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Joensen BH, Ashton JE, Berens SC, Gaskell MG, Horner AJ. An Enduring Role for Hippocampal Pattern Completion in Addition to an Emergent Nonhippocampal Contribution to Holistic Episodic Retrieval after a 24 h Delay. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1740232024. [PMID: 38527810 PMCID: PMC11063816 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1740-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory retrieval is associated with the holistic neocortical reinstatement of all event information, an effect driven by hippocampal pattern completion. However, whether holistic reinstatement occurs, and whether hippocampal pattern completion continues to drive reinstatement, after a period of consolidation is unclear. Theories of systems consolidation predict either a time-variant or time-invariant role of the hippocampus in the holistic retrieval of episodic events. Here, we assessed whether episodic events continue to be reinstated holistically and whether hippocampal pattern completion continues to facilitate holistic reinstatement following a period of consolidation. Female and male human participants learned "events" that comprised multiple overlapping pairs of event elements (e.g., person-location, object-location, location-person). Importantly, encoding occurred either immediately before or 24 h before retrieval. Using fMRI during the retrieval of events, we show evidence for holistic reinstatement, as well as a correlation between reinstatement and hippocampal pattern completion, regardless of whether retrieval occurred immediately or 24 h after encoding. Thus, hippocampal pattern completion continues to contribute to holistic reinstatement after a delay. However, our results also revealed that some holistic reinstatement can occur without evidence for a corresponding signature of hippocampal pattern completion after a delay (but not immediately after encoding). We therefore show that hippocampal pattern completion, in addition to a nonhippocampal process, has a role in holistic reinstatement following a period of consolidation. Our results point to a consolidation process where the hippocampus and neocortex may work in an additive, rather than compensatory, manner to support episodic memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárður H Joensen
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E Ashton
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sam C Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan J Horner
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
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Mather M. The emotion paradox in the aging body and brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024. [PMID: 38676452 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
With age, parasympathetic activity decreases, while sympathetic activity increases. Thus, the typical older adult has low heart rate variability (HRV) and high noradrenaline levels. Younger adults with this physiological profile tend to be unhappy and stressed. Yet, with age, emotional experience tends to improve. Why does older adults' emotional well-being not suffer as their HRV decreases? To address this apparent paradox, I present the autonomic compensation model. In this model, failing organs, the initial phases of Alzheimer's pathology, and other age-related diseases trigger noradrenergic hyperactivity. To compensate, older brains increase autonomic regulatory activity in the pregenual prefrontal cortex (PFC). Age-related declines in nerve conduction reduce the ability of the pregenual PFC to reduce hyperactive noradrenergic activity and increase peripheral HRV. But these pregenual PFC autonomic compensation efforts have a significant impact in the brain, where they bias processing in favor of stimuli that tend to increase parasympathetic activity (e.g., stimuli that increase feelings of safety) and against stimuli that tend to increase sympathetic activity (e.g., threatening stimuli). In summary, the autonomic compensation model posits that age-related chronic sympathetic/noradrenergic hyperactivity stimulates regulatory attempts that have the side effect of enhancing emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Mickan A, Slesareva E, McQueen JM, Lemhöfer K. New in, old out: Does learning a new language make you forget previously learned foreign languages? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:530-550. [PMID: 37246912 PMCID: PMC10880412 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231181380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests that learning a new foreign language (FL) makes you forget previously learned FLs. To seek empirical evidence for this claim, we tested whether learning words in a previously unknown L3 hampers subsequent retrieval of their L2 translation equivalents. In two experiments, Dutch native speakers with knowledge of English (L2), but not Spanish (L3), first completed an English vocabulary test, based on which 46 participant-specific, known English words were chosen. Half of those were then learned in Spanish. Finally, participants' memory for all 46 English words was probed again in a picture naming task. In Experiment 1, all tests took place within one session. In Experiment 2, we separated the English pre-test from Spanish learning by a day and manipulated the timing of the English post-test (immediately after learning vs. 1 day later). By separating the post-test from Spanish learning, we asked whether consolidation of the new Spanish words would increase their interference strength. We found significant main effects of interference in naming latencies and accuracy: Participants speeded up less and were less accurate to recall words in English for which they had learned Spanish translations, compared with words for which they had not. Consolidation time did not significantly affect these interference effects. Thus, learning a new language indeed comes at the cost of subsequent retrieval ability in other FLs. Such interference effects set in immediately after learning and do not need time to emerge, even when the other FL has been known for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mickan
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Slesareva
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James M McQueen
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Lemhöfer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Spens E, Burgess N. A generative model of memory construction and consolidation. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:526-543. [PMID: 38242925 PMCID: PMC10963272 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memories are (re)constructed, share neural substrates with imagination, combine unique features with schema-based predictions and show schema-based distortions that increase with consolidation. Here we present a computational model in which hippocampal replay (from an autoassociative network) trains generative models (variational autoencoders) to (re)create sensory experiences from latent variable representations in entorhinal, medial prefrontal and anterolateral temporal cortices via the hippocampal formation. Simulations show effects of memory age and hippocampal lesions in agreement with previous models, but also provide mechanisms for semantic memory, imagination, episodic future thinking, relational inference and schema-based distortions including boundary extension. The model explains how unique sensory and predictable conceptual elements of memories are stored and reconstructed by efficiently combining both hippocampal and neocortical systems, optimizing the use of limited hippocampal storage for new and unusual information. Overall, we believe hippocampal replay training generative models provides a comprehensive account of memory construction, imagination and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Spens
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Neil Burgess
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Tallman CW, Luo Z, Smith CN. Human brain activity and functional connectivity associated with verbal long-term memory consolidation across 1 month. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1342552. [PMID: 38450223 PMCID: PMC10915245 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1342552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Declarative memories are initially dependent on the hippocampus and become stabilized through the neural reorganization of connections between the medial temporal lobe and neocortex. The exact time-course of these neural changes is not well established, although time-dependent changes in retrieval-related brain function can be detected across relatively short time periods in humans (e.g., hours to months). Methods In a study involving older adults with normal cognition (N = 24), we investigated changes in brain activity and functional connectivity associated with the long-term memory consolidation of verbal material over one month. Participants studied fact-like, three-word sentences at 1-month, 1-week, 1-day, and 1-hour intervals before a recognition memory test inside an MRI scanner. Old/new recognition with confidence ratings and response times were recorded. We examined whole-brain changes in retrieval-related brain activity, as well as functional connectivity of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), as memories aged from 1 hour to 1 month. Secondary analyses minimized the effect of confounding factors affected by memory age (i.e., changes in confidence and response time or re-encoding of targets). Results Memory accuracy, confidence ratings, and response times changed with memory age. A memory age network was identified where retrieval-related brain activity in cortical regions increased or decreased as a function of memory age. Hippocampal brain activity in an anatomical region of interest decreased with memory age. Importantly, these changes in retrieval-related activity were not confounded with changes in activity related to concomitant changes in behavior or encoding. Exploratory analyses of vmPFC functional connectivity as a function of memory age revealed increased connectivity with the posterior parietal cortex, as well as with the vmPFC itself. In contrast, hippocampal functional connectivity with the vmPFC and orbitofrontal cortex decreased with memory age. Discussion The observed changes in retrieval-related brain activity and functional connectivity align with the predictions of standard systems consolidation theory. These results suggest that processes consistent with long-term memory consolidation can be identified over short time periods using fMRI, particularly for verbal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W. Tallman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research Service, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Zhishang Luo
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research Service, San Diego, CA, United States
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christine N. Smith
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research Service, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Leimeister F, Pesquita A, Jensen O, Pauli P, Wiemer J. To remember or not to remember: Neural oscillations and ERPs as predictors of intentional associative fear learning. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 193:112235. [PMID: 37604281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that impaired safety learning to a safe stimulus is a pathological feature of anxiety disorders. Safety learning refers to learning that a stimulus is associated with the absence of threat. Cognitive mechanisms that underlie successful threat and safety learning are, however, poorly understood. This study aimed to identify various physiological markers, including neural oscillations and event-related potentials (ERPs) that predict successful threat and safety learning. Therefore, to detect potential differences in these markers, we measured EEG in a fear learning framework combined with a subsequent memory paradigm. Thirty-seven participants were asked to memorize a series of associations between faces and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) or its omission. We found a decrease of power in the alpha band in occipital brain regions during learning for both threatening (conditioned stimuli, CS+) and safe faces (control stimuli, CS-) that were subsequently remembered to be associated with a US or not. No effects in theta band were found. In regard to ERPs, a late positive potential (LPP) and a P300 component were larger for remembered than for forgotten CS-US associations. The P300 was also enhanced to remembered US and US omissions, thus replicating previous findings. These results point to the importance of cognitive resource allocation as an underlying mechanism of fear learning and electrophysiological measurements as potential biomarkers for successful threat and safety learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Leimeister
- Institute of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ana Pesquita
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Pauli
- Institute of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Wiemer
