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Teixeira-Costa L. Leveraging Micro-CT Scanning to Analyze Parasitic Plant-Host Interactions. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63423. [PMID: 35098949 PMCID: PMC9290312 DOI: 10.3791/63423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-CT scanning has become an established tool in investigating plant structure and function. Its non-destructive nature, combined with the possibility of three-dimensional visualization and virtual sectioning, has allowed novel and increasingly detailed analysis of complex plant organs. Interactions among plants, including between parasitic plants and their hosts, can also be explored. However, sample preparation before scanning becomes crucial due to the interaction between these plants, which often differ in tissue organization and composition. Furthermore, the broad diversity of parasitic flowering plants, ranging from highly reduced vegetative bodies to trees, herbs, and shrubs, must be considered during the sampling, treatment, and preparation of parasite-host material. Here two different approaches are described for introducing contrast solutions into the parasite and/or host plants, focusing on analyzing the haustorium. This organ promotes connection and communication between the two plants. Following a simple approach, details of haustorium tissue organization can be explored three-dimensionally, as shown here for euphytoid, vine, and mistletoe parasitic species. Selecting specific contrasting agents and application approaches also allow detailed observation of endoparasite spread within the host body and detection of direct vessel-to-vessel connection between parasite and host, as shown here for an obligate root parasite. Thus, the protocol discussed here can be applied to the broad diversity of parasitic flowering plants to advance the understanding of their development, structure, and functioning.
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Bregnard C, Rais O, Herrmann C, Kahl O, Brugger K, Voordouw MJ. Beech tree masting explains the inter-annual variation in the fall and spring peaks of Ixodes ricinus ticks with different time lags. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:570. [PMID: 34749794 PMCID: PMC8577035 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick Ixodes ricinus is an important vector of tick-borne diseases including Lyme borreliosis. In continental Europe, the nymphal stage of I. ricinus often has a bimodal phenology with a large spring peak and a smaller fall peak. There is consensus about the origin of the spring nymphal peak, but there are two alternative hypotheses for the fall nymphal peak. In the direct development hypothesis, larvae quest as nymphs in the fall of the same year that they obtained their larval blood meal. In the developmental diapause hypothesis, larvae overwinter in the engorged state and quest as nymphs one year after they obtained their larval blood meal. These two hypotheses make different predictions about the time lags that separate the larval blood meal and the density of questing nymphs (DON) in the spring and fall. METHODS Inter-annual variation in seed production (masting) by deciduous trees is a time-lagged index for the density of vertebrate hosts (e.g., rodents) which provide blood meals for larval ticks. We used a long-term data set on the masting of the European beech tree and a 15-year study on the DON at 4 different elevation sites in western Switzerland to differentiate between the two alternative hypotheses for the origin of the fall nymphal peak. RESULTS Questing I. ricinus nymphs had a bimodal phenology at the three lower elevation sites, but a unimodal phenology at the top elevation site. At the lower elevation sites, the DON in the fall was strongly correlated with the DON in the spring of the following year. The inter-annual variation in the densities of I. ricinus nymphs in the fall and spring was best explained by a 1-year versus a 2-year time lag with the beech tree masting index. Fall nymphs had higher fat content than spring nymphs indicating that they were younger. All these observations are consistent with the direct development hypothesis for the fall peak of I. ricinus nymphs at our study site. Our study provides new insight into the complex bimodal phenology of this important disease vector. CONCLUSIONS Public health officials in Europe should be aware that following a strong mast year, the DON will increase 1 year later in the fall and 2 years later in the spring. Studies of I. ricinus populations with a bimodal phenology should consider that the spring and fall peak in the same calendar year represent different generations of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bregnard
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Rais
- Laboratory of Ecology and Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Herrmann
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Kahl
- tick-radar GmbH, 10555 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Brugger
- Unit for Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maarten J. Voordouw
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Abstract
We examined the relationship between resource abundance and the feeding activity of phytophagous insects on three common island plants. The aim was to investigate the correlation between phytophagous insects' abundance and availability of food and island geography. We collected 30,835 leaves from three tree species groups (Mallotus japonicus, Prunus species, and Quercus species) on 18 islands in southwest Korea. The number of plant resources for herbivores varied: the number of leaves per shoot was the highest in Mallotus, leaf weight and the water content per leaf was significantly lower in Quercus species. External feeding was higher for Prunus and Quercus species, whereas the internal feeding type was significantly higher for Quercus species. Geography (area and distance), elevation and food resource (elevation, number of plant species, and the forest cover rate) had a variable effect on phytophagous insects feeding activities: distance and the number of plant species were more explainable to the external feeding guild. In contrast, area and forest cover were more to the internal feeding guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Shin
- Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Nang-Hee Kim
- National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Sei-Woong Choi
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Carvalho Costa L, Stevens K, Hu X, Fuchs M, Al Rwahnih M, Diaz-Lara A, McFarland C, Foster J, Hurtado-Gonzales OP. Identification and characterization of a novel virus associated with an eriophyid mite in extracts of fruit trees leaves. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2869-2873. [PMID: 34292373 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eriophyid mites are commonly found on the leaf surface of different plant species. In the present study, a novel virus associated with an eriophyid mite species was detected using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of total RNA from fruit tree leaves, primarily growing under greenhouse conditions. The complete genome sequence was characterized using rapid amplification of cDNA ends followed by Sanger sequencing, revealing a genome of 8885 nucleotides in length. The single positive-stranded RNA genome was predicted to encode typical conserved domains of members of the genus Iflavirus in the family Iflaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis showed this virus to be closely related to the unclassified iflavirus tomato matilda associated virus (TMaV), with a maximum amino acid sequence identity of 59% in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain. This low identity value justifies the recognition of the novel virus as a potential novel iflavirus. In addition to a lack of graft-transmissibility evidence, RT-PCR and HTS detection of this virus in the putative host plants were not consistent through different years and growing seasons, raising the possibility that rather than a plant virus, this was a virus infecting an organism associated with fruit tree leaves. Identification of Tetra pinnatifidae HTS-derived contigs in all fruit tree samples carrying the novel virus suggested this mite as the most likely host of the new virus (p-value < 1e-11), which is tentatively named "eriophyid mite-associated virus" (EMaV). This study highlights the importance of a careful biological study before assigning a new virus to a particular plant host when using metagenomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Carvalho Costa
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Kristian Stevens
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Maher Al Rwahnih
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo Diaz-Lara
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Clint McFarland
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Field Operations, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Foster
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Oscar P Hurtado-Gonzales
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Luna-Hernández SA, Bonilla-Landa I, Reyes-Luna A, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Cuapio-Muñoz U, Ibarra-Juárez LA, Suarez-Mendez G, Barrera-Méndez F, Pérez-Landa ID, Enríquez-Medrano FJ, Díaz de León-Gómez RE, Olivares-Romero JL. Synthesis and Insecticidal Evaluation of Chiral Neonicotinoids Analogs: The Laurel Wilt Case. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144225. [PMID: 34299501 PMCID: PMC8307524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xyleborus sp beetles are types of ambrosia beetles invasive to the United States and recently also to Mexico. The beetle can carry a fungus responsible for the Laurel Wilt, a vascular lethal disease that can host over 300 tree species, including redbay and avocado. This problem has a great economic and environmental impact. Indeed, synthetic chemists have recently attempted to develop new neonicotinoids. This is also due to severe drug resistance to “classic” insecticides. In this research, a series of neonicotinoids analogs were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated against Xyleborus sp. Most of the target compounds showed good to excellent insecticidal activity. Generally, the cyclic compounds also showed better activity in comparison with open-chain compounds. Compounds R-13, 23, S-29, and 43 showed a mortality percent of up to 73% after 12 h of exposure. These results highlight the enantioenriched compounds with absolute R configuration. The docking results correlated with experimental data which showed both cation-π interactions in relation to the aromatic ring and hydrogen bonds between the search cavity 3C79 and the novel molecules. The results suggest that these sorts of interactions are responsible for high insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl A. Luna-Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Israel Bonilla-Landa
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Alfonso Reyes-Luna
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Ulises Cuapio-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Luis A. Ibarra-Juárez
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Gabriel Suarez-Mendez
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Felipe Barrera-Méndez
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
- Cátedra CONACyT en el Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico
| | - Irving D. Pérez-Landa
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
| | - Francisco J. Enríquez-Medrano
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna, No. 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (F.J.E.-M.); (R.E.D.d.L.-G.)
| | - Ramón E. Díaz de León-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna, No. 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (F.J.E.-M.); (R.E.D.d.L.-G.)
