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Koizumi K, Ueda K, Li Z, Nakao M. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Networks Related to Creative Thinking. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:541052. [PMID: 33192387 PMCID: PMC7596331 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.541052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human creative thinking is unique and capable of generating novel and valuable ideas. Recent research has clarified the contribution of different brain networks (default mode network, DN; executive control network; salience network) to creative thinking. However, the effects of brain stimulation on brain networks during creative thinking and on creative performance have not been clarified. The present study was designed to examine the changes in functional connectivity (FC) and effective connectivity (EC) of the large-scale brain network, and the ensuing changes in creative performance, induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Fourteen healthy male students underwent two tDCS sessions, one with actual stimulation and one with sham stimulation, on two separate days. Participants underwent tDCS (anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC; cathode over the right inferior parietal lobule, IPL) for 20 min. Before and after the tDCS session, electroencephalography signals were acquired from 32 electrodes over the whole head during the creative thinking task. On FC analysis, the delta band FC between the posterior cingulate cortex and IPL significantly increased only after real stimulation. We also found that the change of flexibility score was significantly correlated with the change in: (i) delta band FC between mPFC and left lateral temporal cortex (LTC) and (ii) alpha band FC between IPL and right LTC. On EC analysis, decreased flow within the DN (from left LTC to right IPL) was observed. Our results reveal that tDCS could affect brain networks, particularly the DN, during creative thinking and modulate key FC in the generation of flexible creative ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazutaka Ueda
- Creative Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Easy Identification of Optimal Coronal Slice on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Hippocampal Area in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5894021. [PMID: 33029517 PMCID: PMC7532424 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5894021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Measurement of an- hippocampal area or volume is useful in clinical practice as a supportive aid for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Since it is time-consuming and not simple, it is not being used very often. We present a simplified protocol for hippocampal atrophy evaluation based on a single optimal slice in Alzheimer's disease. Methods We defined a single optimal slice for hippocampal measurement on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the plane where the amygdala disappears and only the hippocampus is present. We compared an absolute area and volume of the hippocampus on this optimal slice between 40 patients with Alzheimer disease and 40 age-, education- and gender-mateched elderly controls. Furthermore, we compared these results with those relative to the size of the brain or the skull: the area of the optimal slice normalized to the area of the brain at anterior commissure and the volume of the hippocampus normalized to the total intracranial volume. Results Hippocampal areas on the single optimal slice and hippocampal volumes on the left and right in the control group were significantly higher than those in the AD group. Normalized hippocampal areas and volumes on the left and right in the control group were significantly higher compared to the AD group. Absolute hippocampal areas and volumes did not significantly differ from corresponding normalized hippocampal areas as well as normalized hippocampal volumes using comparisons of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Conclusion The hippocampal area on the well-defined optimal slice of brain MRI can reliably substitute a complicated measurement of the hippocampal volume. Surprisingly, brain or skull normalization of these variables does not add any incremental differentiation between Alzheimer disease patients and controls or give better results.
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Pelekanos V, Premereur E, Mitchell DJ, Chakraborty S, Mason S, Lee ACH, Mitchell AS. Corticocortical and Thalamocortical Changes in Functional Connectivity and White Matter Structural Integrity after Reward-Guided Learning of Visuospatial Discriminations in Rhesus Monkeys. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7887-7901. [PMID: 32900835 PMCID: PMC7548693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0364-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal cortex and temporal lobes together regulate complex learning and memory capabilities. Here, we collected resting-state functional and diffusion-weighted MRI data before and after male rhesus macaque monkeys received extensive training to learn novel visuospatial discriminations (reward-guided learning). We found functional connectivity changes in orbitofrontal, ventromedial prefrontal, inferotemporal, entorhinal, retrosplenial, and anterior cingulate cortices, the subicular complex, and the dorsal, medial thalamus. These corticocortical and thalamocortical changes in functional connectivity were accompanied by related white matter structural alterations in the uncinate fasciculus, fornix, and ventral prefrontal tract: tracts that connect (sub)cortical networks and are implicated in learning and memory processes in monkeys and humans. After the well-trained monkeys received fornix transection, they were impaired in learning new visuospatial discriminations. In addition, the functional connectivity profile that was observed after the training was altered. These changes were accompanied by white matter changes in the ventral prefrontal tract, although the integrity of the uncinate fasciculus remained unchanged. Our experiments highlight the importance of different communication relayed among corticocortical and thalamocortical circuitry for the ability to learn new visuospatial associations (learning-to-learn) and to make reward-guided decisions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Frontal neural networks and the temporal lobes contribute to reward-guided learning in mammals. Here, we provide novel insight by showing that specific corticocortical and thalamocortical functional connectivity is altered after rhesus monkeys received extensive training to learn novel visuospatial discriminations. Contiguous white matter fiber pathways linking these gray matter structures, namely, the uncinate fasciculus, fornix, and ventral prefrontal tract, showed structural changes after completing training in the visuospatial task. Additionally, different patterns of functional and structural connectivity are reported after removal of subcortical connections within the extended hippocampal system, via fornix transection. These results highlight the importance of both corticocortical and thalamocortical interactions in reward-guided learning in the normal brain and identify brain structures important for memory capabilities after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Pelekanos
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, United Kingdom
| | - Elsie Premereur
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Subhojit Chakraborty
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Mason
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, United Kingdom
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Katzoff A, Zigdon NM, Ashkenazi S. Difficulties in retrieval multiplication facts: The case of interference to reconsolidation. Trends Neurosci Educ 2020; 20:100137. [PMID: 32917304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2020.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many students have difficulties in retrieving multiplication facts from memory. The aim of the present study was to test the difficulty in retrieval of multiplication facts from the perspective of the reconsolidation of long-term memory phase, which has been found to be sensitive to interferences. METHODS Students learned multiplication facts and then received a reminder, which led to reactivation and reconsolidation. After the reminder, additional multiplication facts (interference) were learned and memory was tested. RESULTS Students who received both a reminder and interference during reconsolidation showed no significant improvement in retrieving multiplication facts from memory, whereas Students who received either a reminder or additional multiplication facts (interference) exhibited a better performance in retrieval. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate, for the first time, that the reconsolidation phase is sensitive to interferences in mathematical declarative memory content. The findings indicate additional possible causes for difficulties in retrieval of multiplication facts in class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitza Mark Zigdon
- Levinsky College of Education, Tel Aviv, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sawangjit A, Oyanedel CN, Niethard N, Born J, Inostroza M. Deepened sleep makes hippocampal spatial memory more persistent. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Muehlroth BE, Rasch B, Werkle-Bergner M. Episodic memory consolidation during sleep in healthy aging. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
While in the past much of our knowledge about memory representations in the brain has relied on loss-of-function studies in which whole brain regions were temporarily inactivated or permanently lesioned, the recent development of new methods has ushered in a new era of downright "engram excitement." Animal research is now able to specifically label, track, and manipulate engram cells in the brain. While early studies have mostly focused on single brain regions like the hippocampus, recently more and more evidence for brain-wide distributed engram networks is emerging. Memory research in humans has also picked up pace, fueled by promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods like diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) and brain decoding. In this review, we will outline recent advancements in engram research, with a focus on human data and neocortical representations. We will illustrate the available noninvasive methods for the detection of engrams in different neocortical regions like the medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex and discuss evidence for systems consolidation and parallel memory encoding. Finally, we will explore how reactivation and prior knowledge can lead to and enhance engram formation in the neocortex.
