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David H Peng
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Potrony M, Badenas C, Aguilera P, Puig-Butille JA, Carrera C, Malvehy J, Puig S. Update in genetic susceptibility in melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:210. [PMID: 26488006 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.08.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most deadly of the common skin cancers and its incidence is rapidly increasing. Approximately 10% of cases occur in a familial context. To date, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), which was identified as the first melanoma susceptibility gene more than 20 years ago, is the main high-risk gene for melanoma. A few years later cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was also identified as a melanoma susceptibility gene. The technologic advances have allowed the identification of new genes involved in melanoma susceptibility: Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) associated protein 1 (BAP1), CXC genes, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), protection of telomeres 1 (POT1), ACD and TERF2IP, the latter four being involved in telomere maintenance. Furthermore variants in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) give a moderately increased risk to develop melanoma. Melanoma genetic counseling is offered to families in order to better understand the disease and the genetic susceptibility of developing it. Genetic counseling often implies genetic testing, although patients can benefit from genetic counseling even when they do not fulfill the criteria for these tests. Genetic testing for melanoma predisposition mutations can be used in clinical practice under adequate selection criteria and giving a valid test interpretation and genetic counseling to the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Potrony
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Badenas
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Aguilera
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- 1 Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain ; 3 Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Loss of expression of BAP1 is a useful adjunct, which strongly supports the diagnosis of mesothelioma in effusion cytology. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1360-8. [PMID: 26226841 PMCID: PMC4761613 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although most mesotheliomas present with pleural effusions, it is controversial whether mesothelioma can be diagnosed with confidence in effusion cytology. Therefore, an ancillary marker of malignant mesothelial cells applicable in effusions would be clinically valuable. BRCA-1-associated protein (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor gene, which shows biallelic inactivation in approximately half of all mesotheliomas. We investigated whether loss of BAP1 expression by immunohistochemistry can be used to support a diagnosis of mesothelioma in effusion cytology. Immunohistochemistry for BAP1 was performed on cell blocks and interpreted blinded. 43 of 75 (57%) effusions associated with confirmed mesothelioma showed negative staining with positive internal controls. Of 57 effusions considered to have atypical mesothelial cells in the absence of a definitive diagnosis of mesothelioma, 8 cases demonstrated negative staining for BAP1. On follow-up six of these patients received a definitive diagnosis of mesothelioma in the subsequent 14 months (two were lost to follow-up immediately, and mesothelioma could not be excluded). Only 5 of 100 consecutive benign effusions were interpreted as BAP1 negative. One of these patients died soon after and mesothelioma could not be excluded. On unblinded review the four other patients with apparently negative BAP1 staining but no malignancy lacked convincing positive staining in non-neoplastic cells suggesting that BAP1 immunohistochemistry may have initially been misinterpreted. 47 effusions with adenocarcinoma were BAP1 positive. We conclude that loss of BAP1 expression, while not definitive, can be used to support the diagnosis of mesothelioma in effusion cytology. We caution that interpretation of BAP1 immunohistochemistry on cell block may be difficult and that convincing positive staining in non-neoplastic cells is required before atypical cells are considered negative. We also note that BAP1 loss is not a sensitive test as it occurs in only half of all mesotheliomas and cannot be used to exclude the diagnosis.
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60
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Sokolenko AP, Suspitsin EN, Kuligina ES, Bizin IV, Frishman D, Imyanitov EN. Identification of novel hereditary cancer genes by whole exome sequencing. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:274-88. [PMID: 26427841 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) provides a powerful tool for medical genetic research. Several dozens of WES studies involving patients with hereditary cancer syndromes have already been reported. WES led to breakthrough in understanding of the genetic basis of some exceptionally rare syndromes; for example, identification of germ-line SMARCA4 mutations in patients with ovarian hypercalcemic small cell carcinomas indeed explains a noticeable share of familial aggregation of this disease. However, studies on common cancer types turned out to be more difficult. In particular, there is almost a dozen of reports describing WES analysis of breast cancer patients, but none of them yet succeeded to reveal a gene responsible for the significant share of missing heritability. Virtually all components of WES studies require substantial improvement, e.g. technical performance of WES, interpretation of WES results, mode of patient selection, etc. Most of contemporary investigations focus on genes with autosomal dominant mechanism of inheritance; however, recessive and oligogenic models of transmission of cancer susceptibility also need to be considered. It is expected that the list of medically relevant tumor-predisposing genes will be rapidly expanding in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Sokolenko
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Suspitsin
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Ekatherina Sh Kuligina
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Ilya V Bizin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, RASA Research Center, St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St.-Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU Muenchen, Freising 85354, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia; Department of Oncology, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg 191015, Russia; Department of Oncology, St.-Petersburg State University, St.-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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61
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Abstract
