51
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Xu H, Dong X, Chen Y, Wang X. Serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA as a novel marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018; 56:479-484. [PMID: 29252188 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinctive exosomal contents could be useful for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, little is known about whether serum exosomal heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNPH1) mRNA is a satisfactory biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Two hundred and ninety-one participants divided into four age- and gender-matched groups, including a HCC group (n=88), a liver cirrhosis (LC) group (n=67), a chronic hepatitis B (CHB) group (n=68) and a healthy control group (n=68), were enrolled. Serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA and GAPDH mRNA were measured using TaqMan real-time PCR, and the relative expression levels were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the effectiveness of hnRNPH1 mRNA alone and in combination with α-fetoprotein (AFP) in the diagnosis of HCC. The correlation between hnRNPH1 mRNA levels and clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (OS) in HCC was determined. RESULTS The serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA levels in HCC patients were remarkably higher than in the other groups (p<0.05). The hnRNPH1 mRNA discriminated HCC from CHB with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.865, with sensitivity of 85.2% and specificity of 76.5% at cut-off value of 0.670. The AUC for hnRNPH1 mRNA in combination with AFP was further improved. The exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA levels in HCC patients were associated with the Child-Pugh classification, portal vein tumor emboli, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and OS (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that serum exosomal hnRNPH1 mRNA could be an effective marker for HCC in high HBV prevalence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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52
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Impaired mammary tumor formation and metastasis by the point mutation of a Smad3 linker phosphorylation site. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3664-3671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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53
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Zhang FL, Cao JL, Xie HY, Sun R, Yang LF, Shao ZM, Li DQ. Cancer-Associated MORC2-Mutant M276I Regulates an hnRNPM-Mediated CD44 Splicing Switch to Promote Invasion and Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5780-5792. [PMID: 30093560 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer, with a high propensity for distant metastasis and limited treatment options, yet its molecular underpinnings remain largely unknown. Microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) is a newly identified chromatin remodeling protein whose mutations have been causally implicated in several neurologic disorders. Here, we report that a cancer-associated substitution of methionine to isoleucine at residue 276 (M276I) of MORC2 confers gain-of-function properties in the metastatic progression of TNBC. Expression of mutant MORC2 in TNBC cells increased cell migration, invasion, and lung metastasis without affecting cell proliferation and primary tumor growth compared with its wild-type counterpart. The M276I mutation enhanced binding of MORC2 to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNPM), a component of the spliceosome machinery. This interaction promoted an hnRNPM-mediated splicing switch of CD44 from the epithelial isoform (CD44v) to the mesenchymal isoform (CD44s), ultimately driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Knockdown of hnRNPM reduced the binding of mutant MORC2 to CD44 pre-mRNA and reversed the mutant MORC2-induced CD44 splicing switch and EMT, consequently impairing the migratory, invasive, and lung metastatic potential of mutant MORC2-expressing cells. Collectively, these findings provide the first functional evidence for the M276I mutation in promoting TNBC progression. They also establish the first mechanistic connection between MORC2 and RNA splicing and highlight the importance of deciphering unique patient-derived mutations for optimizing clinical outcomes of this highly heterogeneous disease.Significance: A gain-of-function effect of a single mutation on MORC2 promotes metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by regulating CD44 splicing. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5780-92. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Lin Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Ling Cao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yan Xie
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Feng Yang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Qiang Li
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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54
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Sutandy FXR, Ebersberger S, Huang L, Busch A, Bach M, Kang HS, Fallmann J, Maticzka D, Backofen R, Stadler PF, Zarnack K, Sattler M, Legewie S, König J. In vitro iCLIP-based modeling uncovers how the splicing factor U2AF2 relies on regulation by cofactors. Genome Res 2018; 28:699-713. [PMID: 29643205 PMCID: PMC5932610 DOI: 10.1101/gr.229757.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing generates distinct mRNA isoforms and is crucial for proteome diversity in eukaryotes. The RNA-binding protein (RBP) U2AF2 is central to splicing decisions, as it recognizes 3′ splice sites and recruits the spliceosome. We establish “in vitro iCLIP” experiments, in which recombinant RBPs are incubated with long transcripts, to study how U2AF2 recognizes RNA sequences and how this is modulated by trans-acting RBPs. We measure U2AF2 affinities at hundreds of binding sites and compare in vitro and in vivo binding landscapes by mathematical modeling. We find that trans-acting RBPs extensively regulate U2AF2 binding in vivo, including enhanced recruitment to 3′ splice sites and clearance of introns. Using machine learning, we identify and experimentally validate novel trans-acting RBPs (including FUBP1, CELF6, and PCBP1) that modulate U2AF2 binding and affect splicing outcomes. Our study offers a blueprint for the high-throughput characterization of in vitro mRNP assembly and in vivo splicing regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lu Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bach
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hyun-Seo Kang