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Neural substrates of long-term item and source memory for emotional associates: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107561. [PMID: 32712148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Since Tulving's influential work on the distinction between familiarity and recollection-based retrieval, numerous studies have found evidence for differential contribution of these retrieval mechanisms on emotional episodic memory. Particularly, retrieval advantage for emotional, compared to neutral, information has been related to recollection-, but not familiarity-mediated processes. Neuroimaging studies suggest that this recollection-based retrieval for emotional information is related to stronger engagement of regions in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the present study, we investigated neural correlates related to long-term memory of neutral information that has been associated with emotional and neutral contexts, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During encoding, different neutral objects integrated with emotional or neutral scenes were presented. One week later, the encoded objects were intermixed with new ones and participants had to indicate whether the objects were previously seen or not, using the Remember/Know procedure (item memory). Furthermore, memory for the correct scene background category was also tested (contextual source memory). First, replicating previous findings, we observed a preference for recollection-dependent memory retrieval versus familiarity-dependent memory retrieval for those neutral objects encoded in emotional compared to neutral contexts. Second, consistent with these behavioral effects, objects encoded with emotional, compared to neutral, scenes produced larger memory-related activity in recollection-sensitive brain regions, including PPC and PFC regions. Third, correctly retrieved emotional compared to neutral contextual information was associated with increased activity in these brain areas. Together, these results suggest that memory for information encoded in emotional contexts is remarkably robust over time and mediated by recollection-based processes.
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Schiel JE, Holub F, Petri R, Leerssen J, Tamm S, Tahmasian M, Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K. Affect and Arousal in Insomnia: Through a Lens of Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:44. [PMID: 32661938 PMCID: PMC7359160 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous research has struggled with identifying clear-cut, objective counterparts to subjective distress in insomnia. Approaching this discrepancy with a focus on hyperarousal and dysfunctional affective processes, studies examining brain structures and neural networks involved in affect and arousal are reviewed and conclusions for an updated understanding of insomnia are drawn. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies found that amygdala reactivity, morphometry and adaptation in insomnia are altered, indicating that processing of negative stimuli is intensified and more lasting. Also, patients with insomnia show aberrant connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN), which is associated with subjective sleep disturbances, hyperarousal, maladaptive emotion regulation and disturbed integration of emotional states. The limbic circuit is assumed to play a crucial role in enhanced recall of negative experiences. There is reason to consider insomnia as a disorder of affect and arousal. Dysregulation of the limbic circuit might perpetuate impaired connectivity in the DMN and the SN. However, the interplay between the networks is yet to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Holub
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roxana Petri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Peiffer A, Brichet M, De Tiège X, Peigneux P, Urbain C. The power of children's sleep - Improved declarative memory consolidation in children compared with adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9979. [PMID: 32561803 PMCID: PMC7305149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-learning slow wave sleep (SWS) is known to support declarative memory consolidation. As SWS is more abundant in young population, we suggested that sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes could occur at a faster pace in school-aged children. After learning new associations between non-objects and their functions, retrieval performance was tested in 30 children (7–12 years) and 34 adults (20–30 years) during an immediate (IR) and a delayed retrieval (DR) session separated by either a Sleep or a Wake condition. Sleep led to stabilized memory retrieval performance only in children, not in adults, whereas no age-related difference was observed after a similar period of wakefulness. Hence, our results suggest more efficient sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation processes in children compared with adults, an effect potentially ascribed to more abundant and deeper SWS during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peiffer
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maud Brichet
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charline Urbain
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Reverberi S, Kohn N, Fernández G. No evidence for an effect of explicit relevance instruction on consolidation of associative memories. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107491. [PMID: 32422141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Newly encoded memories are stabilized over time through a process or a set of processes termed consolidation, which happens preferentially during sleep. However, not all memories profit equally from this offline stabilization. Previous research suggested that one factor, which determines whether a memory will benefit from sleep consolidation, is future relevance. The aim of our current study was to replicate these findings and expand them to investigate their neural underpinnings. In our experiment, 38 participants learned two sets of object-location associations. The two sets of stimuli were presented to each participant intermixed and in random order. After study, participants performed a baseline retention test and were thereafter instructed that, after a delay containing sleep, they would be tested and rewarded only on one of the two sets of stimuli. This relevance instruction was revoked, however, immediately before the test. Thus, this manipulation affected memory consolidation while having no influence on encoding and retrieval. This retention interval was monitored via actigraphy recordings. While the study session was purely behavioral, the test session was conducted in an MRI scanner, thus we collected neuroimaging data at retrieval of relevant compared with non-relevant items. Behaviorally, we found no effect of the relevance manipulation on memory retention, confidence rating, or reaction time. At a neural level, no effect of relevance on memory retrieval-related brain operations was observed. Contrary to our expectations, the relevance manipulation did not result in improved consolidation, nor in improved subsequent performance at retrieval. These findings challenge previously published results and suggest that future relevance as manipulated here may not be sufficient to produce enhanced memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Reverberi
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nils Kohn
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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62
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Müller N, Dresler M, Janzen G, Beckmann C, Fernández G, Kohn N. Medial prefrontal decoupling from the default mode network benefits memory. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Youssef MM, Abd El-Latif HA, El-Yamany MF, Georgy GS. Aliskiren and captopril improve cognitive deficits in poorly controlled STZ-induced diabetic rats via amelioration of the hippocampal P-ERK, GSK3β, P-GSK3β pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114954. [PMID: 32171570 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory deficits are obvious symptoms that develop over time in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is directly associated with β-cell dysfunction and diabetic complications, including cognitive impairment. Here, we investigated the protective and molecular effects of two RAS modifiers, aliskiren; renin inhibitor and captopril; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, on cognitive deficits in the rat hippocampus. Injection of low dose streptozotocin for 4 days resulted in type 1 diabetes. Then, poorly controlled diabetes was mimicked with ineffective daily doses of insulin for 4 weeks. The hyperglycaemia and pancreatic atrophy caused memory disturbance that were identifiable in behavioural tests, hippocampal neurodegeneration, and the following significant changes in the hippocampus, increases in the inflammatory marker interleukin 1β, cholinesterase, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde and protein expression of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta versus decrease in the antioxidant reduced glutathione and protein expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. Blocking RAS with either drugs along with insulin amended all previously mentioned parameters. Aliskiren stabilized the blood glucose level and restored normal pancreatic integrity and hippocampal malondialdehyde level. Aliskiren showed superior protection against the hippocampal degeneration displayed in the earlier behavioural modification in the passive avoidance test, and the aliskiren group outperformed the control group in the novel object recognition test. We therefore conclude that aliskiren and captopril reversed the diabetic state and cognitive deficits in rats with poorly controlled STZ-induced diabetes through reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and modulating protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, National organization for drug control and research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
