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Nishi K, Takahashi T, Suzawa M, Miyakawa T, Nagasawa T, Ming Y, Tanokura M, Ui-Tei K. Control of the localization and function of a miRNA silencing component TNRC6A by Argonaute protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:9856-73. [PMID: 26446993 PMCID: PMC4787778 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GW182 family proteins play important roles in microRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNA silencing. They directly interact with Argonaute (Ago) proteins in processing bodies (P bodies), cytoplasmic foci involved in mRNA degradation and storage. Recently, we revealed that a human GW182 family protein, TNRC6A, is a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, and its subcellular localization is regulated by its own nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signal. Regarding the further controlling mechanism of TNRC6A subcellular localization, we found that TNRC6A protein is tethered in P bodies by direct interaction with Ago2 under Ago2 overexpression condition in HeLa cells. Furthermore, it was revealed that such Ago proteins might be strongly tethered in the P bodies through Ago-bound small RNAs. Thus, our results indicate that TNRC6A subcellular localization is substantially controlled by the interaction with Ago proteins. Furthermore, it was also revealed that the TNRC6A subcellular localization affects the RNA silencing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masataka Suzawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagasawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yvelt Ming
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba-ken 277-8651, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ui-Tei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba-ken 277-8651, Japan
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Wang N, Xu ZW, Wang KH. Systematical analysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma network of microRNAs, transcription factors, and target and host genes. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:10355-61. [PMID: 25556475 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules found in multicellular eukaryotes which are implicated in development of cancer, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Expression is controlled by transcription factors (TFs) that bind to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. Interactions result in biological signal control networks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Molecular components involved in cSCC were here assembled at abnormally expressed, related and global levels. Networks at these three levels were constructed with corresponding biological factors in term of interactions between miRNAs and target genes, TFs and miRNAs, and host genes and miRNAs. Up/down regulation or mutation of the factors were considered in the context of the regulation and significant patterns were extracted. RESULTS Participants of the networks were evaluated based on their expression and regulation of other factors. Sub-networks with two core TFs, TP53 and EIF2C2, as the centers are identified. These share self-adapt feedback regulation in which a mutual restraint exists. Up or down regulation of certain genes and miRNAs are discussed. Some, for example the expression of MMP13, were in line with expectation while others, including FGFR3, need further investigation of their unexpected behavior. CONCLUSIONS The present research suggests that dozens of components, miRNAs, TFs, target genes and host genes included, unite as networks through their regulation to function systematically in human cSCC. Networks built under the currently available sources provide critical signal controlling pathways and frequent patterns. Inappropriate controlling signal flow from abnormal expression of key TFs may push the system into an incontrollable situation and therefore contributes to cSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China E-mail :
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53
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Balci S, Ayaz L, Gorur A, Yildirim Yaroglu H, Akbayir S, Dogruer Unal N, Bulut B, Tursen U, Tamer L. microRNA profiling for early detection of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 41:346-51. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Balci
- Department of Biochemistry; Mersin University Faculty of Medicine; Mersin Turkey
| | - L. Ayaz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Trakya University; Edirne Turkey
| | - A. Gorur
- Department of Biochemistry; Mersin University Faculty of Medicine; Mersin Turkey
| | | | - S. Akbayir
- Department of Biochemistry; Mersin University Faculty of Medicine; Mersin Turkey
| | - N. Dogruer Unal
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - B. Bulut
- Department of Dermatology; Mersin University Faculty of Medicine; Mersin Turkey
| | - U. Tursen
- Department of Dermatology; Mersin University Faculty of Medicine; Mersin Turkey
| | - L. Tamer
- Department of Biochemistry; Mersin University Faculty of Medicine; Mersin Turkey
