Mouse telocentric sequences reveal a high rate of homogenization and possible role in Robertsonian translocation

Satellite DNAs between selfishness and functionality: structure, genomics and evolution of tandem repeats in centromeric (hetero)chromatin

Satellite DNAs (tandemly repeated, non-coding DNA sequences) stretch over almost all native centromeres and surrounding pericentromeric heterochromatin. Once considered as inert by-products of genome dynamics in heterochromatic regions, recent studies showed that satellite DNA evolution is interplay of stochastic events and selective pressure. This points to a functional significance of satellite sequences, which in (peri)centromeres may play some fundamental functional roles. First, specific interactions with DNA-binding proteins are proposed to complement sequence-independent epigenetic processes. The second role is achieved through RNAi mechanism, in which transcripts of satellite sequences initialize heterochromatin formation. In addition, satellite DNAs in (peri)centromeric regions affect chromosomal dynamics and genome plasticity. Paradoxically, while centromeric function is conserved through eukaryotes, the profile of satellite DNAs in this region is almost always species-specific. We argue that tandem repeats may be advantageous forms of DNA sequences in (peri)centromeres due to concerted evolution, which maintains high intra-array and intrapopulation sequence homogeneity of satellite arrays, while allowing rapid changes in nucleotide sequence and/or composition of satellite repeats. This feature may be crucial for long-term stability of DNA-protein interactions in centromeric regions.

c-Myc-dependent formation of Robertsonian translocation chromosomes in mouse cells

Robertsonian (Rb) translocation chromosomes occur in human and murine cancers and involve the aberrant joining of two acrocentric chromosomes in humans and two telocentric chromosomes in mice. Mechanisms leading to their generation remain elusive, but models for their formation have been proposed. They include breakage of centromeric sequences and their subsequent fusions, centric misdivision, misparing between highly repetitive sequences of p-tel or p-arm repeats, and recombinational joining of centromeres and/or centromeric fusions. Here, we have investigated the role of the oncoprotein c-Myc in the formation of Rb chromosomes in mouse cells harboring exclusively telocentric chromosomes. In mouse plasmacytoma cells with constitutive c-Myc deregulation and in immortalized mouse lymphocytes with conditional c-Myc expression, we show that positional remodeling of centromeres in interphase nuclei coincides with the formation of Rb chromosomes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that c-Myc deregulation in a myc box II-dependent manner is sufficient to induce Rb translocation chromosomes. Because telomeric signals are present at all joined centromeres of Rb chromosomes, we conclude that c-Myc mediates Rb chromosome formation in mouse cells by telomere fusions at centromeric termini of telocentric chromosomes. Our findings are relevant to the understanding of nuclear chromosome remodeling during the initiation of genomic instability and tumorigenesis.

Condensin I reveals new insights on mouse meiotic chromosome structure and dynamics

Chromosome shaping and individualization are necessary requisites to warrant the correct segregation of genomes in either mitotic or meiotic cell divisions. These processes are mainly prompted in vertebrates by three multiprotein complexes termed cohesin and condensin I and II. In the present study we have analyzed by immunostaining the appearance and subcellular distribution of condensin I in mouse mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. Our results demonstrate that in either mitotically or meiotically dividing cells, condensin I is loaded onto chromosomes by prometaphase. Condensin I is detectable as a fuzzy axial structure running inside chromatids of condensed chromosomes. The distribution of condensin I along the chromosome length is not uniform, since it preferentially accumulates close to the chromosome ends. Interestingly, these round accumulations found at the condensin I axes termini colocalized with telomere complexes. Additionally, we present the relative distribution of the condensin I and cohesin complexes in metaphase I bivalents. All these new data have allowed us to propose a comprehensive model for meiotic chromosome structure.