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Cañón ERP, de Albuquerque MP, Alves RP, Pereira AB, Victoria FDC. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Three Endolichenic Isolates of Xylaria (Xylariaceae), from Cladonia curta Ahti & Marcelli (Cladoniaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E399. [PMID: 31597306 PMCID: PMC6843379 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endophyte biology is a branch of science that contributes to the understanding of the diversity and ecology of microorganisms that live inside plants, fungi, and lichen. Considering that the diversity of endolichenic fungi is little explored, and its phylogenetic relationship with other lifestyles (endophytism and saprotrophism) is still to be explored in detail, this paper presents data on axenic cultures and phylogenetic relationships of three endolichenic fungi, isolated in laboratory. Cladonia curta Ahti & Marcelli, a species of lichen described in Brazil, is distributed at three sites in the Southeast of the country, in mesophilous forests and the Cerrado. Initial hyphal growth of Xylaria spp. on C. curta podetia started four days after inoculation and continued for the next 13 days until the hyphae completely covered the podetia. Stromata formation and differentiation was observed, occurring approximately after one year of isolation and consecutive subculture of lineages. Phylogenetic analyses indicate lineages of endolichenic fungi in the genus Xylaria, even as the morphological characteristics of the colonies and anamorphous stromata confirm this classification. Our preliminary results provide evidence that these endolichenic fungi are closely related to endophytic fungi, suggesting that the associations are not purely incidental. Further studies, especially phylogenetic analyses using robust multi-locus datasets, are needed to accept or reject the hypothesis that endolichenic fungi isolated from Xylaria spp. and X. berteri are conspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehidy Rocio Peña Cañón
- Grupo de Investigación Biología para la Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, 150003 Tunja, Colombia.
| | - Margeli Pereira de Albuquerque
- Núcleo de Estudos da Vegetação Antártica (NEVA), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Antônio Trilha, 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel CEP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Paidano Alves
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Andre Araujo Avenue, 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Batista Pereira
- Núcleo de Estudos da Vegetação Antártica (NEVA), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Antônio Trilha, 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel CEP, Brazil.
| | - Filipe de Carvalho Victoria
- Núcleo de Estudos da Vegetação Antártica (NEVA), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Avenida Antônio Trilha, 1847, 97300-000 São Gabriel CEP, Brazil.
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52
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Mehrabi M, Asgari B, Hemmati R. Two new species of Eutypella and a new combination in the genus Peroneutypa (Diatrypaceae). Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Sir EB, Becker K, Lambert C, Bills GF, Kuhnert E. Observations on Texas hypoxylons, including two new Hypoxylon species and widespread environmental isolates of the H. croceum complex identified by a polyphasic approach. Mycologia 2019; 111:832-856. [PMID: 31460851 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1637705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new species and a new combination of Hypoxylon from Texas were identified and described based on morphological, multigene phylogenetic (ITS [nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2], 28S [5' 1200 bp of nuc 28S rDNA], RPB2 [partial second largest subunit of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II], TUB2 [partial β-tubulin]), and chemotaxonomic data. Hypoxylon olivaceopigmentum is characterized by its pulvinate to glomerate stromata, olivaceous KOH-extractable pigments, equilateral ascospores, and indehiscent perispore. Hypoxylon texense can be distinguished from morphologically similar species by its rust to dark brick KOH-extractable pigments and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of its stromatal secondary metabolites. Hypoxylon hinnuleum is proposed as the sexual morph of Nodulisporium hinnuleum, featuring dark vinaceous glomerate stromata with dark brick KOH-extractable pigments composed of cohaerin-type azaphilones and smooth equilateral ascospores with indehiscent perispore. Based on these diagnostic characters, H. hinnuleum forms a complex with H. croceum and H. minicroceum. More than 50 ITS sequences with high identity originating from North American and East Asian environmental isolates formed a well-supported clade with the type of N. hinnuleum, demonstrating the widespread distribution of the species complex. In addition, updated descriptions and comprehensive illustrations with detailed information on the diagnostic features of H. fendleri and H. perforatum are provided. The multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction of Hypoxylon supported the status of the new species and broadened the knowledge about intergeneric relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban B Sir
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal-INBIOFIV (CONICET-UNT) , San Miguel de Tucumán , Argentina.,Laboratorio Criptogámico, Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán , Argentina
| | - Kevin Becker
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Christopher Lambert
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , Texas 77054
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , 30167 , Germany
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54