| | - José L. Olivares-Romero
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Campus III, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa 91073, Mexico; (S.A.L.-H.); (I.B.-L.); (A.R.-L.); (A.R.-H.); (U.C.-M.); (L.A.I.-J.); (G.S.-M.); (F.B.-M.); (I.D.P.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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Takei SY, Köbayashi K, Takagi E. Distribution pattern of entry holes of the tree-killing bark beetle Polygraphus proximus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246812. [PMID: 33561182 PMCID: PMC7872293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles attack their hosts at uniform intervals to avoid intraspecific competition in the phloem. Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an aggregated distribution. Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a non-aggressive phloephagous bark beetle that feeds on Far Eastern firs. They have caused mass mortality in Russia and Japan. However, the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus and spatial relationships with bark characteristics have not been studied. Thus, we investigated the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus. The distribution of entry holes was significantly uniform in most cases. As the attack density increased, an aggregated distribution pattern within a short distance (< 4.0 cm) was observed. The rough bark had a significantly higher number of entry holes than the remaining bark. The distribution pattern of entry holes demonstrated a significantly aggregated spatial association with rough bark. Finally, rough bark around knots had significantly thicker phloem than the remaining barks. These suggest that P. proximus may preferentially attack rough bark to reproduce in the thicker phloem under a rough bark surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Takei
- Department of Tourism Science, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Köbayashi
- Department of Tourism Science, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Takagi
- Department of Tourism Science, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Wilkaniec A, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Irzykowska L, Breś W, Świerk D, Pardela Ł, Durak R, Środulska-Wielgus J, Wielgus K. Biotic and abiotic factors causing the collapse of Robinia pseudoacacia L. veteran trees in urban environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245398. [PMID: 33471798 PMCID: PMC7816994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Robinia pseudoacacia L. is an interesting example of how one plant species can be considered invasive or useful depending on its environment. In the past this tree species was planted for decorative purposes and for wood in Poland. For many years it was recommended in poor and degraded habitats because it facilitated late-successional plant species. The aim of this study was to verify if black locust can still be regarded as a resistant tree species in urban greenery. The health condition of old tree specimens growing along streets and in parks was compared. The occurrence of pests and pathogens on R. pseudoacacia trees was assessed and the content of mineral elements in leaves was examined. The research results showed that the health of black locust trees growing in the urban environment in Polish cities, especially along streets (in comparison to park sites), deteriorated significantly due to the interaction of harmful biotic and abiotic factors. Increased level of toxic metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn and Cd) in plant tissues and the accumulation of pests and pathogens negatively influenced the health of R. pseudoacacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wilkaniec
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lidia Irzykowska
- Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Breś
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Świerk
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pardela
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Roma Durak
- Department of Experimental Biology and Chemistry, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Środulska-Wielgus
- Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wielgus
- Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Koontz MJ, Latimer AM, Mortenson LA, Fettig CJ, North MP. Cross-scale interaction of host tree size and climatic water deficit governs bark beetle-induced tree mortality. Nat Commun 2021; 12:129. [PMID: 33420082 PMCID: PMC7794511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent Californian hot drought (2012-2016) precipitated unprecedented ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality, largely attributable to the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis; WPB). Broad-scale climate conditions can directly shape tree mortality patterns, but mortality rates respond non-linearly to climate when local-scale forest characteristics influence the behavior of tree-killing bark beetles (e.g., WPB). To test for these cross-scale interactions, we conduct aerial drone surveys at 32 sites along a gradient of climatic water deficit (CWD) spanning 350 km of latitude and 1000 m of elevation in WPB-impacted Sierra Nevada forests. We map, measure, and classify over 450,000 trees within 9 km2, validating measurements with coincident field plots. We find greater size, proportion, and density of ponderosa pine (the WPB host) increase host mortality rates, as does greater CWD. Critically, we find a CWD/host size interaction such that larger trees amplify host mortality rates in hot/dry sites. Management strategies for climate change adaptation should consider how bark beetle disturbances can depend on cross-scale interactions, which challenge our ability to predict and understand patterns of tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Koontz
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Earth Lab, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Mortenson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Placerville, CA, USA
| | | | - Malcolm P North
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
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Bose T, Wingfield MJ, Roux J, Vivas M, Burgess TI. Phytophthora Species Associated with Roots of Native and Non-native Trees in Natural and Managed Forests. Microb Ecol 2021; 81:122-133. [PMID: 32740757 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Roots act as a biological filter that exclusively allows only a portion of the soil-associated microbial diversity to infect the plant. This microbial diversity includes organisms both beneficial and detrimental to plants. Phytophthora species are among the most important groups of detrimental microbes that cause various soil-borne plant diseases. We used a metabarcoding approach with Phytophthora-specific primers to compare the diversity and richness of Phytophthora species associated with roots of native and non-native trees, using different types of soil inocula collected from native and managed forests. Specifically, we analysed (1) roots of two non-native tree species (Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii) and native trees, (2) roots of two non-native tree species from an in vivo plant baiting trial, (3) roots collected from the field versus those from the baiting trial, and (4) roots and soil samples collected from the field. The origin of the soil and the interaction between root and soil significantly influenced Phytophthora species richness. Moreover, species richness and community composition were significantly different between the field root samples and field soil samples with a higher number of Phytophthora species in the soil than in the roots. The results also revealed a substantial and previously undetected diversity of Phytophthora species from South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sappi Forests Pty. Ltd., Research Planning and Nurseries (RPN), Shaw Research Centre, Howick, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Maria Vivas
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Treena I Burgess
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch, Perth, Australia
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10
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Swart RC, Samways MJ, Roets F. Tree canopy arthropods have idiosyncratic responses to plant ecophysiological traits in a warm temperate forest complex. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19905. [PMID: 33199797 PMCID: PMC7670454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity studies on forest canopies often have narrow arthropod taxonomic focus, or refer to a single species of tree. In response, and to better understand the wide range of drivers of arthropod diversity in tree canopies, we conducted a large-scale, multi-taxon study which (a) included effect of immediate surroundings of an individual tree on plant physiological features, and (b), how these features affect compositional and functional arthropod diversity, in a warm, southern Afro-temperate forest. We found that tree species differed significantly in plant physiological features and arthropod diversity patterns. Surprisingly, we found negative correlation between surrounding canopy cover, and both foliar carbon and arthropod diversity in host trees, regardless of tree species. Subtle, tree intraspecific variation in physiological features correlated significantly with arthropod diversity measures, but direction and strength of correlations differed among tree species. These findings illustrate great complexity in how canopy arthropods respond to specific tree species, to immediate surroundings of host trees, and to tree physiological features. We conclude that in natural forests, loss of even one tree species, as well as homogenization of the crown layer and/or human-induced environmental change, could lead to profound and unpredictable canopy arthropod biodiversity responses, threatening forest integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi C Swart
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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11
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Gugliuzzo A, Criscione G, Biondi A, Aiello D, Vitale A, Polizzi G, Tropea Garzia G. Seasonal changes in population structure of the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus and its associated fungi in a southern Mediterranean environment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239011. [PMID: 32915885 PMCID: PMC7485756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic ambrosia beetles are increasing in Europe due to global trade and global warming. Among these xylomycetophagous insects, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a serious threat for several Mediterranean host plants. Carob trees growing in Sicily (Italy) have been extensively attacked by beetles leading to rapid tree decline. Although X. compactus has been found in Europe for several years, most aspects of its ecology are still unknown. We thus studied the population structure and dynamics of X. compactus, together with its twig size preference during a sampling of infested carob trees in south east Sicily. In addition, fungi associated with insects or galleries were isolated and characterized. The results showed that, in this newly-colonized environment and host plant, adult X. compactus overwinters inside twigs and starts to fly and reproduce in mid spring, completing five generations before overwintering in late fall. The mean diameter of carob twigs infested by the beetle varied significantly over the seasons, with the insect tending to infest larger twigs as season progresses. The mean number of adults/gallery was 19.21, ranging from 6 to 28. The minimum temperature significantly affected the overwintering adult mortality. Ambrosiella xylebori and Fusarium solani were the main symbionts associated with the pest in this study. Acremonium sp. was instead recorded for the first time in Europe inside X. compactus galleries. Several other fungi species were also found for the first time in association with X. compactus. Our findings provide useful insights into the sustainable management of this noxious pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gugliuzzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulio Criscione
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Dalia Aiello
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Polizzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tropea Garzia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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12
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Uhey DA, Riskas HL, Smith AD, Hofstetter RW. Ground-dwelling arthropods of pinyon-juniper woodlands: Arthropod community patterns are driven by climate and overall plant productivity, not host tree species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238219. [PMID: 32845929 PMCID: PMC7449382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinyon-juniper (PJ) woodlands have drastically changed over the last century with juniper encroaching into adjacent habitats and pinyon experiencing large-scale mortality events from drought. Changes in climate and forest composition may pose challenges for animal communities found in PJ woodlands, especially if animals specialize on tree species sensitive to drought. Here we test habitat specialization of ground-dwelling arthropod (GDA) communities underneath pinyon and juniper trees. We also investigate the role of climate and productivity gradients in structuring GDAs within PJ woodlands using two elevational gradients. We sampled 12,365 individuals comprising 115 taxa over two years. We found no evidence that GDAs differ under pinyon or juniper trees, save for a single species of beetle which preferred junipers. Climate and productivity, however, were strongly associated with GDA communities and appeared to drive differences between sites. Precipitation was strongly associated with arthropod richness, while differences in GDA composition were associated with environmental variables (precipitation, temperature, vapor pressure, and normalized difference vegetation index). These relationships varied among different arthropod taxa (e.g. ants and beetles) and community metrics (e.g. richness, abundance, and composition), with individual taxa also responding differently. Overall, our results suggest that GDAs are not dependent on tree type, but are strongly linked to primary productivity and climate, especially precipitation in PJ woodlands. This implies GDAs in PJ woodlands are more susceptible to changes in climate, especially at lower elevations where it is hot and dry, than changes in dominant vegetation. We discuss management implications and compare our findings to GDA relationships with vegetation in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Andrew Uhey
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah Lee Riskas
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America
| | - Aaron Dennis Smith
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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13
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Khan MA, Ahmed L, Mandal PK, Smith R, Haque M. Modelling the dynamics of Pine Wilt Disease with asymptomatic carriers and optimal control. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11412. [PMID: 32651402 PMCID: PMC7351782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease is a lethal tree disease caused by nematodes carried by pine sawyer beetles. Once affected, the trees are destroyed within a few months, resulting in significant environmental and economic losses. The role of asymptomatic carrier trees in the disease dynamics remains unclear. We developed a mathematical model to investigate the effect of asymptomatic carriers on the long-term outcome of the disease. We performed a stability and sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters and used optimal control to examine several intervention options. Our model shows that, with the application of suitable controls, the disease can be eliminated in the vector population and all tree populations except for asymptomatic carriers. Of the possible controls (tree injection, elimination of infected trees, insecticide spraying), we determined that elimination of infected trees is crucial. However, if the costs of insecticide spraying increase, it can be supplemented (although not replaced entirely) by tree injection, so long as some spraying is still undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Altaf Khan
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - L Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Robert Smith
- Department of Mathematics and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mainul Haque
- Department of Mathematics and Physics University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2UP, UK.
