Preparation, antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of hydroxamated degraded polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera

The Antioxidant Polysaccharide from Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino Adjusts the Immune Response of Mice Infected by Bacteria

Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino is a herbal medicine and it is recorded that its water extract can be used to treat acute diseases caused by bacterial infections. In order to understand the polysaccharide of Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino (SMP), FT-IR and HPLC methods were performed to determine the basic chemical structure and monosaccharide compositions of SMP. The antioxidant capacity of SMP was analyzed by monitoring both the scavenging rate of DPPH and ABTS free radical. To investigate the effects of SMP on the acute bacterial disease, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SMP on E. coli or S. aureus were detected; meanwhile, mice were administrated with SMP for 7 days and then infected with E. coli or S. aureus, and the parameters were measured at the 9^th day. Results showed that SMP was a furanose which was mainly composed of glucose (60.3%) and had certain antioxidant activities. Both MIC values of SMP on E. coli and S. aureus were 250 ml/mL, which means that SMP has no direct antibacterial effects. The mice experiments revealed that SMP had potential effects on immunomodulatory by reducing WBC and the expression of serum IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α and increasing IgM of E. coli or S. aureus infected mice. These findings supported the effect of Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino in folk use with scientific evidence.

Synchronous removal of CuO nanoparticles and Cu2+ by polyaluminum chloride-Enteromorpha polysaccharides: Effect of Al species and pH

Copper oxide nanomaterials have been extensively applied and can have serious impacts when discharged into the aquatic environment, especially when complexed with humic acid (HA) to form composite contaminants. As an innovative recycled coagulant aid, Enteromorpha polysaccharides (Ep) were associated with polyaluminum chloride (PACl) (denoted as PACl-Ep) to simultaneously remove CuO nanoparticles, Cu²⁺ and HA in this study. The influence of different Al species coagulants (AlCl₃, PACl_b and PACl_c) and water pH on coagulation performance, floc properties and reaction mechanisms was investigated in detail. Results showed that in the three PACl-Ep systems, PACl_b-Ep gave the highest removal efficiencies for turbidity and Cu²⁺, and the best UV₂₅₄ removal effect was reached by using PACl_c-Ep. Higher contents of Al_b and Al_c contributed to great coagulation performance because of their stronger bridging and sweeping effects. For all the Al species coagulants, alkalescent conditions were more conducive to removing Cu and HA compared to acidic conditions. Additionally, smaller and more agminated flocs with great recovery ability were formed by PACl_b-Ep and PACl_c-Ep systems (bridging and enmeshment effects cooperated with the chelated reticular structure formed by the Ep and Al species). Similarly, due to the increased hydrolysis and hydroxide precipitates, flocs formed under the condition of alkalescence were smaller, denser and stronger compared with weakly acidic conditions.

Review of Solvents Based on Biomass for Mitigation of Wax Paraffin in Indonesian Oilfield

This paper presents a review of the expectations and challenges of using biomass in the prevention and slowing of paraffin wax deposition that takes place during the crude oil production process. The inhibition of the deposition process involves the use of solvents from biomass that are generally available around the crude oil production field. The processes used to scale down the precipitation of wax include mixing crude oil with the manufacturer’s solvent composed of toluene and xylene. The goal is to assess solvents sourced from biomass that are capable to slow down the wax deposition process. Wax appearance temperature is an important characteristic to evaluate the possible wax precipitation of a given fluid. Wax precipitation can be reduced by using some chemical additives, often called the pour point depressant. This additive is expected to be produced from local biomass which can compete with solvents currently produced on the market.

Anti-ageing and antioxidant effects of sulfate oligosaccharides from green algae Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha prolifera in SAMP8 mice

Oligosaccharides from green algae Ulva lactuca (ULO) and Enteromorpha prolifera (EPO) were used for investigation of anti-ageing effects and the underlying mechanism in SAMP8 mice. The structural properties of ULO and EPO were analyzed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and agarose gel electrophoresis. These oligosaccharides enhanced the glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and telomerase levels and total antioxidant capicity, and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and advanced glycation end products. After ULO and EPO treatment, the levels of inflammatory factors, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6, decreased; the BDNF and ChAT levels increased; and hippocampal neurons were protected. Downregulation of the p53 and FOXO1 genes and upregulation of the Sirt1 gene indicated that ULO and EPO have potential therapeutic effects in the prevention of ageing in SAMP8 mice. By 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, the abundance of Desulfovibrio was discovered to be markedly different in mice treated with ULO and EPO. The abundances of Verrucomicrobiaceae, Odoribacteraceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Planococcaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae were positively correlated with age-related indicators. These results demonstrated that oligosaccharides from U. lactuca and E. prolifera are ideal candidate compounds that can be used in functional foods and pharmaceuticals to prevent ageing.

Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha Prolifera Ameliorate Acute Myocardial Infarction in Vitro and in Vivo via Up-Regulating HIF-1α

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious heart disease and the main reason for heart failure and sudden death worldwide. This study investigated the effects of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera (PEP) on AMI in vitro and in vivo, as well as the underlying mechanisms.Human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMVEC) were cultured in vitro in an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) environment to induce injury. The viability and apoptosis of HCMVEC were then detected using CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, respectively. ELISA was performed to measure the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. Cell transfection was conducted to reduce the expression of HIF-1α. Expression of key factors involving in cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, MEK/ERK, and the NF-κB and mTOR pathways were evaluated using Western blotting. In vivo, Wistar rats were pre-treated by PEP and AMI was induced. The infarct size and cardiac functions (LVEDD, LVEF and LVFS) were measured.In vitro, PEP treatment significantly protected HCMVEC from OGD-induced viability loss, proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine expression, and autophagy. Moreover, PEP enhanced the expression of HIF-1α in HCMVEC via the MEK/ERK pathway. HIF-1α participated in the protective effects of PEP on OGD-treated HCMVEC. Furthermore, PEP attenuated OGD-induced NF-κB pathway activation and promoted the mTOR pathway in HCMVEC. In vivo, PEP pre-treatment reduced the infarct size and enhanced the LVEDD, LVEF and LVFS of rats via up-regulation of HIF-1α.PEP ameliorated AMI in vitro and in vivo through up-regulation of HIF-1α. In vitro, PEP could activate the MEK/ERK and mTOR pathways, but inactivate the NF-κB pathway in OGD-treated HCMVEC.

Characterization, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of a neutral polysaccharide from Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke

A neutral polysaccharide (DIP-1) from Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke was obtained by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and chromatographic separation (DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange column and Sephadex G-100 gel column). The physicochemical properties of DIP-1 were elucidated by gel permeation chromatography, monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscope and Congo red test. The results indicated that DIP-1 was consisted of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, galactose and arabinose in a ratio of 1.00:0.42:18.36:14.17:0.81, and its molecular weight was 218.3 kDa. Meanwhile, DIP-1 presented a straight hexahedron structure, but no triple-helical conformation. In antioxidant activity tests, DIP-1 exhibited powerful scavenging activities on hydroxyl, DPPH, ABTS radicals and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. Especially, DIP-1 demonstrated high inhibitory activities against SKOV-3 and Hep-G2 cells in vitro, with IC₅₀ values of 1.42 and 1.23 mg/ml, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: D. indica has been used for a long time as a Chinese medicine for therapy of many diseases, including cancer, inflammation, leprosy, fever, bleeding and so on. At present, polysaccharides have attracted comprehensive attention because of a large range of pharmacological and biological properties, including antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity. In the present study, we purified and characterized a neutral polysaccharide from D. indica for the first time. Moreover, the neutral polysaccharide exhibits significant antioxidant and antitumor activities. Therefore, the present study laid a foundation for the high-value application of D. indica polysaccharides in functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

In vitro antioxidant and immunostimulating activities of polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs) are used as herbal dietary supplements and medicine worldwide. In this study, crude GBL polysaccharides (GBPSs) were extracted and further purified on a DEAE (diethylaminoethanol) Sepharose Fast Flow column to obtain GBPS-2 and GBPS-3. The molecular weights of GBPS-2 and GBPS-3 were 672 and 723 kDa, respectively. GBPS-2 and GBPS-3 were typical acidic heteropolysaccharides, composed of mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara) (molar ratio: 0.08:0.12:0.16:0.06:0.11:1.00:0.32) and Man, Rha, GlcA, GalA, Gal, and Ara (molar ratio: 0.92:1.00:0.83:0.11:0.42:0.23), respectively. GBPS-2 and GBPS-3 exhibited limited scavenging abilities for the hydroxyl and 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl radicals as well as noticeable scavenging effects on superoxide radicals and 2,2'‑azino‑bis(3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulphonic acid) radicals. Furthermore, GBPS-2 and GBPS-3 significantly increased the phagocytosis of macrophages and promoted the production of NO, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Thus, GBPS-2 and GBPS-3 exhibit potential application as functional food supplements.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of carboxymethylated and hydroxamated degraded polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme

In order to improve the bioactivity of the polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF), the degraded polysaccharide (DPSF) was modified by carboxymethylation, yielding carboxymethylated degraded polysaccharides (CDPSF), which were further modified to generate hydroxamated derivatives (HCDPSF). Both CDPSF and HCDPSF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular weight of CDPSF and HCDPSF was found to be 354 kDa and 375 kDa, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of CDPSF and HCDPSF was evaluated by determining the radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant activity. The results indicated that the antioxidant activity of CDPSF and HCDPSF was significantly improved when compared to those of DPSF. Antimicrobial assays indicated that both CDPSF and HCDPSF possessed a marked antimicrobial ability, while DPSF did not exhibit such effects under the same conditions. Such polysaccharide derivatives have potentials in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Ethanol Extract from Ulva prolifera Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Response in Mice

Ulva prolifera is the major causative species in the green tide, a serious marine ecological disaster, which bloomed in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea of China. However, it is also a popular edible seaweed and its extracts exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study investigated the effects of ethanol extract of U. prolifera (EUP) on insulin sensitivity, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in high-fat-diet- (HFD-) treated mice. HFD-treated mice obtained drinking water containing 2% or 5% EUP. The results showed that EUP supplementation significantly prevented HFD-induced weight gain of liver and fat. EUP supplementation also improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in HFD-treated mice. Moreover, EUP supplementation prevented the increased expression of genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and proinflammatory genes and the decreased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in liver of HFD-treated mice. Furthermore, EUP supplementation decreased reactive oxygen species content, while increasing glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity in HFD-treated mice. In conclusion, our results showed that EUP improved insulin resistance and had antilipid accumulation and anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects on HFD-treated mice. We suggested that U. prolifera extracts may be regarded as potential candidate for the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.