| | - H A Abd El-Latif
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - M F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Gehan S Georgy
- Department of Pharmacology, National organization for drug control and research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
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64
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Ren J, Huang F, Zhou Y, Zhuang L, Xu J, Gao C, Qin S, Luo J. The function of the hippocampus and middle temporal gyrus in forming new associations and concepts during the processing of novelty and usefulness features in creative designs. Neuroimage 2020; 214:116751. [PMID: 32194284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creative thought relies on the reorganization of existing knowledge to generate novel and useful concepts. However, how these new concepts are formed, especially through the processing of novelty and usefulness (which are usually regarded as the key properties of creativity), is not clear. Taking familiar and useful (FU) objects/designs as the starting point or fundamental baseline, we modified them into novel and useless (NS) objects/designs or novel and useful (NU) ones (i.e., truly creative ones) to investigate how the features of novelty and usefulness are processed (processing of novelty: NU minus FU; processing of usefulness: NU minus NS). Specifically, we predicted that the creative integration of novelty and usefulness entails not only the formation of new associations, which could be critically mediated by the hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal lobe (MTL) areas, but also the formation of new concepts or categories, which is supported by the middle temporal gyrus (MTG). We found that both the MTL and the MTG were involved in the processing of novelty and usefulness. The MTG showed distinctive patterns of information processing, reflected by strengthened functional connectivity with the hippocampus to construct new concepts and strengthened functional connectivity with the executive control system to break the boundaries of old concepts. Additionally, participants' subjective evaluations of concept distance showed that the distance between the familiar concept (FU) and the successfully constructed concept (NU) was larger than that between the FU and the unsuccessfully constructed concept (NS), and this pattern was found to correspond to the patterns of their neural representations in the MTG. These findings demonstrate the critical mechanism by which new associations and concepts are formed during novelty and usefulness processing in creative design; this mechanism may be critically mediated by the hippocampus-MTG connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Furong Huang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Liping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29201, USA
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Wassing R, Schalkwijk F, Lakbila-Kamal O, Ramautar JR, Stoffers D, Mutsaerts HJMM, Talamini LM, Van Someren EJW. Haunted by the past: old emotions remain salient in insomnia disorder. Brain 2020; 142:1783-1796. [PMID: 31135050 PMCID: PMC6536850 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that sleep supports persistent changes in the neuronal representation of emotional experiences such that they are remembered better and less distressful when recalled than when they were first experienced. It is conceivable that sleep fragmentation by arousals, a key characteristic of insomnia disorder, could hamper the downregulation of distress. In this study, we sought further support for the idea that insomnia disorder may involve a lasting deficiency to downregulate emotional distress. We used functional MRI in insomnia disorder (n = 27) and normal sleepers (n = 30) to identify how brain activation differs between novel and relived self-conscious emotions. We evaluated whether brain activity elicited by reliving emotional memories from the distant past resembles the activity elicited by novel emotional experiences more in insomnia disorder than in normal sleepers. Limbic areas were activated during novel shameful experiences as compared to neutral experiences in both normal sleepers and insomnia disorder. In normal sleepers, reliving of shameful experiences from the past did not elicit a limbic response. In contrast, participants with insomnia disorder recruited overlapping parts of the limbic circuit, in particular the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, during both new and relived shameful experiences. The differential activity patterns with new and old emotions in normal sleepers suggest that reactivation of the long-term memory trace does not recruit the limbic circuit. The overlap of activations in insomnia disorder is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder involves a deficiency to dissociate the limbic circuit from the emotional memory trace. Moreover, the findings provide further support for a role of the anterior cingulate cortex in insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Wassing
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frans Schalkwijk
- Department of Education, Program Group Forensic Child and Youth Care, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oti Lakbila-Kamal
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Ramautar
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henri J M M Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia M Talamini
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
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66
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Sleep Spindles Promote the Restructuring of Memory Representations in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex through Enhanced Hippocampal-Cortical Functional Connectivity. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1909-1919. [PMID: 31959699 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1946-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation is hypothesized to involve the distribution and restructuring of memory representations across hippocampal and cortical regions. Theories suggest that, through extended hippocampal-cortical interactions, cortical ensembles come to represent more integrated, or overlapping, memory traces that prioritize commonalities across related memories. Sleep processes, particularly fast sleep spindles, are thought to support consolidation, but evidence for this relationship has been mostly limited to memory retention benefits. Whether fast spindles provide a mechanism for neural changes hypothesized to support consolidation, including the strengthening of hippocampal-cortical networks and integration across memory representations, remains unclear, as does the specificity of regions involved. Using functional connectivity analyses of human fMRI data (both sexes), we show that fast spindle density during overnight sleep is related to enhanced hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity the next day, when restudying information learned before sleep. Spindle density modulated connectivity in distinct hippocampal-cortical networks depending on the category of the consolidated stimuli. Specifically, spindle density correlated with functional connectivity between anterior hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) for object-word pairs, and posterior hippocampus and posteromedial cortex for scene-word pairs. Using multivariate pattern analyses, we also show that fast spindle density during postlearning sleep is associated with greater pattern similarity, or representational overlap, across individual object-word memories in vmPFC the next day. Further, the relationship between fast spindle density and representational overlap in vmPFC was mediated by the degree of anterior hippocampal-vmPFC functional connectivity. Together, these results suggest that fast spindles support the network distribution of memory traces, potentially restructuring memory representations in vmPFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How new experiences are transformed into long-term memories remains a fundamental question for neuroscience research. Theories suggest that memories are stabilized as they are reorganized in the brain, a process thought to be supported by sleep oscillations, particularly sleep spindles. Although sleep spindles have been associated with benefits in memory retention, it is not well understood how spindles modify neural memory traces. This study found that spindles during overnight sleep correlate with changes in neural memory traces, including enhanced functional connectivity in distinct hippocampal-cortical networks and increased pattern similarity among memories in the cortex. The results provide critical evidence that spindles during overnight sleep may act as a physiological mechanism for the restructuring of neural memory traces.