Approximately 10% of melanoma cases report a relative affected with melanoma, and a positive family history is associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma. Although the majority of genetic alterations associated with melanoma development are somatic, the underlying presence of heritable melanoma risk genes is an important component of disease occurrence. Susceptibility for some families is due to mutation in one of the known high penetrance melanoma predisposition genes: CDKN2A, CDK4, BAP1, POT1, ACD, TERF2IP and TERT. However, despite such mutations being implicated in a combined total of approximately 50% of familial melanoma cases, the underlying genetic basis is unexplained for the remainder of high-density melanoma families. Aside from the possibility of extremely rare mutations in a few additional high penetrance genes yet to be discovered, this suggests a likely polygenic component to susceptibility, and a unique level of personal melanoma risk influenced by multiple low-risk alleles and genetic modifiers. In addition to conferring a risk of cutaneous melanoma, some 'melanoma' predisposition genes have been linked to other cancers, with cancer clustering observed in melanoma families at rates greater than expected by chance. The most extensively documented association is between CDKN2A germ line mutations and pancreatic cancer, and a cancer syndrome including cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma and mesothelioma has been proposed for BAP1 germ line mutations. Other medium to high penetrance melanoma predisposition genes have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (MITF, BAP1) and glioma (POT1). These associations between melanoma and other cancers hint at the possibility of common pathways for oncogenesis, and better knowledge of these pathways may improve understanding of the genetic basis underpinning familial melanoma. It is likely that 'melanoma' risk genes will impact on mutation screening and genetic counselling not only for melanoma but also a range of other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazlyn Read
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin A W Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Singh AD, Schoenfield LA, Bastian BC, Aziz HA, Marino MJ, Biscotti CV. Congenital uveal melanoma? Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:59-64. [PMID: 26277063 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A 3-month-old infant with a white mother and Asian father presented with discoloration and prominence of the left eye since birth. Examination revealed a normal right eye. The left eye had hyperchromic heterochromia and an enlarged cornea (diameter, 13.0 mm) with intraocular pressure of 26 mm Hg. There were multiple areas of subconjunctival nodular pigmentation that extended posteriorly into the superior fornix. Fundus examination showed a large ciliochoroidal pigmented mass extending from 10:30 to 3:00 o'clock position involving the superior half of the choroid and adjacent ciliary body. The eye was enucleated, confirming the diagnosis of diffuse uveal melanoma with extraocular extension. Systemic surveillance (hepatic panel and ultrasonography of the liver) performed every 6 months for 5 years was has been negative for metastases. The tumor was investigated intensively for the panel of genes (BAP1, BRAF, NRAS12, NRAS61, GNAQ, Kit 9,11,13,17,18) implicated in pathogenesis of blue nevus, cutaneous melanoma, and mucosal melanomas with negative results. Moreover, germline BAP1 mutation could not be identified. This case possibly represents as yet unidentified uveal melanocytic proliferation rather than a true variant of uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun D Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Lynn A Schoenfield
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hassan A Aziz
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meghan J Marino
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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63
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Mori T, Sumii M, Fujishima F, Ueno K, Emi M, Nagasaki M, Ishioka C, Chiba N. Somatic alteration and depleted nuclear expression of BAP1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1118-29. [PMID: 26081045 PMCID: PMC4582980 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is involved in the regulation of cell growth. Recently, many somatic and germline mutations of BAP1 have been reported in a broad spectrum of tumors. In this study, we identified a novel somatic non-synonymous BAP1 mutation, a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 170 (F170I), in 1 of 49 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of BAP1 gene in this ESCC tumor disclosed monoallelic deletion (LOH), suggesting BAP1 alterations on both alleles in this tumor. The deubiquitinase activity and the auto-deubiquitinase activity of F170I-mutant BAP1 were markedly suppressed compared with wild-type BAP1. In addition, wild-type BAP1 mostly localizes to the nucleus, whereas the F170I mutant preferentially localized in the cytoplasm. Microarray analysis revealed that expression of the F170I mutant drastically altered gene expression profiles compared with expressed wild-type BAP1. Gene-ontology analyses indicated that the F170I mutation altered the expression of genes involved in oncogenic pathways. We found that one candidate, TCEAL7, previously reported as a putative tumor suppressor gene, was significantly induced by wild-type BAP1 as compared to F170I mutant BAP1. Furthermore, we found that the level of BAP1 expression in the nucleus was reduced in 44% of ESCC examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Because the nuclear localization of BAP1 is important for its tumor suppressor function, BAP1 may be functionally inactivated in a substantial portion of ESCC. Taken together, BAP1 is likely to function as a tumor suppressor in at least a part of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Tohoku Community Cancer Services Program, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makiko Sumii
- Tohoku Community Cancer Services Program, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kazuko Ueno
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Emi
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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64