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Kim S, Lee JH, Nam SI. Dicer Is Down-regulated and Correlated with Drosha in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1183-8. [PMID: 26240498 PMCID: PMC4520951 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.8.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the expression levels of specific microRNA machinery components, DGCR8 and AGO2, and their clinical association in patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss (SSNHL). In the present study, we investigated the other important components of microRNA machinery and their association with clinical parameters in SSNHL patients. Fifty-seven patients diagnosed with SSNHL and fifty healthy volunteers were included in this study. We evaluated mRNA expression levels of Dicer and Drosha in whole blood of patients with SSNHL and the control group, using RT & real-time PCR analysis. The Dicer mRNA expression level was down-regulated in patients with SSNHL. However, the Drosha mRNA expression level was not significantly altered in patients with SSNHL. Neither the Dicer nor Drosha mRNA expression level was not associated with any clinical parameters, including age, sex, duration of initial treatment from onset (days), initial Pure tone average, Siegel's criteria, WBC, and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. However, mRNA expression levels of Dicer and Drosha were positively correlated to each other in patients with SSNHL. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the Dicer mRNA expression level was down-regulated in patients with SSNHL, suggesting its important role in pathobiology of SSNHL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Il Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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Zhu C, Chen C, Huang J, Zhang H, Zhao X, Deng R, Dou J, Jin H, Chen R, Xu M, Chen Q, Wang Y, Yu J. SUMOylation at K707 of DGCR8 controls direct function of primary microRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2015. [PMID: 26202964 PMCID: PMC4652762 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) is essential for primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) processing in the cell nucleus. It specifically combines with Drosha, a nuclear RNase III enzyme, to form the Microprocessor complex (MC) that cleaves pri-miRNA to precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further processed to mature miRNA by Dicer, a cytoplasmic RNase III enzyme. Increasing evidences suggest that pri-/pre-miRNAs have direct functions in regulation of gene expression, however the underlying mechanism how it is fine-tuned remains unclear. Here we find that DGCR8 is modified by SUMO1 at the major site K707, which can be promoted by its ERK-activated phosphorylation. SUMOylation of DGCR8 enhances the protein stability by preventing the degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. More importantly, SUMOylation of DGCR8 does not alter its association with Drosha, the MC activity and miRNA biogenesis, but rather influences its affinity with pri-miRNAs. This altered affinity of DGCR8 with pri-miRNAs seems to control the direct functions of pri-miRNAs in recognition and repression of the target mRNAs, which is evidently linked to the DGCR8 function in regulation of tumorigenesis and cell migration. Collectively, our data suggest a novel mechanism that SUMOylation of DGCR8 controls direct functions of pri-miRNAs in gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinzhuo Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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56
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression. Amplification and overexpression of individual 'oncomiRs' or genetic loss of tumour suppressor miRNAs are associated with human cancer and are sufficient to drive tumorigenesis in mouse models. Furthermore, global miRNA depletion caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations in components of the miRNA biogenesis machinery is oncogenic. This, together with the recent identification of novel miRNA regulatory factors and pathways, highlights the importance of miRNA dysregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibin Lin
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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57
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Heyam A, Lagos D, Plevin M. Dissecting the roles of TRBP and PACT in double-stranded RNA recognition and processing of noncoding RNAs. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2015; 6:271-89. [PMID: 25630541 PMCID: PMC7169789 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP) and Protein Activator of PKR (PACT) are double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding proteins that participate in both small regulatory RNA biogenesis and the response to viral dsRNA. Despite considerable progress toward understanding the structure-function relationship of TRBP and PACT, their specific roles in these seemingly distinct cellular pathways remain unclear. Both proteins are composed of three copies of the double-stranded RNA-binding domain, two of which interact with dsRNA, while the C-terminal copy mediates protein-protein interactions. PACT and TRBP are found in a complex with the endonuclease Dicer and facilitate processing of immature microRNAs. Their precise contribution to the Dicing step has not yet been defined: possibilities include precursor recruitment, rearrangement of dsRNA within the complex, loading the processed microRNA into the RNA-induced silencing complex, and distinguishing different classes of small dsRNA. TRBP and PACT also interact with the viral dsRNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Current models suggest that PACT enables RIG-I to detect a wider range of viral dsRNAs, while TRBP and PACT exert opposing regulatory effects on PKR. Here, the evidence that implicates TRBP and PACT in regulatory RNA processing and viral dsRNA sensing is reviewed and discussed in the context of their molecular structure. The broader implications of a link between microRNA biogenesis and the innate antiviral response pathway are also considered.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Carboxypeptidases/chemistry