- Institute of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Szabo E, Ashina S, Melo-Carrillo A, Bolo NR, Borsook D, Burstein R. Peripherally acting anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies alter cortical gray matter thickness in migraine patients: A prospective cohort study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103531. [PMID: 37866119 PMCID: PMC10623369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is underpinned by central nervous system neuroplastic alterations thought to be caused by the repetitive peripheral afferent barrage the brain receives during the headache phase (cortical hyperexcitability). Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (anti-CGRP-mAbs) are highly effective migraine preventative treatments. Their ability to alter brain morphometry in treatment-responders vs. non-responders is not well understood. Our aim was to determine the effects of the anti-CGRP-mAb galcanezumab on cortical thickness after 3-month treatment of patients with high-frequency episodic or chronic migraine. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging was performed pre- and post-treatment in 36 migraine patients. In this group, 19 patients were classified responders (≥50 % reduction in monthly migraine days) and 17 were considered non-responders (<50 % reduction in monthly migraine days). Following cross-sectional processing to analyze the baseline differences in cortical thickness, two-stage longitudinal processing and symmetrized percent change were conducted to investigate treatment-related brain changes. At baseline, no significant differences were found between the responders and non-responders. After 3-month treatment, decreased cortical thickness (compared to baseline) was observed in the responders in regions of the somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, medial frontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. Non-responders demonstrated decreased cortical thickness in the left dorsomedial cortex and superior frontal gyrus. We interpret the cortical thinning seen in the responder group as suggesting that reduction in head pain could lead to changes in neural swelling and dendritic complexity and that such changes reflect the recovery process from maladaptive neural activity. This conclusion is further supported by our recent study showing that 3 months after treatment initiation, the incidence of premonitory symptoms and prodromes that are followed by headache decreases but not the incidence of the premonitory symptoms or prodromes themselves (that is, cortical thinning relates to reductions in the nociceptive signals in the responders). We speculate that a much longer recovery period is required to allow the brain to return to a more 'normal' functioning state whereby prodromes and premonitory symptoms no longer occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szabo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Anaesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sait Ashina
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Anaesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Comprehensive Headache Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Agustin Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Anaesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicolas R Bolo
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rami Burstein
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Anaesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Comprehensive Headache Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Hamel A, Mary A, Rauchs G. Sleep and memory consolidation in aging: A neuroimaging perspective. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:658-666. [PMID: 37586942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently acquired information is strengthened and consolidated during sleep. For hippocampus-dependent memory, this process is assumed to occur mainly during slow wave sleep. Changes in sleep patterns in older adults can contribute to the disruption of the consolidation process during sleep and thus lead to cognitive impairment. Current findings suggest that reduced gray matter volume, particularly in frontal areas, Aβ and tau accumulation in combination with age-related changes of specific oscillations during sleep may contribute to memory deficits. This non-exhaustive review aims at providing a comprehensive picture of the associations between sleep changes and memory consolidation in aging, mainly based on neuroimaging studies. Overall, data confirm the utmost importance of sleep for healthy aging and the need to develop interventions aiming at improving sleep to reduce cognitive decline observed with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Inserm, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Neuropresage Team, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Mary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Rauchs
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Inserm, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Neuropresage Team, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France.
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Leshinskaya A, Nguyen MA, Ranganath C. Integration of event experiences to build relational knowledge in the human brain. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9997-10012. [PMID: 37492008 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated how the human brain integrates experiences of specific events to build general knowledge about typical event structure. We examined an episodic memory area important for temporal relations, anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex, and a semantic memory area important for action concepts, middle temporal gyrus, to understand how and when these areas contribute to these processes. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while learning and recalling temporal relations among novel events over two sessions 1 week apart. Across distinct contexts, individual temporal relations among events could either be consistent or inconsistent with each other. Within each context, during the recall phase, we measured associative coding as the difference of multivoxel correlations among related vs unrelated pairs of events. Neural regions that form integrative representations should exhibit stronger associative coding in the consistent than the inconsistent contexts. We found evidence of integrative representations that emerged quickly in anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex (at session 1), and only subsequently in middle temporal gyrus, which showed a significant change across sessions. A complementary pattern of findings was seen with signatures during learning. This suggests that integrative representations are established early in anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex and may be a pathway to the later emergence of semantic knowledge in middle temporal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leshinskaya
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mitchell A Nguyen
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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Ma G, Jiang R, Wang L, Tang H. Dual memory model for experience-once task-incremental lifelong learning. Neural Netw 2023; 166:174-187. [PMID: 37494763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Experience replay (ER) is a widely-adopted neuroscience-inspired method to perform lifelong learning. Nonetheless, existing ER-based approaches consider very coarse memory modules with simple memory and rehearsal mechanisms that cannot fully exploit the potential of memory replay. Evidence from neuroscience has provided fine-grained memory and rehearsal mechanisms, such as the dual-store memory system consisting of PFC-HC circuits. However, the computational abstraction of these processes is still very challenging. To address these problems, we introduce the Dual-Memory (Dual-MEM) model emulating the memorization, consolidation, and rehearsal process in the PFC-HC dual-store memory circuit. Dual-MEM maintains an incrementally updated short-term memory to benefit current-task learning. At the end of the current task, short-term memories will be consolidated into long-term ones for future rehearsal to alleviate forgetting. For the Dual-MEM optimization, we propose two learning policies that emulate different memory retrieval strategies: Direct Retrieval Learning and Mixup Retrieval Learning. Extensive evaluations on eight benchmarks demonstrate that Dual-MEM delivers compelling performance while maintaining high learning and memory utilization efficiencies under the challenging experience-once setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehua Ma
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Runhao Jiang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huajin Tang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zavecz Z, Shah VD, Murillo OG, Vallat R, Mander BA, Winer JR, Jagust WJ, Walker MP. NREM sleep as a novel protective cognitive reserve factor in the face of Alzheimer's disease pathology. BMC Med 2023; 21:156. [PMID: 37138290 PMCID: PMC10155344 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology impairs cognitive function. Yet some individuals with high amounts of AD pathology suffer marked memory impairment, while others with the same degree of pathology burden show little impairment. Why is this? One proposed explanation is cognitive reserve i.e., factors that confer resilience against, or compensation for the effects of AD pathology. Deep NREM slow wave sleep (SWS) is recognized to enhance functions of learning and memory in healthy older adults. However, that the quality of NREM SWS (NREM slow wave activity, SWA) represents a novel cognitive reserve factor in older adults with AD pathology, thereby providing compensation against memory dysfunction otherwise caused by high AD pathology burden, remains unknown. METHODS Here, we tested this hypothesis in cognitively normal older adults (N = 62) by combining 11C-PiB (Pittsburgh compound B) positron emission tomography (PET) scanning for the quantification of β-amyloid (Aβ) with sleep electroencephalography (EEG) recordings to quantify NREM SWA and a hippocampal-dependent face-name learning task. RESULTS We demonstrated that NREM SWA significantly moderates the effect of Aβ status on memory function. Specifically, NREM SWA selectively supported superior memory function in individuals suffering high Aβ burden, i.e., those most in need of cognitive reserve (B = 2.694, p = 0.019). In contrast, those without significant Aβ pathological burden, and thus without the same need for cognitive reserve, did not similarly benefit from the presence of NREM SWA (B = -0.115, p = 0.876). This interaction between NREM SWA and Aβ status predicting memory function was significant after correcting for age, sex, Body Mass Index, gray matter atrophy, and previously identified cognitive reserve factors, such as education and physical activity (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that NREM SWA is a novel cognitive reserve factor providing resilience against the memory impairment otherwise caused by high AD pathology burden. Furthermore, this cognitive reserve function of NREM SWA remained significant when accounting both for covariates, and factors previously linked to resilience, suggesting that sleep might be an independent cognitive reserve resource. Beyond such mechanistic insights are potential therapeutic implications. Unlike many other cognitive reserve factors (e.g., years of education, prior job complexity), sleep is a modifiable factor. As such, it represents an intervention possibility that may aid the preservation of cognitive function in the face of AD pathology, both present moment and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Zavecz
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Sleep Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Vyoma D Shah
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Sleep Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Olivia G Murillo
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Sleep Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Raphael Vallat
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Sleep Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryce A Mander
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Joseph R Winer
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Matthew P Walker
- Department of Psychology, Center for Human Sleep Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Tambini A, Miller J, Ehlert L, Kiyonaga A, D’Esposito M. Structured memory representations develop at multiple time scales in hippocampal-cortical networks. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.06.535935. [PMID: 37066263 PMCID: PMC10104124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Influential views of systems memory consolidation posit that the hippocampus rapidly forms representations of specific events, while neocortical networks extract regularities across events, forming the basis of schemas and semantic knowledge. Neocortical extraction of schematic memory representations is thought to occur on a protracted timescale of months, especially for information that is unrelated to prior knowledge. However, this theorized evolution of memory representations across extended timescales, and differences in the temporal dynamics of consolidation across brain regions, lack reliable empirical support. To examine the temporal dynamics of memory representations, we repeatedly exposed human participants to structured information via sequences of fractals, while undergoing longitudinal fMRI for three months. Sequence-specific activation patterns emerged in the hippocampus during the first 1-2 weeks of learning, followed one week later by high-level visual cortex, and subsequently the medial prefrontal and parietal cortices. Schematic, sequence-general representations emerged in the prefrontal cortex after 3 weeks of learning, followed by the medial temporal lobe and anterior temporal cortex. Moreover, hippocampal and most neocortical representations showed sustained rather than time-limited dynamics, suggesting that representations tend to persist across learning. These results show that specific hippocampal representations emerge early, followed by both specific and schematic representations at a gradient of timescales across hippocampal-cortical networks as learning unfolds. Thus, memory representations do not exist only in specific brain regions at a given point in time, but are simultaneously present at multiple levels of abstraction across hippocampal-cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Tambini