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Nakamura H, Arai Y, Totoki Y, Shirota T, Elzawahry A, Kato M, Hama N, Hosoda F, Urushidate T, Ohashi S, Hiraoka N, Ojima H, Shimada K, Okusaka T, Kosuge T, Miyagawa S, Shibata T. Genomic spectra of biliary tract cancer. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1003-10. [PMID: 26258846 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of biliary tract cancer (BTC), including intrahepatic (ICC) and extrahepatic (ECC) cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, has increased globally; however, no effective targeted molecular therapies have been approved at the present time. Here we molecularly characterized 260 BTCs and uncovered spectra of genomic alterations that included new potential therapeutic targets. Gradient spectra of mutational signatures with a higher burden of the APOBEC-associated mutation signature were observed in gallbladder cancer and ECC. Thirty-two significantly altered genes, including ELF3, were identified, and nearly 40% of cases harbored targetable genetic alterations. Gene fusions involving FGFR2 and PRKACA or PRKACB preferentially occurred in ICC and ECC, respectively, and the subtype-associated prevalence of actionable growth factor-mediated signals was noteworthy. The subgroup with the poorest prognosis had significant enrichment of hypermutated tumors and a characteristic elevation in the expression of immune checkpoint molecules. Accordingly, immune-modulating therapies might also be potentially promising options for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Arai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Shirota
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,First Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Asmaa Elzawahry
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kato
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Hama
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Hosoda
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Urushidate
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Ohashi
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ojima
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kosuge
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- First Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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65
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Rai K, Pilarski R, Cebulla CM, Abdel-Rahman MH. Comprehensive review of BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome with report of two new cases. Clin Genet 2015; 89:285-94. [PMID: 26096145 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) tumor predisposition syndrome (BAP1-TPDS) is a recently identified hereditary cancer syndrome. Germline mutations in this tumor suppressor gene predispose families to the development of various malignancies. The molecular functions of the gene as well as the clinical phenotype of the syndrome are still being clarified. We sought to conduct a comprehensive review of published research into BAP1-TPDS to more thoroughly delineate the clinical implications of germline BAP1 mutations. We also report two additional families with germline BAP1 mutations. Current evidence demonstrates that germline BAP1 mutations predispose families to uveal melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, cutaneous melanoma, and possibly to a range of other cancers as well. Some of these cancers tend to be more aggressive, have a propensity to metastasize, and onset earlier in life in patients with BAP1 mutations as compared to non-predisposed patients with equivalent cancers. Although further research is necessary, this information can aid in the management, diagnosis, and therapy of these patients and their families, and highlights the importance of genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rai
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R Pilarski
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C M Cebulla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M H Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Menoufiya University, Shebin Elkoum, Egypt
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66
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Klebe S, Driml J, Nasu M, Pastorino S, Zangiabadi A, Henderson D, Carbone M. BAP1 hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome: a case report and review of literature. Biomark Res 2015; 3:14. [PMID: 26140217 PMCID: PMC4488956 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed with uveal melanoma, peritoneal mesothelioma and a primary biliary tract adenocarcinoma. She had a strong family history of mesothelioma as well as other malignancies including renal cell carcinoma. The recently described BAP1 hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome was suspected, but immunohistochemical labeling was not conclusive. Genetic testing confirmed a novel and unusual germline mutation in the ubiquitin hydrolase domain of the BAP1 gene (p.Tyr173Cys) and the patient was diagnosed with the BAP1 hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. This case demonstrates the importance of clinically recognizing this rare syndrome and its manifestations, some which are still being characterized. It also highlights the importance of genetic testing in cases where there is a high clinical suspicion, even when screening tests, such as immunohistochemistry, in this case, are inconclusive. The diagnosis of a germline BAP1 mutation may have important implications for both the patient and their families with regards to further genetic testing and active surveillance programs. Further research is needed to fully understand the extent and clinical implications of this rare cancer syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Jack Driml
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Masaki Nasu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Bldg A-4R, Rm 450, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Sandra Pastorino
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Bldg A-4R, Rm 450, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Amirmasoud Zangiabadi
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Douglas Henderson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 UK
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Bldg A-4R, Rm 450, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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67
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Marušić Z, Buljan M, Busam KJ. Histomorphologic spectrum of BAP1 negative melanocytic neoplasms in a family with BAP1-associated cancer susceptibility syndrome. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:406-12. [PMID: 25902915 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple BAP1 negative melanocytic neoplasms are a hallmark of familial cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by BAP1 germline mutation. The syndrome is characterized by increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, cholangiocarcinoma, cutaneous and uveal melanoma and some other neoplasms. METHODS We report histomorphologic characteristics of six cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms with loss of BAP1 expression in two members of a family with BAP1-associated cancer susceptibility syndrome. RESULTS The neoplasms were dermal melanocytic nevi characterized by a proliferation of large epithelioid (spitzoid) melanocytes, and adipocytic metaplasia. Nuclear pseudoinclusions and multinucleated melanocytes were present in most neoplasms. In two of the cases, a nodular melanoma was found associated with a dermal nevus. None of the melanomas recurred or metastasized after 6 and 3 years of follow up. CONCLUSIONS We report two new cases of melanoma arising in a BAP1-deficient melanocytic nevus in the setting of familial tumor predisposition syndrome. Adipocytic metaplasia and nuclear pseudoinclusions may be additional morphologic clues to a BAP1-deficient nevus. It remains to be seen whether these features are more common in familial than sporadic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Marušić