- Carboxypeptidases/metabolism
- Carboxypeptidases/physiology
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Ribonuclease III/chemistry
- Ribonuclease III/metabolism
- Ribonuclease III/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Heyam
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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58
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Baril P, Ezzine S, Pichon C. Monitoring the spatiotemporal activities of miRNAs in small animal models using molecular imaging modalities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4947-72. [PMID: 25749473 PMCID: PMC4394458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding mRNA targets via sequence complementary inducing translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. A current challenge in the field of miRNA biology is to understand the functionality of miRNAs under physiopathological conditions. Recent evidence indicates that miRNA expression is more complex than simple regulation at the transcriptional level. MiRNAs undergo complex post-transcriptional regulations such miRNA processing, editing, accumulation and re-cycling within P-bodies. They are dynamically regulated and have a well-orchestrated spatiotemporal localization pattern. Real-time and spatio-temporal analyses of miRNA expression are difficult to evaluate and often underestimated. Therefore, important information connecting miRNA expression and function can be lost. Conventional miRNA profiling methods such as Northern blot, real-time PCR, microarray, in situ hybridization and deep sequencing continue to contribute to our knowledge of miRNA biology. However, these methods can seldom shed light on the spatiotemporal organization and function of miRNAs in real-time. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods have the potential to address these issues and are thus attracting increasing attention. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of methods used to detect miRNAs and discusses their contribution in the emerging field of miRNA biology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baril
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Safia Ezzine
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France.
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Rahimi G, Jafari N, Khodabakhsh M, Shirzad Z, Dogaheh HP. Upregulation of microRNA processing enzymes Drosha and Dicer in gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:156-9. [PMID: 25295740 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.969700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in diverse cellular processes and linked to variety of disorders. Dicer and Drosha are two major enzymes in the miRNA biogenesis process. DGCR8 is the assistant of Drosha in the microprocessor complex. In this study, we evaluated the mRNA expression profiles of major miRNA processing machinery Drosha, Dicer, and DGCR8 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnant and healthy women. Our findings indicate that the expression levels of Drosha, Dicer and DGCR8 were upregulated in both pregnant and GDM patients compared to the control group. However, Drosha and Dicer were upregulated more than pregnant group. In conclusion, we detected dysregulation of Drosha, Dicer and DGCR8 expression in pregnant and GDM patients when compared to healthy control participants. Therefore, we favor the hypothesis that miRNAs are involved in the development of GDM.
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60
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Cheng G. Circulating miRNAs: roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:75-93. [PMID: 25220354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate numerous biological processes by targeting a broad set of messenger RNAs. Recently, miRNAs have been detected in remarkably stable forms in many types of body fluids. A comparison between cancer patients and healthy individuals has clearly shown that certain types of circulating miRNAs are associated with cancer initiation and progression. Research on miRNA-based biomarkers has witnessed phenomenal growth, owing to the non-invasive nature of miRNA-based screening assays and their sensitivity and specificity in detecting cancers. Consequently, a considerable effort has been devoted to identify suitable miRNAs for cancer diagnosis and also decode the information carried by circulating miRNAs. This review highlights the current studies that focus on the identification of circulating miRNA-based diagnostic and prognostic markers, for the most prevalent types of cancer. Additionally, the review also provides an insight into the putative functions of miRNAs, and attempts to delineate the mechanisms through which they are released into the bloodstream. Moreover, methodologies and strategies for identification of circulating miRNAs in cancers are summarized. Finally, potential strategies for circulating miRNA-based cancer therapies are proposed.
