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For: Jacobsen JPR, Mørk A. The effect of escitalopram, desipramine, electroconvulsive seizures and lithium on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the rat brain and the correlation to 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. Brain Res 2004;1024:183-92. [PMID: 15451381 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]

For:	Jacobsen JPR, Mørk A. The effect of escitalopram, desipramine, electroconvulsive seizures and lithium on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the rat brain and the correlation to 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels. Brain Res 2004;1024:183-92. [PMID: 15451381 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Li Z, Zhang C, Fan J, Yuan C, Huang J, Chen J, Yi Z, Wang Z, Hong W, Wang Y, Lu W, Guan Y, Wu Z, Su Y, Cao L, Hu Y, Hao Y, Liu M, Yu S, Cui D, Xu L, Song Y, Fang Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and bipolar disorder in patients in their first depressive episode: 3-year prospective longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 2014;205:29-35. [PMID: 24764546 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.134064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Early identification of patients with bipolar disorder during their first depressive episode is beneficial to the outcome of the disorder and treatment, but traditionally this has been a great challenge to clinicians. Recently, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), but it is not clear whether BDNF levels can be used to predict bipolar disorder among patients in their first major depressive episode.

AIMS

To explore whether BDNF levels can differentiate between MDD and bipolar disorder in the first depressive episode.

METHOD

A total of 203 patients with a first major depressive episode as well as 167 healthy controls were recruited. After 3 years of bi-annual follow-up, 164 patients with a major depressive episode completed the study, and of these, 21 were identified as having bipolar disorder and 143 patients were diagnosed as having MDD. BDNF gene expression and plasma levels at baseline were compared among the bipolar disorder, MDD and healthy control groups. Logistic regression and decision tree methods were applied to determine the best model for predicting bipolar disorder at the first depressive episode.

RESULTS

At baseline, patients in the bipolar disorder and MDD groups showed lower BDNF mRNA levels (P<0.001 and P = 0.02 respectively) and plasma levels (P = 0.002 and P = 0.01 respectively) compared with healthy controls. Similarly, BDNF levels in the bipolar disorder group were lower than those in the MDD group. These results showed that the best model for predicting bipolar disorder during a first depressive episode was a combination of BDNF mRNA levels with plasma BDNF levels (receiver operating characteristics (ROC) = 0.80, logistic regression; ROC = 0.84, decision tree).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that BDNF levels may serve as a potential differential diagnostic biomarker for bipolar disorder in a patient's first depressive episode.

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Affiliation(s)

Zezhi Li Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Chen Zhang Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Jinbo Fan Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Chengmei Yuan Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Jia Huang Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Jun Chen Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Zhenghui Yi Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Zuowei Wang Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Wu Hong Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yong Wang Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Weihong Lu Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yangtai Guan Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Zhiguo Wu Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yousong Su Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Lan Cao Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yingyan Hu Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yong Hao Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Mingyuan Liu Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Shunying Yu Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Donghong Cui Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Lin Xu Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yanyan Song Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente
Yiru Fang Zezhi Li, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Jinbo Fan, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA; Chengmei Yuan, MD, PhD, Jia Huang, MD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Zhenghui Yi, MD, PhD, Zuowei Wang, MD, PhD, Wu Hong, MD, PhD, Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Weihong Lu, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yangtai Guan, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Zhiguo Wu, MD, PhD, Yousong Su, MD, Lan Cao, MD, Yingyan Hu, MD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yong Hao, MD, PhD, Mingyuan Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shunying Yu, MD, PhD, Donghong Cui, MD, PhD, Department of Genetics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Lin Xu, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Yanyan Song, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yiru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Cente

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Garabadu D, Reddy BCMH, Krishnamurthy S. Citalopram protects against cold-restraint stress-induced activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014;55:355-66. [PMID: 24880240 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]

Seo MK, Lee CH, Cho HY, Lee JG, Lee BJ, Kim JE, Seol W, Kim YH, Park SW. Effects of antidepressant drugs on synaptic protein levels and dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Neuropharmacology 2014;79:222-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]

Steiner JP, Nath A. Neurotrophin strategies for neuroprotection: are they sufficient? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014;9:182-94. [PMID: 24609976 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]

Frey BN, Dias RS. Sex hormones and biomarkers of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration: implications for female reproductive events in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2014;16:48-57. [PMID: 24206266 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