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67
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Boccia M, Teghil A, Guariglia C. Looking into recent and remote past: Meta-analytic evidence for cortical re-organization of episodic autobiographical memories. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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68
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Du X, Zhan L, Chen G, Guo D, Li C, Moscovitch M, Yang J. Differential activation of the medial temporal lobe during item and associative memory across time. Neuropsychologia 2019; 135:107252. [PMID: 31698009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the hippocampus plays a crucial role in associative memory. One central issue is whether the involvement of the hippocampus in associative memory remains stable or declines with the passage of time. In the majority of studies, memory performance declines with delay, confounding attempts at interpreting differences in hippocampal activation over time. To address this issue, we tried to equate behavioral performance as much as possible across time for memory of items and associations separately. After encoding words and word pairs, participants were tested for item and associative memories at four time intervals: 20-min, 1-day, 1-week, and 1-month. The results revealed that MTL activation differed over time for associative and item memories. For associative memory, the activation of the anterior hippocampus decreased from 20-min to 1-day then remained stable, whereas in the posterior hippocampus, the activation was comparable for different time intervals when old pairs were correctly retrieved. The hippocampal activation also remained stable when recombined pairs were correctly rejected. As this condition controls for familiarity of the individual items, correct performance depends only on associative memory. For item memory, hippocampal activation declined progressively from 20-min to 1-week and remained stable afterwards. By contrast, the activation in the perirhinal/entorhinal cortex increased over time irrespective of item and associative memories. Drawing on Tulving's distinction between recollection and familiarity, we interpret this pattern of results in accordance with Trace Transformation Theory, which states that as memories are transformed with time and experience, the neural structures mediating item and associative memories will vary according to the underlying representations to which the memories have been transformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Du
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lexia Zhan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dingrong Guo
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cuihong Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jiongjiong Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
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69
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Ferreira C, Charest I, Wimber M. Retrieval aids the creation of a generalised memory trace and strengthens episode-unique information. Neuroimage 2019; 201:115996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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70
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Brodt S, Pöhlchen D, Täumer E, Gais S, Schönauer M. Incubation, not sleep, aids problem-solving. Sleep 2019; 41:5065174. [PMID: 30113673 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Solving a novel problem and finding innovative solutions requires a flexible and creative recombination of prior knowledge. It is thought that setting a problem aside before giving it another try aids problem-solving. The underlying mechanisms of such an incubation period could include unconscious processing that fosters spreading activation along associated networks and the restructuring of problem representations. Recently, it has been suggested that sleep may also support problem-solving by supporting the transformation and restructuring of memory elements. Since the effect of sleep on problem-solving has been mainly tested using the Remote Associates Test, we chose three different tasks-classical riddles, visual change detection, and anagrams-to examine various aspects of problem-solving and to pinpoint task-specific prerequisites for effects of sleep or incubation to emerge. Sixty-two participants were given two attempts to solve the problems. Both attempts either occurred consecutively or were spaced apart by a 3-hour incubation interval that was spent awake or asleep. We found that a period of incubation positively affected solutions rates in classical riddles, but not in visual change detection or anagram solving. Contrary to our hypothesis, spending the incubation period asleep, did not yield any additional benefit. Our study thus supports the notion that a period of letting a problem rest is beneficial for its solution and confines the role of sleep to memory transformations that do not directly impact on problem-solving ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Brodt
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Täumer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Gais
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schönauer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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71
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Sekeres MJ, Winocur G, Moscovitch M, Anderson JAE, Pishdadian S, Martin Wojtowicz J, St-Laurent M, McAndrews MP, Grady CL. Changes in patterns of neural activity underlie a time-dependent transformation of memory in rats and humans. Hippocampus 2019; 28:745-764. [PMID: 29989271 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic process of memory consolidation involves a reorganization of brain regions that support a memory trace over time, but exactly how the network reorganizes as the memory changes remains unclear. We present novel converging evidence from studies of animals (rats) and humans for the time-dependent reorganization and transformation of different types of memory as measured both by behavior and brain activation. We find that context-specific memories in rats, and naturalistic episodic memories in humans, lose precision over time and activity in the hippocampus decreases. If, however, the retrieved memories retain contextual or perceptual detail, the hippocampus is engaged similarly at recent and remote timepoints. As the interval between the timepoint increases, the medial prefrontal cortex is engaged increasingly during memory retrieval, regardless of the context or the amount of retrieved detail. Moreover, these hippocampal-frontal shifts are accompanied by corresponding changes in a network of cortical structures mediating perceptually-detailed as well as less precise, schematic memories. These findings provide cross-species evidence for the crucial interplay between hippocampus and neocortex that reflects changes in memory representation over time and underlies systems consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Sekeres
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A E Anderson
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Pishdadian
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Martin Wojtowicz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mary Pat McAndrews
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Grady
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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72
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Wagner IC, van Buuren M, Fernández G. Thalamo-cortical coupling during encoding and consolidation is linked to durable memory formation. Neuroimage 2019; 197:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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73
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Restless REM Sleep Impedes Overnight Amygdala Adaptation. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2351-2358.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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74
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Sun X, Wang N, Wang X, Sun L, Li Y, Cui C. AMPA Receptor in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Plays Different Roles in the Recent and Remote Retrieval of Morphine-Associated Memory. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1939-1949. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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75
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Zott B, Busche MA, Sperling RA, Konnerth A. What Happens with the Circuit in Alzheimer's Disease in Mice and Humans? Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 41:277-297. [PMID: 29986165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major mystery of many types of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), remains the underlying, disease-specific neuronal damage. Because of the strong interconnectivity of neurons in the brain, neuronal dysfunction necessarily disrupts neuronal circuits. In this article, we review evidence for the disruption of large-scale networks from imaging studies of humans and relate it to studies of cellular dysfunction in mouse models of AD. The emerging picture is that some forms of early network dysfunctions can be explained by excessively increased levels of neuronal activity. The notion of such neuronal hyperactivity receives strong support from in vivo and in vitro cellular imaging and electrophysiological recordings in the mouse, which provide mechanistic insights underlying the change in neuronal excitability. Overall, some key aspects of AD-related neuronal dysfunctions in humans and mice are strikingly similar and support the continuation of such a translational strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; .,Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Aurel Busche
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; .,Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
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76