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jacob Miller
- Wu Tsai Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Luke Ehlert
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California. Irvine, CA
| | - Anastasia Kiyonaga
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark D’Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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13
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Rolls ET, Deco G, Huang CC, Feng J. The human posterior parietal cortex: effective connectome, and its relation to function. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3142-3170. [PMID: 35834902 PMCID: PMC10401905 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective connectivity between 21 regions in the human posterior parietal cortex, and 360 cortical regions was measured in 171 Human Connectome Project (HCP) participants using the HCP atlas, and complemented with functional connectivity and diffusion tractography. Intraparietal areas LIP, VIP, MIP, and AIP have connectivity from early cortical visual regions, and to visuomotor regions such as the frontal eye fields, consistent with functions in eye saccades and tracking. Five superior parietal area 7 regions receive from similar areas and from the intraparietal areas, but also receive somatosensory inputs and connect with premotor areas including area 6, consistent with functions in performing actions to reach for, grasp, and manipulate objects. In the anterior inferior parietal cortex, PFop, PFt, and PFcm are mainly somatosensory, and PF in addition receives visuo-motor and visual object information, and is implicated in multimodal shape and body image representations. In the posterior inferior parietal cortex, PFm and PGs combine visuo-motor, visual object, and reward input and connect with the hippocampal system. PGi in addition provides a route to motion-related superior temporal sulcus regions involved in social interactions. PGp has connectivity with intraparietal regions involved in coordinate transforms and may be involved in idiothetic update of hippocampal visual scene representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200403, China
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain
- Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona 08018, Spain
- Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200602, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai 200602, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200403, China
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14
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Guttesen AÁV, Gaskell MG, Madden EV, Appleby G, Cross ZR, Cairney SA. Sleep loss disrupts the neural signature of successful learning. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1610-1625. [PMID: 35470400 PMCID: PMC9977378 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep supports memory consolidation as well as next-day learning. The influential "Active Systems" account of offline consolidation suggests that sleep-associated memory processing paves the way for new learning, but empirical evidence in support of this idea is scarce. Using a within-subjects (n = 30), crossover design, we assessed behavioral and electrophysiological indices of episodic encoding after a night of sleep or total sleep deprivation in healthy adults (aged 18-25 years) and investigated whether behavioral performance was predicted by the overnight consolidation of episodic associations from the previous day. Sleep supported memory consolidation and next-day learning as compared to sleep deprivation. However, the magnitude of this sleep-associated consolidation benefit did not significantly predict the ability to form novel memories after sleep. Interestingly, sleep deprivation prompted a qualitative change in the neural signature of encoding: Whereas 12-20 Hz beta desynchronization-an established marker of successful encoding-was observed after sleep, sleep deprivation disrupted beta desynchrony during successful learning. Taken together, these findings suggest that effective learning depends on sleep but not necessarily on sleep-associated consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Á V Guttesen
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Emily V Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gabrielle Appleby
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Zachariah R Cross
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Scott A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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15
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Cordi MJ, Schreiner T, Rasch B. Is prior knowledge essential? Additional training opportunities restore sleep-associated memory benefits under conditions of low prior knowledge. J Sleep Res 2023:e13834. [PMID: 36703492 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sleep-mediated memory benefits are modulated by several factors. Prior knowledge is assumed critical for consolidation during sleep, despite inconclusive empirical findings. Additionally, prior knowledge facilitates encoding, leading to differences in memory strength already before the retention filled with sleep. We tested whether increasing memory strength of unfamiliar learning material pre-sleep can restore sleep-mediated memory benefits in cases of low prior knowledge. One-hundred and fifty-four healthy young students learned translations of Dutch words. One group was German-speaking, the other French-speaking. As French is less similar to Dutch than German, we expected a lower prior knowledge in French participants. We manipulated memory strength during pre-sleep encoding by varying the number of learning possibilities (one and two rounds for German-speaking, two and three rounds for French-speaking participants). When using the same learning paradigm for both groups (two rounds), lower prior knowledge modulated sleep-mediated memory benefits: French-speaking participants showed no advantage in memory after nighttime sleep compared with daytime wakefulness. In contrast, German-speaking participants showed robust sleep-mediated memory benefits. However, increasing memory strength before sleep restored sleep-mediated memory benefits in French subjects to a level of German-speaking participants. Conversely, reducing the training in German-speaking participants reduced sleep-mediated memory benefits. Our results show that prior knowledge and memory strength strongly modulate sleep-associated memory benefits. However, in cases of low prior knowledge, sleep-mediated memory benefits can be successfully restored by additional training. While prior knowledge might modulate encoding and consolidation processes more generally, its effect on sleep-specific processes of memory retention might be less important than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren J Cordi
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schreiner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Fernandez C, Jiang J, Wang SF, Choi HL, Wagner AD. Representational integration and differentiation in the human hippocampus following goal-directed navigation. eLife 2023; 12:80281. [PMID: 36786678 PMCID: PMC9928422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As we learn, dynamic memory processes build structured knowledge across our experiences. Such knowledge enables the formation of internal models of the world that we use to plan, make decisions, and act. Recent theorizing posits that mnemonic mechanisms of differentiation and integration - which at one level may seem to be at odds - both contribute to the emergence of structured knowledge. We tested this possibility using fMRI as human participants learned to navigate within local and global virtual environments over the course of 3 days. Pattern similarity analyses on entorhinal cortical and hippocampal patterns revealed evidence that differentiation and integration work concurrently to build local and global environmental representations, and that variability in integration relates to differences in navigation efficiency. These results offer new insights into the neural machinery and the underlying mechanisms that translate experiences into structured knowledge that allows us to navigate to achieve goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fernandez
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Shao-Fang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Hannah Lee Choi
- Department of Psychology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States,Department of Psychology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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17
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Toor B, van den Berg N, Ray LB, Fogel SM. Sleep spindles and slow waves are physiological markers for age-related changes in gray matter in brain regions supporting problem-solving skills. Learn Mem 2023; 30:12-24. [PMID: 36564151 PMCID: PMC9872192 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053649.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As we age, the added benefit of sleep for memory consolidation is lost. One of the hallmark age-related changes in sleep is the reduction of sleep spindles and slow waves. Gray matter neurodegeneration is related to both age-related changes in sleep and age-related changes in memory, including memory for problem-solving skills. Here, we investigated whether spindles and slow waves might serve as biological markers for neurodegeneration of gray matter and for the related memory consolidation deficits in older adults. Forty healthy young adults (20-35 yr) and 30 healthy older adults (60-85 yr) were assigned to either nap or wake conditions. Participants were trained on the Tower of Hanoi in the morning, followed by either a 90-min nap opportunity or period of wakefulness, and were retested afterward. We found that age-related changes in sleep spindles and slow waves were differentially related to gray matter intensity in young and older adults in brain regions that support sleep-dependent memory consolidation for problem-solving skills. Specifically, we found that spindles were related to gray matter in neocortical areas (e.g., somatosensory and parietal cortex), and slow waves were related to gray matter in the anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and caudate, all areas known to support problem-solving skills. These results suggest that both sleep spindles and slow waves may serve as biological markers of age-related neurodegeneration of gray matter and the associated reduced benefit of sleep for memory consolidation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balmeet Toor
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Laura B Ray
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Sleep Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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18
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Siestrup S, Jainta B, Cheng S, Schubotz RI. Solidity Meets Surprise: Cerebral and Behavioral Effects of Learning from Episodic Prediction Errors. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 35:1-23. [PMID: 36473102 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
How susceptible a memory is to later modification might depend on how stable the episode has been encoded. This stability was proposed to increase when retrieving information more (vs. less) often and in a spaced (vs. massed) practice. Using fMRI, we examined the effects of these different pre-fMRI retrieval protocols on the subsequent propensity to learn from episodic prediction errors. After encoding a set of different action stories, participants came back for two pre-fMRI retrieval sessions in which they encountered original episodes either 2 or 8 times in either a spaced or a massed retrieval protocol. One week later, we cued episodic retrieval during the fMRI session by using original or modified videos of encoded action stories. Recurrent experience of modified episodes was associated with increasing activity in the episodic memory network including hippocampal and cortical areas, when leading to false memories in a post-fMRI memory test. While this observation clearly demonstrated learning from episodic prediction errors, we found no evidence for a modulatory effect of the different retrieval protocols. As expected, the benefit of retrieving an episode more often was reflected in better memory for originally encoded episodes. In addition, frontal activity increased for episodic prediction errors when episodes had been less frequently retrieved pre-fMRI. A history of spaced versus massed retrieval was associated with increased activation throughout the episodic memory network, with no significant effect on behavioral performance. Our findings show that episodic prediction errors led to false memories. The history of different retrieval protocols was reflected in memory performance and brain responses to episodic prediction errors, but did not interact with the brain's episodic learning response.