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14
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Lu Z, Dong S, Li C, Li L, Yu Y, Yin S, Men X. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of sulfoxaflor on the demography and feeding behaviour of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232812. [PMID: 32407334 PMCID: PMC7224452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfoxaflor, the first commercially available sulfoximine insecticide, has been used for the control of sap-feeding insect pests such as plant bugs and aphids on a variety of crops. However, its sublethal effects on the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum, one of the key insect pests of Bt cotton and fruit trees in China, have not been fully examined. Here, we evaluated the demography and feeding behaviour of A. lucorum exposed to sulfoxaflor. The leaf-dipping bioassay showed that the LC10 and LC30 of sulfoxaflor against 3rd-instar nymphs of this insect were 1.23 and 8.37 mg L-1, respectively. The LC10 significantly extended the nymphal duration and decreased the oviposition period by 5.29 days and female fecundity by 56.99% in the parent generation (F0). The longer duration of egg, 5th-instar nymphs, preadult, and male adult longevity were observed in the F1 generation (F1) at LC10. At the LC30, the duration of egg and 1st-instar nymph, female adult longevity, and oviposition period of the F1 were significantly shorter, while the nymphal duration in the F0 and duration of 5th-instar nymphs, preadult survival rate, and male adult longevity in the F1 significantly increased. The net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) in the F1 were not significantly affected by these two concentrations, whereas the mean generation time (T) was lower at the LC30. Additionally, the probe counts and cells mixture feeding time were markedly lengthened by the LC10 and LC30, respectively, when A. lucorum nymphs exposed to sulfoxaflor fed on Bt cotton plants without insecticides. These results clearly indicate that sulfoxaflor causes sublethal effects on A. lucorum and the transgenerational effects depend on the tested concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-Huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
| | - Song Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xingyuan Men
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ramos-Robles M, Vargas-Cardoso OR, Corona-López AM, Flores-Palacios A, Toledo-Hernández VH. Spatio-temporal variation of Cerambycidae-host tree interaction networks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228880. [PMID: 32040535 PMCID: PMC7010308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its high ecological importance, the commensal interactions at community level are poorly studied. In tropical dry forests (TDF) there is a great diversity of species adapted to the high seasonality that characterizes them; however, little is known regarding how the spatial and temporal availability of resources generates changes in the pattern of commensal interactions. We experimentally studied changes in the diversity, composition, and pattern of interactions in spatio-temporal associations between the saproxylophagous beetles and their host trees in a TDF in Morelos, Mexico. A total of 65 host tree species were selected, from which 16 wood sections were obtained per species. These sections were exposed in the field to allow oviposition by the cerambycids under four different (spatio-temporal) treatments. We analyzed the network structure and generated indices at species level (i.e., specialization, species strength, and effective partners) and those related to physical characteristics of the wood (hardness and degradation rate) and the cerambycids (body size). In total, 1,323 individuals of 57 species of cerambycids emerged. Our results showed that, independently of the space and time, the network presented a nested and modular structure, with a high specialization degree and a high turnover of cerambycid species and their interactions. In general, we found that the cerambycids are mostly associated with softwood species with a lower decomposition rate of wood, as well as with the most abundant host species. The commensalistic interactions between the cerambycids and their host trees are highly specialized but are not spatio-temporally static. The high turnover in the interactions is caused by the emergence patterns of cerambycids, which seem to restrict their use to certain species. The knowledge of the spatio-temporal variation in Cerambycidae-host tree interactions allows us to predict how environmental and structural changes in the habitat can modify the species ensemble, and therefore its interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ramos-Robles
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Orthon Ricardo Vargas-Cardoso
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Angélica María Corona-López
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Flores-Palacios
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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16
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Peralta G, Dickie IA, Yeates GW, Peltzer DA. Community- and trophic-level responses of soil nematodes to removal of a non-native tree at different stages of invasion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227130. [PMID: 31923283 PMCID: PMC6953854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Success of invasive non-native plant species management is usually measured as changes in the abundance of the invasive plant species or native plant species following invader management, but more complex trophic responses to invader removal are often ignored or assumed. Moreover, the effects of invader removal at different stages of the invasion process is rarely evaluated, despite a growing recognition that invader impacts are density or stage-dependent. Therefore, the effectiveness of invasive species management for restoring community structure and function across trophic levels remains poorly understood. We determined how soil nematode diversity and community composition respond to removal of the globally invasive tree species Pinus contorta at different stages of invasion by reanalysing and expanding an earlier study including uninvaded vegetation (seedlings removed continuously), early invader removal (saplings removed), late removal (trees removed), and no removal (invaded). These treatments allowed us to evaluate the stage-dependent belowground trophic responses to biological invasion and removal. We found that invaded plots had half the nematode taxa richness compared to uninvaded plots, and that tree invasion altered the overall composition of the nematode community. Differences in nematode community composition between uninvaded nematode communities and those under the tree removal strategy tended to dilute higher up the food chain, whereas the composition of uninvaded vs. sapling removal strategies did not differ significantly. Conversely, the composition of invaded compared to uninvaded nematode communities differed across all trophic levels, altering the community structure and function. Specifically, invaded communities were structurally simplified compared to uninvaded communities, and had a higher proportion of short life cycle nematodes, characteristic of disturbed environments. We demonstrate that a shift in management strategies for a globally invasive tree species from removing trees to earlier removal of saplings is needed for maintaining the composition and structure of soil nematode communities to resemble uninvaded conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian A. Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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17
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Huang J, Kautz M, Trowbridge AM, Hammerbacher A, Raffa KF, Adams HD, Goodsman DW, Xu C, Meddens AJH, Kandasamy D, Gershenzon J, Seidl R, Hartmann H. Tree defence and bark beetles in a drying world: carbon partitioning, functioning and modelling. New Phytol 2020; 225:26-36. [PMID: 31494935 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought has promoted large-scale, insect-induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological linkages among drought, tree defences, and insect outbreaks are still uncertain, hindering our ability to accurately predict tree mortality under on-going climate change. Here we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for addressing these crucial knowledge gaps. Our framework includes field manipulations, laboratory experiments, and modelling of insect and vegetation dynamics, and focuses on how drought affects interactions between conifer trees and bark beetles. We build upon existing theory and examine several key assumptions: (1) there is a trade-off in tree carbon investment between primary and secondary metabolites (e.g. growth vs defence); (2) secondary metabolites are one of the main component of tree defence against bark beetles and associated microbes; and (3) implementing conifer-bark beetle interactions in current models improves predictions of forest disturbance in a changing climate. Our framework provides guidance for addressing a major shortcoming in current implementations of large-scale vegetation models, the under-representation of insect-induced tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Kautz
- Department of Forest Health, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, 79100, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3120, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Devin W Goodsman
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Arjan J H Meddens
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
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18
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Tsykun T, Javal M, Hölling D, Roux G, Prospero S. Fine-scale invasion genetics of the quarantine pest, Anoplophora glabripennis, reconstructed in single outbreaks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19436. [PMID: 31857611 PMCID: PMC6923442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The xylophagous cerambycid Anoplophora glabripennis, the Asian long-horned beetle (ALB), is highly polyphagous and can colonize a wide range of broadleaved host trees causing significant economic damage. For this reason, it is considered a quarantine pest in Europe and North America. Although the global spread of ALB has been depicted recently, no comprehensive studies exist on the genetic pattern of populations' establishment and dynamics at fine-scale (i.e. within invasive outbreaks), before eradication measures are applied. This information may, however, be particularly important for an efficient management and control of invasive pests. Here, we characterized population genetic diversity and patterns of spread of ALB within and among the four outbreaks detected in Switzerland between 2011 and 2015. For this, we genotyped 223 specimens at 15 nuclear microsatellite loci and conducted specific population-based analyses. Our study shows: (1) At least three independent introductions and a, human-mediated, secondary dispersal event leading to the four outbreaks in the country; (2) An overall low intra-population genetic diversity in the viable and several years active invasive populations; (3) A colonization of single trees by homogeneous ALB genotypes; And (4) an establishment of populations several generations prior to its official discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Tsykun
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Marion Javal
- INRA UR633 Zoologie Forestière, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075, Orléans, cedex 2, France
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Doris Hölling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Roux
- INRA UR633 Zoologie Forestière, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075, Orléans, cedex 2, France
- Université d'Orléans - COST, 45075, Orléans, France
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Schneider GF, Coley PD, Younkin GC, Forrister DL, Mills AG, Kursar TA. Phenolics lie at the centre of functional versatility in the responses of two phytochemically diverse tropical trees to canopy thinning. J Exp Bot 2019. [PMID: 31257446 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t469v60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Saplings in the shade of the tropical understorey face the challenge of acquiring sufficient carbon for growth as well as defence against intense pest pressure. A minor increase in light availability via canopy thinning may allow for increased investment in chemical defence against pests, but it may also necessitate additional biochemical investment to prevent light-induced oxidative stress. The shifts in secondary metabolite composition that increased sun exposure may precipitate in such tree species present an ideal milieu for evaluating the potential of a single suite of phenolic secondary metabolites to be used in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stressors. To conduct such an evaluation, we exposed saplings of two unrelated species to a range of light environments and compared changes in their foliar secondary metabolome alongside corresponding changes in the abiotic and biotic activity of their secondary metabolite suites. Among the numerous classes of secondary metabolites found in both species, phenolics accounted for the majority of increases in antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties as well as activity against an invertebrate herbivore and a fungal pathogen. Our results support the hypothesis that phenolics contribute to the capacity of plants to resist co-occurring abiotic and biotic stressors in resource-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dale L Forrister
