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Görig T, Diehl K, Greinert R, Breitbart EW, Schneider S. Prevalence of sun-protective behaviour and intentional sun tanning in German adolescents and adults: results of a nationwide telephone survey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:225-235. [PMID: 28573745 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence rate of melanoma in the Caucasian population is rising worldwide. One of the major environmental risk factors for melanoma is the exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To prevent skin damage caused by UV exposure, several organizations recommend wearing protective clothing, staying in the shade, avoiding the outdoors during midday and using sunscreen. OBJECTIVE To provide representative data on factors associated with sun-protective behaviours and intentional sun exposure during summertime in the German population. METHODS A population-based sample of 3000 German residents aged 14-45 years (response: 32.1%) was interviewed via telephone from October to December 2015. Survey participants provided data on the use of recommended sun-protective measures on a sunny summer day and their intentional sun exposure during summertime. Data were weighted by age, sex, educational level and federal state to ensure the national representativeness of the sample. RESULTS Wearing long-sleeved clothes was the most frequently reported protective measure (53.9%), while wearing headgear was the least common (17.9%). Significantly lower frequencies of almost all recommended sun-protective measures were identified for males, participants between 14 and 25 years, those with an immigrant background and those with low levels of education. Using sun protection was positively associated with female gender (OR = 1.62), higher levels of education (ORhigh = 1.27), sunburn during childhood (OR = 1.33) and paying attention to healthy nutrition (OR = 1.64; all P < 0.05). Sun tanning behaviour was associated with female gender (OR = 1.42), younger age, lower level of education, sunbed use (OR = 5.24) and smoking status (OR = 1.50; all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION As individual sun-protective measures are easy to implement and provide effective protection against high-risk UV exposure, campaigns on skin cancer prevention in Germany should put a stronger focus on young adults, men, less educated individuals and those with immigration background.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Görig
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Diehl
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R Greinert
- Association of Dermatological Prevention, Hamburg, Germany.,Center of Dermatology, Elbe Clinics, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - E W Breitbart
- Association of Dermatological Prevention, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Schneider
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Controlling sunbathing safety during the summer holidays - The solar UV campaign at Baltic Sea coast in 2015. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28622559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the intensity of surface UV radiation, provided for the public, is frequently given in terms of a daily maximum UV Index (UVI), based on a prognostic model. The quality of the UV forecast depends on the accuracy of column amount of ozone and cloudiness prediction. Daily variability of UVI is needed to determine the risk of the UV overexposure during outdoor activities. Various methods of estimating the temporary UVI and the maximum duration of UV exposures (received a dose equal to minimal erythemal dose - MED), at the site of sunbathing, were compared. The UV indices were obtained during a field experiment at the Baltic Sea coast in the period from 13th to 24th July 2015. The following UVI calculation models were considered: UVI measurements by simple hand-held biometers (Silver Crest, Oregon Scientific, or more advanced Solarmeter 6.5), our smartphone models based on cloud cover observations at the site and the cloudless-sky UVI forecast (available for any site for all smartphone users) or measured UVI, and the 24h weather predictions by the ensemble set of 10 models (with various cloud parameterizations). The direct UV measurements, even by a simple biometer, provided useful UVI estimates. The smartphone applications yielded a good agreement with the UV measurements. The weather prediction models for cloudless-sky conditions could provide valuable information if almost cloudless-sky conditions (cloudless-sky or slightly scattered clouds) were observed at the sunbathing site.