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg Fallmann
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Maticzka
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Legewie
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian König
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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55
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Singh B, Trincado JL, Tatlow PJ, Piccolo SR, Eyras E. Genome Sequencing and RNA-Motif Analysis Reveal Novel Damaging Noncoding Mutations in Human Tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1112-1124. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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56
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Nakka K, Ghigna C, Gabellini D, Dilworth FJ. Diversification of the muscle proteome through alternative splicing. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:8. [PMID: 29510724 PMCID: PMC5840707 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscles express a highly specialized proteome that allows the metabolism of energy sources to mediate myofiber contraction. This muscle-specific proteome is partially derived through the muscle-specific transcription of a subset of genes. Surprisingly, RNA sequencing technologies have also revealed a significant role for muscle-specific alternative splicing in generating protein isoforms that give specialized function to the muscle proteome. Main body In this review, we discuss the current knowledge with respect to the mechanisms that allow pre-mRNA transcripts to undergo muscle-specific alternative splicing while identifying some of the key trans-acting splicing factors essential to the process. The importance of specific splicing events to specialized muscle function is presented along with examples in which dysregulated splicing contributes to myopathies. Though there is now an appreciation that alternative splicing is a major contributor to proteome diversification, the emergence of improved “targeted” proteomic methodologies for detection of specific protein isoforms will soon allow us to better appreciate the extent to which alternative splicing modifies the activity of proteins (and their ability to interact with other proteins) in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we highlight a continued need to better explore the signaling pathways that contribute to the temporal control of trans-acting splicing factor activity to ensure specific protein isoforms are expressed in the proper cellular context. Conclusions An understanding of the signal-dependent and signal-independent events driving muscle-specific alternative splicing has the potential to provide us with novel therapeutic strategies to treat different myopathies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0152-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nakka
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Gabellini
- Unit of Gene Expression and Muscular Dystrophy, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT2, 5A3-44, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Mailbox 511, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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57
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Ji X, Humenik J, Yang D, Liebhaber SA. PolyC-binding proteins enhance expression of the CDK2 cell cycle regulatory protein via alternative splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:2030-2044. [PMID: 29253178 PMCID: PMC5829739 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The PolyC binding proteins (PCBPs) impact alternative splicing of a subset of mammalian genes that are enriched in basic cellular functions. Here, we focus our analysis on PCBP-controlled cassette exon-splicing within the cell cycle control regulator cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2) transcript. We demonstrate that PCBP binding to a C-rich polypyrimidine tract (PPT) preceding exon 5 of the CDK2 transcript enhances cassette exon inclusion. This splice enhancement is U2AF65-independent and predominantly reflects actions of the PCBP1 isoform. Remarkably, PCBPs' control of CDK2 ex5 splicing has evolved subsequent to mammalian divergence via conversion of constitutive exon 5 inclusion in the mouse CDK2 transcript to PCBP-responsive exon 5 alternative splicing in humans. Importantly, exclusion of exon 5 from the hCDK2 transcript dramatically represses the expression of CDK2 protein with a corresponding perturbation in cell cycle kinetics. These data highlight a recently evolved post-transcriptional pathway in primate species with the potential to modulate cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Ji
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jesse Humenik
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daphne Yang
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen A Liebhaber
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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58
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Howley BV, Howe PH. TGF-beta signaling in cancer: post-transcriptional regulation of EMT via hnRNP E1. Cytokine 2018; 118:19-26. [PMID: 29396052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TGFβ signaling pathway is a critical regulator of cancer progression in part through induction of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process is aberrantly activated in cancer cells, facilitating invasion of the basement membrane, survival in the circulatory system, and dissemination to distant organs. The mechanisms through which epithelial cells transition to a mesenchymal state involve coordinated transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression. One such mechanism of control is through the RNA binding protein hnRNP E1, which regulates splicing and translation of a cohort of EMT and stemness-associated transcripts. A growing body of evidence indicates a major role for hnRNP E1 in the control of epithelial cell plasticity, especially in the context of carcinoma progression. Here, we review the multiple mechanisms through which hnRNP E1 functions to control EMT and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breege V Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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59