- Ljudevit Jurak Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Buljan
- Department of Dermatology, Clinical Hospital Center "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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68
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Mochel MC, Piris A, Nose V, Hoang MP. Loss of BAP1 Expression in Basal Cell Carcinomas in Patients With Germline BAP1 Mutations. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:901-4. [PMID: 25972334 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpg8lfjc0dhdqt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with heterozygous germline mutations in BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1), a tumor suppressor gene, develop a tumor predisposition syndrome (OMIM 614327) with increased risk of uveal and cutaneous melanomas, cutaneous atypical and epithelioid melanocytic lesions, lung adenocarcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and other tumors. Early recognition of this syndrome is of clinical importance. In addition, screening for BAP1 mutation, loss, and inactivation by performing BAP1 immunohistochemistry on cutaneous lesions would be a simple method for screening patients suspected of having germline BAP1 mutations. METHODS We investigated BAP1 expression in seven basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in two patients with germline BAP1 mutation and a family history of uveal melanoma. Six lesions were from the head and neck region and one from the shoulder. Thirty-one sporadic BCCs were included as controls. RESULTS All seven BCCs in the patients with germline BAP1 mutations exhibited loss of BAP1 nuclear staining, while 30 (97%) of 31 sporadic BCCs exhibited positive BAP1 nuclear staining. CONCLUSIONS Loss of BAP1 expression could be associated with the development of BCC in patients with germline BAP1 mutations. These results suggest that BCC may be a component of the expanding category of tumors associated with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Mochel
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adriano Piris
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vania Nose
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mai P. Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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69
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Nielsen M, Dogrusöz M, Bleeker J, Kroes W, van Asperen C, Marinkovic M, Luyten G, Jager M. The genetic basis of uveal melanoma. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:516-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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70
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the controversy surrounding the benefits of nephron-sparing surgery, multiple absolute indications for nephron-sparing surgery still exist, including the classic indications of hereditary and bilateral kidney tumors. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple genetic mutations have been identified which lead to hereditary kidney cancer conditions. These are briefly reviewed because the surgical management of hereditary kidney tumors depends on the genetic and histologic subtypes involved. Clear understanding of these hereditary conditions is crucial for proper surgical management of these tumors. SUMMARY Complex partial nephrectomy for multiple renal tumors, or multiplex partial nephrectomy, requires not only exceptional surgical skills but expertise of numerous nonsurgical methodologies, such as hands-on intraoperative ultrasonography and interpretation of multiple imaging modalities. In addition, multidisciplinary management is crucial for optimal outcomes in patient care. This review evaluates the most advanced surgical techniques and perioperative management required to successfully care for these challenging cases.
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71
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Aoude LG, Wadt KAW, Pritchard AL, Hayward NK. Genetics of familial melanoma: 20 years after CDKN2A. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:148-60. [PMID: 25431349 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the first familial melanoma susceptibility gene, CDKN2A, was identified. Two years later, another high-penetrance gene, CDK4, was found to be responsible for melanoma development in some families. Progress in identifying new familial melanoma genes was subsequently slow; however, with the advent of next-generation sequencing, a small number of new high-penetrance genes have recently been uncovered. This approach has identified the lineage-specific oncogene MITF as a susceptibility gene both in melanoma families and in the general population, as well as the discovery of telomere maintenance as a key pathway underlying melanoma predisposition. Given these rapid recent advances, this approach seems likely to continue to pay dividends. Here, we review the currently known familial melanoma genes, providing evidence that most additionally confer risk to other cancers, indicating that they are likely general tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes, which has significant implications for surveillance and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Aoude
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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72
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Liao L, Testa JR, Yang H. The roles of chromatin-remodelers and epigenetic modifiers in kidney cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:206-14. [PMID: 25873528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major subtype of kidney cancer that is characterized by frequent inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene in 80-90% of the tumors. Recent reports using massive parallel sequencing technologies have discovered additional cancer driver genes. PBRM1 was found to be mutated in about 40% of ccRCC tumors, whereas BAP1 and SETD2 were each mutated in about 10-15% of ccRCC tumors. JARID1C and UTX, two histone H3 demethylases, were also found to harbor mutations in ccRCC, albeit at lower rates. ccRCC tumors display a high degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity, with some mutations present in all cancer cells (ubiquitous), whereas others are subclonal. The VHL mutations were always ubiquitous in the tumors; PBRM1 mutations were also ubiquitous but to a lesser extent. On the contrary, mutations in BAP1, SETD2, JARID1C, and UTX were all subclonal, meaning that they were present in a subset of cancer cells in a tumor. The prognostic value of PBRM1 mutations in ccRCC is still controversial, whereas BAP1 mutations were tightly linked to worse clinical outcomes in multiple studies. The molecular functions of these newly identified cancer driver genes are discussed, and they were known readers, writers, or erasers of histone marks on histone H2 and H3 tails that are very close to each other, suggesting that these factors might functionally interact and affect common pathways. The studies on these newly identified tumor suppressors will shed light on ccRCC tumorigenesis and development, and will likely lead to development of novel therapeutic interventions for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liao