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61
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Syed DN, Lall RK, Mukhtar H. MicroRNAs and Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:173-87. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deeba N. Syed
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI
| | - Rahul K. Lall
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI
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Borna H, Imani S, Iman M, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S. Therapeutic face of RNAi: in vivo challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:269-85. [PMID: 25399911 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.983070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference is a sequence-specific gene silencing phenomenon in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can trigger gene transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing. This phenomenon represents an emerging therapeutic approach for in vivo studies by efficient delivery of specific synthetic siRNAs against diseases. Therefore, simultaneous development of synthetic siRNAs along with novel delivery techniques is considered as novel and interesting therapeutic challenges. AREAS COVERED This review provides a basic explanation to siRNA signaling pathways and their therapeutic challenges. Here, we provide a comprehensive explanation to failed and successful trials and their in vivo challenges. EXPERT OPINION Specific, efficient and targeted delivery of siRNAs is the major concern for their in vivo administrations. Also, anatomical barriers, drug stability and availability, immunoreactivity and existence of various delivery routes, different genetic backgrounds are major clinical challenges. However, successful administration of siRNA-based drugs is expected during foreseeable features. But, their systemic applications will depend on strong targeted drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojat Borna
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Chemical Injuries Research Center , Tehran , Iran
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63
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The Expression of AGO2 and DGCR8 in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 7:269-74. [PMID: 25436045 PMCID: PMC4240483 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2014.7.4.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The microRNAs have been implicated in the development and function of the inner ear, especially in contribution to hearing. However, the impact of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) on expression of miRNA biogenesis-related components has not been established. To investigate the regulations of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis-related components, argonaute 2 (AGO2) and DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) mRNA expression in SSNHL and to evaluate the value of clinical parameters on their expression. Methods Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with SSNHL and fifty-one healthy volunteers were included in this study. We measured mRNA expression levels of AGO2 and DGCR8 in whole blood cells but erythrocytes of patients with SSNHL and controls, using reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results The mRNA expression level of AGO2 is upregulated in SSNHL. The expression level of AGO2 was significantly correlated with that of DGCR8 in both patients with SSNHL and controls. Expression level of AGO2 in SSNHL was correlated with white blood cell counts. Conclusion This study demonstrated for the first time that the AGO2 mRNA expression level was upregulated in SSNHL, suggesting its important role in pathobiology of SSNHL development.
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64
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Jafari N, Shaghaghi H, Mahmoodi D, Shirzad Z, Alibeiki F, Bohlooli S, Dogaheh HP. Overexpression of microRNA biogenesis machinery: Drosha, DGCR8 and Dicer in multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 22:200-3. [PMID: 25439752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the expression of the major components of microRNA biogenesis machinery including Drosha, Dicer and DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The expression levels of these components in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients were significantly up-regulated in comparison to healthy controls. DGCR8 was up-regulated 4.9 times in RRMS patients versus healthy controls, and Drosha was up-regulated 3.58 times. Additionally, the expression level of Dicer was 2.11 times higher in RRMS patients than the healthy controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that overexpression of Drosha, Dicer and DGCR8 may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. Further investigation may introduce microRNA biogenesis machinery as MS markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Shaghaghi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Davood Mahmoodi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zohreh Shirzad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alibeiki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shahab Bohlooli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hadi Peeri Dogaheh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Ardabil 55136, Iran.
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65
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Völler D, Bosserhoff A. Reply to comment on: Strong reduction of AGO2 expression in melanoma and cellular consequences. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1673. [PMID: 24556619 PMCID: PMC4200103 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Völler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Bosserhoff
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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66
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Comment on 'Strong reduction of AGO2 expression in melanoma and cellular consequences'. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1673. [PMID: 24556623 PMCID: PMC4200102 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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67