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Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C, Ekstrom AD, Wiltgen BJ. A contextual binding theory of episodic memory: systems consolidation reconsidered. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:364-375. [PMID: 30872808 PMCID: PMC7233541 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory reflects the ability to recollect the temporal and spatial context of past experiences. Episodic memories depend on the hippocampus but have been proposed to undergo rapid forgetting unless consolidated during offline periods such as sleep to neocortical areas for long-term storage. Here, we propose an alternative to this standard systems consolidation theory (SSCT) - a contextual binding account - in which the hippocampus binds item-related and context-related information. We compare these accounts in light of behavioural, lesion, neuroimaging and sleep studies of episodic memory and contend that forgetting is largely due to contextual interference, episodic memory remains dependent on the hippocampus across time, contextual drift produces post-encoding activity and sleep benefits memory by reducing contextual interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian J Wiltgen
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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77
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Runyan JD, Moore AN, Dash PK. Coordinating what we’ve learned about memory consolidation: Revisiting a unified theory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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78
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Dandolo LC, Schwabe L. Time-dependent motor memory representations in prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2019; 197:143-155. [PMID: 31015028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How memories evolve over time is fundamental for understanding memory. Hippocampus-dependent episodic memories are generally assumed to undergo a time-dependent neural reorganization involving an increased reliance on neocortical areas. Yet, whether other forms of memory undergo a similar reorganization over time remains unclear. Here, we examined whether the neural underpinnings of motor sequence memories change over time. Participants were trained on a motor sequence learning task. Either 1d or 28d later, they performed a retention test for this task in the fMRI scanner. Sequence-specific motor memory was observed both 1d and 28d after initial training. Bayesian second-level fMRI analyses suggested a higher probability for task activity in the middle frontal gyrus and frontal pole 28d compared to 1d after initial motor learning. Searchlight representational similarity analysis indicated that areas in middle and superior frontal cortex were more involved in differentiating between multivariate activity patterns for old motor sequence memories and newly learned motor sequences in the 28d-group compared to the 1d-group. This increased involvement of lateral frontal areas during the task after 28 days was not paralleled by a decrease in those areas that were involved in performing the motor sequence retention task after 1d. These novel findings provide insights into how memories beyond the hippocampus evolve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Dandolo
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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79
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Himmer L, Schönauer M, Heib DPJ, Schabus M, Gais S. Rehearsal initiates systems memory consolidation, sleep makes it last. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1695. [PMID: 31032406 PMCID: PMC6482015 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
After encoding, memories undergo a transitional process termed systems memory consolidation. It allows fast acquisition of new information by the hippocampus, as well as stable storage in neocortical long-term networks, where memory is protected from interference. Whereas this process is generally thought to occur slowly over time and sleep, we recently found a rapid memory systems transition from hippocampus to posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that occurs over repeated rehearsal within one study session. Here, we use fMRI to demonstrate that this transition is stabilized over sleep, whereas wakefulness leads to a reset to naïve responses, such as observed during early encoding. The role of sleep therefore seems to go beyond providing additional rehearsal through memory trace reactivation, as previously thought. We conclude that repeated study induces systems consolidation, while sleep ensures that these transformations become stable and long lasting. Thus, sleep and repeated rehearsal jointly contribute to long-term memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Himmer
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Silcherstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M. Schönauer); (L.H.)
| | - M. Schönauer
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Silcherstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Corresponding author. (M. Schönauer); (L.H.)
| | - D. P. J. Heib
- University of Salzburg, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Hellbrunner Street 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - M. Schabus
- University of Salzburg, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Hellbrunner Street 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - S. Gais
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Silcherstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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80
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Cousins JN, Fernández G. The impact of sleep deprivation on declarative memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:27-53. [PMID: 31072562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in memory stabilization and integration, yet many people obtain insufficient sleep. This review assesses what is known about the level of sleep deprivation that leads to impairments during encoding, consolidation and retrieval of declarative memories, and what can be determined about the underlying neurophysiological processes. Neuroimaging studies that deprived sleep after learning have provided some of the most compelling evidence for sleep's role in the long-term reorganization of memories in the brain (systems consolidation). However, the behavioral consequences of losing sleep after learning-shown by increased forgetting-appear to recover over time and are unaffected by more common forms of partial sleep restriction across several nights. The capacity to encode new memories is the most vulnerable to sleep loss, since long-term deficits have been observed after total and partial sleep deprivation, while retrieval mechanisms are relatively unaffected. The negative impact of sleep loss on memory has been explored extensively after a night of total sleep deprivation, but further research is needed on the consequences of partial sleep loss over many days so that impairments may be generalized to more common forms of sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cousins
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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81
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Spychala A, Rüther U. FTO affects hippocampal function by regulation of BDNF processing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211937. [PMID: 30730976 PMCID: PMC6366932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, the function of the fat mass and obesity associated (Fto) gene seemed to be primarily the regulation of the body weight. Here we show that loss of Fto results in a hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In consequence, Fto-/- mice display an anxiety-like behavior and impairments in working memory. Furthermore, differentiation of neurons is affected in the hippocampus. As a cause of these impairments we identified a processing defect of the neurotrophin BDNF which is most likely the result of a reduced expression of MMP-9. Therefore, we propose FTO as a possible new target to develop novel approaches for the treatment of diseases associated with hippocampal disorders. In parallel, we also would like to make the point that any anti-obesity therapy via blocking FTO function can have negative effects on the proper function of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Spychala
- Institute of Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute of Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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82
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Tripathi S, Verghese J, Blumen HM. Gray matter volume covariance networks associated with dual-task cost during walking-while-talking. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:2229-2240. [PMID: 30664283 PMCID: PMC6445705 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied gray matter volume covariance networks associated with normal pace walking (NPW) speed and dual-task costs (DTCs) during walking-while-talking (WWT)-a mobility stress test that involves walking while reciting alternate letters of the alphabet. Using a multivariate covariance-based analytic approach, we identified gray matter networks associated with NPW speed (mean 102.1 cm/s ±22.5 cm/s) and DTC (percent difference in gait speed between NPW and WWT, mean 25.9% ± 18.8%) in 139 older adults without dementia (M = 75.3 ± 6.1 years). The gray matter network associated with NPW was primarily composed of supplementary motor area, precuneus cortex, and the middle frontal gyrus. Greater expression of this NPW network was associated with better processing speed (trail-making test A [r = -0.30, p = 0.005]) and executive function (trail-making test B - A [r = -0.43, p < 0.0001]). The gray matter network associated with DTC was primarily composed of medial prefrontal, cingulate, and thalamic regions. Greater expression of this DTC network was associated with better episodic memory performance on the free and cued selective reminding test (r = 0.30, p = 0.007). These results suggest that NPW speed and DTC are supported by different networks, and are associated with different cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Tripathi
- Departments of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | - Joe Verghese
- Departments of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York,Departments of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