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19
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Chen S, Wang Y, Yan W. More Stable Memory Retention of Novel Words Learned from Fast Mapping than from Explicit Encoding. J Psycholinguist Res 2022:10.1007/s10936-022-09921-4. [PMID: 36427114 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a heated debate on a learning paradigm known as "fast mapping" for its early neocortical dependence and retained memory over time for amnesic patients with hippocampal system damage. Whether the fast mapping allows hippocampus independent learning and induces rapid integration is poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the effect of fast mapping on very long-term retention, which to our knowledge has not been previously explored. We tested memory retention ranging from 10 min to 1.5 years, for novel word-object associations learned from fast mapping or explicit encoding procedures. The three-alternative forced choice recognition task was employed to assess memory performance. Besides the slight adjustment of the testing schedule, other settings remained the same in Experiment 2 to replicate and verify the findings of Experiment 1. Results showed that overall memory retrieval performance was higher after explicit encoding as compared to fast mapping. However, retrieval performance after explicit encoding dropped after 1.5 years, but remained stable in the fast mapping condition. Furthermore, matching the semantic category of the known and the novel items during the fast mapping paradigm might affect long-term retention. These results suggest that fast mapping creates more stable long-term memory representations as compared to the explicit encoding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Rd., Wucheng District, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yuejuan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Rd., Wucheng District, 321004, Jinhua, China.
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Rd., Wucheng District, 321004, Jinhua, China
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20
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Chen J, Chen B. Learning new meanings for known
L2
words: Long‐term semantic representation is updated to integrate new information after consolidation. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14228. [PMID: 36416572 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research about learning new meanings for known words in second language (L2) has found that semantic relatedness, i.e., congruency, between new and existing meanings benefits encoding and explicit memory of new meanings, and reduces instant interference on accessing existing meanings. However, they did not take the memory consolidation process into account. Thus, integration of new meaning into long-term semantic memory, update of existing meaning representation, and the impact of semantic relatedness between new and existing meanings in this process remain unclear. The present study used the event-related potential (ERP) technique to explore these questions. We asked Chinese students to learn English known words' subdominant meanings variedly related to existing meanings and probed semantic representations with EEG recorded in primed lexical decision tasks four times before and after consolidation. We found that new meaning needs to go through offline consolidation to get integrated. Semantic relatedness/congruency boosted new meaning integration, not by directly expediting it during encoding or preliminary offline consolidation, but by promoting the update of existing meaning representation first, which presumably paved the way for better incorporation of new meaning in the long run. The whole pattern of results implies that long-term semantic representation of existing meaning is updated to integrate related new meaning after consolidation, which not only draws a clearer picture of L2 ambiguous word acquisition but also bears broader implications for research on memory updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Baoguo Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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21
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Liu S, Wong HY, Xie L, Iqbal Z, Lei Z, Fu Z, Lam YY, Ramkrishnan AS, Li Y. Astrocytes in CA1 modulate schema establishment in the hippocampal-cortical neuron network. BMC Biol 2022; 20:250. [DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Schema, a concept from cognitive psychology used to explain how new information is integrated with previous experience, is a framework of acquired knowledge within associative network structures as biological correlate, which allows new relevant information to be quickly assimilated by parallel cortical encoding in the hippocampus (HPC) and cortex. Previous work demonstrated that myelin generation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a critical role for dynamic paired association (PA) learning and consolidation, while astrocytes in ACC play a vital role in cognitive decision-making. However, circuit components and mechanism involving HPC-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during schema formation remain uncertain. Moreover, the correlation between HPC-ACC circuit and HPC astrocytic activity is unclear.
Results
Utilizing a paired association (PA) behavioral paradigm, we dynamically recorded calcium signals of CA1-ACC projection neurons and ACC neurons during schema formation. Depending on the characteristics of the calcium signals, three distinct stages of schema establishment process were identified. The recruitment of CA1-ACC network was investigated in each stage under CA1 astrocytes Gi pathway chemogenetic activation. Results showed that CA1-ACC projecting neurons excitation gradually decreased along with schema development, while ACC neurons revealed an excitation peak in the middle stage. CA1 astrocytic Gi pathway activation will disrupt memory schema development by reducing CA1-ACC projection neuron recruitment in the initial stage and prevent both CA1-ACC projection neurons and ACC neuron excitation in the middle stage. CA1 astrocytes Gi markedly suppress new PA assimilation into the established memory schema.
Conclusions
These results not only reveal the dynamic feature of CA1-ACC network during schema establishment, but also suggest CA1 astrocyte contribution in different stages of schema establishment.
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22
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Concina G, Renna A, Milano L, Sacchetti B. Prior fear learning enables the rapid assimilation of new fear memories directly into cortical networks. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001789. [PMID: 36178983 PMCID: PMC9555644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory formation involves the reorganization of brain circuits, termed system consolidation. Whether and how a prior fear experience influences system consolidation of new memories is poorly understood. In rats, we found that prior auditory fear learning allows the secondary auditory cortex to immediately encode new auditory memories, with these new memories purely requiring the activation of cellular mechanisms of synaptic consolidation within secondary auditory cortex. Similar results were obtained in the anterior cingulate cortex for contextual fear memories. Moreover, prior learning enabled connections from these cortices to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to support recent memory retention. We propose that the reorganization of circuits that characterizes system consolidation occurs only in the first instance that an event is learned, subsequently allowing the immediate assimilation of new analogous events in final storage sites.
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23
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Tallman CW, Clark RE, Smith CN. A way forward for design and analysis of neuroimaging studies of memory consolidation. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:158-164. [PMID: 36112016 PMCID: PMC9673460 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2121274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several novel ideas and suggestions were made in response to our discussion paper (Tallman et al., this issue). Careful consideration of the content and context of memory while accounting for the neuroanatomy and functional specialization of the hippocampus may reveal more consistent patterns in fMRI studies of memory consolidation. Below we address these ideas as well as issues that arise when interpreting the fMRI signal in memory consolidation studies. In addition, we describe new analyses suggested by the commentators that clarify our findings with respect to current theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W. Tallman
- Department of Psychology, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert E. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christine N. Smith
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI, Irvine, CA, USA
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24
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Campos-Arteaga G, Araneda A, Ruiz S, Rodríguez E, Sitaram R. Classifying brain states and pupillary responses associated with the processing of old and new information. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 176:129-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Spedding M, Sebban C, Jay TM, Rocher C, Tesolin-Decros B, Chazot P, Schenker E, Szénási G, Lévay GI, Megyeri K, Barkóczy J, Hársing LG, Thomson I, Cunningham MO, Whittington MA, Etherington LA, Lambert JJ, Antoni FA, Gacsályi I. Phenotypical Screening on Neuronal Plasticity in Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortex Connectivity Reveals an Antipsychotic with a Novel Profile. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071181. [PMID: 35406745 PMCID: PMC8997950 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (H-PFC) circuit is a critical determinant of schizophrenia. Screening of pyridazinone-risperidone hybrids on this circuit revealed EGIS 11150 (S 36549). EGIS 11150 induced theta rhythm in hippocampal slice preparations in the stratum lacunosum molecular area of CA1, which was resistant to atropine and prazosin. EGIS 11150 enhanced H-PFC coherence, and increased the 8−9 Hz theta band of the EEG power spectrum (from 0.002 mg/kg i.p, at >30× lower doses than clozapine, and >100× for olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol). EGIS 11150 fully blocked the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine on EEG. Inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) in H-PFC was blocked by platform stress, but was fully restored by EGIS 11150 (0.01 mg/kg i.p.), whereas clozapine (0.3 mg/kg ip) only partially restored LTP. EGIS 11150 has a unique electrophysiological profile, so phenotypical screening on H-PFC connectivity can reveal novel antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Spedding
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92284 Suresnes, France;
- Spedding Research Solutions SAS, 78110 Le Vésinet, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Claude Sebban
- Hôpital Charles Foix, 94205 Ivry-sur-Seine, France; (C.S.); (B.T.-D.)
| | - Thérèse M. Jay
- INSERM UMR_S894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université de Paris V Descartes, 75014 Paris, France; (T.M.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Cyril Rocher
- INSERM UMR_S894, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université de Paris V Descartes, 75014 Paris, France; (T.M.J.); (C.R.)
| | | | - Paul Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Esther Schenker
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92284 Suresnes, France;
| | - Gabor Szénási
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György I. Lévay
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 1103 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Megyeri
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
- Hungarian Defence Forces Medical Centre, 1134 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Barkóczy
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
| | - Laszlo G. Hársing
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ian Thomson
- Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (I.T.); (M.O.C.)
| | - Mark O. Cunningham
- Institute of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (I.T.); (M.O.C.)