Ten Doesschate F, van Eijndhoven P, Tendolkar I, van Wingen GA, van Waarde JA. Pre-treatment amygdala volume predicts electroconvulsive therapy response. Front Psychiatry 2014;5:169. [PMID: 25505429 PMCID: PMC4244657 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open

Hayley S, Litteljohn D. Neuroplasticity and the next wave of antidepressant strategies. Front Cell Neurosci 2013;7:218. [PMID: 24312008 PMCID: PMC3834236 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open

Reduced nerve growth factor levels in stress-related brain regions of folate-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2013;245:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]

Differential effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition by lithium or selective inhibitors in the central nervous system. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013;386:893-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]

Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry 2013;18:666-73. [PMID: 22688187 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1292] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

Branchi I, Santarelli S, Capoccia S, Poggini S, D'Andrea I, Cirulli F, Alleva E. Antidepressant treatment outcome depends on the quality of the living environment: a pre-clinical investigation in mice. PLoS One 2013;8:e62226. [PMID: 23653679 PMCID: PMC3639948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open

Abstract

Antidepressants represent the standard treatment for major depression. However, their efficacy is variable and incomplete. A growing number of studies suggest that the environment plays a major role in determining the efficacy of these drugs, specifically of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). A recent hypothesis posits that the increase in serotonin levels induced by SSRI may not affect mood per se, but enhances neural plasticity and, consequently, renders the individual more susceptible to the influence of the environment. Thus, SSRI administration in a favorable environment would lead to a reduction of symptoms, while in a stressful environment might lead to a worse prognosis. To test this hypothesis, we treated C57BL/6 adult male mice with chronic fluoxetine while exposing them to either (i) an enriched environment, after exposure to a chronic stress period aimed at inducing a depression-like phenotype, or (ii) a stressful environment. Anhedonia, brain BDNF and circulating corticosterone levels, considered endophenotypes of depression, were investigated. Mice treated with fluoxetine in an enriched condition improved their depression-like phenotype compared to controls, displaying higher saccharin preference, higher brain BDNF levels and reduced corticosterone levels. By contrast, when chronic fluoxetine administration occurred in a stressful condition, mice showed a more distinct worsening of the depression-like profile, displaying a faster decrease of saccharin preference, lower brain BDNF levels and increased corticosterone levels. Our findings suggest that the effect of SSRI on depression-like phenotypes in mice is not determined by the drug per se but is induced by the drug and driven by the environment. These findings may be helpful to explain variable effects of SSRI found in clinical practice and to device strategies aimed at enhancing their efficacy by means of controlling environmental conditions.

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O’Leary O, Zandy S, Dinan T, Cryan J. Lithium augmentation of the effects of desipramine in a mouse model of treatment-resistant depression: A role for hippocampal cell proliferation. Neuroscience 2013;228:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]

Jacobsen JPR, Medvedev IO, Caron MG. The 5-HT deficiency theory of depression: perspectives from a naturalistic 5-HT deficiency model, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2Arg439His knockin mouse. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012;367:2444-59. [PMID: 22826344 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open

Chiu CT, Chuang DM. Neuroprotective action of lithium in disorders of the central nervous system. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012;36:461-76. [PMID: 21743136 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Yu F, Zhang Y, Chuang DM. Lithium reduces BACE1 overexpression, β amyloid accumulation, and spatial learning deficits in mice with traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012;29:2342-51. [PMID: 22583494 PMCID: PMC3430485 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open

Neto FL, Borges G, Torres-Sanchez S, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Neurotrophins role in depression neurobiology: a review of basic and clinical evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012;9:530-52. [PMID: 22654714 PMCID: PMC3263450 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open

Lauterbach EC. Psychotropic drug effects on gene transcriptomics relevant to Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012;38:107-15. [PMID: 22507762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

Psychotropic drugs are widely prescribed in Parkinson's disease (PD) without regard to their pathobiological effects, and these drugs affect the transcription of a large number of genes. Effects of these drugs on PD risk gene transcription were therefore surveyed.

METHODS

Results summarize a comprehensive survey of psychotropic effects on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression evident in published data for 70 genes linked to PD risk.