| | - Helena M. Blumen
- Departments of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York,Departments of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew York
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83
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Sleep Impact on Perception, Memory, and Emotion in Adults and the Effects of Early-Life Experience. HANDBOOK OF SLEEP RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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84
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Hoshino E, Ohde S, Rahman M, Takahashi O, Fukui T, Deshpande GA. Variation in somatic symptoms by patient health questionnaire-9 depression scores in a representative Japanese sample. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1406. [PMID: 30587173 PMCID: PMC6307287 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate variation in somatic symptoms by age using patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ) depression scores, which may be helpful in identifying depression. METHODS The study evaluated a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of community-dwelling adults in Japan in 2013. We utilized the PHQ to identify risk for depression, with PHQ ≥ 10 defining at least moderate depression. Bivariate and factor analyses were used to capture underlying patterns in self-reported symptoms over a 30 day period; aged-stratified multivariate logistic regression was performed to further explore associations between age, symptoms, and depression. RESULTS Of 3753 respondents, 296 (8, 95% CI 7.0-8.8) reported a PHQ ≥ 10; 42% of these were male and mean age was 51.7 years old (SD = 18.6). Multivariate analysis showed that presence of fatigue and malaise (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.4) was significantly associated with PHQ ≥ 10. After stratification by age, PHQ ≥ 10 was associated with gastrointestinal complaints among 18-39 year olds (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.9); fatigue and malaise (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.1) among 40-64 year olds; and fatigue and malaise (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0) as well as extremity pain (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.8) in over 65 year olds. CONCLUSION Age-related somatic symptom correlates of PHQ ≥ 10 differ across the lifespan. Predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms in younger patients, and generalized fatigue, malaise, and musculoskeletal pain in older groups were observed. In order for screening physicians to proactively identify depression, awareness of age-related somatic symptoms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Hoshino
- Graduate School of Public Health, Center for Clinical Academia, 5th Floor, St. Luke's International University, Tsukiji 3-6-2, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Ohde
- Graduate School of Public Health, Center for Clinical Academia, 5th Floor, St. Luke's International University, Tsukiji 3-6-2, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Graduate School of Public Health, Center for Clinical Academia, 5th Floor, St. Luke's International University, Tsukiji 3-6-2, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Center for Clinical Academia, 5th Floor, St. Luke's International University, Tsukiji 3-6-2, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Gautam A Deshpande
- Graduate School of Public Health, Center for Clinical Academia, 5th Floor, St. Luke's International University, Tsukiji 3-6-2, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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85
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Neurochemical insights into the radiation protection of astronauts: Distinction between low- and moderate-LET radiation components. Phys Med 2018; 57:7-16. [PMID: 30738534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation protection of astronauts remains an ongoing challenge in preparation of deep space exploratory missions. Exposure to space radiation consisting of multiple radiation components is associated with a significant risk of experiencing central nervous system (CNS) detriments, potentially influencing the crew operational decisions. Developing of countermeasures protecting CNS from the deleterious exposure requires understanding the mechanistic nature of cognitive impairments induced by different components of space radiation. The current study was designed to identify differences in neurochemical modifications caused by exposure to low- and moderate-LET radiations and to elucidate a distinction between the observed outcomes. We exposed rats to accelerated protons (170 MeV; 0.5 keV/μm) or to carbon ions (12C; 500 MeV/u; 10.5 keV/μm) delivered at the same dose of 1 Gy. Neurochemical alterations were evaluated 1, 30, and 90 days after exposure via indices of the monoamine metabolism measured in five brain structures, including prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and striatum. We obtained the detailed patterns of neurochemical modifications after exposure to the mentioned radiation modalities. Our data show that the enhancement in the radiation LET from relatively low to moderate values leads to different neurochemical outcomes and that a particular effect depends on the irradiated brain structure. We also hypothesized that exposure to the moderate-LET radiations can induce a hyperactivation of feedback neurochemical mechanisms, which blur metabolic deviations and lead to the delayed impairments in brain functions. Based on our findings we discuss possible contribution of the observed changes to behavioural impairments.
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86
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Ezzyat Y, Inhoff MC, Davachi L. Differentiation of Human Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity Underlies Long-Term Resistance to Forgetting in Memory. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10244-10254. [PMID: 30012697 PMCID: PMC6262147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2290-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that distributing study events over time leads to better memory over long time scales, compared with massing study events together. One explanation for such long-term resistance to forgetting is that distributed study leads to neural differentiation in memory, which supports retrieval of past experiences by disambiguating highly similar memory representations. Neuroanatomical models of episodic memory retrieval propose that the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) work together to enable retrieval of behaviorally appropriate memories. However, it is not known how representations in these regions jointly support resistance to forgetting long after initial learning. Using fMRI, we measured differentiation in retrieved memory representations following an extended delay in male and female human participants. After 1 week, word-object associations were better remembered if studied across 2 d (overnight), allowing associations to be learned in distinct temporal contexts, compared with learning within a single day (same day). MPFC retrieval patterns showed differentiation for overnight relative to same day memories, whereas hippocampal patterns reflected associative retrieval success. Overnight memory differentiation in MPFC was higher for associative than item memories and higher than differentiation assessed over a brain-wide set of retrieval-active voxels. The memory-related difference in MPFC pattern differentiation correlated with memory success for overnight learning and with hippocampal-MPFC functional connectivity. These results show that learning information across days leads to differentiated MPFC memory representations, reducing forgetting after 1 week, and suggest this arises from persistent interactions between MPFC and hippocampus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural activity in both the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) has been linked to memory-related representations, but prior work has not examined how these representations support episodic memory retrieval over extended time scales that are characteristic of everyday retrieval. We show that differentiation in MPFC activity 1 week after encoding is higher for retrieved information learned across 2 d compared with within a single day. In hippocampus, differentiation was greater for detailed memory retrieval but was not influenced by whether information had been learned over 1 or 2 d. Differentiation in MPFC predicted behavioral robustness to forgetting and was correlated with hippocampal-MPFC connectivity. The results suggest that context-based differentiation supports robust long-term memory via persistent MPFC-hippocampal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ezzyat
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marika C Inhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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87
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Rosier M, Le Barillier L, Meunier D, El Yacoubi M, Malleret G, Salin PA. Post-learning paradoxical sleep deprivation impairs reorganization of limbic and cortical networks associated with consolidation of remote contextual fear memory in mice. Sleep 2018; 41:5115189. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Rosier
- Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité, France
| | - Léa Le Barillier
- Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité, France
| | - David Meunier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité, France
- Dycog, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CH Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- IMPACT, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Bron Cedex, France
- NEUROPAIN, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron Cedex, France
- CMO, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Malika El Yacoubi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité, France
| | - Gaël Malleret
- Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité, France
| | - Paul-Antoine Salin
- Forgetting and Cortical Dynamics, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité, France