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53
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Coelho P, Silva L, Faria I, Vieria M, Monteiro A, Pinto G, Prudêncio C, Fernandes R, Soares R. Adipocyte Secretome Increases Radioresistance of Malignant Melanocytes by Improving Cell Survival and Decreasing Oxidative Status. Radiat Res 2017; 187:581-588. [PMID: 28362167 DOI: 10.1667/rr14551.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a treatment option for the majority of malignancies. However, because melanoma is known to be radioresistant, the use of ionizing radiation as an adjuvant therapy in cutaneous melanoma patients is ineffective. Obesity has now been recognized as a risk factor for melanoma. High adiposity is generally associated with a more pro-oxidative status. Oxidative stress is a major player in radiation therapy and also a common link between obesity and cancer. Several adipocyte-released proteins are known to have a role in controlling cellular growth and pro-survival signaling. For that reason, we investigated the influence of 3T3-L1 mature adipocyte secretome in B16-F10 malignant melanocyte radiosensitivity. We evaluated B16-F10 cell survival and redox homeostasis when exposed to four daily doses of ionizing radiation (2 Gy per day) up to a total of 8 Gy in a medical linear accelerator. B16-F10 melanocytes exhibited slight alterations in survival, catalase activity, nitrative stress and total oxidant concentration after the first 2 Gy irradiation. The motility of the melanocytes was also delayed by ionizing radiation. Subsequent irradiations of the malignant melanocytes led to more prominent reductions in overall survival. Remarkably, 3T3-L1 adipocyte-secreted molecules were able to increase the viability and migration of melanocytes, as well as lessen the pro-oxidant burden induced by both the single and cumulative X-ray doses. In vitro adipocyte-released factors protected B16-F10 malignant melanocytes from both oxidative stress and loss of viability triggered by radiation, enhancing the radioresistant phenotype of these cells with a concomitant activation of the AKT signaling pathway. These results both help to elucidate how obesity influences melanoma radioresistance and support the usage of conventional medical linear accelerators as a valid model for the in vitro radiobiological study of tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Coelho
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,b Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal.,c Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, CISA
| | - Liliana Silva
- b Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal.,c Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, CISA
| | - Isabel Faria
- d Radioterapia, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Vieria
- b Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal.,c Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, CISA
| | - Armanda Monteiro
- e Serviço de Radioterapia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Pinto
- e Serviço de Radioterapia, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- b Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal.,c Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, CISA
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- b Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal.,c Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, CISA
| | - Raquel Soares
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,b Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal
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Montes de Oca MK, Pearlman RL, McClees SF, Strickland R, Afaq F. Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:956-974. [PMID: 28063168 DOI: 10.1111/php.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has an array of damaging effects and is the main cause of skin cancer in humans. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common type of cancer. Incidence of NMSC has increased due to greater UV radiation, increased life expectancy and other changes in lifestyle; the annual cost of skin cancer treatment in the United States has increased concurrently to around eight billion dollars. Because of these trends, novel approaches to skin cancer prevention have become an important area of research to decrease skin cancer morbidity and defray the costs associated with treatment. Chemoprevention aims to prevent or delay the development of skin cancer through the use of phytochemicals. Use of phytochemicals as chemopreventive agents has gained attention due to their low toxicity and anticarcinogenic properties. Phytochemicals also exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects which support their use as chemopreventive agents, particularly for skin cancer. Preclinical and human studies have shown that phytochemicals decrease UV-induced skin damage and photocarcinogenesis. In this review article, we discuss the selected phytochemicals that may prevent or delay UV-induced carcinogenesis and highlight their potential use for skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross L Pearlman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sarah F McClees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rebecca Strickland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB. Ghiasvand et al. Respond to "Indoor Tanning-A Melanoma Accelerator?". Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:160-161. [PMID: 28077361 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghiasvand
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern,Oslo, Norway
| | - Corina S Rueegg
- Department of Biostatistics, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Artic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adele C Green
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, Australia
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Oslo Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Donat-Vargas C, Berglund M, Glynn A, Wolk A, Åkesson A. Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2017; 72:137-143. [PMID: 28033525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For malignant melanoma, other risk factors aside from sun exposure have been hardly explored. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-mainly from fatty fish- may affect melanogenesis and promote melanoma progression, while long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to exert antineoplastic actions in melanoma cells. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the association of validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure as well as the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA-DHA), accounting for sun habits and skin type, with the risk of malignant melanoma in middle-aged and elderly women. METHODS We included 20,785 women at baseline in 2009 from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure and EPA-DHA intake were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Incident melanoma cases were ascertained through register-linkage. RESULTS During 4.5 years of follow-up, we ascertained 67 incident cases of melanoma. After multivariable adjustments, exposure to dietary PCBs was associated with four-fold increased risk of malignant melanoma (hazard ratio [HR], 4.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-13; P for trend = 0.02]), while EPA-DHA intake was associated with 80% lower risk (HR, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P for trend = 0.03]), comparing the highest exposure tertiles with the lowest. CONCLUSION While we found a direct association between dietary PCB exposure and risk of melanoma, EPA-DHA intake showed to have a substantial protective association. Question of benefits and risk from fish consumption is very relevant and further prospective studies in the general population verifying these findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Espina C, Straif K, Friis S, Kogevinas M, Saracci R, Vainio H, Schüz J. Quatrième Code européen contre le cancer : environnement, profession et cancer. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11839-016-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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58