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony G Mills
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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20
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Schneider GF, Coley PD, Younkin GC, Forrister DL, Mills AG, Kursar TA. Phenolics lie at the centre of functional versatility in the responses of two phytochemically diverse tropical trees to canopy thinning. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:5853-5864. [PMID: 31257446 PMCID: PMC6812699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Saplings in the shade of the tropical understorey face the challenge of acquiring sufficient carbon for growth as well as defence against intense pest pressure. A minor increase in light availability via canopy thinning may allow for increased investment in chemical defence against pests, but it may also necessitate additional biochemical investment to prevent light-induced oxidative stress. The shifts in secondary metabolite composition that increased sun exposure may precipitate in such tree species present an ideal milieu for evaluating the potential of a single suite of phenolic secondary metabolites to be used in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stressors. To conduct such an evaluation, we exposed saplings of two unrelated species to a range of light environments and compared changes in their foliar secondary metabolome alongside corresponding changes in the abiotic and biotic activity of their secondary metabolite suites. Among the numerous classes of secondary metabolites found in both species, phenolics accounted for the majority of increases in antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties as well as activity against an invertebrate herbivore and a fungal pathogen. Our results support the hypothesis that phenolics contribute to the capacity of plants to resist co-occurring abiotic and biotic stressors in resource-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dale L Forrister
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony G Mills
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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21
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Volf M, Klimeš P, Lamarre GPA, Redmond CM, Seifert CL, Abe T, Auga J, Anderson-Teixeira K, Basset Y, Beckett S, Butterill PT, Drozd P, Gonzalez-Akre E, Kaman O, Kamata N, Laird-Hopkins B, Libra M, Manumbor M, Miller SE, Molem K, Mottl O, Murakami M, Nakaji T, Plowman NS, Pyszko P, Šigut M, Šipoš J, Tropek R, Weiblen GD, Novotny V. Quantitative assessment of plant-arthropod interactions in forest canopies: A plot-based approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222119. [PMID: 31644586 PMCID: PMC6808442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on canopy arthropods has progressed from species inventories to the study of their interactions and networks, enhancing our understanding of how hyper-diverse communities are maintained. Previous studies often focused on sampling individual tree species, individual trees or their parts. We argue that such selective sampling is not ideal when analyzing interaction network structure, and may lead to erroneous conclusions. We developed practical and reproducible sampling guidelines for the plot-based analysis of arthropod interaction networks in forest canopies. Our sampling protocol focused on insect herbivores (leaf-chewing insect larvae, miners and gallers) and non-flying invertebrate predators (spiders and ants). We quantitatively sampled the focal arthropods from felled trees, or from trees accessed by canopy cranes or cherry pickers in 53 0.1 ha forest plots in five biogeographic regions, comprising 6,280 trees in total. All three methods required a similar sampling effort and provided good foliage accessibility. Furthermore, we compared interaction networks derived from plot-based data to interaction networks derived from simulated non-plot-based data focusing either on common tree species or a representative selection of tree families. All types of non-plot-based data showed highly biased network structure towards higher connectance, higher web asymmetry, and higher nestedness temperature when compared with plot-based data. Furthermore, some types of non-plot-based data showed biased diversity of the associated herbivore species and specificity of their interactions. Plot-based sampling thus appears to be the most rigorous approach for reconstructing realistic, quantitative plant-arthropod interaction networks that are comparable across sites and regions. Studies of plant interactions have greatly benefited from a plot-based approach and we argue that studies of arthropod interactions would benefit in the same way. We conclude that plot-based studies on canopy arthropods would yield important insights into the processes of interaction network assembly and dynamics, which could be maximised via a coordinated network of plot-based study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Petr Klimeš
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Conor M. Redmond
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo L. Seifert
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomokazu Abe
- Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - John Auga
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Front Royal, VA, United States of America
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Yves Basset
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Maestria de Entomologia, Universidad de Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - Saul Beckett
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Philip T. Butterill
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Gonzalez-Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Front Royal, VA, United States of America
| | - Ondřej Kaman
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Naoto Kamata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Furano, Japan
| | - Benita Laird-Hopkins
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Libra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Manumbor
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Scott E. Miller
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Molem
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ondřej Mottl
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tatsuro Nakaji
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, Tomakomai, Japan
| | - Nichola S. Plowman
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šipoš
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Tropek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Bell Museum and Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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22
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Jactel H, Koricheva J, Castagneyrol B. Responses of forest insect pests to climate change: not so simple. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2019; 35:103-108. [PMID: 31454625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a multi-faceted phenomenon, including elevated CO2, warmer temperatures, more severe droughts and more frequent storms. All these components can affect forest pests directly, or indirectly through interactions with host trees and natural enemies. Most of the responses of forest insect herbivores to climate change are expected to be positive, with shorter generation time, higher fecundity and survival, leading to increased range expansion and outbreaks. Forest insect pest can also benefit from synergistic effects of several climate change pressures, such as hotter droughts or warmer storms. However, lesser known negative effects are also likely, such as lethal effects of heat waves or thermal shocks, less palatable host tissues or more abundant parasitoids and predators. The complex interplay between abiotic stressors, host trees, insect herbivores and their natural enemies makes it very difficult to predict overall consequences of climate change on forest health. This calls for the development of process-based models to simulate pest population dynamics under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Jactel
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), UMR 1202 BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France.
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), UMR 1202 BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
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23
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Acquadro A, Torello Marinoni D, Sartor C, Dini F, Macchio M, Botta R. Transcriptome characterization and expression profiling in chestnut cultivars resistant or susceptible to the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 295:107-120. [PMID: 31506717 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oriental gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus represents a limiting pest for the European Chestnut (Castanea sativa, Fagaceae) as it creates severe yield losses. The European Chestnut is a deciduous tree, having major social, economic and environmental importance in Southern Europe, covering an area of 2.53 million hectares, including 75,000 ha devoted to fruit production. Cultivars show different susceptibility and very few are resistant to gall wasp. To deeply investigate the plant response and understand which factors can lead the plant to develop or not the gall, the study of transcriptome is basic (fundamental). To date, little transcriptomic information are available for C. sativa species. Hence, we present a de novo assembly of the chestnut transcriptome of the resistant Euro-Japanese hybrid 'Bouche de Bétizac' (BB) and the susceptible cultivar 'Madonna' (M), collecting RNA from buds at different stages of budburst. The two transcriptomes were assembled into 34,081 (BB) and 30,605 (M) unigenes, respectively. The former was used as a reference sequence for further characterization analyses, highlighting the presence of 1444 putative resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and about 1135 unigenes, as putative MiRNA targets. A global quantitative transcriptome profiling comparing the resistant and the susceptible cultivars, in the presence or not of the gall wasp, revealed some GO enrichments as "response to stimulus" (GO:0050896), and "developmental processes" (e.g., post-embryonic development, GO:0009791). Many up-regulated genes appeared to be transcription factors (e.g., RAV1, AP2/ERF, WRKY33) or protein regulators (e.g., RAPTOR1B) and storage proteins (e.g., LEA D29) involved in "post-embryonic development". Our analysis was able to provide a large amount of information, including 7k simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 335k single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/INDEL markers, and generated the first reference unigene catalog for the European Chestnut. The transcriptome data for C. sativa will contribute to understand the genetic basis of the resistance to gall wasp and will provide useful information for next molecular genetic studies of this species and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Acquadro
- DISAFA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- DISAFA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Chiara Sartor
- DISAFA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesca Dini
- DISAFA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Matteo Macchio
- DISAFA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- DISAFA, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
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24
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Yemshanov D, Haight RG, Chen C, Liu N, MacQuarrie CJK, Koch FH, Venette R, Ryall K. Managing biological invasions in urban environments with the acceptance sampling approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220687. [PMID: 31442239 PMCID: PMC6707552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detections of invasive species outbreaks are often followed by the removal of susceptible host organisms in order to slow the spread of the invading pest population. We propose the acceptance sampling approach for detection and optional removal of susceptible host trees to manage an outbreak of the emerald ash borer (EAB), a highly destructive forest pest, in Winnipeg, Canada. We compare the strategy with two common delimiting survey techniques that do not consider follow-up management actions such as host removal. Our results show that the management objective influences the survey strategy. The survey-only strategies maximized the capacity to detect new infestations and prioritized sites with high likelihood of being invaded. Comparatively, the surveys with subsequent host removal actions allocated most of the budget to sites where complete host removal would minimize the pest's ability to spread to uninvaded locations. Uncertainty about the pest's spread causes the host removal measures to cover a larger area in a uniform spatial pattern and extend to farther distances from already infested sites. If a decision maker is ambiguity-averse and strives to avoid the worst-case damages from the invasion, the optimal strategy is to survey more sites with high host densities and remove trees from sites at farther distances, where EAB arrivals may be uncertain, but could cause significant damage if not detected quickly. Accounting for the uncertainty about spread helps develop a more robust pest management strategy. The approach is generalizable and can support management programs for new pest incursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Yemshanov