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miles A. Whittington
- Deceased, formerly of Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Lori-An Etherington
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (L.-A.E.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Jeremy J. Lambert
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (L.-A.E.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Ferenc A. Antoni
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Istvan Gacsályi
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1106 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (G.I.L.); (K.M.); (J.B.); (L.G.H.J.); (F.A.A.); (I.G.)
- ATRC Aurigon Toxicological Research Center Ltd., 2120 Dunakeszi, Hungary
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Abstract
Retrieval suppression has been established to cause forgetting on a wide range of memory types, but mostly in newly formed memories. Over time, the consolidation process stabilizes memory and changes the memory locus in the brain, which may affect the effectiveness of retrieval suppression. In two experiments, we examined whether retrieval suppression can induce forgetting on consolidated episodic memories and explored its potential reliance on explicit memory reactivation or spontaneous memory intrusions to destabilize the consolidated memory. We found that, compared with associative interference, another well-established forgetting approach, retrieval suppression consistently induced forgetting on 1-week-old memories. This suppression-induced forgetting was uncovered stably via an independent retrieval cue, suggesting its effect being on the target memory itself. However, we did not find evidence of modulation on the suppression-induced forgetting by either explicit reactivation or spontaneous intrusions. Together, our results extend the suppression-induced forgetting to episodic memories that have been consolidated for 1 week and suggest that retrieval suppression could destabilize consolidated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W. Tallman
- Department of Psychology, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert E. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine N. Smith
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI, San Diego, CA, USA
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Thielen JW, Müller BW, Chang DI, Krug A, Mehl S, Rapp A, Walter H, Winterer G, Vogeley K, Klingberg S, Wagner M, Kircher T. Cortical thickness across the cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia and its association to illness duration and memory performance. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1241-51. [PMID: 34997853 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with structural brain abnormalities and cognitive deficits that partly change during the course of illness. In the present study, cortical thickness in five subregions of the cingulate gyrus was assessed in 44 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and 47 control persons and related to illness duration and memory capacities. In the patients group, cortical thickness was increased in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and related to illness duration whereas cortical thickness was decreased in anterior parts unrelated to illness duration. In contrast, cortical thickness was related to episodic and working memory performance only in the anterior but not posterior parts of the cingulate gyrus. Our finding of a posterior cingulate increase may point to either increased parietal communication that is accompanied by augmented neural plasticity or to effects of altered neurodegenerative processes in schizophrenia.
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Zheng L, Gao Z, McAvan AS, Isham EA, Ekstrom AD. Partially overlapping spatial environments trigger reinstatement in hippocampus and schema representations in prefrontal cortex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6231. [PMID: 34711830 PMCID: PMC8553856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When we remember a city that we have visited, we retrieve places related to finding our goal but also non-target locations within this environment. Yet, understanding how the human brain implements the neural computations underlying holistic retrieval remains unsolved, particularly for shared aspects of environments. Here, human participants learned and retrieved details from three partially overlapping environments while undergoing high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Our findings show reinstatement of stores even when they are not related to a specific trial probe, providing evidence for holistic environmental retrieval. For stores shared between cities, we find evidence for pattern separation (representational orthogonalization) in hippocampal subfield CA2/3/DG and repulsion in CA1 (differentiation beyond orthogonalization). Additionally, our findings demonstrate that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) stores representations of the common spatial structure, termed schema, across environments. Together, our findings suggest how unique and common elements of multiple spatial environments are accessed computationally and neurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XEvelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Zhiyao Gao
- grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Andrew S. McAvan
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XEvelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Eve A. Isham
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XEvelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Arne D. Ekstrom
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XEvelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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Krenz V, Sommer T, Alink A, Roozendaal B, Schwabe L. Noradrenergic arousal after encoding reverses the course of systems consolidation in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6054. [PMID: 34663784 PMCID: PMC8523710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that episodic memories undergo a time-dependent systems consolidation process, during which hippocampus-dependent memories eventually become reliant on neocortical areas. Here we show that systems consolidation dynamics can be experimentally manipulated and even reversed. We combined a single pharmacological elevation of post-encoding noradrenergic activity through the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine with fMRI scanning both during encoding and recognition testing either 1 or 28 days later. We show that yohimbine administration, in contrast to placebo, leads to a time-dependent increase in hippocampal activity and multivariate encoding-retrieval pattern similarity, an indicator of episodic reinstatement, between 1 and 28 days. This is accompanied by a time-dependent decrease in neocortical activity. Behaviorally, these neural changes are linked to a reduced memory decline over time after yohimbine intake. These findings indicate that noradrenergic activity shortly after encoding may alter and even reverse systems consolidation in humans, thus maintaining vividness of memories over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Krenz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sommer
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arjen Alink
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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Baena D, Cantero JL, Atienza M. Stability of neural encoding moderates the contribution of sleep and repeated testing to memory consolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107529. [PMID: 34597816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that online consolidation during retrieval-mediated learning interacts with offline consolidation during subsequent sleep to transform memory. Here we investigate whether this interaction persists when retrieval-mediated learning follows post-training sleep and whether the direction of this interaction is conditioned by the quality of encoding resulting from manipulation of the amount of sleep on the previous night. The quality of encoding was determined by computing the degree of similarity between EEG-activity patterns across restudy of face pairs in two groups of young participants, one who slept the last 4 h of the pre-training night, and another who slept 8 h. The offline consolidation was assessed by computing the degree of coupling between slow oscillations (SOs) and spindles (SPs) during post-training sleep, while the online consolidation was evaluated by determining the degree of similarity between EEG-activity patterns recorded during the study phase and during repeated recognition of either the same face pair (i.e., specific similarity) or face pairs sharing sex and profession (i.e., categorical similarity) to evaluate differentiation and generalization, respectively. The study and recognition phases were separated by a night of normal sleep duration. Mixed-effects models revealed that the stability of neural encoding moderated the relationship between sleep- and retrieval-mediated consolidation processes over left frontal regions. For memories showing lower encoding stability, the enhanced SO-SP coupling was associated with increased reinstatement of category-specific encoding-related activity at the expense of content-specific activity, whilst the opposite occurred for memories showing greater encoding stability. Overall, these results suggest that offline consolidation during post-training sleep interacts with online consolidation during retrieval the next day to favor the reorganization of memory contents, by increasing specificity of stronger memories and generalization of the weaker ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baena
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Jose L Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain; CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville 41013, Spain; CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain.
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Gilmore AW, Quach A, Kalinowski SE, González-Araya EI, Gotts SJ, Schacter DL, Martin A. Evidence supporting a time-limited hippocampal role in retrieving autobiographical memories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023069118. [PMID: 33723070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023069118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is central to healthy memory function, yet its necessity for remembering events from the distant past remains unclear. Prominent hypotheses alternatively suggest a time-limited or an indefinite role. fMRI evidence, typically based on silent in-scanner recall, has been equivocal, possibly because it provides sparse information of the content being remembered. Here, we asked fMRI participants to verbally describe recent and remote memories. After accounting for neural activity associated with the moment-to-moment memory content of recalled memories, we observed a temporally graded pattern of activity within the posterior hippocampus and found that recent—but not remote—event recall significantly activated the hippocampus relative to a non-autobiographical control task. Our findings support a time-limited hippocampal role in autobiographical memory. The necessity of the human hippocampus for remote autobiographical recall remains fiercely debated. The standard model of consolidation predicts a time-limited role for the hippocampus, but the competing multiple trace/trace transformation theories posit indefinite involvement. Lesion evidence remains inconclusive, and the inferences one can draw from functional MRI (fMRI) have been limited by reliance on covert (silent) recall, which obscures dynamic, moment-to-moment content of retrieved memories. Here, we capitalized on advances in fMRI denoising to employ overtly spoken recall. Forty participants retrieved recent and remote memories, describing each for approximately 2 min. Details associated with each memory were identified and modeled in the fMRI time-series data using a variant of the Autobiographical Interview procedure, and activity associated with the recall of recent and remote memories was then compared. Posterior hippocampal regions exhibited temporally graded activity patterns (recent events > remote events), as did several regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Consistent with predictions of the standard model, recall-related hippocampal activity differed from a non-autobiographical control task only for recent, and not remote, events. Task-based connectivity between posterior hippocampal regions and others associated with mental scene construction also exhibited a temporal gradient, with greater connectivity accompanying the recall of recent events. These findings support predictions of the standard model of consolidation and demonstrate the potential benefits of overt recall in neuroimaging experiments.