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Koch S, Pettigrew S, Minto C, Slevin T, Strickland M, Lin C, Jalleh G. Trends in sun-protection behaviour in Australian adults 2007-2012. Australas J Dermatol 2016; 58:111-116. [PMID: 26776445 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all skin cancers are the result of overexposure to UV radiation and could be prevented by adhering to a number of simple behavioural guidelines to minimise exposure to the sun. The present study examined trends in sun-protection behaviour among adults living in Western Australia, a region with high levels of UV radiation. METHODS During five summers from 2008 to 2012, 2076 Western Australian adults participated in annual, cross-sectional telephone surveys that assessed how often they engaged in a range of sun-protection behaviour (seeking shade, staying inside and wearing a hat, protective clothing, sunscreen or sunglasses). RESULTS Apart from an increase in sunscreen use and a consistently high use of sunglasses, most sun-protection behaviour remained stable at moderate levels during the 5-year period. Seeking shade, staying inside and wearing a hat were all practised at levels ranging between 'sometimes' and 'usually' on sunny days in summer during peak UV hours, with little to no variability across the survey years. Wearing protective clothing was the least frequent behaviour across all survey years and was significantly lower in the most recent survey year relative to baseline. CONCLUSIONS Further efforts are required to encourage greater enactment of sun-protection behaviour, especially on the use of protective clothing and seeking shade during periods of high UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Koch
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Carolyn Minto
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terry Slevin
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Strickland
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chad Lin
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Schüz J, Espina C, Villain P, Herrero R, Leon ME, Minozzi S, Romieu I, Segnan N, Wardle J, Wiseman M, Belardelli F, Bettcher D, Cavalli F, Galea G, Lenoir G, Martin-Moreno JM, Nicula FA, Olsen JH, Patnick J, Primic-Zakelj M, Puska P, van Leeuwen FE, Wiestler O, Zatonski W. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S1-10. [PMID: 26164654 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This overview describes the principles of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer and provides an introduction to the 12 recommendations to reduce cancer risk. Among the 504.6 million inhabitants of the member states of the European Union (EU28), there are annually 2.64 million new cancer cases and 1.28 million deaths from cancer. It is estimated that this cancer burden could be reduced by up to one half if scientific knowledge on causes of cancer could be translated into successful prevention. The Code is a preventive tool aimed to reduce the cancer burden by informing people how to avoid or reduce carcinogenic exposures, adopt behaviours to reduce the cancer risk, or to participate in organised intervention programmes. The Code should also form a base to guide national health policies in cancer prevention. The 12 recommendations are: not smoking or using other tobacco products; avoiding second-hand smoke; being a healthy body weight; encouraging physical activity; having a healthy diet; limiting alcohol consumption, with not drinking alcohol being better for cancer prevention; avoiding too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation; avoiding cancer-causing agents at the workplace; reducing exposure to high levels of radon; encouraging breastfeeding; limiting the use of hormone replacement therapy; participating in organised vaccination programmes against hepatitis B for newborns and human papillomavirus for girls; and participating in organised screening programmes for bowel cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Villain
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Rolando Herrero
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Maria E Leon
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Silvia Minozzi
- CPO Piedmont, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza", Turin, Italy
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Nereo Segnan
- CPO Piedmont, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza", Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Franco Cavalli
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gauden Galea
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Jørgen H Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pekka Puska
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Otmar Wiestler
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Witold Zatonski
- Maria Skoldowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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McColl N, Auvinen A, Kesminiene A, Espina C, Erdmann F, de Vries E, Greinert R, Harrison J, Schüz J. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Ionising and non-ionising radiation and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S93-100. [PMID: 26126928 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionising radiation can transfer sufficient energy to ionise molecules, and this can lead to chemical changes, including DNA damage in cells. Key evidence for the carcinogenicity of ionising radiation comes from: follow-up studies of the survivors of the atomic bombings in Japan; other epidemiological studies of groups that have been exposed to radiation from medical, occupational or environmental sources; experimental animal studies; and studies of cellular responses to radiation. Considering exposure to environmental ionising radiation, inhalation of naturally occurring radon is the major source of radiation in the population - in doses orders of magnitude higher than those from nuclear power production or nuclear fallout. Indoor exposure to radon and its decay products is an important cause of lung cancer; radon may cause approximately one in ten lung cancers in Europe. Exposures to radon in buildings can be reduced via a three-step process of identifying those with potentially elevated radon levels, measuring radon levels, and reducing exposure by installation of remediation systems. In the 4th Edition of the European Code against Cancer it is therefore recommended to: "Find out if you are exposed to radiation from naturally high radon levels in your home. Take action to reduce high radon levels". Non-ionising types of radiation (those with insufficient energy to ionise molecules) - including extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields as well as radiofrequency electromagnetic fields - are not an established cause of cancer and are therefore not addressed in the recommendations to reduce cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McColl
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland; STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Research and Environmental Surveillance, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ausrele Kesminiene
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Esther de Vries
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC/Section of Cancer Information, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Centre of Dermatology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbekliniken Stade/Buxtehude, Am Krankenhaus 1, D-21614, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - John Harrison
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France.