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre,Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert G. Haight
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Cuicui Chen
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Ning Liu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre,Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Christian J. K. MacQuarrie
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre,Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Frank H. Koch
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert Venette
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Krista Ryall
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre,Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
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25
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Gonzalez-Escobedo R, Briones-Roblero CI, López MF, Rivera-Orduña FN, Zúñiga G. Changes in the Microbial Community of Pinus arizonica Saplings After Being Colonized by the Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Microb Ecol 2019; 78:102-112. [PMID: 30349964 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The death of trees is an ecological process that promotes regeneration, organic matter recycling, and the structure of communities. However, diverse biotic and abiotic factors can disturb this process. Dendroctonus bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are natural inhabitants of pine forests, some of which produce periodic outbreaks, killing thousands of trees in the process. These insects spend almost their entire life cycle under tree bark, where they reproduce and feed on phloem. Tunneling and feeding of the beetles result in the death of the tree and an alteration of the resident microbiota as well as the introduction of microbes that the beetles vector. To understand how microbial communities in subcortical tissues of pines change after they are colonized by the bark beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus, we compare both the bacterial and fungal community structures in two colonization stages of Pinus arizonica (Arizona pine) employing Illumina MiSeq. Our findings showed significant differences in diversity and the dominance of bacterial community in the two colonization stages with Shannon (P = 0.004) and Simpson (P = 0.0006) indices, respectively, but not in species richness with Chao1 (P = 0.19). In contrast, fungal communities in both stages showed significant differences in species richness with Chao1 (P = 0.0003) and a diversity with Shannon index (P = 0.038), but not in the dominance with the Simpson index (P = 0.12). The β-diversity also showed significant changes in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities along the colonization stages, maintaining the dominant members in both cases. Our results suggest that microbial communities present in the Arizona pine at the tree early colonization stage by bark beetle change predictably over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gonzalez-Escobedo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos I Briones-Roblero
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda López
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Flor N Rivera-Orduña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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26
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Westbrook JW, James JB, Sisco PH, Frampton J, Lucas S, Jeffers SN. Resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in American Chestnut ( Castanea dentata) Backcross Populations that Descended from Two Chinese Chestnut ( Castanea mollissima) Sources of Resistance. Plant Dis 2019; 103:1631-1641. [PMID: 31033400 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-18-1976-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) depends on combining resistance to both the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) and Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes Phytophthora root rot, in a diverse population of C. dentata. Over a 14-year period (2004 to 2017), survival and root health of American chestnut backcross seedlings after inoculation with P. cinnamomi were compared among 28 BC3, 66 BC4, and 389 BC3F3 families that descended from two BC1 trees (Clapper and Graves) with different Chinese chestnut grandparents. The 5% most resistant Graves BC3F3 families survived P. cinnamomi infection at rates of 75 to 100% but had mean root health scores that were intermediate between resistant Chinese chestnut and susceptible American chestnut families. Within Graves BC3F3 families, seedling survival was greater than survival of Graves BC3 and BC4 families and was not genetically correlated with chestnut blight canker severity. Only low to intermediate resistance to P. cinnamomi was detected among backcross descendants from the Clapper tree. Results suggest that major-effect resistance alleles were inherited by descendants from the Graves tree, that intercrossing backcross trees enhances progeny resistance to P. cinnamomi, and that alleles for resistance to P. cinnamomi and C. parasitica are not linked. To combine resistance to both C. parasitica and P. cinnamomi, a diverse Graves backcross population will be screened for resistance to P. cinnamomi, survivors bred with trees selected for resistance to C. parasitica, and progeny selected for resistance to both pathogens will be intercrossed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph B James
- 2 The American Chestnut Foundation and Chestnut Return Farms, Seneca, SC 29672
| | - Paul H Sisco
- 1 The American Chestnut Foundation, Asheville, NC 28804
| | - John Frampton
- 3 Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Sunny Lucas
- 4 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Resistance Screening Center, Asheville, NC 28806
| | - Steven N Jeffers
- 5 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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27
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Abstract
Forest workers, including loggers, foresters, and wildland firefighters, are regularly exposed to some of the most fatal occupational environments in the United States. These hazardous work environments may become even more complex and dynamic when subject to bark beetle outbreaks that have resulted in significant tree mortality. The impacts of tree death from bark beetles are significant, with the cumulative 17-year (2000-2016) footprint for bark beetle caused tree mortality estimated at 54 million acres. However, how workers think about and act in these environments is understudied. This study, therefore, approaches the issue of beetle kill and forest worker safety by examining the perspectives or workers themselves. Its contribution is to leverage ethnographic research to provide insights that can generate new research questions, better inform outreach, and ultimately improve worker safety outcomes. The resulting insights show that beetle kill was understood by workers as a hazard that increased the complexity and dynamism of the work environment, making situational awareness both more necessary and more difficult to maintain. While much research about situational awareness focuses on hazardous situations, it is suggested that building adequate situational awareness should also include broader considerations of organizational communication, as well as training and experience considered over the course of entire careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J. Durbin
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Casper G. Bendixsen
- National Farm Medicine Center, National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, USA
| | | | - Abigaile Molzer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Sarah Strauss
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
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28
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Abstract
Beetles (Coleoptera) comprise about one quarter of all described animal species. One of the main contributors to their evolutionary success is the elytra, or hardened forewings, which have protective functions while maintaining their ability to fly. Unlike other beetles, some ship-timber beetles (Lymexylidae) have extremely small elytra and largely exposed functional hindwings. There is little fossil evidence illuminating the evolutionary history of short elytra in lymexylids. Here, I report five well-preserved lymexylid fossils in mid-Cretaceous and Cenozoic ambers from Myanmar (ca. 99 million years ago [Mya]), Russia (ca. 44 Mya), and the Dominican Republic (ca. 16 Mya). Three Cretaceous fossils have strongly reduced, shortened elytra, with unexpected variation in elytral size and shape, whereas very small, modified elytra are found only in much younger Dominican amber. These morphologically diverse extinct lymexylids shed new light on the early origin and evolutionary history of elytra reduction and its diverse variation in the ship-timber beetles. Based on the striking morphological similarities with extant lymexylids, these extinct taxa might have had the same, or similar, ecological, behavioural, and flight modes as the extant ship-timber beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shûhei Yamamoto
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA.
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29
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Cardil A, Otsu K, Pla M, Silva CA, Brotons L. Quantifying pine processionary moth defoliation in a pine-oak mixed forest using unmanned aerial systems and multispectral imagery. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213027. [PMID: 30889176 PMCID: PMC6424397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine processionary moth (PPM) feeds on conifer foliage and periodically result in outbreaks leading to large scale defoliation, causing decreased tree growth, vitality and tree reproduction capacity. Multispectral high-resolution imagery acquired from a UAS platform was successfully used to assess pest tree damage at the tree level in a pine-oak mixed forest. We generated point clouds and multispectral orthomosaics from UAS through photogrammetric processes. These were used to automatically delineate individual tree crowns and calculate vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and excess green index (ExG) to objectively quantify defoliation of trees previously identified. Overall, our research suggests that UAS imagery and its derived products enable robust estimation of tree crowns with acceptable accuracy and the assessment of tree defoliation by classifying trees along a gradient from completely defoliated to non-defoliated automatically with 81.8% overall accuracy. The promising results presented in this work should inspire further research and applications involving a combination of methods allowing the scaling up of the results on multispectral imagery by integrating satellite remote sensing information in the assessments over large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cardil
- School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Tecnosylva SL, Parque tecnológico León, León, Spain
- * E-mail: (AC); (LB)
| | | | - Magda Pla
- InForest Joint Research Unit, (CTFC-CREAF) Solsona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Silva
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Lab, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lluis Brotons
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- InForest Joint Research Unit, (CTFC-CREAF) Solsona, Spain
- CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- * E-mail: (AC); (LB)
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Fayram AH, Monahan WB, Krist FJ, Sapio FJ. The relationship between tree mortality from a pine beetle epidemic and increased dissolved copper levels in the upper Big Thompson River, Colorado. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:188. [PMID: 30806812 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains caused substantial tree mortality starting in the late 1990s, and continued into the 2000s, with the most severe mortality occurring from 2002 to 2012. Over the same time period, concentrations of dissolved copper in the Big Thompson River (BTR), Colorado, USA, increased significantly and are high enough to negatively affect aquatic life. We examined correlations between dissolved copper and tree mortality in the BTR. Two sites, one consisting of water from the western side of the continental divide and one consisting of water from the eastern side, demonstrated a positive relationship between percentage tree mortality and dissolved copper. The relationships were similar except that the best relationship occurred with a 3-year lag between tree mortality and subsequent dissolved copper levels at the eastern site and with a 5-year lag at the western site. The differential time lag is potentially the result of different levels of carbon in the soil in the watersheds associated with each site because carbon can affect copper mobility. Our results suggest that bark beetle-induced tree mortality may contribute significantly to dissolved copper levels in the BTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Fayram
- Big Thompson Watershed Forum, 800 South Taft Avenue, Loveland, CO, 80537, USA.