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Abstract
Numerous studies describe alterations in the levels of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) that are associated with human pathologies. Some of these alterations may give rise to the development of novel diagnostic tools, while certain miRNAs additionally could serve as novel drug targets. Moreover, components of the miRNA maturation machinery may be up- or down-regulated in human disease. In such cases, the consequences for the expression of individual miRNAs are however only poorly understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge of how miRNAs are linked to human disease and which parts of the miRNA maturation machinery could serve as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Hesse
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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68
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Huang JT, Wang J, Srivastava V, Sen S, Liu SM. MicroRNA Machinery Genes as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:113. [PMID: 24904827 PMCID: PMC4032885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) directly and indirectly affect tumorigenesis. To be able to perform their myriad roles, miRNA machinery genes, such as Drosha, DGCR8, Dicer1, XPO5, TRBP, and AGO2, must generate precise miRNAs. These genes have specific expression patterns, protein-binding partners, and biochemical capabilities in different cancers. Our preliminary analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium on multiple types of cancer revealed significant alterations in these miRNA machinery genes. Here, we review their biological structures and functions with an eye toward understanding how they could serve as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tao Huang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Vibhuti Srivastava
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Subrata Sen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
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69
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WANG MIN, REN DONG, GUO WEI, WANG ZEYU, HUANG SHUAI, DU HONG, SONG LIBING, PENG XINSHENG. Loss of miR-100 enhances migration, invasion, epithelialmesenchymal transition and stemness properties in prostate cancer cells through targeting Argonaute 2. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:362-72. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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70
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Kwon SY, Lee JH, Kim B, Park JW, Kwon TK, Kang SH, Kim S. Complexity in regulation of microRNA machinery components in invasive breast carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:697-705. [PMID: 24574065 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of microRNA (miRNA) machinery components may play an important role in breast cancer progression. The objective of the current study was to evaluate Drosha, the DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8), Dicer, and Argonaute 2 (AGO2) mRNA expression in invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) and to assess the value of clinical parameters on their expression. By using quantitative real-time PCR, we examined the expression of the four miRNA machinery components in 52 breast tumor tissues which are diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. In the present study, decreased mRNA expression levels of major miRNA machinery components were observed in IBC. The altered mRNA expression levels of DGCR8 and AGO2 are positively correlated with to each other. This study revealed for the first time that expression alterations of DGCR8 are significantly associated with estrogen receptor and Ki-67 status in IBC. Moreover, AGO2 mRNA expression level was significantly correlated with N stage. These results provided evidences that down-regulated the four miRNA machinery components may play an important role in breast pathobiology and that DGCR8 and AGO2 might be associated with important clinical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 704-701, South Korea
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71
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Up-regulation and worse prognostic marker of cytoplasmic TARBP2 expression in obstinate breast cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:868. [PMID: 24563327 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of trans-activation-responsive-RNA-binding protein 2 (TARBP2) varied from normal cell lines to various cancer cell lines. The discussion of TARBP2 serve as tumor suppressor or tumor promotor goes on. However, its expression in breast cancer remains unknown. The aim of present study was to assess the expression of cytoplasm TARBP2 as potential prognostic marker in breast cancer. We further investigated cytoplasm TARBP2 could be a novel target in treatment for late-stage breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A total of patients with breast cancer were involved in our cohort. Immunohistochemical staining for TARBP2 on tissue microarray and western blot were used. Immunohistochemistry showed that cytoplasm TARBP2 was frequently up-regulated in breast carcinoma. This finding was in line with the result of western blot analysis. Further investigation showed that cytoplasm TARBP2 expression in non-TNBC was higher than that of their adjacent normal breast tissues (NBT), and TNBC was the highest of the three groups. The positive expression of cytoplasm TARBP2 in stage III breast cancer, stage I-II breast cancer, and NBT decreased gradually. In addition, univariate and multivariate survival analysis revealed cytoplasm TARBP2 was an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer. Breast cancer patients with cytoplasm TARBP2 expression had poorer disease-free survival and overall survival, and similar results were obtained in TNBC group and stage III breast cancer group. Our results provide convincing evidence for the first time that the expression of cytoplasm TARBP2 is up-regulated in breast cancer. Breast cancer patients with TARBP2 cytoplasm expression have unfavorable prognosis. Patients of TNBC and late-stage breast cancer with higher cytoplasm TARBP2 expression have an unfavorable prognosis.