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88
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van Schalkwijk FJ, Ricci M, Nikpour A, Miller LA. The impact of sleep characteristics and epilepsy variables on memory performance in patients with focal seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:152-158. [PMID: 30097340 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed sleep can negatively affect overnight memory retention as well as new learning the subsequent day. In healthy participants, positive associations between memory performance and sleep characteristics (e.g., time spent in slow-wave sleep [SWS]) have been detected. In a previous study, we found that SWS was much reduced in patients with focal seizures, but when correlations between memory complaints and various sleep characteristics were considered, the only significant relationship was with the time to onset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (i.e., REM latency). In this study, we investigated the relationships between sleep, epilepsy, and objective memory performance variables. Twenty-five patients with focal seizures had their memory tested while undergoing a two-day ambulatory electroencephalography (EEG). The sleep variables of interest were the percentage of time spent in SWS (%SWS) and REM latency. Epilepsy variables included the presence of (1) seizures, (2) interictal epileptiform discharges, and/or (3) hippocampal lesions as well as site of seizure origin (temporal vs extratemporal). Overnight retention (of autobiographical events, a story, and a complex geometric figure) and the ability to learn a word list on day 2 were the measures of memory. A significant positive correlation was found between word-list learning and %SWS during the previous night. A significant negative correlation was observed between REM latency and overnight retention of autobiographical events. Overnight retention scores for the story and geometric figure were not related to sleep characteristics but were negatively affected by the presence of epileptiform activity. Story retention was also worse for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) than for patients with extratemporal epilepsy (ETE). Those with hippocampal lesions were more impaired than those without lesions on word-list learning, autobiographical events' retention, and story retention. When multiple contributing factors were entered into regression analyses, %SWS was found to be the best predictor of subsequent word-list learning, whereas the presence of a hippocampal lesion was the best predictor of overnight retention of autobiographical events and a story. These findings provide further evidence of the ways in which particular sleep characteristics are associated with memory and suggest that treatment of sleep disturbances in patients with epilepsy might be helpful for improving their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J van Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Monica Ricci
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Armin Nikpour
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurie A Miller
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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89
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Jirakittayakorn N, Wongsawat Y. A Novel Insight of Effects of a 3-Hz Binaural Beat on Sleep Stages During Sleep. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:387. [PMID: 30319382 PMCID: PMC6165862 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dichotic presentation of two almost equivalent pure tones with slightly different frequencies leads to virtual beat perception by the brain. In this phenomenon, the so-called binaural beat has a frequency equaling the difference of the frequencies of the two pure tones. The binaural beat can entrain neural activities to synchronize with the beat frequency and induce behavioral states related to the neural activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 3-Hz binaural beat on sleep stages, which is considered a behavioral state. Twenty-four participants were allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental period was three consecutive nights consisting of an adaptation night, a baseline night, and an experimental night. Participants in both groups underwent the same procedures, but only the experimental group was exposed to the 3-Hz binaural beat on the experimental night. The stimulus was initiated when the first epoch of the N2 sleep stage was detected and stopped when the first epoch of the N3 sleep stage detected. For the control group, a silent sham stimulus was used. However, the participants were blinded to their stimulus group. The results showed that the N3 duration of the experimental group was longer than that of the control group, and the N2 duration of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group. Moreover, the N3 latency of the experimental group was shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawachara Jirakittayakorn
- Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Yodchanan Wongsawat
- Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
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90
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Sleep divergently affects cognitive and automatic emotional response in children. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:84-91. [PMID: 29782873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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92
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Barry DN, Chadwick MJ, Maguire EA. Nonmonotonic recruitment of ventromedial prefrontal cortex during remote memory recall. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005479. [PMID: 29965966 PMCID: PMC6044544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems-level consolidation refers to the time-dependent reorganisation of memory traces in the neocortex, a process in which the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has been implicated. Capturing the precise temporal evolution of this crucial process in humans has long proved elusive. Here, we used multivariate methods and a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design to detect, with high granularity, the extent to which autobiographical memories of different ages were represented in vmPFC and how this changed over time. We observed an unexpected time course of vmPFC recruitment during retrieval, rising and falling around an initial peak of 8–12 months, before reengaging for older 2- and 5-year-old memories. This pattern was replicated in 2 independent sets of memories. Moreover, it was further replicated in a follow-up study 8 months later with the same participants and memories, for which the individual memory representations had undergone their hypothesised strengthening or weakening over time. We conclude that the temporal engagement of vmPFC in memory retrieval seems to be nonmonotonic, revealing a complex relationship between systems-level consolidation and prefrontal cortex recruitment that is unaccounted for by current theories. Our past experiences are captured in autobiographical memories that allow us to recollect events from our lives long after they originally occurred. A part of the brain’s frontal lobe, called the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), is known to be important for supporting autobiographical memories, especially as memories become more remote. The precise temporal profile of the vmPFC’s involvement is unclear, yet this information is vital if we are to understand how memories change over time and the mechanisms involved. In this study, we sought to establish the time course of vmPFC engagement in the recollection of autobiographical memories while participants recalled memories of different ages during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using a method that detects the brain activity patterns associated with individual memories, we found that memory-specific neural patterns in vmPFC became more distinct over the first few months after a memory was formed, but then this initial involvement of vmPFC subsided after 1 year. However, more remote memories (2 years and older) appeared to reengage vmPFC once again. This temporal profile is difficult to accommodate within any single existing theory. Consequently, our results provoke a rethink about how memories evolve over time and the role played by the vmPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Barry
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Chadwick
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor A. Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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93
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Sekeres MJ, Winocur G, Moscovitch M. The hippocampus and related neocortical structures in memory transformation. Neurosci Lett 2018; 680:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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94
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Takeda M. Brain mechanisms of visual long-term memory retrieval in primates. Neurosci Res 2018; 142:7-15. [PMID: 29964078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Memorizing events or objects and retrieving them from memory are essential for daily life. Historically, memory processing was studied in neuropsychology, in which patients provided us with insights into the brain mechanisms underlying memory. Psychological hypotheses about memory processing have been further investigated using neuroscience techniques, such as functional imaging and electrophysiology. In this article, I briefly summarize recent findings on multi-scale neural circuitry for memory at the scale of single neurons and cortical layers as well as inter-area and whole-brain interactions. The key idea which connects multi-scale neural circuits is how neuronal assemblies utilize the frequency of communication between neurons, cortical layers, and brain areas. Using findings and ideas from other cognitive function studies, I discuss the plausible communication between neurons involved in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takeda
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Research Center for Brain Communication, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.