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Cowan ET, Liu AA, Henin S, Kothare S, Devinsky O, Davachi L. Time-dependent transformations of memory representations differ along the long axis of the hippocampus. Learn Mem 2021; 28:329-340. [PMID: 34400534 PMCID: PMC8372564 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053438.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that sleep is beneficial for the long-term retention of memories. According to theories of memory consolidation, memories are gradually reorganized, becoming supported by widespread, distributed cortical networks, particularly during postencoding periods of sleep. However, the effects of sleep on the organization of memories in the hippocampus itself remains less clear. In a 3-d study, participants encoded separate lists of word-image pairs differing in their opportunity for sleep-dependent consolidation. Pairs were initially studied either before or after an overnight sleep period, and were then restudied in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan session. We used multivariate pattern similarity analyses to examine fine-grained effects of consolidation on memory representations in the hippocampus. We provide evidence for a dissociation along the long axis of the hippocampus that emerges with consolidation, such that representational patterns for object-word memories initially formed prior to sleep become differentiated in anterior hippocampus and more similar, or overlapping, in posterior hippocampus. Differentiation in anterior hippocampal representations correlated with subsequent behavioral performance. Furthermore, representational overlap in posterior hippocampus correlated with the duration of intervening slow wave sleep. Together, these results demonstrate that sleep-dependent consolidation promotes the reorganization of memory traces along the long axis of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily T Cowan
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Anli A Liu
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Simon Henin
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kothare
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York 10017, USA
| | - Lila Davachi
- Psychology Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
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Hokett E, Arunmozhi A, Campbell J, Verhaeghen P, Duarte A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual differences in naturalistic sleep quality and episodic memory performance in young and older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:675-688. [PMID: 34000349 PMCID: PMC8330880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Better sleep quality has been associated with better episodic memory performance in young adults. However, the strength of sleep-memory associations in aging has not been well characterized. It is also unknown whether factors such as sleep measurement method (e.g., polysomnography, actigraphy, self-report), sleep parameters (e.g., slow wave sleep, sleep duration), or memory task characteristics (e.g., verbal, pictorial) impact the strength of sleep-memory associations. Here, we assessed if the aforementioned factors modulate sleep-memory relationships. Across age groups, sleep-memory associations were similar for sleep measurement methods, however, associations were stronger for PSG than self-report. Age group moderated sleep-memory associations for certain sleep parameters. Specifically, young adults demonstrated stronger positive sleep-memory associations for slow wave sleep than the old, while older adults demonstrated stronger negative associations between greater wake after sleep onset and poorer memory performance than the young. Collectively, these data show that young and older adults maintain similar strength in sleep-memory relationships, but age impacts the specific sleep correlates that contribute to these relationships.
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35
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Abstract
We rely on our long-term memories to guide future behaviors, making it adaptive to prioritize the retention of goal-relevant, salient information in memory. In this review, we discuss findings from rodent and human research to demonstrate that active processes during post-encoding consolidation support the selective stabilization of recent experience into adaptive, long-term memories. Building upon literatures focused on dynamics at the cellular level, we highlight that consolidation also transforms memories at the systems level to support future goal-relevant behavior, resulting in more generalized memory traces in the brain and behavior. We synthesize previous literatures spanning animal research, human cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive psychology to propose an integrative framework for adaptive consolidation by which goal-relevant memoranda are "tagged" for subsequent consolidation, resulting in selective transformations to the structure of memories that support flexible, goal-relevant behaviors.
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36
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Auditory stimulation is a technique that can enhance neural oscillations linked to overnight memory consolidation. In this review, we evaluate the impacts of auditory stimulation on the neural oscillations of sleep and associated memory processes in a variety of populations.
Recent Findings
Cortical EEG recordings of slow-wave sleep (SWS) are characterised by two cardinal oscillations: slow oscillations (SOs) and sleep spindles. Auditory stimulation delivered in SWS enhances SOs and phase-coupled spindle activity in healthy children and adults, children with ADHD, adults with mild cognitive impairment and patients with major depression. Under certain conditions, auditory stimulation bolsters the benefits of SWS for memory consolidation, although further work is required to fully understand the factors affecting stimulation-related memory gains. Recent work has turned to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, demonstrating that auditory stimulation can be used to manipulate REM sleep theta oscillations.
Summary
Auditory stimulation enhances oscillations linked to overnight memory processing and shows promise as a technique for enhancing the memory benefits of sleep.
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Leong RLF, Yu N, Ong JL, Ng ASC, Jamaluddin SA, Cousins JN, Chee NIYN, Chee MWL. Memory performance following napping in habitual and non-habitual nappers. Sleep 2021; 44:6031654. [PMID: 33313925 PMCID: PMC8193563 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Afternoon naps benefit memory but this may depend on whether one is a habitual napper (HN; ≥1 nap/week) or non-habitual napper (NN). Here, we investigated whether a nap would benefit HN and NN differently, as well as whether HN would be more adversely affected by nap restriction compared to NN. Methods Forty-six participants in the nap condition (HN-nap: n = 25, NN-nap: n = 21) took a 90-min nap (14:00–15:30 pm) on experimental days while 46 participants in the Wake condition (HN-wake: n = 24, NN-wake: n = 22) remained awake in the afternoon. Memory tasks were administered after the nap to assess short-term topographical memory and long-term memory in the form of picture encoding and factual knowledge learning respectively. Results An afternoon nap boosted picture encoding and factual knowledge learning irrespective of whether one habitually napped (main effects of condition (nap/wake): ps < 0.037). However, we found a significant interaction for the hippocampal-dependent topographical memory task (p = 0.039) wherein a nap, relative to wake, benefitted habitual nappers (HN-nap vs HN-wake: p = 0.003) compared to non-habitual nappers (NN-nap vs. NN-wake: p = 0.918). Notably for this task, habitual nappers’ performance significantly declined if they were not allowed to nap (HN-wake vs NN-wake: p = 0.037). Conclusions Contrary to concerns that napping may be disadvantageous for non-habitual nappers, we found that an afternoon nap was beneficial for long-term memory tasks even if one did not habitually nap. Naps were especially beneficial for habitual nappers performing a short-term topographical memory task, as it restored the decline that would otherwise have been incurred without a nap. Clinical Trial Information NCT04044885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Yu
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alyssa S C Ng
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Azrin Jamaluddin
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James N Cousins
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas I Y N Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Huang Y, Mohan A, McLeod SL, Luckey AM, Hart J Jr, Vanneste S. Polarity-specific high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation of the anterior and posterior default mode network improves remote memory retrieval. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1005-14. [PMID: 34182233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show that activity in the posterior default mode network (pDMN), including the posterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus, is correlated with the success of long-term episodic memory retrieval. However, the role of the anterior DMN (aDMN) including the medial prefrontal cortex is still unclear. Some studies show that activating the medial prefrontal cortex improves memory retrieval while other studies show deactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex in successful retrieval of episodic memories, suggesting a possible functional dissociation between the aDMN and pDMN. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we aim to causally explore this probable dissociation using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). METHODS We perform a randomised double-blinded two-visit placebo-controlled study with 84 healthy young adults. During Visit 1 they learn 75 Swahili-English word-associations. Seven days later, they randomly receive either anodal, cathodal or sham HD-tDCS targeting the pDMN or aDMN while they recall what they have previously learned. RESULTS We demonstrate that anodal stimulation of the pDMN and cathodal stimulation of the aDMN, equally improve the percentage of Swahili-English word-associations recalled 7 days after learning. CONCLUSIONS Modulating the activity in the aDMN and pDMN causally affect memory retrieval performance. HD-tDCS of the aDMN and pDMN shows that anodal stimulation of the pDMN and cathodal stimulation of the aDMN increases memory retrieval performance one week after the learning phase. Given consistent evidence, it is highly likely that we are increasing the activity in the pDMN with anodal pDMN stimulation. However, it is not clear if cathodal HD-tDCS targetting aDMN works via decoupling from the pDMN or via indirectly disinhibit pDMN.