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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73
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Cebulla CM, Binkley EM, Pilarski R, Massengill JB, Rai K, Liebner DA, Marino MJ, Singh AD, Abdel-Rahman MH. Analysis of BAP1 Germline Gene Mutation in Young Uveal Melanoma Patients. Ophthalmic Genet 2015; 36:126-31. [PMID: 25687217 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1010734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the prevalence of BAP1 germline mutations in a series of young patients with uveal melanoma (UM), diagnosed before age 30. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out on 14 young uveal melanoma patients (average age 21.4 years, range 3 months to 29 years). Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. BAP1 sequencing was carried out using direct sequencing of all exons and adjacent intronic sequences. We also tested for germline mutations in additional melanoma-associated candidate genes CDKN2A and CDK4 (exon 4). RESULTS We identified one patient with a pathogenic mutation (c. 1717delC, p.L573fs*3) in BAP1. This patient was diagnosed with UM at age 18 years and had a family history of a father with UM and a paternal grandfather with cancer of unknown origin. One additional patient had an intronic variant of uncertain significance (c.123-48T > G) in BAP1 while the remaining 12 patients had no alteration. None of the patients had CDKN2A or CDK4 (Exon 4) mutations. Family history was positive for a number of additional malignancies in this series, in particular for cutaneous melanoma, prostate, breast and colon cancers. There were no families with a history of mesothelioma or renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a small subset of patients with early onset UM has germline mutation in BAP1. While young patients with UM should be screened for germline BAP1 mutations, our results suggest that there is a need to identify other candidate genes which are responsible for UM in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
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74
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Photocarcinogenesis: an epidemiologic perspective on ultraviolet light and skin cancer. Dermatol Clin 2015; 32:301-13, viii. [PMID: 24891053 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photocarcinogenesis is the result of a complex interplay between ultraviolet radiation, DNA damage, mutation formation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and the immune system. Recent trends show an increase in incidence of both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Some individuals have a genetic predisposition toward increased risk for skin cancer, whereas others experience increased risk through ultraviolet exposure and subsequent mutation formation. The initiation and propagation pathways of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers differ but have some elements in common. The increase in incidence of skin cancer has been discovered to vary among age groups and gender.
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75
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van Kempen LC, Redpath M, Robert C, Spatz A. Molecular pathology of cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2014; 1:151-164. [PMID: 30190820 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is associated with strong prognostic phenotypic features, such as gender, Breslow's thickness and ulceration, although the biological significance of these variables is largely unknown. It is likely that these features are surrogates of important biological events rather than directly promoting cutaneous melanoma progression. In this article, we address the molecular mechanisms that drive these phenotypic changes. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive overview of recurrent genetic abnormalities, both germline and somatic, in relation to cutaneous melanoma subtypes, ultraviolet exposure and anatomical localization, as well as pre-existing and targeted therapy-induced mutations that may contribute to resistance. The increasing knowledge of critically important oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes is promoting a transition in melanoma diagnosis, in which single-gene testing will be replaced by multiplex and multidimensional analyses that combine classical histopathological characteristics with the molecular profile for the prognostication and selection of melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon C van Kempen
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Redpath
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Robert
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Alan Spatz
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
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76
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Avril MF, Bahadoran P, Cabaret O, Caron O, de la Fouchardière A, Demenais F, Desjardins L, Frébourg T, Hammel P, Leccia MT, Lesueur F, Mahé E, Martin L, Maubec E, Remenieras A, Richard S, Robert C, Soufir N, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Thomas L, Vabres P, Bressac-de Paillerets B. [Recommendations for genetic testing and management of individuals genetically at-risk of cutaneous melanoma]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 142:26-36. [PMID: 25600792 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.09.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a multifactorial disease resulting from both environmental and genetic factors. Five susceptibility genes have been identified over the past years, comprising high-risk susceptibility genes (CDKN2A, CDK4, and BAP1 genes) and intermediate-risk susceptibility genes (MITF, and MC1R genes). The aim of this expert consensus was to define clinical contexts justifying genetic analyses, to describe the conduct of these analyses, and to propose surveillance recommendations. Given the regulatory constraints, it is recommended that dermatologists work in tandem with a geneticist. Genetic analysis may be prescribed when at least two episodes of histologically proven invasive cutaneous melanoma have been diagnosed before the age of 75 years in two 1st or 2nd degree relatives or in the same individual. The occurrence in the same individual or in a relative of invasive cutaneous melanoma with ocular melanoma, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, mesothelioma or a central nervous system tumour are also indications for genetic testing. Management is based upon properly managed photoprotection and dermatological monitoring according to genetic status. Finally, depending on the mutated gene and the familial history, associated tumour risks require specific management (e.g. ocular melanoma, pancreatic cancer). Due to the rapid progress in genetics, these recommendations will need to be updated regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Avril