RESULTS

Psychotropic drugs can meaningfully affect PD risk gene mRNA transcription, including antipsychotics (upregulate dopamine receptors D2 and D3 (DRD2, DRD3); downregulate low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (UCHL1, also known as PARK5)), haloperidol (upregulates DRD3, parkin (PRKN, also known as PARK2), DRD2; downregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), risperidone (upregulates monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), DRD2), olanzapine (upregulates transmembrane protein 163 (TMEM163), BDNF, glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), MAOB, DRD2, solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 3A1 (SLCO3A1)), aripiprazole (upregulates DRD2), quetiapine, paliperidone, lurasidone, carbamazepine, and many antidepressants (upregulate BDNF), lithium and bupropion (downregulate BDNF), amitriptyline (upregulates DRD3, DRD2), imipramine (upregulates BDNF, DRD3, DRD2), desipramine (upregulates BDNF, DRD3), and fluoxetine (upregulates acid beta-glucosidase (GBA), coiled-coil domain containing 62 (CCDC62), BDNF, DRD3, UCHL1, unc-13 homolog B (UNC13B), and perhaps huntingtin interacting protein 1 related (HIP1R); downregulates microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), methylcrotonoyl-coenzyme A carboxylase I (MCCC1), GSTM1, 28kDa calbindin 1 (CALB1)). Fluoxetine effects on BDNF and UCHL1 in GEO Profiles were statistically robust.

CONCLUSIONS

This report provides an initial summary and framework to understand the potential impact of psychotropic drugs on PD-relevant genes. Antipsychotics and serotoninergic antidepressants may potentially attenuate PD risk, and lithium and bupropion may augment risk, through MAPT, GBA, CCDC62, HIP1R, BDNF, and DRD2 transcription, with MAPT, GBA, and CCDC62 being strongly associated with PD risk in recent meta-analyses. Limitations of these findings and a research agenda to better relate them to the nigrostriatum and PD are discussed.

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Mood-stabilizing drugs: mechanisms of action. Trends Neurosci 2012;35:36-46. [PMID: 22217451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]

Narasimhan S, Lohoff FW. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs: current clinical practice and future directions. Pharmacogenomics 2012;13:441-64. [PMID: 22380000 PMCID: PMC12046622 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open

Basselin M, Ramadan E, Rapoport SI. Imaging brain signal transduction and metabolism via arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in animals and humans. Brain Res Bull 2012;87:154-71. [PMID: 22178644 PMCID: PMC3274571 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]

Zhong H, Haddjeri N, Sánchez C. Escitalopram, an antidepressant with an allosteric effect at the serotonin transporter--a review of current understanding of its mechanism of action. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012;219:1-13. [PMID: 21901317 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]

Abstract

RATIONALE

Escitalopram is a widely used antidepressant for the treatment of patients with major depression. It is the pure S-enantiomer of racemic citalopram. Several clinical trials and meta-analyses indicate that escitalopram is quantitatively more efficacious than many other antidepressants with a faster onset of action.

OBJECTIVE

This paper reviews current knowledge about the mechanism of action of escitalopram.

RESULTS

The primary target for escitalopram is the serotonin transporter (SERT), which is responsible for serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) reuptake at the terminals and cell bodies of serotonergic neurons. Escitalopram and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors bind with high affinity to the 5-HT binding site (orthosteric site) on the transporter. This leads to antidepressant effects by increasing extracellular 5-HT levels which enhance 5-HT neurotransmission. SERT also has one or more allosteric sites, binding to which modulates activity at the orthosteric binding site but does not directly affect 5-HT reuptake by the transporter. In vitro studies have shown that through allosteric binding, escitalopram decreases its own dissociation rate from the orthosteric site on the SERT. R-citalopram, the nontherapeutic enantiomer in citalopram, is also an allosteric modulator of SERT but can inhibit the actions of escitalopram by interfering negatively with its binding. Both nonclinical studies and some clinical investigations have demonstrated the cellular, neurochemical, neuroadaptive, and neuroplastic changes induced by escitalopram with acute and chronic administration.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings from binding, neurochemical, and neurophysiological studies may provide a mechanistic rationale for the clinical difference observed with escitalopram compared to other antidepressant therapies.