| | - William B Monahan
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, 2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. A., Suite 331, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-1891, USA
| | - Frank J Krist
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, 2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. A., Suite 331, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-1891, USA
| | - Frank J Sapio
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, 2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. A., Suite 331, Fort Collins, CO, 80526-1891, USA
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Jiménez-Franco MV, Martínez-Fernández J, Martínez JE, Pagán I, Calvo JF, Esteve MA. Nest sites as a key resource for population persistence: A case study modelling nest occupancy under forestry practices. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205404. [PMID: 30308009 PMCID: PMC6181357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural nest sites are important breeding resource in terms of population dynamics, especially in forest systems where nest trees limit populations or timber harvesting destroys nests. Nest structures usually have a long life and can be reused by breeding pairs across multiple breeding seasons, so studying their dynamics is of relevance for biodiversity conservation. In this study, we develop a dynamic model to evaluate nest site availability and its influence on the breeding settlement of a forest raptor community composed of booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem in southeast Spain. This model approach is also applied to analyse the influence of forestry practices on the dynamics of occupied nests for a simulated period (2010–2050). The simulated scenarios include unmanaged forest and timber harvesting practices of clearcuttings every ten years considering two factors: the age class of trees for clearcutting (40, 50, 60 and 70 years old) and the type of forest management (with or without nest protection). Our simulated results show that the number of breeding pairs is constant during the period without timber harvest, whereas breeding pairs gradually decrease in the scenario of clearcutting trees aged from 70 to 50-years without nest protection, and populations become extinct with the clearcutting of 40-year old trees. Considering the practice of clearcutting and nest protection, nest occupancy can reach the maximum number of occupied nests for the scenarios of cutting 70 and 60-year old trees, and maintain populations without extinction for the scenarios of cutting 40-year old trees. We conclude that nest sites (whether occupied or not) are key resources for increasing the occupancy of the forest raptor community and that nest protection measures buffer the effects of clearcuttings, thus preventing population extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V. Jiménez-Franco
- Área de Ecología, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - José E. Martínez
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Bonelli’s Eagle Study and Conservation Group, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iluminada Pagán
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José F. Calvo
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Esteve
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Ilyas M, Avelar S, Schuch UK, Brown JK. First Report of an Emaravirus Associated with Witches' Broom Disease and Eriophyid Mite Infestations of the Blue Palo Verde Tree in Arizona. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1863. [PMID: 30125163 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0124-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ilyas
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - S Avelar
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - U K Schuch
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - J K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Abstract
Gall-making Cynipidae manipulate the leaves of host plant to form galls where offspring find shelter and food. The relationship between oak gallwasp and biochemical mechanisms of galls still requires a better understanding. So, in this research, protein and phenolic compound contents, as well as the activity of antioxidative enzymes and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were determined. Galls caused by asexual generation of Cynips quercusfolii L., Neuroterus numismalis (Fourc.) and N. quercusbaccarum L., as a model were used. All cynipid species modified the protein levels of gall tissues, but they cannot be treated as protein sinks. Significantly higher levels of phenols were observed in the galled leaves and galls of all cynipid species when compared with the control tissues. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity was usually low or showed no activity in galled tissues of all species. PR proteins, such as chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, had a similar activity profile. Their activity significantly increased in the leaves with galls of all cynipid species, especially those infested with C. quercusfolii. Data generated in this study clearly indicate that galling Cynipidae manipulate the biochemical machinery of the galls for their own needs. However, the pattern of the biochemical features of leaves with galls and galled tissues depends on gall-making species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kot
- Department of Entomology,University of Life Sciences in Lublin,Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin,Poland
| | - A Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry,University of Life Sciences in Lublin,Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin,Poland
| | - M Karaś
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry,University of Life Sciences in Lublin,Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin,Poland
| | - U Złotek
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry,University of Life Sciences in Lublin,Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin,Poland
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Lira-Noriega A, Soberón J, Equihua J. Potential invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea sp. in Mexico: A major threat for native and cultivated forest ecosystems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10179. [PMID: 29976993 PMCID: PMC6033885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the invasive potential of two Asian ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea sp., into Mexico and the southern United States. The fungal symbionts of these beetles have been responsible for damage to trees of the family Lauraceae, including Persea americana and other non-cultivated tree species on both coasts of the United States. We estimate their potential threat using ecological niche modeling and spatial multi-criteria evaluation protocols to incorporate plant and beetle suitabilities as well as forest stress factors across Mexico. Mexico contains higher climatic and habitat suitability for X. glabratus than for Euwallacea sp. Within this country, the neotropical region is most vulnerable to invasion by both of these species. We also identify a corridor of potential invasion for X. glabratus along the Gulf of Mexico coast where most Lauraceae and native Xyleborus species are present; dispersal of either X. glabratus or Euwallacea sp. into this region would likely lead to major disease spread. However, the overall potential damage that these beetles can cause may be a function of how many reproductive hosts and how many other ambrosia beetles are present, as well as of their capacity to disperse. This work can also alert relevant managers and authorities regarding this threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Lira-Noriega
- CONACyT Research Fellow, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Soberón
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Julián Equihua
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico - Insurgentes Sur 4903, Col. Parques del Pedregal, Delegación Tlalpan, 14010, D.F, Mexico
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Mayorquin JS, Carrillo JD, Twizeyimana M, Peacock BB, Sugino KY, Na F, Wang DH, Kabashima JN, Eskalen A. Chemical Management of Invasive Shot Hole Borer and Fusarium Dieback in California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) in Southern California. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1307-1315. [PMID: 30673581 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-17-1569-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium dieback (FD) is a new vascular disease of hardwood trees caused by Fusarium spp. and other associated fungal species which are vectored by two recently introduced and highly invasive species of ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus). One of these ambrosia beetles is known as the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and the other as the Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB). Together with the fungi that they vector, this pest-disease complex is known as the shot hole borer-Fusarium dieback (SHB-FD) complex. Mitigation of this pest-disease complex currently relies on tree removal; however, this practice is expensive and impractical given the wide host range and rapid advancement of the beetles throughout hardwoods in southern California. This study reports on the assessment of various pesticides for use in the management of SHB-FD. In vitro screening of 13 fungicides revealed that pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin generally have lower effective concentration that reduces 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) values across all fungal symbionts of PSHB and KSHB; metconazole was found to have lower EC50 values for Fusarium spp. and Paracremonium pembeum. Triadimefon and fluxapyroxad were not capable of inhibiting any fungal symbiont at the concentrations tested. A 1-year field study showed that two insecticides, emamectin benzoate alone and in combination with propiconazole, and bifenthrin, could significantly reduce SHB attacks. Two injected fungicides (tebuconazole and a combination of carbendazim and debacarb) and one spray fungicide (metconazole) could also significantly reduce SHB attacks. Bioassays designed to assess fungicide retention 1 year postapplication revealed that six of the seven fungicides exhibited some level of inhibition in vitro and all thiabendazole-treated trees sampled exhibiting inhibition. This study has identified several pesticides which can be implemented as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce SHB infestation in low to moderately infested landscape California sycamore trees and potentially other landscape trees currently affected by SHB-FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S Mayorquin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Joseph D Carrillo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Mathias Twizeyimana
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Beth B Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Kameron Y Sugino
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Francis Na
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Danny H Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - John N Kabashima
- University of California Cooperative Extension (Orange County), Irvine 92618
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis
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Balogh SL, Huber DPW, Lindgren BS. Single-generation effects on terpenoid defenses in lodgepole pine populations following mountain pine beetle infestation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196063. [PMID: 29758027 PMCID: PMC5951554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent mountain pine beetle outbreak in western Canada provides an opportunity to study the selection and heritability of tree defenses. We examined terpenoid-based defenses of seedling lodgepole pines which were offspring of mature trees subjected to high levels of mountain pine beetle selective pressure. Seedlings were grown from one of three types of cones: old cones on live trees; young cones on live trees; and cones on trees killed by beetles. Offspring thus represented crosses of non-surviving (NS) x surviving (S), S x S, and NS x NS parents, respectively. Methyl jasmonate was used to induce a defensive reaction in the seedlings. Seed source had a significant effect on levels of ten different terpenes, but not on total terpene concentrations. When the seedlings were grouped by location and treatment type, the seedlings of different cone types could be almost entirely distinguished by terpene profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharleen L. Balogh
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dezene P. W. Huber
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - B. Staffan Lindgren
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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Kollas C, Gutsch M, Hommel R, Lasch-Born P, Suckow F. Mistletoe-induced growth reductions at the forest stand scale. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:735-744. [PMID: 29190390 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hemiparasite European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) adversely affects growth and reproduction of the host Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and in consequence may lead to tree death. Here, we aimed to estimate mistletoe-induced losses in timber yield applying the process-based forest growth model 4C. The parasite was implemented into the eco-physiological forest growth model 4C using (literature-derived) established impacts of the parasite on the tree's water and carbon cycle. The amended model was validated simulating a sample forest stand in the Berlin area (Germany) comprising trees with and without mistletoe infection. At the same forest stand, tree core measurements were taken to evaluate simulated and observed growth. A subsample of trees were harvested to quantify biomass compartments of the tree canopy and to derive a growth function of the mistletoe population. The process-based simulations of the forest stand revealed 27% reduction in basal area increment (BAI) during the last 9 years of heavy infection, which was confirmed by the measurements (29% mean growth reduction). The long-term simulations of the forest stand before and during the parasite infection showed that the amended forest growth model 4C depicts well the BAI growth pattern during >100 years and also quantifies well the mistletoe-induced growth reductions in Scots pine stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kollas
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Hommel
- Eberswalde University of Sustainable Development, Schicklerstraße 5, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Petra Lasch-Born
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felicitas Suckow
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PO Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