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Espina C, Straif K, Friis S, Kogevinas M, Saracci R, Vainio H, Schüz J. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Environment, occupation and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S84-92. [PMID: 26164655 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
People are exposed throughout life to a wide range of environmental and occupational pollutants from different sources at home, in the workplace or in the general environment - exposures that normally cannot be directly controlled by the individual. Several chemicals, metals, dusts, fibres, and occupations have been established to be causally associated with an increased risk of specific cancers, such as cancers of the lung, skin and urinary bladder, and mesothelioma. Significant amounts of air pollutants - mainly from road transport and industry - continue to be emitted in the European Union (EU); an increased occurrence of lung cancer has been attributed to air pollution even in areas below the EU limits for daily air pollution. Additionally, a wide range of pesticides as well as industrial and household chemicals may lead to widespread human exposure, mainly through food and water. For most environmental pollutants, the most effective measures are regulations and community actions aimed at reducing and eliminating the exposures. Thus, it is imperative to raise awareness about environmental and occupational carcinogens in order to motivate individuals to be proactive in advocating protection and supporting initiatives aimed at reducing pollution. Regulations are not homogeneous across EU countries, and protective measures in the workplace are not used consistently by all workers all the time; compliance with regulations needs to be continuously monitored and enforced. Therefore, the recommendation on Environment and Occupation of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer, focusing on what individuals can do to reduce their cancer risk, reads: "In the workplace, protect yourself against cancer-causing substances by following health and safety instructions."
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Søren Friis
- Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology CREAL, 88 Dr Aiguader Road, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Saracci
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Harri Vainio
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 aA, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
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Minozzi S, Armaroli P, Espina C, Villain P, Wiseman M, Schüz J, Segnan N. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Process of reviewing the scientific evidence and revising the recommendations. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S11-9. [PMID: 26439654 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The European Code Against Cancer is a set of recommendations to give advice on cancer prevention. Its 4th edition is an update of the 3rd edition, from 2003. Working Groups of independent experts from different fields of cancer prevention were appointed to review the recommendations, supported by a Literature Group to provide scientific and technical support in the assessment of the scientific evidence, through systematic reviews of the literature. Common procedures were developed to guide the experts in identifying, retrieving, assessing, interpreting and summarizing the scientific evidence in order to revise the recommendations. The Code strictly followed the concept of providing advice to European Union citizens based on the current best available science. The advice, if followed, would be expected to reduce cancer risk, referring both to avoiding or reducing exposure to carcinogenic agents or changing behaviour related to cancer risk and to participating in medical interventions able to avert specific cancers or their consequences. The information sources and procedures for the review of the scientific evidence are described here in detail. The 12 recommendations of the 4th edition of the European Code Against Cancer were ultimately approved by a Scientific Committee of leading European cancer and public health experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Minozzi
- CPO Piedmont, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza", Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Armaroli
- CPO Piedmont, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza", Turin, Italy
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Villain
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Martin Wiseman
- World Cancer Research Fund International, Second Floor, 22 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3HH, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Nereo Segnan
- CPO Piedmont, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza", Turin, Italy.
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Naldi L, Cazzaniga S. Are All Screening Programmes Created Equal? The Case of Melanoma. Dermatology 2015; 231:294-6. [PMID: 26407243 DOI: 10.1159/000439403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Naldi
- Unitx00E0; Complessa di Dermatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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