- Service de dermatologie, groupe hospitalier Cochin-Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, AP-HP, pavillon Tarnier, 89, rue d'Assas, 75006 Paris, France
| | - P Bahadoran
- Inserm U895, service de dermatologie, hôpital Archet 2, CHU, 151, route Saint-Antoine-Ginestiere, BP 79, 06200 Nice cedex 3, France
| | - O Cabaret
- Service de génétique, département de biologie et pathologie médicales, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France
| | - O Caron
- Consultation d'oncogénétique, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - A de la Fouchardière
- Département de biopathologie, centre Léon-Bérard, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - F Demenais
- Inserm, UMR946, variabilité génétique et maladies humaines, fondation Jean-Dausset, CEPH, 27, rue Juliette-Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
| | - L Desjardins
- Service d'ophtalmologie, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - T Frébourg
- Inserm U1079, service de génétique, CHU de Rouen, IRIB, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 22, boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex, France
| | - P Hammel
- Service de gastro-entérologie-pancréatologie, hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 100, boulevard du Général-Leclerc, 92118 Clichy cedex, France
| | - M-T Leccia
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - F Lesueur
- Inserm U900, équipe épidémiologie génétique des cancers, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - E Mahé
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier Victor-Dupouy, 69, rue du Lieutenant-Colonel-Prud'hon, 95107 Argenteuil cedex, France
| | - L Martin
- Service de dermatologie, CHU d'Angers, université d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - E Maubec
- Inserm, UMR946, variabilité génétique et maladies humaines, fondation Jean-Dausset, CEPH, 27, rue Juliette-Dodu, 75010 Paris, France; Service de dermatologie, hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - A Remenieras
- Département d'oncologie génétique, institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232, boulevard Saint-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - S Richard
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Bicêtre, Centre expert national cancers rares INCa PREDIR, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France
| | - C Robert
- Service de dermatologie, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - N Soufir
- Inserm U976, laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, unité fonctionnelle de génétique, hôpital Xavier-Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, Paris 7 université, 75018 Paris, France
| | - D Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Inserm U830, service de génétique, département de biologie des tumeurs, institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - L Thomas
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier Lyon Sud, université Lyon 1, 165, chemin du Grand-Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France
| | - P Vabres
- Service de dermatologie, CHU de Dijon, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - B Bressac-de Paillerets
- Service de génétique, département de biologie et pathologie médicales, Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France.
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77
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Baumann F, Flores E, Napolitano A, Kanodia S, Taioli E, Pass H, Yang H, Carbone M. Mesothelioma patients with germline BAP1 mutations have 7-fold improved long-term survival. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:76-81. [PMID: 25380601 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) mutations cause a new cancer syndrome, with a high rate of malignant mesothelioma (MM). Here, we tested the hypothesis that MM associated with germline BAP1 mutations has a better prognosis compared with sporadic MM. We compared survival among germline BAP1 mutation MM patients with that of all MM (N = 10 556) recorded in the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from 1973 to 2010. We identified 23 MM patients--11 alive--with germline BAP1 mutations and available data on survival. Ten patients had peritoneal MM, ten pleural MM and three MM in both locations. Thirteen patients had one or more malignancies in addition to MM. Actuarial median survival for the MM patients with germline BAP1 mutations was 5 years, as compared with <1 year for the median survival in the United States SEER MM group. Five-year survival was 47%, 95% confidence interval (24-67%), as compared with 6.7% (6.2-7.3%) in the control SEER group. Analysis of the pooled cohort of germline BAP1 mutation MM showed that patients with peritoneal MM (median survival of 10 years, P = 0.0571), or with a second malignancy in addition to MM (median survival of 10 years, P = 0.0716), survived for a longer time compared with patients who only had pleural MM, or MM patients without a second malignancy, respectively. In conclusion, we found that MM patients with germline BAP1 mutations have an overall 7-fold increased long-term survival, independently of sex and age. Appropriate genetic counseling and clinical management should be considered for MM patients who are also BAP1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Flores
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Shreya Kanodia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute-Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Department of Population Health, Hofstra-North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA and
| | - Harvey Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Michele Carbone
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA,
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78
