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Aussenac R, Monnet JM, Klopčič M, Hawryło P, Socha J, Mahnken M, Gutsch M, Cordonnier T, Vallet P. Diameter, height and species of 42 million trees in three European landscapes generated from field data and airborne laser scanning data. Open Res Eur 2023; 3:32. [PMID: 38288290 PMCID: PMC10823913 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.15373.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Ecology and forestry sciences are using an increasing amount of data to address a wide variety of technical and research questions at the local, continental and global scales. However, one type of data remains rare: fine-grain descriptions of large landscapes. Yet, this type of data could help address the scaling issues in ecology and could prove useful for testing forest management strategies and accurately predicting the dynamics of ecosystem services. Here we present three datasets describing three large European landscapes in France, Poland and Slovenia down to the tree level. Tree diameter, height and species data were generated combining field data, vegetation maps and airborne laser scanning (ALS) data following an area-based approach. Together, these landscapes cover more than 100 000 ha and consist of more than 42 million trees of 51 different species. Alongside the data, we provide here a simple method to produce high-resolution descriptions of large landscapes using increasingly available data: inventory and ALS data. We carried out an in-depth evaluation of our workflow including, among other analyses, a leave-one-out cross validation. Overall, the landscapes we generated are in good agreement with the landscapes they aim to reproduce. In the most favourable conditions, the root mean square error (RMSE) of stand basal area (BA) and mean quadratic diameter (Dg) predictions were respectively 5.4 m 2.ha -1 and 3.9 cm, and the generated main species corresponded to the observed main species in 76.2% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Aussenac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 St-Martin-d'Hères, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Jean-Matthieu Monnet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Matija Klopčič
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paweł Hawryło
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Socha
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mats Mahnken
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Cordonnier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 St-Martin-d'Hères, France
- Office National des Forêts, Département Recherche Développement Innovation, Direction Territoriale Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21 rue du Muguet, 39100 Dole, France
| | - Patrick Vallet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 St-Martin-d'Hères, France
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Mahnken M, Cailleret M, Collalti A, Trotta C, Biondo C, D'Andrea E, Dalmonech D, Marano G, Mäkelä A, Minunno F, Peltoniemi M, Trotsiuk V, Nadal-Sala D, Sabaté S, Vallet P, Aussenac R, Cameron DR, Bohn FJ, Grote R, Augustynczik ALD, Yousefpour R, Huber N, Bugmann H, Merganičová K, Merganic J, Valent P, Lasch-Born P, Hartig F, Vega Del Valle ID, Volkholz J, Gutsch M, Matteucci G, Krejza J, Ibrom A, Meesenburg H, Rötzer T, van der Maaten-Theunissen M, van der Maaten E, Reyer CPO. Accuracy, realism and general applicability of European forest models. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6921-6943. [PMID: 36117412 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest models are instrumental for understanding and projecting the impact of climate change on forests. A considerable number of forest models have been developed in the last decades. However, few systematic and comprehensive model comparisons have been performed in Europe that combine an evaluation of modelled carbon and water fluxes and forest structure. We evaluate 13 widely used, state-of-the-art, stand-scale forest models against field measurements of forest structure and eddy-covariance data of carbon and water fluxes over multiple decades across an environmental gradient at nine typical European forest stands. We test the models' performance in three dimensions: accuracy of local predictions (agreement of modelled and observed annual data), realism of environmental responses (agreement of modelled and observed responses of daily gross primary productivity to temperature, radiation and vapour pressure deficit) and general applicability (proportion of European tree species covered). We find that multiple models are available that excel according to our three dimensions of model performance. For the accuracy of local predictions, variables related to forest structure have lower random and systematic errors than annual carbon and water flux variables. Moreover, the multi-model ensemble mean provided overall more realistic daily productivity responses to environmental drivers across all sites than any single individual model. The general applicability of the models is high, as almost all models are currently able to cover Europe's common tree species. We show that forest models complement each other in their response to environmental drivers and that there are several cases in which individual models outperform the model ensemble. Our framework provides a first step to capturing essential differences between forest models that go beyond the most commonly used accuracy of predictions. Overall, this study provides a point of reference for future model work aimed at predicting climate impacts and supporting climate mitigation and adaptation measures in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Mahnken
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- UMR RECOVER, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Forest Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Lab, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Division Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (IAFES), Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carlo Trotta
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Division Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (IAFES), Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Corrado Biondo
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Division Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (IAFES), Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Forest Modelling Lab, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalmonech
- Forest Modelling Lab, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Gina Marano
- Forest Modelling Lab, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Forest Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Ecology Section, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Sabaté
- Ecology Section, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Patrick Vallet
- LESSEM, INRAE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | | | - David R Cameron