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95
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Vogel S, Kluen LM, Fernández G, Schwabe L. Stress affects the neural ensemble for integrating new information and prior knowledge. Neuroimage 2018; 173:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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96
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Abstract
Attentional blink (AB) refers to the situation where correctly identifying a target impairs the processing of a subsequent probe in a sequence of stimuli. Although the AB often coincides with a modulation of scalp-recorded cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs), the neural sources of this effect remain unclear. In two separate experiments, we used classical LORETA analysis recursively applied (CLARA) to estimate the neural sources of ERPs elicited by an auditory probe when it immediately followed an auditory target (i.e., AB condition), when no auditory target was present (i.e., no-AB condition), and when the probe followed an auditory target but occurred outside of the AB time window (i.e., no-AB condition). We observed a processing deficit when the probe immediately followed the target, and this auditory AB was accompanied by reduced P3b amplitude. Contrasting brain electrical source activity from the AB and no-AB conditions revealed reduced source activity in the medial temporal region as well as in the temporoparietal junction (extending into inferior parietal lobe), ventromedial prefrontal cortex, left anterior thalamic nuclei, mammillary body, and left cerebellum. The results indicate that successful probe identification following a target relies on a widely distributed brain network and further support the suggestion that the auditory AB reflects the failure of the probe to reach short-term consolidation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Within a rapid succession of auditory stimuli, the perception of a predefined target sound often impedes listeners' ability to detect another target sound that is presented close in succession. This attentional blink may be related to activity in brain areas supporting attention and memory. We show that the auditory attentional blink is associated with brain activity changes in a network including the medial temporal lobe, parietal cortex, and prefrontal cortex. This study suggests that a problem in the interaction between attention and memory underlies the auditory attentional blink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Dominique T Vuvan
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College , Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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97
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Ong JL, Patanaik A, Chee NIYN, Lee XK, Poh JH, Chee MWL. Auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations modulates subsequent memory encoding through altered hippocampal function. Sleep 2018; 41:4841646. [PMID: 29425369 PMCID: PMC5946855 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Slow oscillations (SO) during sleep contribute to the consolidation of learned material. How the encoding of declarative memories during subsequent wakefulness might benefit from their enhancement during sleep is less clear. In this study, we investigated the impact of acoustically enhanced SO during a nap on subsequent encoding of declarative material. Methods Thirty-seven healthy young adults were studied under two conditions: stimulation (STIM) and no stimulation (SHAM), in counter-balanced order following a night of sleep restriction (4 hr time-in-bed [TIB]). In the STIM condition, auditory tones were phase-locked to the SO up-state during a 90 min nap opportunity. In the SHAM condition, corresponding time points were marked but tones were not presented. Thirty minutes after awakening, participants encoded pictures while undergoing fMRI. Picture recognition was tested 60 min later. Results Acoustic stimulation augmented SO across the group, but there was no group level benefit on memory. However, the magnitude of SO enhancement correlated with greater recollection. SO enhancement was also positively correlated with hippocampal activation at encoding. Although spindle activity increased, this did not correlate with memory benefit or shift in hippocampal signal. Conclusions Acoustic stimulation during a nap can benefit encoding of declarative memories. Hippocampal activation positively correlated with SO augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Amiya Patanaik
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nicholas I Y N Chee
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Xuan Kai Lee
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jia-Hou Poh
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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98
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Is There a Role for Pattern Separation during Sleep? J Neurosci 2018; 38:4062-4064. [PMID: 29695440 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0167-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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99
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Belal S, Cousins J, El-Deredy W, Parkes L, Schneider J, Tsujimura H, Zoumpoulaki A, Perapoch M, Santamaria L, Lewis P. Identification of memory reactivation during sleep by EEG classification. Neuroimage 2018; 176:203-214. [PMID: 29678758 PMCID: PMC5988689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory reactivation during sleep is critical for consolidation, but also extremely difficult to measure as it is subtle, distributed and temporally unpredictable. This article reports a novel method for detecting such reactivation in standard sleep recordings. During learning, participants produced a complex sequence of finger presses, with each finger cued by a distinct audio-visual stimulus. Auditory cues were then re-played during subsequent sleep to trigger neural reactivation through a method known as targeted memory reactivation (TMR). Next, we used electroencephalography data from the learning session to train a machine learning classifier, and then applied this classifier to sleep data to determine how successfully each tone had elicited memory reactivation. Neural reactivation was classified above chance in all participants when TMR was applied in SWS, and in 5 of the 14 participants to whom TMR was applied in N2. Classification success reduced across numerous repetitions of the tone cue, suggesting either a gradually reducing responsiveness to such cues or a plasticity-related change in the neural signature as a result of cueing. We believe this method will be valuable for future investigations of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Belal
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - James Cousins
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Level 6, 169857, Singapore
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Laura Parkes
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jules Schneider
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hikaru Tsujimura
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alexia Zoumpoulaki
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marta Perapoch
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lorena Santamaria
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Penelope Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester University, Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Sosic-Vasic Z, Hille K, Kröner J, Spitzer M, Kornmeier J. When Learning Disturbs Memory - Temporal Profile of Retroactive Interference of Learning on Memory Formation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:82. [PMID: 29503621 PMCID: PMC5820352 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Consolidation is defined as the time necessary for memory stabilization after learning. In the present study we focused on effects of interference during the first 12 consolidation minutes after learning. Participants had to learn a set of German - Japanese word pairs in an initial learning task and a different set of German - Japanese word pairs in a subsequent interference task. The interference task started in different experimental conditions at different time points (0, 3, 6, and 9 min) after the learning task and was followed by subsequent cued recall tests. In a control experiment the interference periods were replaced by rest periods without any interference. Results: The interference task decreased memory performance by up to 20%, with negative effects at all interference time points and large variability between participants concerning both the time point and the size of maximal interference. Further, fast learners seem to be more affected by interference than slow learners. Discussion: Our results indicate that the first 12 min after learning are highly important for memory consolidation, without a general pattern concerning the precise time point of maximal interference across individuals. This finding raises doubts about the generalized learning recipes and calls for individuality of learning schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Sosic-Vasic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katrin Hille
- Transfer Centre for Neuroscience and Learning, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Kröner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University Clinic of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Transfer Centre for Neuroscience and Learning, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kornmeier
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Mental Disorders, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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