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Kahuthia-Gathu R, Kirubi Thungu D, Wangu L, Kimani R. Wood-boring beetles associated with Acacia xanthophloea in Nairobi and Machakos Counties, Kenya. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188773. [PMID: 29584732 PMCID: PMC5870935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naivasha thorn tree, Acacia xanthophloea, is grown for foliage, timber, shade and rehabilitation of soils in areas with high water tables in Kenya. Its production is threatened by insect pests, which cause major losses. Very little is documented on wood-boring beetles which cause considerable economic damage to lumber used in a variety of applications, and little is known about their natural enemies in Kenya. We conducted the study to evaluate the occurrence of wood-boring beetles on A. xanthophloea in two different regions of Kenya. Infested wood samples of A. xanthophloea with fresh exit holes were collected from three sites in Kenyatta University (KU), Nairobi and Mitaboni in Machakos, Kenya. The samples were placed in clear plastic buckets and kept at ambient temperatures 23±2°C, 65±10% relative humidity and 12L: 12D in a laboratory where they were observed daily for adult emergence. Adult beetles were collected every three days for identification and data recording. The experiment was replicated four times and data collected twice a week for 6 months. Data on abundance was subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. A total of 5,850 and 4,691 beetles were collected where 2,187 and 3,097 were Bostrichidae, accounting for 37% and 66% in KU and Mitaboni, respectively. A total of 12 bostrichid species was identified, including Sinoxylon ruficorne, S. doliolum, Xylion adustus, Xyloperthodes nitidipennis, Xyloperthella picea, Xylopsocus castanoptera, Lyctus brunneus, Heterbostrychus brunneus, Xylopsocus sp., and Dinoderus gabonicus. The most abundant species in KU was Xylion adustus with 1,915 beetles accounting for 88.4%, and Sinoxylon ruficorne in Mitaboni with 1,050 beetles accounting for 33.9% of the total. Sinoxylon ruficorne was only recorded in Mitaboni while only 2 specimens of D. gabonicus were found in KU. The mean number of exit holes on A. xanthophloea differed significantly between sites, which corresponded approximately to the amount of economic damage caused by the beetles to the structural integrity of the lumber. In addition, a number of predators in the family Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Histeridae and parasitoids from Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcididae were recovered, suggesting a need to conduct further studies to document these species' diversity, parasitism rates and efficacy for possible biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu
- Kenyatta University, Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan Kirubi Thungu
- Kenyatta University, Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Wangu
- Kenyatta University, Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rachael Kimani
- Kenyatta University, Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Arnberger A, Ebenberger M, Schneider IE, Cottrell S, Schlueter AC, von Ruschkowski E, Venette RC, Snyder SA, Gobster PH. Visitor Preferences for Visual Changes in Bark Beetle-Impacted Forest Recreation Settings in the United States and Germany. Environ Manage 2018; 61:209-223. [PMID: 29273996 PMCID: PMC5797559 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensive outbreaks of tree-killing insects are increasing across forests in Europe and North America due to climate change and other factors. Yet, little recent research examines visitor response to visual changes in conifer forest recreation settings resulting from forest insect infestations, how visitors weigh trade-offs between physical and social forest environment factors, or how visitor preferences might differ by nationality. This study explored forest visitor preferences with a discrete choice experiment that photographically simulated conifer forest stands with varying levels of bark beetle outbreaks, forest and visitor management practices, and visitor use levels and compositions. On-site surveys were conducted with visitors to State Forest State Park in Colorado (n = 200), Lake Bemidji State Park in Minnesota (n = 228), and Harz National Park in Germany (n = 208). Results revealed that the condition of the immediate forest surrounding was the most important variable influencing visitors' landscape preferences. Visitors preferred healthy mature forest stands and disliked forests with substantial dead wood. The number of visitors was the most important social factor influencing visitor landscape preferences. Differences in the influence of physical and social factors on visual preferences existed between study sites. Findings suggest that both visual forest conditions and visitor use management are important concerns in addressing landscape preferences for beetle-impacted forest recreation areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Arnberger
- Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Ebenberger
- Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stuart Cottrell
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | | | | | - Robert C Venette
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-St Paul, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Paul H Gobster
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Wójciak-Kosior M, Sowa I, Pucek K, Szymczak G, Kocjan R, Luchowski P. Evaluation of seasonal changes of triterpenic acid contents in Viscum album from different host trees. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:1-4. [PMID: 27593449 PMCID: PMC7011989 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1225773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Viscum album L. (Loranthaceae) is a semi-parasitic plant used in pharmacy and medicine mostly for its hypotensive and anticancer activity. The effects may be related to the presence of triterpenic acids, such as betulinic (BA) and oleanolic (OA) acids. OBJECTIVES In our investigations the content of triterpenic acids in V. album from different host trees depending on the season of harvest was determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS V. album herb was dried and extracted with ethyl acetate using ultrasound energy. The reversed phase HPLC-PDA method was used for the analysis of triterpenic acids. The structure of the target components was confirmed by mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization source. RESULTS Diversity in the content of both compounds was noted; however, OA was the dominant triterpenic acid and the amount thereof was ∼10 times higher than that of BA. The analysis of changes in the amount of triterpenic acids during the spring-winter period revealed the highest content of OA in summer (from 6.84 to 13.65 mg/g). In turn, in the other seasons of harvest, the content was in the range of 4.41-9.83, 6.41-9.56 and 5.59-12.16 mg/g for spring, autumn and winter, respectively. In most cases, a similar tendency was observed for BA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In most cases, the highest amount of the investigated compounds was found in summer; thus, this period seems to be optimal for acquisition of plant material rich in triterpenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical
University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- CONTACT Magdalena Wójciak-KosiorDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of
Lublin, Chodźki 4a, Lublin 20-093,
Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical
University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Pucek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical
University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Szymczak
- Botanical Garden of Maria Curie-Skłodowska
University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Kocjan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical
University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Luchowski
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of
Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Lee YF, Kuo YM, Chang HY, Tsai CF, Baba S. Foraging dispersion of Ryukyu flying-foxes and relationships with fig abundance in East-Asian subtropical island forests. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 29137616 PMCID: PMC5686908 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Figs are widely distributed key resources to many tropical-subtropical animals, and flying-foxes are major consumers and seed dispersers of figs. Bat-fig interrelationships, however, may vary among species differing in fruiting traits, i.e., bat- versus bird-dispersed figs. We examined Ryukyu flying-fox foraging dispersion and the relationships with tree species composition and fig abundance in forests of Iriomote Island. RESULTS Bat foraging dispersion showed no spatial patterns with respect to different areas of the island, and was not explained by heterogeneity, density, or basal area (BA) of total trees, nor by relative density or BA of fruiting trees or total fruiting figs among sites. Instead, bat densities were positively dependent on the relative density of total figs, and particularly the relative BA of bat-dispersed figs Ficus septica and F. variegata. Both species were dominant figs in forests, fruiting asynchronously with long crop seasons, and were used as predominant foods. Bats foraged mostly solitarily and the mean density was in a hump-shaped relationship with crop sizes of the dominant bat-figs. These two species and Ficus benguetensis are larger-sized bat-figs, all contained more seeds, higher dry-pulp mass and water mass, but not necessarily water content. By approximate estimation, higher proportions of seeds of these bat-figs would have been removed from fruits through the bat consumption, than that of small-sized bird-figs like F. virgata, F. superba, and F. microcarpa. CONCLUSIONS The foraging dispersion of Ryukyu flying-foxes in forests depends on the availability of the most abundant bat-figs that serve as predominant foods. Intermediate levels of crop sizes of theses figs appear most fit with their solitary foraging. Our results suggest that as density and BA coverage of these dominant bat-figs are below a certain level, their effectiveness to attract bats may dwindle and so would their chance of dispersal by bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Min Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Shigeyuki Baba
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Present Address: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Rubert-Nason KF, Couture JJ, Gryzmala EA, Townsend PA, Lindroth RL. Vernal freeze damage and genetic variation alter tree growth, chemistry, and insect interactions. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:2743-2753. [PMID: 28755489 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anticipated consequences of climate change in temperate regions include early spring warmup punctuated by intermittent hard freezes. Warm weather accelerates leaf flush in perennial woody species, potentially exposing vulnerable young tissues to damaging frosts. We employed a 2 × 6 randomized factorial design to examine how the interplay of vernal (springtime) freeze damage and genetic variation in a hardwood species (Populus tremuloides) influences tree growth, phytochemistry, and interactions with an insect herbivore (Chaitophorus stevensis). Acute effects of freezing included defoliation and mortality. Surviving trees exhibited reduced growth and altered biomass distribution. Reflushed leaves on these trees had lower mass per area, lower lignin concentrations, and higher nitrogen concentrations, altered chemical defence profiles, and supported faster aphid population growth. Many effects varied among plant genotypes and were related with herbivore performance. This study suggests that a single damaging vernal freeze event can alter tree-insect interactions through effects on plant growth and chemistry. Differential responses of various genotypes to freeze damage suggest that more frequent vernal freeze events could also influence natural selection, favouring trees with greater freeze hardiness, and more resistance or tolerance to herbivores following damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J Couture
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gryzmala
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Beaulieu J, Ford B, Balci Y. Genotypic Diversity of Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. plurivora in Maryland's Nurseries and Mid-Atlantic Forests. Phytopathology 2017; 107:769-776. [PMID: 28168927 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-16-0215-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity of two Phytophthora spp.-P. cinnamomi (102 isolates), commonly encountered in Maryland nurseries and forests in the Mid-Atlantic United States, and P. plurivora (186 isolates), a species common in nurseries-was characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Expected heterozygosity and other indices suggested a lower level of diversity among P. cinnamomi than P. plurivora isolates. Hierarchical clustering showed P. cinnamomi isolates separated into four clusters, and two of the largest clusters were closely related, containing 80% of the isolates. In contrast, P. plurivora isolates separated into six clusters, one of which included approximately 40% of the isolates. P. plurivora isolates recovered from the environment (e.g., soil and water) were genotypically more diverse than those found causing lesions. For both species, isolate origin (forest versus nursery or among nurseries) was a significant factor of heterozygosity. Clonal groups existed within P. cinnamomi and P. plurivora and included isolates from both forest and nurseries, suggesting that a pathway from nurseries to forests or vice versa exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Beaulieu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Blaine Ford
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Yilmaz Balci
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park
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Yang D, Goldstein G, Wang M, Zhang WW, Wang AY, Liu YY, Hao GY. Microenvironment in the canopy rivals the host tree water status in controlling sap flow of a mistletoe species. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:501-510. [PMID: 28338947 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mistletoes absorb water from the vascular system of their hosts and thus the water use of mistletoes can be influenced by the water status of their hosts besides abiotic environmental conditions; however, there is a lack of studies on the dynamics of mistletoe water utilization in relation to both types of controlling factors. By building a canopy platform at 20 m above the ground, we monitored the dynamic changes of sap flow of Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai (Loranthaceae) in combination with continuous measurements of microclimatic variables and volumetric water content (VWC) of its host tree branch xylem. We found that the host tree VWC exhibited substantial fluctuations during sunny days but lower VWC of the host did not negatively affect the sap flow of V. coloratum. Hourly and daily mean transpiration rates (Esap) of V. coloratum calculated from sap flow measurements showed strong positive correlations with photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) measured in close vicinity to the point of mistletoe attachment. The mean Esap of V. coloratum was substantially higher than that of their host during clear days (4.55 ± 0.54 vs 2.01 ± 0.15 kg m-2 day-1). Moreover, the mistletoe-to-host transpiration ratio was not constant but became increasingly larger with the increase of PPFD or VPD on both hourly and daily bases, suggesting a weaker control of water loss in the mistletoe in comparison to its host species. The strong dependence of mistletoe Esap on micrometeorological variables and its decoupling from the host tree xylem water status suggests that the development of dense tree canopy functions as a potential mechanism for the host trees in reducing the competitive water use of mistletoes. These findings have important implications for the interactions between mistletoe species and their host trees in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, PO Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Ai-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