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Helaly SE, Thongbai B, Stadler M. Diversity of biologically active secondary metabolites from endophytic and saprotrophic fungi of the ascomycete order Xylariales. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:992-1014. [PMID: 29774351 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2017 The diversity of secondary metabolites in the fungal order Xylariales is reviewed with special emphasis on correlations between chemical diversity and biodiversity as inferred from recent taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The Xylariales are arguably among the predominant fungal endophytes, which are the producer organisms of pharmaceutical lead compounds including the antimycotic sordarins and the antiparasitic nodulisporic acids, as well as the marketed drug, emodepside. Many Xylariales are "macromycetes", which form conspicuous fruiting bodies (stromata), and the metabolite profiles that are predominant in the stromata are often complementary to those encountered in corresponding mycelial cultures of a given species. Secondary metabolite profiles have recently been proven highly informative as additional parameters to support classical morphology and molecular phylogenetic approaches in order to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among these fungi. Even the recent taxonomic rearrangement of the Xylariales has been relying on such approaches, since certain groups of metabolites seem to have significance at the species, genus or family level, respectively, while others are only produced in certain taxa and their production is highly dependent on the culture conditions. The vast metabolic diversity that may be encountered in a single species or strain is illustrated based on examples like Daldinia eschscholtzii, Hypoxylon rickii, and Pestalotiopsis fici. In the future, it appears feasible to increase our knowledge of secondary metabolite diversity by embarking on certain genera that have so far been neglected, as well as by studying the volatile secondary metabolites more intensively. Methods of bioinformatics, phylogenomics and transcriptomics, which have been developed to study other fungi, are readily available for use in such scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleiman E Helaly
- Dept Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes and pathways involved in the interaction between Tremella fuciformis and Annulohypoxylon stygium. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1675-1689. [PMID: 31263999 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tremella fuciformis is an edible and medicinal white jelly mushroom. It has a life cycle that interacts with its companion fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium, both in natural conditions and artificial cultivation. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to study the interaction between T. fuciformis and A. stygium by constructing 5 libraries, including the individual T. fuciformis mycelium (1), the T. fuciformis mycelium after interaction with A. stygium (2), the dual mycelia after interaction (3), the A. stygium mycelium after interaction with T. fuciformis (4), and the individual A. stygium mycelium (5). 33.4 G data and 46,871 Unigenes were generated from de novo splicing. For identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to interaction, we analyzed the expression data of DEGs1-vs-2 ∩ DEGs1-vs-3, and DEGs5-vs-4 ∩ DEGs5-vs-3. DEGs1-vs-2 ∩ DEGs1-vs-3, and DEGs5-vs-4 ∩ DEGs5-vs-3 data showed 614 DEGs and 1537 DEGs, respectively. The 614 DEGs for T. fuciformis and 1537 DEGs for A. stygium were analyzed by GO annotation and were assigned to biology process, cell composition, and molecular functions. The DEGs were used to match the KEGG database. In T. fuciformis, the pathways are primarily enriched various amino acids metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions. In A. stygium, the pathways are primarily enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics, starch and sucrose metabolism. The expression patterns of DEGs determined by qRT-PCR were consistent with those obtained by RNA-Seq, thus validating the reliability of our RNA-Seq data. Future studies of the functions of these interesting genes will be helpful to understand the mechanisms by which T. fuciformis interacts with A. stygium. This will also provide a reference for other research on interacting microorganisms.
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Wongkanoun S, Wendt L, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard J, Srikitikulchai P. A novel species and a new combination of Daldinia from Ban Hua Thung community forest in the northern part of Thailand. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stadler M, Fournier J, Quang DN, Akulov AY. Metabolomic Studies on the Chemical Ecology of the Xylariaceae (Ascomycota). Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies collected in the field during the vegetation period in different developmental stages and mycelial cultures of 50 representatives of xylariaceous fungi were tested for antimicrobial and nematicidal activities, and 50 of their characteristic metabolites were studied for comparison. Furthermore, analytical HPLC profiling using diode array and electrospray mass spectrometric detection was performed to identify and quantify the major constituents, revealing that up to 10% of the dry fruiting body biomass may be composed of secondary metabolites. In several species, significant antimicrobial effects were noted upon incubation of the fruiting bodies in an agar diffusion assay, i.e., without any need for extraction and concentration of active constituents. These results suggest that most of the characteristic constituents of subfamily Hypoxyloideae (i.e. Hypoxylon and related genera) are involved in non-specific defense reactions that underwent specific permutations in the course of evolutionary processes, resulting in a broad diversity of unique polyketides and other secondary metabolites. In contrast, the fruiting bodies of representative species of Biscogniauxia and subfamily Xylarioideae generally contained no significant activities. Only cultures of most Xylarioideae exhibited antimicrobial effects, due to the presence of cytochalasins and other toxins, while extracts from cultures of Hypoxyloideae, except for Daldinia and Entonaema, were only weakly active. Cytochalasins and other yet unidentified compounds that do not constitute pigments are responsible for enhanced biological activity in maturing stromata of H. howeanum, H. rubiginosum, and H. fuscum from Alnus, whereas in H. fuscum from Corylus and further species of Hypoxylon and Annulohypoxylon, merely the concentrations of major metabolites varied during the vegetation period. Usually, the highest yields of secondary metabolites and the strongest activities were observed in the growing stromata of Hypoxyloideae, prior to or concurrent with the production of the sexual stage. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on the evolution and phylogeny of the Xylariaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stadler
- InterMed Discovery GmbH (IMD), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Mycology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, NW1, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Dang N. Quang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Alexander Y. Akulov
- Department of Mycology and Plant Resistance, V.N. Karasin National University, Svobody sq. 4, 61077, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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59
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Hypomontagnella (Hypoxylaceae): a new genus segregated from Hypoxylon by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Deng Y, Hsiang T, Li S, Lin L, Wang Q, Chen Q, Xie B, Ming R. Comparison of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Six Annulohypoxylon stygium Isolates Suggests Short Fragment Insertions as a Potential Factor Leading to Larger Genomic Size. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2079. [PMID: 30250455 PMCID: PMC6140425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a core non-nuclear genetic material found in all eukaryotic organisms, the size of which varies extensively in the eumycota, even within species. In this study, mitochondrial genomes of six isolates of Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) were assembled from raw reads from PacBio and Illumina sequencing. The diversity of genomic structures, conserved genes, intergenic regions and introns were analyzed and compared. Genome sizes ranged from 132 to 147 kb and contained the same sets of conserved protein-coding, tRNA and rRNA genes and shared the same gene arrangements and orientation. In addition, most intergenic regions were homogeneous and had similar sizes except for the region between cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes which ranged from 2,998 to 8,039 bp among the six isolates. Sixty-five intron insertion sites and 99 different introns were detected in these genomes. Each genome contained 45 or more introns, which varied in distribution and content. Introns from homologous insertion sites also showed high diversity in size, type and content. Comparison of introns at the same loci showed some complex introns, such as twintrons and ORF-less introns. There were 44 short fragment insertions detected within introns, intergenic regions, or as introns, some of them located at conserved domain regions of homing endonuclease genes. Insertions of short fragments such as small inverted repeats might affect or hinder the movement of introns, and these allowed for intron accumulation in the mitochondrial genomes analyzed, and enlarged their size. This study showed that the evolution of fungal mitochondrial introns is complex, and the results suggest short fragment insertions as a potential factor leading to larger mitochondrial genomes in A. stygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Deng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shuxian Li
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Longji Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Baogui Xie
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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A Solvent-Free Approach for Converting Cellulose Waste into Volatile Organic Compounds with Endophytic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030102. [PMID: 30149666 PMCID: PMC6162512 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple sugars produced from a solvent-free mechanocatalytic degradation of cellulose were evaluated for suitability as a growth medium carbon source for fungi that produce volatile organic compounds. An endophytic Hypoxylon sp. (CI-4) known to produce volatiles having potential value as fuels was initially evaluated. The growth was obtained on a medium containing the degraded cellulose as the sole carbon source, and the volatile compounds produced were largely the same as those produced from a conventional dextrose/starch diet. A second Hypoxylon sp. (BS15) was also characterized and shown to be phylogenetically divergent from any other named species. The degraded cellulose medium supported the growth of BS15, and approximately the same quantity of the volatile compounds was produced as from conventional diets. Although the major products from BS15 grown on the degraded cellulose were identical to those from dextrose, the minor products differed. Neither CI-4 or BS15 exhibited growth on cellulose that had not been degraded. The extraction of volatiles from the growth media was achieved using solid-phase extraction in order to reduce the solvent waste and more efficiently retain compounds having low vapor pressures. A comparison to more conventional liquid–liquid extraction demonstrated that, for CI-4, both methods gave similar results. The solid-phase extraction of BS15 retained a significantly larger variety of the volatile compounds than did the liquid–liquid extraction. These advances position the coupling of solvent-free cellulose conversion and endophyte metabolism as a viable strategy for the production of important hydrocarbons.