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Friedrich J Bohn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, John Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nica Huber
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Remote Sensing, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarina Merganičová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
- Department of Biodiversity of Ecosystems and Landscape, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jan Merganic
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Valent
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Lasch-Born
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jan Volkholz
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Forest Modelling Lab, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Rötzer
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, TU München, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
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Storms I, Verdonck S, Verbist B, Willems P, De Geest P, Gutsch M, Cools N, De Vos B, Mahnken M, Lopez J, Van Orshoven J, Muys B. Quantifying climate change effects on future forest biomass availability using yield tables improved by mechanistic scaling. Sci Total Environ 2022; 833:155189. [PMID: 35427613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Forests and wood products play a major role in climate change mitigation strategies and the transition from a fossil-based economy to a circular bioeconomy. Accurate estimates of future forest productivity are crucial to predict the carbon sequestration and wood provision potential of forests. Since long, forest managers have used empirical yield tables as a cost-effective and reliable way to predict forest growth. However, recent climate change-induced growth shifts raised doubts about the long-term validity of these yield tables. In this study, we propose a methodology to improve available yield tables of 11 tree species in the Netherlands and Flanders, Belgium. The methodology uses scaling functions derived from climate-sensitive process-based modelling (PBM) that reflect state-of-the-art projections of future growth trends. Combining PBM and stand information from the empirical yield tables for the region of Flanders, we found that for the period 1987-2016 stand productivity has on average increased by 13% compared to 1961-1990. Furthermore, simulations indicate that this positive growth trend is most likely to persist in the coming decades, for all considered species, climate or site conditions. Nonetheless, results showed that local site variability is equally important to consider as the in- or exclusion of the CO2 fertilization effect or different climate projections, when assessing the magnitude of forests' response to climate change. Our projections suggest that incorporating these climate change-related productivity changes lead to a 7% increase in standing stock and a 22% increase in sustainably potentially harvestable woody biomass by 2050. The proposed methodology and resulting estimates of climate-sensitive projections of future woody biomass stocks will facilitate the further incorporation of forests and their products in global and regional strategies for the transition to a climate-smart circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilié Storms
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sanne Verdonck
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verbist
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Willems
- Hydraulics and Geotechnics Section, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Pieterjan De Geest
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Environment and Climate Unit, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Vos
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Environment and Climate Unit, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Mats Mahnken
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany; Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, TU Dresden, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Joachim Lopez
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Van Orshoven
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Maréchaux I, Langerwisch F, Huth A, Bugmann H, Morin X, Reyer CP, Seidl R, Collalti A, Dantas de Paula M, Fischer R, Gutsch M, Lexer MJ, Lischke H, Rammig A, Rödig E, Sakschewski B, Taubert F, Thonicke K, Vacchiano G, Bohn FJ. Tackling unresolved questions in forest ecology: The past and future role of simulation models. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3746-3770. [PMID: 33976773 PMCID: PMC8093733 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that shape forest functioning, structure, and diversity remains challenging, although data on forest systems are being collected at a rapid pace and across scales. Forest models have a long history in bridging data with ecological knowledge and can simulate forest dynamics over spatio-temporal scales unreachable by most empirical investigations.We describe the development that different forest modelling communities have followed to underpin the leverage that simulation models offer for advancing our understanding of forest ecosystems.Using three widely applied but contrasting approaches - species distribution models, individual-based forest models, and dynamic global vegetation models - as examples, we show how scientific and technical advances have led models to transgress their initial objectives and limitations. We provide an overview of recent model applications on current important ecological topics and pinpoint ten key questions that could, and should, be tackled with forest models in the next decade.Synthesis. This overview shows that forest models, due to their complementarity and mutual enrichment, represent an invaluable toolkit to address a wide range of fundamental and applied ecological questions, hence fostering a deeper understanding of forest dynamics in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanny Langerwisch
- Department of Ecology and Environmental SciencesPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental ModelingCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Andreas Huth
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Environmental Systems ResearchOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest EcologyInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- EPHECEFECNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry MontpellierIRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Christopher P.O. Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling LabInstitute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanNational Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISAFOM)Perugia (PG)Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest SystemsUniversity of TusciaViterboItaly
| | | | - Rico Fischer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Heike Lischke
- Dynamic MacroecologyLand Change ScienceSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Edna Rödig
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
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