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The neuroprotective disease-modifying potential of psychotropics in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011;2012:753548. [PMID: 22254151 PMCID: PMC3255316 DOI: 10.1155/2012/753548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Chronic antidepressant treatments induce a time-dependent up-regulation of AMPA receptor subunit protein levels. Neurochem Int 2011;59:896-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]

Hou Z, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Bai F, Hou G, You J. Longitudinal changes in hippocampal volumes and cognition in remitted geriatric depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2011;227:30-5. [PMID: 22036698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]

Hansson AC, Rimondini R, Heilig M, Mathé AA, Sommer WH. Dissociation of antidepressant-like activity of escitalopram and nortriptyline on behaviour and hippocampal BDNF expression in female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:1378-87. [PMID: 21262856 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110393049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]

Vines A, Delattre AM, Lima MMS, Rodrigues LS, Suchecki D, Machado RB, Tufik S, Pereira SIR, Zanata SM, Ferraz AC. The role of 5-HT₁A receptors in fish oil-mediated increased BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus and cortex: a possible antidepressant mechanism. Neuropharmacology 2011;62:184-91. [PMID: 21740919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]

Abstract

Epidemiological and dietary studies show that nutritional deficit of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) is directly related to the prevalence and severity of depression. Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) during critical periods of development (pregnancy and lactation) is essential for cortical maturation, synaptogenesis and myelination, and may also mitigate the risk for cognitive deficits and psychopathologies in young adults. The present study was performed to evaluate the involvement of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly of 5-HT(1A), and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the antidepressant effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. In Experiment 1, the antidepressant effects of fish oil were assessed by the modified forced swim test in adult rats. The data indicated a robust antidepressant effect produced by this supplementation and that treatment of the rats with WAY 100135 reversed this effect. In Experiment 2, cortical and hippocampal contents of BDNF, 5-HT, dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), were determined in animals subjected to the same protocol. Increased BDNF expression in the cortex and hippocampus of both age groups was detected. In 90 day-old rats, 5-HT content in the hippocampus was increased, whereas 5-HIAA formation was diminished in the fish oil group. We suggest the occurrence of a reciprocal involvement of 5-HT(1A) receptors activation and the hippocampal BDNF-increased expression mediated by fish oil supplementation. These data corroborate and expand the notion that supplementation with ω-3 PUFA produces antidepressant effects mediated by an increase in serotonergic neurotransmission, particularly in the hippocampus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.

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Kubera M, Obuchowicz E, Goehler L, Brzeszcz J, Maes M. In animal models, psychosocial stress-induced (neuro)inflammation, apoptosis and reduced neurogenesis are associated to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:744-59. [PMID: 20828592 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]

Abstract

Recently, the inflammatory and neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression was formulated (Maes et al., 2009), i.e. the neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis that characterize depression are caused by inflammation, cell-mediated immune activation and their long-term sequels. The aim of this paper is to review the body of evidence that external stressors may induce (neuro)inflammation, neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis; and that antidepressive treatments may impact on these pathways. The chronic mild stress (CMS) and learned helplessness (LH) models show that depression-like behaviors are accompanied by peripheral and central inflammation, neuronal cell damage, decreased neurogenesis and apoptosis in the hippocampus. External stress-induced depression-like behaviors are associated with a) increased interleukin-(IL)1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, nuclear factor κB, cyclooxygenase-2, expression of Toll-like receptors and lipid peroxidation; b) antineurogenic effects and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels; and c) apoptosis with reduced levels of Bcl-2 and BAG1 (Bcl-2 associated athanogene 1), and increased levels of caspase-3. Stress-induced inflammation, e.g. increased IL-1β, but not reduced neurogenesis, is sufficient to cause depression. Antidepressants a) reduce peripheral and central inflammatory pathways by decreasing IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6 levels; b) stimulate neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, axonal growth and regeneration through stimulatory effects on the expression of different neurotrophic factors, e.g. trkB, the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor; and c) attenuate apoptotic pathways by activating Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins, and suppressing caspase-3. It is concluded that external stressors may provoke depression-like behaviors through activation of inflammatory, oxidative, apoptotic and antineurogenic mechanisms. The clinical efficacity of antidepressants may be ascribed to their ability to reverse these different pathways.

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Goekint M, Roelands B, Heyman E, Njemini R, Meeusen R. Influence of citalopram and environmental temperature on exercise-induced changes in BDNF. Neurosci Lett 2011;494:150-4. [PMID: 21385602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]

Abstract

PURPOSE

Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to increase with exercise. This increase is believed to originate from the brain and it is suggested that monoamines are involved in BDNF regulation. Heat exposure could influence the supposed BDNF output from the brain. Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor could influence the exercise-induced increase in BDNF, and that peripheral BDNF will be higher when exercise is performed in the heat.