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Abstract
Twenty-five fructicolous and seminicolous species of Xylaria are classified into three groups by stromatal morphology: (i) the X. ianthinovelutina group; (ii) the X. carpophila group; and (iii) the X. heloidea group. Xylaria reevesiae, X. rossmanae, and X. vivantii are described as new species. Xylaria reevesiae belongs to the X. carpophila group, resembling X. euphorbiicola but differing from it mainly by having conspicuous perithecial mounds and growing on fallen fruits of a different host plant. Xylaria rossmanae and X. vivantii belong to the X. ianthinovelutina group. Xylaria rossmanae differs from the species of the group mainly by larger, paler, fusoid-inequilateral ascospores, and X. vivantii differs by larger ascospores with a slightly oblique germ slit. A dichotomous key is provided for identifying the 25 species. Doubtful names are also listed and annotated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Ju
- a Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology , Academia Sinica , Nankang , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Jack D Rogers
- b Department of Plant Pathology , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164-6430
| | - Huei-Mei Hsieh
- a Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology , Academia Sinica , Nankang , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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Narmani A, Pichai S, Palani P, Arzanlou M, Surup F, Stadler M. Daldinia sacchari (Hypoxylaceae) from India produces the new cytochalasins Saccalasins A and B and belongs to the D. eschscholtzii species complex. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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64
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Wingfield BD, Bills GF, Dong Y, Huang W, Nel WJ, Swalarsk-Parry BS, Vaghefi N, Wilken PM, An Z, de Beer ZW, De Vos L, Chen L, Duong TA, Gao Y, Hammerbacher A, Kikkert JR, Li Y, Li H, Li K, Li Q, Liu X, Ma X, Naidoo K, Pethybridge SJ, Sun J, Steenkamp ET, van der Nest MA, van Wyk S, Wingfield MJ, Xiong C, Yue Q, Zhang X. IMA Genome-F 9: Draft genome sequence of Annulohypoxylon stygium, Aspergillus mulundensis, Berkeleyomyces basicola (syn. Thielaviopsis basicola), Ceratocystis smalleyi, two Cercospora beticola strains, Coleophoma cylindrospora, Fusarium fracticaudum, Phialophora cf . hyalina, and Morchella septimelata. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:199-223. [PMID: 30018880 PMCID: PMC6048567 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Draft genomes of the species Annulohypoxylon stygium, Aspergillus mulundensis, Berkeleyomyces basicola (syn. Thielaviopsis basicola), Ceratocystis smalleyi, two Cercospora beticola strains, Coleophoma cylindrospora, Fusarium fracticaudum, Phialophora cf. hyalina and Morchella septimelata are presented. Both mating types (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) of Cercospora beticola are included. Two strains of Coleophoma cylindrospora that produce sulfated homotyrosine echinocandin variants, FR209602, FR220897 and FR220899 are presented. The sequencing of Aspergillus mulundensis, Coleophoma cylindrospora and Phialophora cf. hyalina has enabled mapping of the gene clusters encoding the chemical diversity from the echinocandin pathways, providing data that reveals the complexity of secondary metabolism in these different species. Overall these genomes provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular processes underlying pathogenicity (in some cases), biology and toxin production of these economically important fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gerald F. Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- College of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wilma J. Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Benedicta S. Swalarsk-Parry
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - P. Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Li Chen
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Yun Gao
- Nowbio Biotechnology Company, Kunming, 650201,Yunnan, China
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Yan Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sarah J. Pethybridge
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Jingzu Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Magriet A. van der Nest
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Stephanie van Wyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Yue
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Graphostromataceae, Hypoxylaceae, Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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66
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Intaraudom C, Bunbamrung N, Dramae A, Boonyuen N, Kongsaeree P, Srichomthong K, Supothina S, Pittayakhajonwut P. Terphenyl derivatives and drimane - Phathalide/isoindolinones from Hypoxylon fendleri BCC32408. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 139:8-17. [PMID: 28384525 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Hypoxylon, a member of the family Xylariaceae, has been known to produce significant secondary metabolites in terms of chemical diversity. Moreover, the compounds isolated can also be used as chemotaxonomic characters for differentiation among the two sections, which are sect. Annulata and sect. Hypoxylon. In our continuing chemical screening programme for novel compounds, the crude extracts of H. fendleri BCC32408 gave significant chemical profiles in HPLC analyses. Thus, the chemical investigation of these crude extracts was then carried out. The investigation led to the isolation of ten previously undescribed compounds including three terphenylquinones (fendleryls A - C), one terphenyl (fendleryl D), and six novel drimane - phthalide-type lactone/isoindolinones derivatives (fendlerinines A - F) along with seven known compounds (2-O-methylatromentin, rickenyl E, atromentin, rickenyls C - D, (+)-ramulosin, and O-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid). The chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D, 2D NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as chemical transformations. In addition, these isolated compounds were assessed for antimicrobial activity including antimalarial (against Plasmodium falciparum, K-1 strain), antifungal (against Candida albicans), antibacterial (against Bacillus cereus) activities. Cytotoxicity against both cancerous (KB, MCF-7, NCI-H187) and non-cancerous (Vero) cells of these compounds were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakapong Intaraudom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nantiya Bunbamrung
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Aibrohim Dramae
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattawut Boonyuen
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Palangpon Kongsaeree
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center for Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kitlada Srichomthong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Supothina
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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67
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Wendt L, Sir EB, Kuhnert E, Heitkämper S, Lambert C, Hladki AI, Romero AI, Luangsa-ard JJ, Srikitikulchai P, Peršoh D, Stadler M. Resurrection and emendation of the Hypoxylaceae, recognised from a multigene phylogeny of the Xylariales. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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68