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72
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of 17-23 nucleotide short, nonprotein-coding RNA molecules which have emerged to be key players in posttranscriptional gene regulation. In this chapter we give an in-depth review of the classic, canonical mammalian miRNA maturation pathway and discuss new, noncanonical alternatives such as the mirtron pathway which were recently described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sand
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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73
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Abstract
The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a valuable and well-proven technique used to investigate the expression level of multiple components of the microRNA (miRNA) maturation machinery. Here, we describe how to determine the messenger RNA expression levels of components of the miRNA machinery starting from the isolation of the RNA from a tissue biopsy to performance of the qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sand
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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74
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UVA and UVB irradiation differentially regulate microRNA expression in human primary keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83392. [PMID: 24391759 PMCID: PMC3877020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of the cellular transcriptome is an important epigenetic mechanism for fine-tuning regulatory pathways. These include processes related to skin cancer development, progression and metastasis. However, little is known about the role of microRNA as an intermediary in the carcinogenic processes following exposure to UV-radiation. We now show that UV irradiation of human primary keratinocytes modulates the expression of several cellular miRNAs. A common set of miRNAs was influenced by exposure to both UVA and UVB. However, each wavelength band also activated a distinct subset of miRNAs. Common sets of UVA- and UVB-regulated miRNAs harbor the regulatory elements GLYCA-nTRE, GATA-1-undefined-site-13 or Hox-2.3-undefined-site-2 in their promoters. In silico analysis indicates that the differentially expressed miRNAs responding to UV have potential functions in the cellular pathways of cell growth and proliferation. Interestingly, the expression of miR-23b, which is a differentiation marker of human keratinocytes, is remarkably up-regulated after UVA irradiation. Studying the interaction between miR-23b and its putative skin-relevant targets using a Luciferase reporter assay revealed that RRAS2 (related RAS viral oncogene homolog 2), which is strongly expressed in highly aggressive malignant skin cancer, to be a direct target of miR-23b. This study demonstrates for the first time a differential miRNA response to UVA and UVB in human primary keratinocytes. This suggests that selective regulation of signaling pathways occurs in response to different UV energies. This may shed new light on miRNA-regulated carcinogenic processes involved in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis.
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75
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Wei K, Wu L, Chen Y, Lin Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Xie D. Argonaute protein as a linker to command center of physiological processes. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:430-41. [PMID: 23997530 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs with perfect or imperfect complementarity, recruiting an Argonaute (AGO) protein complex that usually results in degradation or translational repression of the target mRNA. AGO proteins function as the Slicer enzyme in miRNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathways involved in human physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as antiviral responses and disease formation. Although the past decade has witnessed rapid advancement in studies of AGO protein functions, to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of AGO proteins in cellular function and biochemical process is really a challenging area for researchers. In order to understand the molecular causes underlying the pathological processes, we mainly focus on five fundamental problems of AGO proteins, including evolution, functional domain, subcellular location, post-translational modification and protein-protein interactions. Our discussion highlight their roles in early diagnosis, disease prevention, drug target identification, drug response, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifa Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
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76
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Jiang Y, Chen J, Wu J, Hu Z, Qin Z, Liu X, Guan X, Wang Y, Han J, Jiang T, Jin G, Zhang M, Ma H, Wang S, Shen H. Evaluation of genetic variants in microRNA biosynthesis genes and risk of breast cancer in Chinese women. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2216-24. [PMID: 23629745 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules involved in a diversity of cellular functions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA biosynthesis genes may affect the biogenesis of miRNAs and consequently affect the miRNAs regulation. In this study, we systematically selected 24 functional SNPs located in eight key biosynthesis genes of miRNA (DROSHA, DGCR8, RAN, DICER, AGO2, GEMIN3, GEMIN4 and HIWI) and investigated the association between these SNPs and the risk of breast cancer in a Chinese population. All 24 SNPs were firstly genotyped in stage 1 (878 cases and 900 controls) and three promising SNPs (DROSHA rs2291109, RAN rs7301722 and DGCR8 rs417309) were selected for further validation in stage 2 (914 cases and 967 controls). We found that only one SNP (rs417309) located in the 3'-UTR of DGCR8 was consistently associated with an increased breast cancer risk in two stages with a combined odds ratio (OR) of 1.50 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16-1.93]. Based on the bioinformatics prediction, rs417309 is located at the binding sites of miR-106b and miR-579 in the 3'-UTR of DGCR8. To evaluate whether rs417309 variant affects the binding capacity of miRNAs, we cotransfected luciferase reporter plasmids of DGCR8 3'-UTR and miR-106b/miR-579 in three cell lines. Luciferase activity assay showed a higher expression level with rs417309 A allele compared with G allele in MCF-7 cell lines (p = 3.31 × 10(-7) , 9.29 × 10(-7) for miR-106b and miR-579, respectively). Our findings suggested that DGCR8 rs417309 G > A might affect breast cancer risk through the interruption of miRNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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77