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Gilboa A, Moscovitch M. No consolidation without representation: Correspondence between neural and psychological representations in recent and remote memory. Neuron 2021; 109:2239-2255. [PMID: 34015252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory systems consolidation is often conceived as the linear, time-dependent, neurobiological shift of memory from hippocampal-cortical to cortico-cortical dependency. We argue that contrary to this unidirectional view of memory reorganization, information about events may be retained in multiple forms (e.g., event-specific sensory-near episodic memory, event-specific gist information, event-general schematic information, or abstract semantic memory). These representations can all form at the time of the event and may continue to coexist for long durations. Their relative strength, composition, and dominance of expression change with time and experience, with task demands, and through their dynamic interaction with one another. These different psychological mnemonic representations depend on distinct functional and structural neurobiological substrates such that there is a neural-psychological representation correspondence (NPRC) among them. We discuss how the dynamics of psychological memory representations are reflected in multiple levels of neurobiological markers and their interactions. By this view, there are only variations of synaptic consolidation and memory dynamics without assuming a distinct systems consolidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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Denis D, Mylonas D, Poskanzer C, Bursal V, Payne JD, Stickgold R. Sleep Spindles Preferentially Consolidate Weakly Encoded Memories. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4088-99. [PMID: 33741722 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0818-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been shown to be critical for memory consolidation, with some research suggesting that certain memories are prioritized for consolidation. Initial strength of a memory appears to be an important boundary condition in determining which memories are consolidated during sleep. However, the role of consolidation-mediating oscillations, such as sleep spindles and slow oscillations, in this preferential consolidation has not been explored. Here, 54 human participants (76% female) studied pairs of words to three distinct encoding strengths, with recall being tested immediately following learning and again 6 h later. Thirty-six had a 2 h nap opportunity following learning, while the remaining 18 remained awake throughout. Results showed that, across 6 h awake, weakly encoded memories deteriorated the fastest. In the nap group, however, this effect was attenuated, with forgetting rates equivalent across encoding strengths. Within the nap group, consolidation of weakly encoded items was associated with fast sleep spindle density during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, sleep spindles that were coupled to slow oscillations predicted the consolidation of weak memories independently of uncoupled sleep spindles. These relationships were unique to weakly encoded items, with spindles not correlating with memory for intermediate or strong items. This suggests that sleep spindles facilitate memory consolidation, guided in part by memory strength.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Given the countless pieces of information we encode each day, how does the brain select which memories to commit to long-term storage? Sleep is known to aid in memory consolidation, and it appears that certain memories are prioritized to receive this benefit. Here, we found that, compared with staying awake, sleep was associated with better memory for weakly encoded information. This suggests that sleep helps attenuate the forgetting of weak memory traces. Fast sleep spindles, a hallmark oscillation of non-rapid eye movement sleep, mediate consolidation processes. We extend this to show that fast spindles were uniquely associated with the consolidation of weakly encoded memories. This provides new evidence for preferential sleep-based consolidation and elucidates a physiological correlate of this benefit.
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Deantoni M, Villemonteix T, Balteau E, Schmidt C, Peigneux P. Post-Training Sleep Modulates Topographical Relearning-Dependent Resting State Activity. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040476. [PMID: 33918574 PMCID: PMC8069225 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuation of experience-dependent neural activity during offline sleep and wakefulness episodes is a critical component of memory consolidation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), offline consolidation effects have been evidenced probing behavioural and neurophysiological changes during memory retrieval, i.e., in the context of task practice. Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) further allows investigating the offline evolution of recently learned information without the confounds of online task-related effects. We used rsfMRI to investigate sleep-related changes in seed-based resting functional connectivity (FC) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) after spatial navigation learning and relearning. On Day 1, offline resting state activity was measured immediately before and after topographical learning in a virtual town. On Day 4, it was measured again before and after relearning in an extended version of the town. Navigation-related activity was also recorded during target retrieval, i.e., online. Participants spent the first post-training night under regular sleep (RS) or sleep deprivation (SD) conditions. Results evidence FC and ALFF changes in task-related neural networks, indicating the continuation of navigation-related activity in the resting state. Although post-training sleep did not modulate behavioural performance, connectivity analyses evidenced increased FC after post-training SD between navigation-related brain structures during relearning in the extended environment. These results suggest that memory traces were less efficiently consolidated after post-learning SD, eventually resulting in the use of compensatory brain resources to link previously stored spatial elements with the newly presented information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Deantoni
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF) at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.D.); (T.V.)
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Villemonteix
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF) at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.D.); (T.V.)
- Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Lab, Paris 8 University, Rue de la Liberté 2, 93,526 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Evelyne Balteau
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina Schmidt
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
- Psychology and Neurosciences of Cognition (PsyNCog), Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, Place des Orateurs, 3, Bâtiment B33, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF) at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.D.); (T.V.)
- CRC-GIGA In Vivo Imaging, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août, Bâtiment B30, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
When a stimulus is associated with an external reward, its chance of being consolidated into long-term memory is boosted via dopaminergic facilitation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Given that higher temporal distance (TD) has been found to discount the subjective value of a reward, we hypothesized that memory performance associated with a more immediate reward will result in better memory performance. We tested this hypothesis by measuring both behavioral memory performance and brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during memory encoding and retrieval tasks. Contrary to our hypothesis, both behavioral and fMRI results suggest that the TD of rewards might enhance the chance of the associated stimulus being remembered. The fMRI data demonstrate that the lateral prefrontal cortex, which shows encoding-related activation proportional to the TD, is reactivated when searching for regions that show activation proportional to the TD during retrieval. This is not surprising given that this region is not only activated to discriminate between future vs. immediate rewards, it is also a part of the retrieval-success network. These results provide support for the conclusion that the encoding-retrieval overlap provoked as the rewards are more delayed may lead to better memory performance of the items associated with the rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsun Yoo
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyoung Min
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Neurocognitive Functional Imaging Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Han
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Purpose of review Napping is a common behavior across age groups. While studies have shown a benefit of overnight sleep on memory consolidation, given differences in nap frequency, composition, and intent, it is important to consider whether naps serve a memory function across development and aging. Recent findings We review studies of the role of naps in declarative, emotional, and motor procedural memory consolidation across age groups. Recent findings in both developmental and aging populations find that naps benefit learning of many tasks but may require additional learning or sleep bouts compared to young adult populations. These studies have also identified variations in nap physiology based on the purpose of the nap, timing of the nap, or age. Summary These studies lend to our understanding of the function of sleep, and the potential for naps as an intervention for those with reduced nighttime sleep or learning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Jones
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Rao-Ruiz P, Visser E, Mitrić M, Smit AB, van den Oever MC. A Synaptic Framework for the Persistence of Memory Engrams. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:661476. [PMID: 33841124 PMCID: PMC8024575 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.661476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to store and retrieve learned information over prolonged periods of time is an essential and intriguing property of the brain. Insight into the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie memory consolidation is of utmost importance for our understanding of memory persistence and how this is affected in memory disorders. Recent evidence indicates that a given memory is encoded by sparsely distributed neurons that become highly activated during learning, so-called engram cells. Research by us and others confirms the persistent nature of cortical engram cells by showing that these neurons are required for memory expression up to at least 1 month after they were activated during learning. Strengthened synaptic connectivity between engram cells is thought to ensure reactivation of the engram cell network during retrieval. However, given the continuous integration of new information into existing neuronal circuits and the relatively rapid turnover rate of synaptic proteins, it is unclear whether a lasting learning-induced increase in synaptic connectivity is mediated by stable synapses or by continuous dynamic turnover of synapses of the engram cell network. Here, we first discuss evidence for the persistence of engram cells and memory-relevant adaptations in synaptic plasticity, and then propose models of synaptic adaptations and molecular mechanisms that may support memory persistence through the maintenance of enhanced synaptic connectivity within an engram cell network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Rao-Ruiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Visser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miodrag Mitrić
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel C van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Ferraris M, Cassel JC, Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Stephan A, Quilichini PP. The nucleus reuniens, a thalamic relay for cortico-hippocampal interaction in recent and remote memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:339-354. [PMID: 33631314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The consolidation of declarative memories is believed to occur mostly during sleep and involves a dialogue between two brain regions, the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. The information encoded during experience by neuronal assemblies is replayed during sleep leading to the progressive strengthening and integration of the memory trace in the prefrontal cortex. The gradual transfer of information from the hippocampus to the medial prefrontal cortex for long-term storage requires the synchronization of cortico-hippocampal networks by different oscillations, like ripples, spindles, and slow oscillations. Recent studies suggest the involvement of a third partner, the nucleus reuniens, in memory consolidation. Its bidirectional connections with the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex place the reuniens in a key position to relay information between the two structures. Indeed, many topical works reveal the original role that the nucleus reuniens occupies in different recent and remote memories consolidation. This review aimed to examine these contributions, as well as its functional embedment in this complex memory network, and provide some insights on the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Ferraris