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Ulloa-Benítez Á, Medina-Romero YM, Sánchez-Fernández RE, Lappe-Oliveras P, Roque-Flores G, Duarte Lisci G, Herrera Suárez T, Macías-Rubalcava ML. Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from the endophyte Hypoxylon anthochroum strain Blaci isolated from Bursera lancifolia (Burseraceae). J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:380-400. [PMID: 27159426 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the phytotoxic, antifungal and antioomycete activity; and, determine the chemical composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile metabolites produced by the endophyte Hypoxylon anthochroum strain Blaci isolated from Bursera lancifolia. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on its macro- and micro-morphological features, the strain Blaci was identified as Nodulisporium sp.; partial analysis of its ITS1-5.8-ITS2 ribosomal gene sequence revealed the identity of the teleomorphic stage of the fungus as H. anthochroum. Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of VOCs, and culture medium and mycelium organic extracts from H. anthochroum Blaci were determined by simple and multiple antagonism bioassays, and gas phase and agar dilution bioassays respectively. The volatile and semi-volatile metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. VOCs from a 5-day H. anthochroum strain Blaci culture caused the inhibition of seed germination, root elongation and seedling respiration on Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Panicum miliaceum, Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa. In addition, extracts, phenylethyl alcohol and eucalyptol main compounds present in the VOCs and extract displayed a high phytotoxic activity, inhibiting the three physiological processes on the four test plants in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that H. anthochroum strain Blaci produces a mixture of VOCs. These VOCs showed a strong phytotoxic activity on seed germination, root elongation, and seedling respiration of four plants and slightly affected the growth of phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Also, the culture medium and mycelium extracts of H. anthochroum showed a high phytotoxic activity on the four test plants and, generally, the culture medium extract was more phytotoxic than the mycelium extracts. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work firstly reports the phytotoxic activity of volatile and semi-volatile compounds produced by the endophyte H. anthochroum strain Blaci on seed germination, root elongation, and seedling respiration of four different plants; consequently, these compounds could be useful in biocontrol of weeds and plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Ulloa-Benítez
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - Y M Medina-Romero
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - R E Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - P Lappe-Oliveras
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - G Roque-Flores
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - G Duarte Lisci
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - T Herrera Suárez
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
| | - M L Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México
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69
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Burgess KMN, Ibrahim A, Sørensen D, Sumarah MW. Trienylfuranol A and trienylfuranone A-B: metabolites isolated from an endophytic fungus, Hypoxylon submoniticulosum, in the raspberry Rubus idaeus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:721-725. [PMID: 28246381 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A strain of Hypoxylon submonticulosum was isolated as an endophyte from a surface-sterilized leaf of a cultivated raspberry (Rubus idaeus). The liquid culture extract displayed growth inhibition activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a disc diffusion assay. The extract's major component was identified as a new natural product, trienylfuranol A (1S,2S,4R)-1-((1'E,3'E)-hexa-1',3',5'-trienyl)-tetrahydro-4-methylfuran-2-ol (1), by high-resolution LC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Two additional new metabolites, trienylfuranones A (2) and B (3), were isolated as minor components of the extract and their structure elucidation revealed that they were biosynthetically related to 1. Absolute stereochemical configurations of compounds 1-3 were confirmed by NOE NMR experiments and by the preparation of Mosher esters. Complete hydrogenation of 1 yielded tetrahydrofuran 7 that was used for stereochemical characterization and assessment of antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M N Burgess
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashraf Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Stadler M, Læssøe T, Vasilyeva L. The genusPyrenomyxaand its affinities to other cleistocarpousHypoxyloideaeas inferred from morphological and chemical traits. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stadler
- Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Wuppertal, Mykologische Sektion, Pahlkestraße 17, D-42115 Wuppertal, Germany, and Bayer Health Care, Pharma Division, Natural Products Research, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Læssøe
- University of Copenhagen, Institute of Biology, Department of Microbiology, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Larissa Vasilyeva
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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71
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Ju YM, Hsieh HM, Ho MC, Szu DH, Fang MJ. Theissenia rogersii sp. nov. and phylogenetic position of Theissenia. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mei-Jane Fang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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72
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huei-Mei Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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73
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Zhang N, Castlebury LA, Miller AN, Huhndorf SM, Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Rossman AY, Rogers JD, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Sung GH. An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Lisa A. Castlebury
- Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Andrew N. Miller
- Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Sabine M. Huhndorf
- Department of Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - Conrad L. Schoch
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Keith A. Seifert
- Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Amy Y. Rossman
- Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Jack D. Rogers
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | | | - Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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74
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Hladki AI, Romero AI. Taxonomic and nomenclatural aspects ofHypoxylontaxa from southern South America proposed by Spegazzini. Mycologia 2017; 101:733-44. [DOI: 10.3852/09-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana I. Hladki
- Instituto de Micología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán (CP 4000), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Andrea I. Romero
- PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departament de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to. Piso, CP1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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75
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Pereira J, Rogers JD, Bezerra JL. NewAnnulohypoxylonspecies from Brazil. Mycologia 2017; 102:248-52. [DOI: 10.3852/09-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jadergudson Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Jack D. Rogers
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - José Luiz Bezerra
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-000, Brazil
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76
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Liu Y, Stuhldreier F, Kurtán T, Mándi A, Arumugam S, Lin W, Stork B, Wesselborg S, Weber H, Henrich B, Daletos G, Proksch P. Daldinone derivatives from the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon sp. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new benzo[j]fluoranthene metabolites, including an isolation artefact which induces intrinsic apoptosis and blocks autophagy, were isolated fromAnnulohypoxylonsp.