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Kambach S, Kühn I, Castagneyrol B, Bruelheide H. The Impact of Tree Diversity on Different Aspects of Insect Herbivory along a Global Temperature Gradient - A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165815. [PMID: 27835651 PMCID: PMC5105991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests with higher tree diversity are often assumed to be more resistant to insect herbivores but whether this effect depends on climatic conditions is so far poorly understood. In particular, a forest’s resistance to herbivory may depend on mean annual temperature (MAT) as a key driver of plant and insect phenology. We carried out a global meta-analysis on regression coefficients between tree diversity and four aspects of insect herbivory, namely herbivore damage, abundance, incidence rate and species richness. To test for a potential shift of tree diversity effects along a global gradient of MAT we applied mixed-effects models and estimated grand mean effect sizes and the influence of MAT, experimental vs. observational studies and herbivores diet breadth. There was no overall effect of tree diversity on the pooled effect sizes of insect herbivore damage, abundance and incidence rate. However, when analysed separately, we found positive grand mean effect sizes for herbivore abundance and species richness. For herbivore damage and incidence rate we found a significant but opposing shift along a gradient of MAT indicating that with increasing MAT diversity effects on herbivore damage tend towards associational resistance whereas diversity effects on incidence rates tend towards associational susceptibility. Our results contradict previous meta-analyses reporting overall associational resistance to insect herbivores in mixed forests. Instead, we report that tree diversity effects on insect herbivores can follow a biogeographic pattern calling for further in-depth studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kambach
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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McKenna DD, Scully ED, Pauchet Y, Hoover K, Kirsch R, Geib SM, Mitchell RF, Waterhouse RM, Ahn SJ, Arsala D, Benoit JB, Blackmon H, Bledsoe T, Bowsher JH, Busch A, Calla B, Chao H, Childers AK, Childers C, Clarke DJ, Cohen L, Demuth JP, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Duan JJ, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Glastad KM, Goodisman MAD, Haddad S, Han Y, Hughes DST, Ioannidis P, Johnston JS, Jones JW, Kuhn LA, Lance DR, Lee CY, Lee SL, Lin H, Lynch JA, Moczek AP, Murali SC, Muzny DM, Nelson DR, Palli SR, Panfilio KA, Pers D, Poelchau MF, Quan H, Qu J, Ray AM, Rinehart JP, Robertson HM, Roehrdanz R, Rosendale AJ, Shin S, Silva C, Torson AS, Jentzsch IMV, Werren JH, Worley KC, Yocum G, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Genome of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), a globally significant invasive species, reveals key functional and evolutionary innovations at the beetle-plant interface. Genome Biol 2016; 17:227. [PMID: 27832824 PMCID: PMC5105290 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively little is known about the genomic basis and evolution of wood-feeding in beetles. We undertook genome sequencing and annotation, gene expression assays, studies of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, and other functional and comparative studies of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, a globally significant invasive species capable of inflicting severe feeding damage on many important tree species. Complementary studies of genes encoding enzymes involved in digestion of woody plant tissues or detoxification of plant allelochemicals were undertaken with the genomes of 14 additional insects, including the newly sequenced emerald ash borer and bull-headed dung beetle. RESULTS The Asian longhorned beetle genome encodes a uniquely diverse arsenal of enzymes that can degrade the main polysaccharide networks in plant cell walls, detoxify plant allelochemicals, and otherwise facilitate feeding on woody plants. It has the metabolic plasticity needed to feed on diverse plant species, contributing to its highly invasive nature. Large expansions of chemosensory genes involved in the reception of pheromones and plant kairomones are consistent with the complexity of chemical cues it uses to find host plants and mates. CONCLUSIONS Amplification and functional divergence of genes associated with specialized feeding on plants, including genes originally obtained via horizontal gene transfer from fungi and bacteria, contributed to the addition, expansion, and enhancement of the metabolic repertoire of the Asian longhorned beetle, certain other phytophagous beetles, and to a lesser degree, other phytophagous insects. Our results thus begin to establish a genomic basis for the evolutionary success of beetles on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane D. McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
- Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Erin D. Scully
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Scott M. Geib
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Robert F. Mitchell
- Center for Insect Science and Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA
| | - Robert M. Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
- The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Deanna Arsala
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Heath Blackmon
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Tiffany Bledsoe
- Center for Insect Science and Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Julia H. Bowsher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - André Busch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bernarda Calla
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Anna K. Childers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Christopher Childers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Dave J. Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Lorna Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Jeffery P. Demuth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Amanda Dolan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Jian J. Duan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research, Newark, DE 19713 USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Karl M. Glastad
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | | | - Stephanie Haddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Daniel S. T. Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
| | - J. Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Jeffery W. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Leslie A. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Computers Science and Engineering, and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David R. Lance
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Pest and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA 02542 USA
| | - Chien-Yueh Lee
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Sandra L. Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Han Lin
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jeremy A. Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Armin P. Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Blomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Shwetha C. Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Subba R. Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Kristen A. Panfilio
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674 Germany
| | - Dan Pers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Monica F. Poelchau
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Honghu Quan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ann M. Ray
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207 USA
| | - Joseph P. Rinehart
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Richard Roehrdanz
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Andrew J. Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Seunggwan Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Christian Silva
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Alex S. Torson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | | | - John H. Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - George Yocum
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Vicente CSL, Nascimento FX, Barbosa P, Ke HM, Tsai IJ, Hirao T, Cock PJA, Kikuchi T, Hasegawa K, Mota M. Evidence for an Opportunistic and Endophytic Lifestyle of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-Associated Bacteria Serratia marcescens PWN146 Isolated from Wilting Pinus pinaster. Microb Ecol 2016; 72:669-681. [PMID: 27461253 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) results from the interaction of three elements: the pathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector, Monochamus sp.; and the host tree, mostly Pinus species. Bacteria isolated from B. xylophilus may be a fourth element in this complex disease. However, the precise role of bacteria in this interaction is unclear as both plant-beneficial and as plant-pathogenic bacteria may be associated with PWD. Using whole genome sequencing and phenotypic characterization, we were able to investigate in more detail the genetic repertoire of Serratia marcescens PWN146, a bacterium associated with B. xylophilus. We show clear evidence that S. marcescens PWN146 is able to withstand and colonize the plant environment, without having any deleterious effects towards a susceptible host (Pinus thunbergii), B. xylophilus nor to the nematode model C. elegans. This bacterium is able to tolerate growth in presence of xenobiotic/organic compounds, and use phenylacetic acid as carbon source. Furthermore, we present a detailed list of S. marcescens PWN146 potentials to interfere with plant metabolism via hormonal pathways and/or nutritional acquisition, and to be competitive against other bacteria and/or fungi in terms of resource acquisition or production of antimicrobial compounds. Further investigation is required to understand the role of bacteria in PWD. We have now reinforced the theory that B. xylophilus-associated bacteria may have a plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S L Vicente
- NemaLab/ICAAM-Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan.
| | - Francisco X Nascimento
- NemaLab/ICAAM-Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- NemaLab/ICAAM-Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Huei-Mien Ke
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tomonori Hirao
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Peter J A Cock
- Information and Computer Sciences group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA, Dundee, UK
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab/ICAAM-Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Biology Department, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ager AA, Day MA, Vogler K. Production possibility frontiers and socioecological tradeoffs for restoration of fire adapted forests. J Environ Manage 2016; 176:157-168. [PMID: 27033166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We used spatial optimization to analyze alternative restoration scenarios and quantify tradeoffs for a large, multifaceted restoration program to restore resiliency to forest landscapes in the western US. We specifically examined tradeoffs between provisional ecosystem services, fire protection, and the amelioration of key ecological stressors. The results revealed that attainment of multiple restoration objectives was constrained due to the joint spatial patterns of ecological conditions and socioeconomic values. We also found that current restoration projects are substantially suboptimal, perhaps the result of compromises in the collaborative planning process used by federal planners, or operational constraints on forest management activities. The juxtaposition of ecological settings with human values generated sharp tradeoffs, especially with respect to community wildfire protection versus generating revenue to support restoration and fire protection activities. The analysis and methods can be leveraged by ongoing restoration programs in many ways including: 1) integrated prioritization of restoration activities at multiple scales on public and adjoining private lands, 2) identification and mapping of conflicts between ecological restoration and socioeconomic objectives, 3) measuring the efficiency of ongoing restoration projects compared to the optimal production possibility frontier, 4) consideration of fire transmission among public and private land parcels as a prioritization metric, and 5) finding socially optimal regions along the production frontier as part of collaborative restoration planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Ager
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA.
| | - Michelle A Day
- Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Forest Ecosystems & Society, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Kevin Vogler
- Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Forest Engineering, Resources & Management, 043 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Falcone CE, Cooks RG. Molecular recognition of emerald ash borer infestation using leaf spray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:1304-1312. [PMID: 27173112 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The introduction of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (EAB) from Asia to Michigan, USA, in the 1990s caused the widespread death of ash trees in two Canadian provinces and 24 US states. The three current methods for the detection of emerald ash borer infestation, visual surveys, tree girdling and artificial traps, can be unreliable, and there is clearly a need for a rapid, dependable technique for the detection of emerald ash borer infestation. METHODS Leaf spray, an ambient ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS), gives direct chemical information on a leaf sample by applying a high voltage to a naturally or artificially sharply pointed leaf piece causing ions to be generated directly from the leaf tip for MS analysis. RESULTS Leaflets from 23 healthy and EAB-infested ash trees were analyzed by leaf spray mass spectrometry in an attempt to distinguish healthy and EAB-infested ash trees. In negative ion mode, healthy ash trees showed an increased abundance of ions m/z 455.5, 471.5 and 487.5, and ash trees infested with the EAB displayed an increased abundance of ions m/z 181 and 217. The identities of the chemical discriminators ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in healthy ash trees, and six-carbon sugar alcohols in infested ash trees, were determined by tandem mass spectrometry and confirmed with standards. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that leaf spray mass spectrometry of ash tree leaflets provides a potential tool for the early detection of ash tree infestation by the emerald ash borer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Walker ED. Toxicity of Sulfide and Ammonium to Aedes triseriatus Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Water-Filled Tree Holes and Tires. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:577-583. [PMID: 27049027 PMCID: PMC5853678 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium and sulfide in water of tree hole and tire habitats of Aedes triseriatus Say larvae could accumulate to toxic levels, limiting growth and production of larvae and adults. Both ions were detected in water samples taken in longitudinal series over 11 dates from 10 habitats of each type during the larval growth season, at concentrations suggestive of reducing conditions in these habitats. Ammonium was more concentrated overall in water of both habitat types, while sulfide was more concentrated in tires than in tree holes. Water of tree holes was more acidic, whereas water in tires tended to be more basic, an important difference relative to the tendency of ammonium to form the more toxic ammonia moiety under basic conditions. Oxygen saturation was low in both habitat types, indicative of hypoxic conditions such that aerobic respiration would be limited. First-and fourth-instar larvae were sensitive to ammonium and sulfide in acute dose-response assays, but LC50 values were above maximum concentrations observed under field conditions, suggesting that toxic effects of ammonium and sulfide on larvae are not acute, but could be chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 ,
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, and
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