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Kim B, Lee JH, Park JW, Kwon TK, Baek SK, Hwang I, Kim S. An essential microRNA maturing microprocessor complex component DGCR8 is up-regulated in colorectal carcinomas. Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:331-6. [PMID: 23775303 PMCID: PMC4113675 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression through degradation and/or translational repression of target mRNAs. Dysregulations in the miRNA machinery may be involved in carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) and argonaute 2 (AGO2) mRNA expression in CRC and to evaluate the value of clinical parameters on their expression. We investigated the mRNA expressions of DGCR8 and AGO2 in 60 CRC tissues and adjacent histologically non-neoplastic tissues by using quantitative real-time PCR. Our study revealed that the mRNA expression level of DGCR8 is up-regulated in CRC. However, AGO2 mRNA expression was not significantly altered in CRC tissues. Neither DGCR8 nor AGO2 mRNA expression level was not associated with any clinical parameters, including age, tumor stage, CEA titer, and BMI in CRC cases. However, the mRNA expression levels of DGCR8 and AGO2 were positively correlated to each other. This study demonstrated for the first time that the DGCR8 mRNA expression level was up-regulated in CRC, suggesting its important role in pathobiology of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 704-701, South Korea
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78
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Zhang J, Fan XS, Wang CX, Liu B, Li Q, Zhou XJ. Up-regulation of Ago2 expression in gastric carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:628. [PMID: 23775134 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute (Ago) proteins have been demonstrated to be widely expressed and involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing and thus play key roles in carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific role of Ago2 in gastric cancer (GC). Thus, we aimed to study the expression of Ago2 in 363 primary GC, 8 corresponding lymph node metastases and 10 non-neoplastic surrounding gastric epithelium tissues by immunohistochemical analyses and tissue microarray. The expression of Ago2 was also correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and HER-2 status. Ago2 expression levels in primary GC and corresponding lymph node metastases were significantly higher compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05). But, there was no difference of Ago2 between GC and its metastatic lymph node (P > 0.05). Ago2 up-regulation had no correlation with GC patients' age, tumor location, tumor size, gross morphology or tumor infiltration. However, we found that Ago2 was different between HER-2 positive and HER-2 negative groups (P = 0.044), which had been demonstrated to be related to GC prognosis. And there was a great correlation between Ago2 expression and the tumor differentiation (P = 0.007), lymph node invasion (P = 0.000) and clinical stage (P = 0.006). Interestingly, Ago2 was also correlated to patients' gender (P = 0.004), which may suggest a possible role of hormonal signal in the mechanisms of Ago2. Thus, our results suggested that up-regulation of Ago2 may play an important role in GC carcinogenesis and progression. Further studies on the cellular functions of Ago2 need to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, 305 # Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
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79
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Godnic I, Zorc M, Jevsinek Skok D, Calin GA, Horvat S, Dovc P, Kovac M, Kunej T. Genome-wide and species-wide in silico screening for intragenic MicroRNAs in human, mouse and chicken. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65165. [PMID: 23762306 PMCID: PMC3675212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in regulation of gene expression. Intragenic miRNAs, especially those exhibiting a high degree of evolutionary conservation, have been shown to be coordinately regulated and/or expressed with their host genes, either with synergistic or antagonistic correlation patterns. However, the degree of cross-species conservation of miRNA/host gene co-location is not known and co-expression information is incomplete and fragmented among several studies. Using the genomic resources (miRBase and Ensembl) we performed a genome-wide in silico screening (GWISS) for miRNA/host gene pairs in three well-annotated vertebrate species: human, mouse, and chicken. Approximately half of currently annotated miRNA genes resided within host genes: 53.0% (849/1,600) in human, 48.8% (418/855) in mouse, and 42.0% (210/499) in chicken, which we present in a central publicly available Catalog of intragenic miRNAs (http://www.integratomics-time.com/miR-host/catalog). The miRNA genes resided within either protein-coding or ncRNA genes, which include long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Twenty-seven miRNA genes were found to be located within the same host genes in all three species and the data integration from literature and databases showed that most (26/27) have been found to be co-expressed. Particularly interesting are miRNA genes located within genes encoding for miRNA silencing machinery (DGCR8, DICER1, and SND1 in human and Cnot3, Gdcr8, Eif4e, Tnrc6b, and Xpo5 in mouse). We furthermore discuss a potential for phenotype misattribution of miRNA host gene polymorphism or gene modification studies due to possible collateral effects on miRNAs hosted within them. In conclusion, the catalog of intragenic miRNAs and identified 27 miRNA/host gene pairs with cross-species conserved co-location, co-expression, and potential co-regulation, provide excellent candidates for further functional annotation of intragenic miRNAs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Godnic