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77
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Phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic resolution of the genus Annulohypoxylon (Xylariaceae) including four new species. FUNGAL DIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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78
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Truncatones A–D, benzo[j]fluoranthenes from Annulohypoxylon species (Xylariaceae, Ascomycota). Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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79
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Réblová M, Miller AN, Rossman AY, Seifert KA, Crous PW, Hawksworth DL, Abdel-Wahab MA, Cannon PF, Daranagama DA, De Beer ZW, Huang SK, Hyde KD, Jayawardena R, Jaklitsch W, Jones EBG, Ju YM, Judith C, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Pang KL, Petrini LE, Raja HA, Romero AI, Shearer C, Senanayake IC, Voglmayr H, Weir BS, Wijayawarden NN. Recommendations for competing sexual-asexually typified generic names in Sordariomycetes (except Diaporthales, Hypocreales, and Magnaporthales). IMA Fungus 2016; 7:131-53. [PMID: 27433444 PMCID: PMC4941682 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advance to one scientific name for each fungal species, the generic names in the class Sordariomycetes typified by sexual and asexual morphs are evaluated based on their type species to determine if they compete with each other for use or protection. Recommendations are made for which of the competing generic names should be used based on criteria such as priority, number of potential names changes, and frequency of use. Some recommendations for well-known genera include Arthrinium over Apiospora, Colletotrichum over Glomerella, Menispora over Zignoëlla, Microdochium over Monographella, Nigrospora over Khuskia, and Plectosphaerella over Plectosporium. All competing generic names are listed in a table of recommended names along with the required action. If priority is not accorded to sexually typified generic names after 2017, only four names would require formal protection: Chaetosphaerella over Oedemium, Diatrype over Libertella, Microdochium over Monographella, and Phaeoacremonium over Romellia and Togninia. Concerning species in the recommended genera, one replacement name (Xylaria benjaminii nom. nov.) is introduced, and the following new combinations are made: Arthrinium sinense, Chloridium caesium, C. chloroconium, C. gonytrichii, Corollospora marina, C. parvula, C. ramulosa, Juncigena fruticosae, Melanospora simplex, Seimatosporium massarina, Sporoschisma daemonoropis, S. taitense, Torpedospora mangrovei, Xylaria penicilliopsis, and X. termiticola combs. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Réblová
- Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prùhonice 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew N. Miller
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Amy Y. Rossman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Keith A. Seifert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David L. Hawksworth
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Paul F. Cannon
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Dinushani A. Daranagama
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Z. Wilhelm De Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Shi-Ke Huang
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ruvvishika Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Walter Jaklitsch
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E. B. Gareth Jones
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Ming Ju
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115 29, Taiwan
| | - Caroline Judith
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 8, 123 Al Khoud, Oman
| | - Ka-Lai Pang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan (ROC)
| | | | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 457 Sullivan Science Building, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Andrea I Romero
- Instituto de Micología y Botánica, UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Piso 4°, Lab 6, Av. Int. Güiraldes 2620. Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carol Shearer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Indunil C. Senanayake
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bevan S. Weir
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nalin N. Wijayawarden
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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80
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U'Ren JM, Miadlikowska J, Zimmerman NB, Lutzoni F, Stajich JE, Arnold AE. Contributions of North American endophytes to the phylogeny, ecology, and taxonomy of Xylariaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:210-32. [PMID: 26903035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Xylariaceae (Sordariomycetes) comprise one of the largest and most diverse families of Ascomycota, with at least 85 accepted genera and ca. 1343 accepted species. In addition to their frequent occurrence as saprotrophs, members of the family often are found as endophytes in living tissues of phylogenetically diverse plants and lichens. Many of these endophytes remain sterile in culture, precluding identification based on morphological characters. Previous studies indicate that endophytes are highly diverse and represent many xylariaceous genera; however, phylogenetic analyses at the family level generally have not included endophytes, such that their contributions to understanding phylogenetic relationships of Xylariaceae are not well known. Here we use a multi-locus, cumulative supermatrix approach to integrate 92 putative species of fungi isolated from plants and lichens into a phylogenetic framework for Xylariaceae. Our collection spans 1933 isolates from living and senescent tissues in five biomes across the continental United States, and here is analyzed in the context of previously published sequence data from described species and additional taxon sampling of type specimens from culture collections. We found that the majority of strains obtained in our surveys can be classified in the hypoxyloid and xylaroid subfamilies, although many also were found outside of these lineages (as currently circumscribed). Many endophytes were placed in lineages previously not known for endophytism. Most endophytes appear to represent novel species, but inferences are limited by potential gaps in public databases. By linking our data, publicly available sequence data, and records of ascomata, we identify many geographically widespread, host-generalist clades capable of symbiotic associations with diverse photosynthetic partners. Concomitant with such cosmopolitan host use and distributions, many xylariaceous endophytes appear to inhabit both living and non-living plant tissues, with potentially important roles as saprotrophs. Overall, our study reveals major gaps in the availability of multi-locus datasets and metadata for this iconic family, and provides new hypotheses regarding the ecology and evolution of endophytism and other trophic modes across the family Xylariaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M U'Ren