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Wadt KAW, Aoude LG, Johansson P, Solinas A, Pritchard A, Crainic O, Andersen MT, Kiilgaard JF, Heegaard S, Sunde L, Federspiel B, Madore J, Thompson JF, McCarthy SW, Goodwin A, Tsao H, Jönsson G, Busam K, Gupta R, Trent JM, Gerdes AM, Brown KM, Scolyer RA, Hayward NK. A recurrent germline BAP1 mutation and extension of the BAP1 tumor predisposition spectrum to include basal cell carcinoma. Clin Genet 2014; 88:267-72. [PMID: 25225168 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report four previously undescribed families with germline BRCA1-associated protein-1 gene (BAP1) mutations and expand the clinical phenotype of this tumor syndrome. The tumor spectrum in these families is predominantly uveal malignant melanoma (UMM), cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and mesothelioma, as previously reported for germline BAP1 mutations. However, mutation carriers from three new families, and one previously reported family, developed basal cell carcinoma (BCC), thus suggesting inclusion of BCC in the phenotypic spectrum of the BAP1 tumor syndrome. This notion is supported by the finding of loss of BAP1 protein expression by immunochemistry in two BCCs from individuals with germline BAP1 mutations and no loss of BAP1 staining in 53 of sporadic BCCs consistent with somatic mutations and loss of heterozygosity of the gene in the BCCs occurring in mutation carriers. Lastly, we identify the first reported recurrent mutation in BAP1 (p.R60X), which occurred in three families from two different continents. In two of the families, the mutation was inherited from a common founder but it arose independently in the third family.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A W Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L G Aoude
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P Johansson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Solinas
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Pritchard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - O Crainic
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M T Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J F Kiilgaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Eye Pathology Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Sunde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Federspiel
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Madore
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia
| | - J F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S W McCarthy
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Tsao
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Busam
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Gupta
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J M Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - A-M Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K M Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R A Scolyer
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - N K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Australia
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79
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Shields JA, Shields CL. Management of posterior uveal melanoma: past, present, and future: the 2014 Charles L. Schepens lecture. Ophthalmology 2014; 122:414-28. [PMID: 25439609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the management of ciliary body and choroidal melanoma (posterior uveal melanoma [PUM]) over the last century with an emphasis on changing concepts. DESIGN Retrospective review. PARTICIPANTS Review of personal experience over 40 years and pertinent literature on management of PUM. METHODS Diagnosis and therapy for PUM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient survival. RESULTS In the early 1900s, most patients presented with a large symptomatic melanoma that necessitated enucleation, and the systemic prognosis was poor. In the 1970s, controversy erupted regarding the role of enucleation for PUM. Some authorities advocated prompt enucleation, and others proposed that enucleation promoted metastasis, known as the "Zimmerman hypothesis." Others recommended observation, withholding treatment until tumor growth was documented. During the 1970s, there was a trend toward eye-saving procedures, including laser photocoagulation, surgical removal of tumor, and techniques of radiotherapy. Despite local treatment success, systemic prognosis remained guarded with approximately 40% mortality overall. However, there was convincing evidence that smaller tumors offered a significantly better prognosis. Currently, there is a movement toward earlier identification and treatment of small melanomas using clinical factors predictive of malignant potential, in keeping with similar philosophy regarding other cancers. Further understanding of melanoma cytogenetics and molecular pathways have helped to recognize patients at risk for metastasis. At-risk patients are offered systemic therapeutic trials to prevent metastasis. We anticipate that the future management of PUM will focus on detection of clinical and imaging clues for earliest diagnosis, prompt local tumor treatment, and systemic targeted therapies for microscopic metastasis or prevention of metastasis. Personalized evaluation of patient-specific melanoma molecular pathway signature could allow for therapeutic intervention at a site specific to the pathway abnormality that leads to the development of melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Management of PUM has made major strides over the past century from the days of enucleation for massive, fatal tumor to early detection of smallest tumors with a more favorable prognosis. Current and future targeted specific tumor pathway interruption using systemic agents could improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Carol L Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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80
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Betti M, Casalone E, Ferrante D, Romanelli A, Grosso F, Guarrera S, Righi L, Vatrano S, Pelosi G, Libener R, Mirabelli D, Boldorini R, Casadio C, Papotti M, Matullo G, Magnani C, Dianzani I. Inference on germlineBAP1mutations and asbestos exposure from the analysis of familial and sporadic mesothelioma in a high-risk area. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 54:51-62. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Betti
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
| | - Elisabetta Casalone
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- CPO-Piemonte and Unit of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Department of Translational Medicine; University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
| | - Antonio Romanelli
- Emilia-Romagna Mesothelioma Registry; Department of Public Health; Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Federica Grosso
- Division of Medical Oncology; SS. Antonio e Biagio General Hospital; Alessandria Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF; Turin Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology; University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital; Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Simona Vatrano
- Department of Oncology; University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital; Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pelosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Milan Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”; University of Milan; Italy
| | - Roberta Libener
- Pathology Unit; SS. Antonio e Biagio General Hospital; Alessandria Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology; CPO-Piemonte and University of Turin; Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti”; University of Turin; Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