METHODS

Eleven well-trained males performed 4 experimental trials on a cycle ergometer with citalopram or placebo treatment (20 mg in 12 h) in an environmental temperature of 18°C or 30°C. Blood samples (BDNF and cortisol) were taken at 4 time points: at rest, after 60 min at 55% W(max), after a time trial of 30 min at 75% W(max) and following 15 min of recovery. Heart rate and core temperature were measured.

RESULTS

Performance on the time trial was 20% worse in 30°C compared to 18°C (p<0.01), without influence of citalopram. Serum BDNF was found to be lower under citalopram treatment, while basal cortisol levels were increased (p<0.05). Exercise triggered an increase in both BDNF and cortisol (p<0.001). BDNF followed the same pattern as core temperature during exercise, with higher levels of both variables in 30°C. Cortisol was also increased in 30°C compared to temperate conditions (p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Exercise caused a rise in serum BDNF and cortisol. This increase was enhanced with exercise in the heat. Since permeability of the blood-brain barrier increases with exercise in the heat, the hypothesis was raised that this causes a higher cerebral output of BDNF. Serotonergic stimulation did not increase peripheral BDNF, which was even lower with citalopram administration. Future research should focus on mechanisms behind BDNF increase with exercise.

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Crisafulli C, Fabbri C, Porcelli S, Drago A, Spina E, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants. Front Pharmacol 2011;2:6. [PMID: 21687501 PMCID: PMC3108562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open

Hallahan B, Newell J, Soares JC, Brambilla P, Strakowski SM, Fleck DE, Kieseppä T, Altshuler LL, Fornito A, Malhi GS, McIntosh AM, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Labar KS, Sharma V, MacQueen GM, Murray RM, McDonald C. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar disorder: an international collaborative mega-analysis of individual adult patient data. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:326-35. [PMID: 21030008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]

García-Gutiérrez MS, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Manzanares J. Depression-resistant endophenotype in mice overexpressing cannabinoid CB(2) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2010;160:1773-84. [PMID: 20649579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open

Chiu CT, Chuang DM. Molecular actions and therapeutic potential of lithium in preclinical and clinical studies of CNS disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2010;128:281-304. [PMID: 20705090 PMCID: PMC3167234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]

Abstract

Lithium has been used clinically to treat bipolar disorder for over half a century, and remains a fundamental pharmacological therapy for patients with this illness. Although lithium's therapeutic mechanisms are not fully understood, substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that it has neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties against various insults, and considerable clinical potential for the treatment of several neurodegenerative conditions. Evidence from pharmacological and gene manipulation studies support the notion that glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition and induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling are lithium's main mechanisms of action, leading to enhanced cell survival pathways and alteration of a wide variety of downstream effectors. By inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx, lithium also contributes to calcium homeostasis and suppresses calcium-dependent activation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. In addition, lithium decreases inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate by inhibiting phosphoinositol phosphatases, a process recently identified as a novel mechanism for inducing autophagy. Through these mechanisms, therapeutic doses of lithium have been demonstrated to defend neuronal cells against diverse forms of death insults and to improve behavioral as well as cognitive deficits in various animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, as well as Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases, among others. Several clinical trials are also underway to assess the therapeutic effects of lithium for treating these disorders. This article reviews the most recent findings regarding the potential targets involved in lithium's neuroprotective effects, and the implication of these findings for the treatment of a variety of diseases.

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Alboni S, Benatti C, Capone G, Corsini D, Caggia F, Tascedda F, Mendlewicz J, Brunello N. Time-dependent effects of escitalopram on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuroplasticity related targets in the central nervous system of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010;643:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]

Squassina A, Manchia M, Del Zompo M. Pharmacogenomics of mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. HUMAN GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS : HGP 2010;2010:159761. [PMID: 20981231 PMCID: PMC2958627 DOI: 10.4061/2010/159761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]

Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA, Manji HK. Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology 2010;62:50-60. [PMID: 20453535 PMCID: PMC2889681 DOI: 10.1159/000314310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]

MicroRNAs as a target for novel antipsychotics: a systematic review of an emerging field. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:395-404. [PMID: 19849891 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709990800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open