- University of Arizona, School of Plant Sciences, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., Forbes 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | | | - Naupaka B Zimmerman
- University of Arizona, School of Plant Sciences, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., Forbes 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - François Lutzoni
- Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Integrated Genome Biology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- University of Arizona, School of Plant Sciences, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., Forbes 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1041 E. Lowell St., BioSciences West 310, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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81
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Shaw JJ, Berbasova T, Sasaki T, Jefferson-George K, Spakowicz DJ, Dunican BF, Portero CE, Narváez-Trujillo A, Strobel SA. Identification of a fungal 1,8-cineole synthase from Hypoxylon sp. with specificity determinants in common with the plant synthases. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8511-26. [PMID: 25648891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.636159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are an important and diverse class of secondary metabolites widely produced by fungi. Volatile compound screening of a fungal endophyte collection revealed a number of isolates in the family Xylariaceae, producing a series of terpene molecules, including 1,8-cineole. This compound is a commercially important component of eucalyptus oil used in pharmaceutical applications and has been explored as a potential biofuel additive. The genes that produce terpene molecules, such as 1,8-cineole, have been little explored in fungi, providing an opportunity to explore the biosynthetic origin of these compounds. Through genome sequencing of cineole-producing isolate E7406B, we were able to identify 11 new terpene synthase genes. Expressing a subset of these genes in Escherichia coli allowed identification of the hyp3 gene, responsible for 1,8-cineole biosynthesis, the first monoterpene synthase discovered in fungi. In a striking example of convergent evolution, mutational analysis of this terpene synthase revealed an active site asparagine critical for water capture and specificity during cineole synthesis, the same mechanism used in an unrelated plant homologue. These studies have provided insight into the evolutionary relationship of fungal terpene synthases to those in plants and bacteria and further established fungi as a relatively untapped source of this important and diverse class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Shaw
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Tetyana Berbasova
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Tomoaki Sasaki
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Kyra Jefferson-George
- the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Daniel J Spakowicz
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Brian F Dunican
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Carolina E Portero
- the Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 17 01 21 84, Ecuador
| | - Alexandra Narváez-Trujillo
- the Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 17 01 21 84, Ecuador
| | - Scott A Strobel
- From the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
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82
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83
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Sun PL, Hsieh HM, Ju YM, Jee SH. Molecular characterization of dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes
complex found in Taiwan with emphasis on their correlation with clinical observations. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1312-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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84
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85
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Fournier J, Stadler M, Hyde KD, Duong ML. The new genus Rostrohypoxylon and two new Annulohypoxylon species from Northern Thailand. FUNGAL DIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-010-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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86
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87
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Stadler M, Fournier J, Læssøe T, Decock C, Peršoh D, Rambold G. Ruwenzoria, a new genus of the Xylariaceae from Central Africa. Mycol Prog 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-009-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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88
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Ko WH, Tsou YJ, Ju YM, Hsieh HM, Ann PJ. Production of a fungistatic substance by Pseudallescheria boydii isolated from soil amended with vegetable tissues and its significance. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:125-31. [PMID: 19760090 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four fungal isolates that were able to use vegetable tissues for multiplication in soil were isolated and identified as Pseudallescheria boydii based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence similarity. When grown in broth prepared from the same vegetable tissues used in soil amendment, all these isolates of P. boydii produced a substance capable of reducing the disease incidence of black leaf spot of spoon cabbage caused by Alternaria brassicicola and inhibiting the germination of A. brassicicola conidia. The substance, which was fungistatic, was very stable under high temperature and high or low pH value. It was soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in non-polar solvents. Molecular weight estimation and ion exchange ability tests suggest that the fungistatic compound has a molecular weight between 500 and 1,000 and has no charge on its molecule. Results from this study suggest the possession of a strong competitive saprophytic ability by P. boydii, which in turn may explain the widespread occurrence of this human pathogen in soil. Production of a fungistatic substance when P. boydii was grown in broth prepared from vegetable tissues suggests the importance of antibiotic production in its competitive saprophytic colonization of organic matters in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiung Ko