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Laboratoire De Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives, Université De Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Laboratoire De Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives, Université De Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aline Stephan
- Laboratoire De Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives, Université De Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France; LNCA, UMR 7364 - CNRS, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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Denis D, Kim SY, Kark SM, Daley RT, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. Slow oscillation-spindle coupling is negatively associated with emotional memory formation following stress. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2632-2650. [PMID: 33511691 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Both stress and sleep enhance emotional memory. They also interact, with the largest effect of sleep on emotional memory being seen when stress occurs shortly before or after encoding. Slow wave sleep (SWS) is critical for long-term episodic memory, facilitated by the temporal coupling of slow oscillations and sleep spindles. Prior work in humans has shown these associations for neutral information in non-stressed participants. Whether coupling interacts with stress to facilitate emotional memory formation is unknown. Here, we addressed this question by reanalyzing an existing dataset of 64 individuals. Participants underwent a psychosocial stressor (32) or comparable control (32) prior to the encoding of 150-line drawings of neutral, positive, and negative images. All participants slept overnight with polysomnography, before being given a surprise memory test the following day. In the stress group, time spent in SWS was positively correlated with memory for images of all valences. Results were driven by those who showed a high cortisol response to the stressor, compared to low responders. The amount of slow oscillation-spindle coupling during SWS was negatively associated with neutral and emotional memory in the stress group only. The association with emotional memory was significantly stronger than for neutral memory within the stress group. These results suggest that stress around the time of initial memory formation impacts the relationship between slow wave sleep and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sara Y Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sarah M Kark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Daley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Fukase Y, Ichikura K, Murase H, Tagaya H. Depression, risk factors, and coping strategies in the context of social dislocations resulting from the second wave of COVID-19 in Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:33. [PMID: 33435930 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social dislocations resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been prolonged, which has led to general population social suppression. The present study aimed to reveal risk factors associated with mental health problems and suggest concrete coping strategies in the context of COVID-19. METHODS A web-based survey was conducted in July when Japan was experiencing a second wave of COVID-19. Demographics, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), state anger, anger control, and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced were measured. Multivariate logistic regression analysis on PHQ-9 scores by set variables was conducted. RESULTS The participants were 2708 individuals, and 18.35% of them were depressed. Logistic regression analysis showed that in the order of odds ratios (ORs), underlying disease (OR = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32-2.92), not working (OR = 1.85, CI = 1.22-2.80), negative economic impact (OR = 1.33, CI = 1.01-1.77), state anger (OR = 1.17, CI = 1.14-1.21), anger control (OR = 1.08, CI = 1.04-1.13), age (OR = 0.97, CI = 0.96-0.98), high income (OR = 0.45, CI = 0.25-0.80), and being married (OR = 0.53, CI = 0.38-0.74) were predictors of depressive symptoms. Regarding coping strategies, planning (OR = 0.84, CI = 0.74-0.94), use of instrumental support (OR = 0.85, CI = 0.76-0.95), denial (OR = 0.88, CI = 0.77-0.99), behavioural disengagement (OR = 1.28, CI = 1.13-1.44), and self-blame (OR = 1.47, CI = 1.31-1.65) were associated with probable depression. CONCLUSIONS During prolonged psychological distress caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Japan was two to nine times as high as before the COVID-19 pandemic, even though Japan was not a lockdown country. Although some coping strategies were useful for maintaining mental health, such as developing ways, alone or with others, to address or avoid social dislocations, the influence of demographics was more powerful than these coping strategies, and medical treatments are needed for high-risk individuals.
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Kawai M, Schneider LD, Linkovski O, Jordan JT, Karna R, Pirog S, Cotto I, Buck C, Giardino WJ, O'Hara R. High-Resolution Spectral Sleep Analysis Reveals a Novel Association Between Slow Oscillations and Memory Retention in Elderly Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:540424. [PMID: 33505299 PMCID: PMC7829345 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.540424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In recognition of the mixed associations between traditionally scored slow wave sleep and memory, we sought to explore the relationships between slow wave sleep, electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectra during sleep and overnight verbal memory retention in older adults. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: Participants were 101 adults without dementia (52% female, mean age 70.3 years). Delayed verbal memory was first tested in the evening prior to overnight polysomnography (PSG). The following morning, subjects were asked to recall as many items as possible from the same List (overnight memory retention; OMR). Partial correlation analyses examined the associations of delayed verbal memory and OMR with slow wave sleep (SWS) and two physiologic EEG slow wave activity (SWA) power spectral bands (0.5-1 Hz slow oscillations vs. 1-4 Hz delta activity). Results: In subjects displaying SWS, SWS was associated with enhanced delayed verbal memory, but not with OMR. Interestingly, among participants that did not show SWS, OMR was significantly associated with a higher slow oscillation relative power, during NREM sleep in the first ultradian cycle, with medium effect size. Conclusions: These findings suggest a complex relationship between SWS and memory and illustrate that even in the absence of scorable SWS, older adults demonstrate substantial slow wave activity. Further, these slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz), in the first ultradian cycle, are positively associated with OMR, but only in those without SWS. Our findings raise the possibility that precise features of slow wave activity play key roles in maintaining memory function in healthy aging. Further, our results underscore that conventional methods of sleep evaluation may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect associations between SWA and memory in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Logan D. Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Josh T. Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, United States
| | - Rosy Karna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Pirog
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Isabelle Cotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Casey Buck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William J. Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Liu W, Kohn N, Fernández G. Probing the neural dynamics of mnemonic representations after the initial consolidation. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117213. [PMID: 32739553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories are not stored as static engrams, but as dynamic representations affected by processes occurring after initial encoding. Previous studies revealed changes in activity and mnemonic representations in visual processing areas, parietal lobe, and hippocampus underlying repeated retrieval and suppression. However, these neural changes are usually induced by memory modulation immediately after memory formation. Here, we investigated 27 healthy participants with a two-day functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study design to probe how established memories are dynamically modulated by retrieval and suppression 24 h after learning. Behaviorally, we demonstrated that established memories can still be strengthened by repeated retrieval. By contrast, repeated suppression had a modest negative effect, and suppression-induced forgetting was associated with individual suppression efficacy. Neurally, we demonstrated item-specific pattern reinstatements in visual processing areas, parietal lobe, and hippocampus. Then, we showed that repeated retrieval reduced activity amplitude in the ventral visual cortex and hippocampus, but enhanced the distinctiveness of activity patterns in the ventral visual cortex and parietal lobe. Critically, reduced activity was associated with enhanced representation of idiosyncratic memory traces in the ventral visual cortex and precuneus. In contrast, repeated memory suppression was associated with reduced lateral prefrontal activity, but relative intact mnemonic representations. Our results replicated most of the neural changes induced by memory retrieval and suppression immediately after learning and extended those findings to established memories after initial consolidation. Active retrieval seems to promote episode-unique mnemonic representations in the neocortex after initial encoding but also consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nils Kohn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Koizumi K, Ueda K, Li Z, Nakao M. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Networks Related to Creative Thinking. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:541052. [PMID: 33192387 PMCID: PMC7596331 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.541052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human creative thinking is unique and capable of generating novel and valuable ideas. Recent research has clarified the contribution of different brain networks (default mode network, DN; executive control network; salience network) to creative thinking. However, the effects of brain stimulation on brain networks during creative thinking and on creative performance have not been clarified. The present study was designed to examine the changes in functional connectivity (FC) and effective connectivity (EC) of the large-scale brain network, and the ensuing changes in creative performance, induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Fourteen healthy male students underwent two tDCS sessions, one with actual stimulation and one with sham stimulation, on two separate days. Participants underwent tDCS (anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC; cathode over the right inferior parietal lobule, IPL) for 20 min. Before and after the tDCS session, electroencephalography signals were acquired from 32 electrodes over the whole head during the creative thinking task. On FC analysis, the delta band FC between the posterior cingulate cortex and IPL significantly increased only after real stimulation. We also found that the change of flexibility score was significantly correlated with the change in: (i) delta band FC between mPFC and left lateral temporal cortex (LTC) and (ii) alpha band FC between IPL and right LTC. On EC analysis, decreased flow within the DN (from left LTC to right IPL) was observed. Our results reveal that tDCS could affect brain networks, particularly the DN, during creative thinking and modulate key FC in the generation of flexible creative ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazutaka Ueda
- Creative Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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