| | - Caterina Casadio
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Maggiore della Carità”; Novara Italy
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology; University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital; Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Human Genetics Foundation, HuGeF; Turin Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti”; University of Turin; Italy
| | - Corrado Magnani
- CPO-Piemonte and Unit of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Department of Translational Medicine; University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti”; University of Turin; Italy
| | - Irma Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale; Novara Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti”; University of Turin; Italy
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81
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Xu J, Kadariya Y, Cheung M, Pei J, Talarchek J, Sementino E, Tan Y, Menges CW, Cai KQ, Litwin S, Peng H, Karar J, Rauscher FJ, Testa JR. Germline mutation of Bap1 accelerates development of asbestos-induced malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4388-97. [PMID: 24928783 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas are highly aggressive tumors usually caused by exposure to asbestos. Germline-inactivating mutations of BAP1 predispose to mesothelioma and certain other cancers. However, why mesothelioma is the predominate malignancy in some BAP1 families and not others, and whether exposure to asbestos is required for development of mesothelioma in BAP1 mutation carriers are not known. To address these questions experimentally, we generated a Bap1(+/-) knockout mouse model to assess its susceptibility to mesothelioma upon chronic exposure to asbestos. Bap1(+/-) mice exhibited a significantly higher incidence of asbestos-induced mesothelioma than wild-type (WT) littermates (73% vs. 32%, respectively). Furthermore, mesotheliomas arose at an accelerated rate in Bap1(+/-) mice than in WT animals (median survival, 43 weeks vs. 55 weeks after initial exposure, respectively) and showed increased invasiveness and proliferation. No spontaneous mesotheliomas were seen in unexposed Bap1(+/-) mice followed for up to 87 weeks of age. Mesothelioma cells from Bap1(+/-) mice showed biallelic inactivation of Bap1, consistent with its proposed role as a recessive cancer susceptibility gene. Unlike in WT mice, mesotheliomas from Bap1(+/-) mice did not require homozygous loss of Cdkn2a. However, normal mesothelial cells and mesothelioma cells from Bap1(+/-) mice showed downregulation of Rb through a p16(Ink4a)-independent mechanism, suggesting that predisposition of Bap1(+/-) mice to mesothelioma may be facilitated, in part, by cooperation between Bap1 and Rb. Drawing parallels to human disease, these unbiased genetic findings indicate that BAP1 mutation carriers are predisposed to the tumorigenic effects of asbestos and suggest that high penetrance of mesothelioma requires such environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfei Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuwaraj Kadariya
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell Cheung
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianming Pei
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Eleonora Sementino
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig W Menges
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Litwin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hongzhuang Peng
- Gene Expression and Regulation, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jayashree Karar
- Gene Expression and Regulation, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J Rauscher
- Gene Expression and Regulation, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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82
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Battaglia A. The Importance of Multidisciplinary Approach in Early Detection of BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome: Clinical Management and Risk Assessment. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2014; 8:37-47. [PMID: 24855403 PMCID: PMC4011723 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Germline BAP1 (BRCA1-associated protein-1) mutations are involved into a novel specific cancer syndrome and strictly associated with a high cancer susceptibility. Recent data suggest that BAP1 has activity toward target substrates explaining why loss of BAP1 causes a pro-tumorigenic deregulation of gene expression. The recently published data reviewed raise the hypothesis that BAP1 regulates a common subset of substrates, which in turn causes a pro-tumorigenic deregulation of gene expression, and alternatively suggest the role of BAP1 as tumorigenesis suppressor/promoter also by independent mechanisms. The clinical phenotype of BAP1 alterations includes MBAITs (melanocytic BAP1-mutated atypical intradermal tumors), uveal melanoma (UM), cutaneous melanoma (CM), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), mesothelioma (MM), and possibly several other tumors. In clinical practice, early diagnosis is crucial for curative resection of all these tumor types. The uniformed and unambiguous definition of MBAITs as clinical/pathological predictive markers could provide physicians means to identify patients who may carry germline BAP1 mutations and thus could be at high risk of developing CM, UM, MM, RCC, and possibly other tumors. As part of a novel multidisciplinary approach, physicians, pathologists, and clinicians involved into diagnostics should be aware of the histological features and the spectrum of tumors associated with BAP1 loss. Further clinical, epidemiological, and functional studies are required to fully explain the roles of BAP1 and its interaction partners in neoplasia, to define mechanisms behind shared and non-shared clinical and pathological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Battaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of General Pathology and Molecular Oncology, University of Catania, Italy
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83
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The role of key genes and pathways involved in the tumorigenesis of Malignant Mesothelioma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:232-47. [PMID: 24491449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Mesothelioma (MM) is a very aggressive cancer with low survival rates and often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Several players have been implicated in the development of this cancer, such as asbestos, erionite and the simian virus 40 (SV40). Here, we have reviewed the involvement of erionite, SV40, as well as, the role of several genes (p16(INK4a), p14(ARF), NF2, LATS2, SAV, CTNNB1 and among others), the pathways (RAS, PI3K, Wnt, BCL and Hippo), and their respective roles in the development of MM.
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