Detection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat blood and brain preparations using ELISA: Pitfalls and solutions. J Neurosci Methods 2010;187:73-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]

Increase in hippocampal volume after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. J ECT 2010;26:62-7. [PMID: 20190603 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0b013e3181a95da8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Lithium ameliorates altered glycogen synthase kinase-3 and behavior in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;79:632-46. [PMID: 19799873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Machado-Vieira R, Yuan P, Brutsche N, DiazGranados N, Luckenbaugh D, Manji HK, Zarate CA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and initial antidepressant response to an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:1662-6. [PMID: 19744406 PMCID: PMC2819547 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.08m04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]

Hunsberger J, Austin DR, Henter ID, Chen G. The neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of psychotropic agents. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 19877500 PMCID: PMC2804881 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.3/jhunsberger] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]

Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in bipolar and unipolar depression: a potential adjunctive tool for differential diagnosis. J Psychiatr Res 2009;43:1200-4. [PMID: 19501841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]

Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Fuchs E, Abumaria N, Ziegler A, Danker-Hopfe H, Hiemke C, Hellweg R. Effects of escitalopram on the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor protein levels in a rat model of chronic stress. J Neurosci Res 2009;87:2551-60. [PMID: 19360902 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]

Chronic imipramine downregulates cyclic AMP signaling in rat hippocampus. Neuroreport 2009;20:307-11. [PMID: 19444954 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328321b5a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]

Cooke J, Grover L, Spangler P. Venlafaxine treatment stimulates expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in frontal cortex and inhibits long-term potentiation in hippocampus. Neuroscience 2009;162:1411-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]

Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The role of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder: convergent evidence for neurotrophic effects as a unifying hypothesis. Bipolar Disord 2009;11 Suppl 2:92-109. [PMID: 19538689 PMCID: PMC2800957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Abstract

Lithium has been and continues to be the mainstay of bipolar disorder (BD) pharmacotherapy for acute mood episodes, switch prevention, prophylactic treatment, and suicide prevention. Lithium is also the definitive proof-of-concept agent in BD, although it has recently been studied in other psychoses as well as diverse neurodegenerative disorders. Its neurotrophic effects can be viewed as a unifying model to explain several integrated aspects of the pathophysiology of mood disorders and putative therapeutics for those disorders. Enhancing neuroprotection (which directly involves neurotrophic effects) is a therapeutic strategy intended to slow or halt the progression of neuronal loss, thus producing long-term benefits by favorably influencing outcome and preventing either the onset of disease or clinical decline. The present article: (i) reviews what has been learned regarding lithium's neurotrophic effects since Cade's original studies with this compound; (ii) presents human data supporting the presence of cellular atrophy and death in BD as well as neurotrophic effects associated with lithium in human studies; (iii) describes key direct targets of lithium involved in these neurotrophic effects, including neurotrophins, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum key proteins; and (iv) discusses lithium's neurotrophic effects in models of apoptosis and excitotoxicity as well as its potential neurotrophic effects in models of neurological disorders. Taken together, the evidence reviewed here suggests that lithium's neurotrophic effects in BD are an example of an old molecule acting as a new proof-of-concept agent. Continued work to decipher lithium's molecular actions will likely lead to the development of not only improved therapeutics for BD, but to neurotrophic enhancers that could prove useful in the treatment of many other illnesses.

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Musazzi L, Cattaneo A, Tardito D, Barbon A, Gennarelli M, Barlati S, Racagni G, Popoli M. Early raise of BDNF in hippocampus suggests induction of posttranscriptional mechanisms by antidepressants. BMC Neurosci 2009;10:48. [PMID: 19439074 PMCID: PMC2689227 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open

Evidence for selective microRNAs and their effectors as common long-term targets for the actions of mood stabilizers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:1395-405. [PMID: 18704095 PMCID: PMC2669666 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]

Garcia LSB, Comim CM, Valvassori SS, Réus GZ, Stertz L, Kapczinski F, Gavioli EC, Quevedo J. Ketamine treatment reverses behavioral and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:450-5. [PMID: 19439250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]

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Garcia LS, Comim CM, Valvassori SS, Réus GZ, Andreazza AC, Stertz L, Fries GR, Gavioli EC, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. Chronic administration of ketamine elicits antidepressant-like effects in rats without affecting hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009;103:502-6. [PMID: 19067677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]