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Itoh Y, Saitoh M, Miyazawa K. Smad3-STAT3 crosstalk in pathophysiological contexts. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:82-90. [PMID: 29140406 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad3 and STAT3 are intracellular molecules that transmit signals from plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus. Smad3 operates downstream of growth/differentiation factors that utilize activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-4, 5, or 7, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), activin, and myostatin. STAT3 principally functions downstream of cytokines that exert their effects via gp130 and Janus family kinases, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and oncostatin M. Accumulating evidence indicates that Smad3 and STAT3 engage in crosstalk in a highly context-dependent fashion, cooperating in some conditions while acting antagonistically each other in others. Here, we review the crosstalk between Smad3 and STAT3 in various biological contexts, including early tumorigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibrosis, and T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masao Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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60
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Rambout X, Dequiedt F, Maquat LE. Beyond Transcription: Roles of Transcription Factors in Pre-mRNA Splicing. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4339-4364. [PMID: 29251915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Whereas individual steps of protein-coding gene expression in eukaryotes can be studied in isolation in vitro, it has become clear that these steps are intimately connected within cells. Connections not only ensure quality control but also fine-tune the gene expression process, which must adapt to environmental changes while remaining robust. In this review, we systematically present proven and potential mechanisms by which sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors can alter gene expression beyond transcription initiation and regulate pre-mRNA splicing, and thereby mRNA isoform production, by (i) influencing transcription elongation rates, (ii) binding to pre-mRNA to recruit splicing factors, and/or (iii) blocking the association of splicing factors with pre-mRNA. We propose various mechanistic models throughout the review, in some cases without explicit supportive evidence, in hopes of providing fertile ground for future studies.
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61
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Zhang YE. Mechanistic insight into contextual TGF-β signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 51:1-7. [PMID: 29149681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) controls a wide range of cellular functions by activating both SMADs and non-SMAD pathways. In different tissue or physiological environment, cellular responses to TGF-β can be diverse, even opposite. Complex regulations at the level of ligand mobilization, receptor presentation, and the network of intracellular signal transducers afford the TGF-β pathway with versatile means to induce precise cellular responses in accordance to specific contextual demands. This article summarizes recent development in how cells manage their responses to TGF-β through ligand activation, receptor abundance, as well as SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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62
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Neumann DP, Goodall GJ, Gregory PA. Regulation of splicing and circularisation of RNA in epithelial mesenchymal plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 75:50-60. [PMID: 28789987 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interconversions between epithelial and mesenchymal states, often referred to as epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse MET, play important roles in embryonic development and are recapitulated in various adult pathologies including cancer progression. These conversions are regulated by complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms including programs of alternative splicing which are orchestrated by specific splicing factors. This review will focus on the latest developments in our understanding of the splicing factors regulating epithelial mesenchymal plasticity associated with cancer progression and the induction of pluripotency, including potential roles for circular RNAs (circRNAs) which have been recently implicated in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Neumann
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Philip A Gregory
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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63
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Budi EH, Duan D, Derynck R. Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors and Smads: Regulatory Complexity and Functional Versatility. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:658-672. [PMID: 28552280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins control cell physiology, proliferation, and growth, and direct cell differentiation, thus playing key roles in normal development and disease. The mechanisms of how TGF-β family ligands interact with heteromeric complexes of cell surface receptors to then activate Smad signaling that directs changes in gene expression are often seen as established. Even though TGF-β-induced Smad signaling may be seen as a linear signaling pathway with predictable outcomes, this pathway provides cells with a versatile means to induce different cellular responses. Fundamental questions remain as to how, at the molecular level, TGF-β and TGF-β family proteins activate the receptor complexes and induce a context-dependent diversity of cell responses. Among the areas of progress, we summarize new insights into how cells control TGF-β responsiveness by controlling the TGF-β receptors, and into the key roles and versatility of Smads in directing cell differentiation and cell fate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Dana Duan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA.
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64
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Tripathi V, Zhang YE. Redirecting RNA splicing by SMAD3 turns TGF-β into a tumor promoter. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1265699. [PMID: 28197539 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1265699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a well-known growth inhibitor of normal epithelial cells, but it is also secreted by solid tumors to promote cancer progression. Our recent discovery of SMAD3-PCBP1 complex with direct RNA-binding properties has shed light on how this conversion is implemented by controlling pre-mRNA splicing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Tripathi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
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