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Minja Zorc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Dasa Jevsinek Skok
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics and The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Simon Horvat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Dovc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Milena Kovac
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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80
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RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) Proteins PACT, TRBP, and Dicer are SRA binding nuclear receptor coregulators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6536-41. [PMID: 23550157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301620110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) contains dsRNA binding proteins, including protein kinase RNA activator (PACT), transactivation response RNA binding protein (TRBP), and Dicer, that process pre-microRNAs into mature microRNAs (miRNAs) that target specific mRNA species for regulation. There is increasing evidence for important functional interactions between the miRNA and nuclear receptor (NR) signaling networks, with recent data showing that estrogen, acting through the estrogen receptor, can modulate initial aspects of nuclear miRNA processing. Here, we show that the cytoplasmic RISC proteins PACT, TRBP, and Dicer are steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) binding NR coregulators that target steroid-responsive promoters and regulate NR activity and downstream gene expression. Furthermore, each of the RISC proteins, together with Argonaute 2, associates with SRA and specific pre-microRNAs in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, providing evidence for links between NR-mediated transcription and some of the factors involved in miRNA processing.
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81
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Sand M, Skrygan M, Georgas D, Sand D, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG. The miRNA machinery in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma, cutaneous malignant melanoma metastases and benign melanocytic nevi. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:119-26. [PMID: 22706980 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have shown a dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in cutaneous melanoma, there has been little research on the miRNA machinery itself. In this study, we investigated the mRNA expression profiles of different miRNA machinery components in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (PCMM), cutaneous malignant melanoma metastases (CMMM) and benign melanocytic nevi (BMN). Patients with PCMM (n = 7), CMMM (n = 6) and BMN (n = 7) were included in the study. Punch biopsies were harvested from the centers of tumors (lesional) and from BMN (control). In contrast to previous reports exploring specific clusters of miRNAs in PCMM, the present study investigates mRNA expression levels of Dicer, Drosha, Exp5, DGCR8 and the RISC components PACT, argonaute-1, argonaute-2, TARBP1, TARBP2, MTDH and SND1, which were detected by TaqMan real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Argonaute-1, TARBP2 and SND1 expression levels were significantly higher in BMN compared to PCMM (p < 0.05). TARBP2 expression levels were significantly higher in CMMM compared to PCMM (p < 0.05). SND1 expression levels were significantly higher in CMMM compared to PCMM and BMN (p < 0.05). Dicer, Drosha, DGCR8, Exp5, argonaute-2, PACT, TARBP1 and MTDH expression levels showed no significant differences within groups (p > 0.05). The results of this study show that the miRNA machinery components argonaute-1, TARBP2 and SND1 are dysregulated in PCMM and CMMM compared to BMN and may play a role in the process of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sand
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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82
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Ning MS, Andl T. Control by a hair's breadth: the role of microRNAs in the skin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1149-69. [PMID: 22983383 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have continued to attract enormous interest in the scientific community ever since their discovery. Their allure stems from their unique role in posttranscriptional gene expression control as well as their potential application as therapeutic targets in various disease pathologies. While much is known concerning their general biological function, such as their interaction with RNA-induced silencing complexes, many important questions still remain unanswered, especially regarding their functions in the skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the role of microRNAs in the skin in order to shine new light on our understanding of cutaneous biology and emphasize the significance of these small, single-stranded RNA molecules in the largest organ of the human body. Key events in epidermal and hair follicle biology, including differentiation, proliferation, and pigmentation, all involve microRNAs. We explore the role of microRNAs in several cutaneous processes, such as appendage formation, wound-healing, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, carcinogenesis, immune response, and aging. In addition, we discuss current trends in research and offer suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Ning
- Department of Medicine/Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, Room A2310B, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2600, USA
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83
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Sand M, Skrygan M, Sand D, Georgas D, Hahn SA, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Bechara F. Expression of microRNAs in basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:847-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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