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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89
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Petrini O, Cocchi L, Vescovi L, Petrini L. Chemical elements in mushrooms: their potential taxonomic significance. Mycol Prog 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-009-0589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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90
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91
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Recognition of hypoxyloid and xylarioid Entonaema species and allied Xylaria species from a comparison of holomorphic morphology, HPLC profiles, and ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycol Prog 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-008-0553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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92
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Okane I, Nakagiri A. Taxonomy of an anamorphic xylariaceous fungus from a termite nest found together with Xylaria angulosa. MYCOSCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-007-0361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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93
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Srůtka P, Pazoutová S, Kolarík M. Daldinia decipiens and Entonaema cinnabarina as fungal symbionts of Xiphydria wood wasps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:224-31. [PMID: 17188483 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The identity of symbiotic fungi associated with the Xiphydria spp. wood wasps was investigated using DNA analysis. The fungi were isolated from the mycangia of adult females of X. camelus, X. prolongata and X. longicollis reared from colonized logs of Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba and Quercus robur, respectively. Sequences of rDNA and beta-tubulin were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis based on the NJ method showed that the isolates from X. camelus clustered with Daldinia decipiens, whereas those of X. prolongata belonged to Entonaema cinnabarina. In X. longicollis, both symbiotic fungi (D. decipiens and E. cinnabarina) have been found. Morphological characteristics of the anamorphs are presented. In cultures of D. decipiens, sympodial holoblastic, as well as annelidic, conidiation was observed. So far, fruit bodies of D. decipiens have only been recorded from Betula spp. whereas the host spectrum of its wasp vectors covers predominantly oaks and alders. Fruiting bodies of E. cinnabarina do not occur in Central Europe. This is the first report of Entonaema as a symbiotic fungus of siricid wood wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Srůtka
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Czech University of Agriculture, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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94
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Tang AMC, Jeewon R, Hyde KD. Phylogenetic utility of protein (RPB2, β-tubulin) and ribosomal (LSU, SSU) gene sequences in the systematics of Sordariomycetes (Ascomycota, Fungi). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 91:327-49. [PMID: 17072532 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Sordariomycetes is an important group of fungi whose taxonomic relationships and classification is obscure. There is presently no multi-gene molecular phylogeny that addresses evolutionary relationships among different classes and orders. In this study, phylogenetic analyses with a broad taxon sampling of the Sordariomycetes were conducted to evaluate the utility of four gene regions (LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, beta-tubulin and RPB2) for inferring evolutionary relationships at different taxonomic ranks. Single and multi-gene genealogies inferred from Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony analyses were compared in individual and combined datasets. At the subclass level, SSU rDNA phylogenies demonstrate their utility as a marker to infer phylogenetic relationships at higher levels. All analyses with SSU rDNA alone, combined LSU rDNA and SSU rDNA, and the combined 28 S rDNA, SSU rDNA and RPB2 datasets resulted in three subclasses: Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae, which correspond well to established morphological classification schemes. At the ordinal level, the best resolved phylogeny was obtained from the combined LSU rDNA and SSU rDNA datasets. Individually, the RPB2 gene dataset resulted in significantly higher number of parsimony informative characters. Our results supported the recent separation of Boliniaceae, Chaetosphaeriaceae and Coniochaetaceae from Sordariales and placement of Coronophorales in Hypocreomycetidae. Microascales was found to be paraphyletic and Ceratocystis is phylogenetically associated to Faurelina, while Microascus and Petriella formed another clade and basal to other members of Halosphaeriales. In addition, the order Lulworthiales does not appear to fit in any of the three subclasses. Congruence between morphological and molecular classification schemes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M C Tang
- Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, Republic of China.
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95
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Quang DN, Stadler M, Fournier J, Asakawa Y. Carneic acids A and B, chemotaxonomically significant antimicrobial agents from the xylariaceous ascomycete Hypoxylon carneum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1198-202. [PMID: 16933875 DOI: 10.1021/np0602057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carneic acids A and B (1, 2) are polyketide antibiotics structurally related to phomopsidin. They were isolated as major constituents of the stromata of Hypoxylon carneum, a species that had shown a highly specific secondary metabolite profile in a survey of xylariaceous ascomycetes based on HPLC profiling. Their chemical structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic methods and by preparation of derivatives. An X-ray crystal structure of the dinitrobenzoate of carneic acid B methyl ester (8) was obtained, even allowing for determination of its absolute structure. The carneic acids showed weak antibacterial and moderate antifungal activities in the serial dilution assay against selected microbial organisms. They appear to be species-specific marker molecules in H. carneum from different geographic regions, but do not constitute major metabolites of more than 100 species of Xylariaceae. Their biological and chemotaxonomic significance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Ngoc Quang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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