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Buti L, Le Cabec A, Panetta D, Tripodi M, Salvadori PA, Hublin JJ, Feeney RNM, Benazzi S. 3D enamel thickness in Neandertal and modern human permanent canines. J Hum Evol 2017; 113:162-172. [PMID: 29054166 PMCID: PMC5667889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enamel thickness figures prominently in studies of human evolution, particularly for taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleodietary reconstruction. Attention has focused on molar teeth, through the use of advanced imaging technologies and novel protocols. Despite the important results achieved thus far, further work is needed to investigate all tooth classes. We apply a recent approach developed for anterior teeth to investigate the 3D enamel thickness of Neandertal and modern human (MH) canines. In terms of crown size, the values obtained for both upper and lower unworn/slightly worn canines are significantly greater in Neandertals than in Upper Paleolithic and recent MH. The 3D relative enamel thickness (RET) is significantly lower in Neandertals than in MH. Moreover, differences in 3D RET values between the two groups appear to decrease in worn canines beginning from wear stage 3, suggesting that both the pattern and the stage of wear may have important effects on the 3D RET value. Nevertheless, the 3D average enamel thickness (AET) does not differ between the two groups. In both groups, 3D AET and 3D RET indices are greater in upper canines than in lower canines, and overall the enamel is thicker on the occlusal half of the labial aspect of the crown, particularly in MH. By contrast, the few early modern humans investigated show the highest volumes of enamel while for all other components of 3D enamel, thickness this group holds an intermediate position between Neandertals and recent MH. Overall, our study supports the general findings that Neandertals have relatively thinner enamel than MH (as also observed in molars), indicating that unworn/slightly worn canines can be successfully used to discriminate between the two groups. Further studies, however, are needed to understand whether these differences are functionally related or are the result of pleiotropic or genetic drift effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buti
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France.
| | - Daniele Panetta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Tripodi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Piero A Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robin N M Feeney
- UCD School of Medicine, Health Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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53
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Obreht I, Hambach U, Veres D, Zeeden C, Bösken J, Stevens T, Marković SB, Klasen N, Brill D, Burow C, Lehmkuhl F. Shift of large-scale atmospheric systems over Europe during late MIS 3 and implications for Modern Human dispersal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5848. [PMID: 28725004 PMCID: PMC5517514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the past dynamics of large-scale atmospheric systems is crucial for our knowledge of the palaeoclimate conditions in Europe. Southeastern Europe currently lies at the border between Atlantic, Mediterranean, and continental climate zones. Past changes in the relative influence of associated atmospheric systems must have been recorded in the region's palaeoarchives. By comparing high-resolution grain-size, environmental magnetic and geochemical data from two loess-palaeosol sequences in the Lower Danube Basin with other Eurasian palaeorecords, we reconstructed past climatic patterns over Southeastern Europe and the related interaction of the prevailing large-scale circulation modes over Europe, especially during late Marine Isotope Stage 3 (40,000-27,000 years ago). We demonstrate that during this time interval, the intensification of the Siberian High had a crucial influence on European climate causing the more continental conditions over major parts of Europe, and a southwards shift of the Westerlies. Such a climatic and environmental change, combined with the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y-5 volcanic eruption, may have driven the Anatomically Modern Human dispersal towards Central and Western Europe, pointing to a corridor over the Eastern European Plain as an important pathway in their dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Obreht
- Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Hambach
- BayCEER & Chair of Geomorphology, University of Bayreuth, 94450, Bayreuth, Germany.,Laboratory for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Daniel Veres
- Romanian Academy, Institute of Speleology, Clinicilor 5, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Science of Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurean 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christian Zeeden
- Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janina Bösken
- Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stevens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Slobodan B Marković
- Laboratory for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nicole Klasen
- Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dominik Brill
- Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Burow
- Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Lehmkuhl
- Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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54
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Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge MT, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin JJ, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S. A fourth Denisovan individual. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700186. [PMID: 28695206 PMCID: PMC5501502 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Neandertals in Europe and Western Eurasia before the arrival of anatomically modern humans is well supported by archaeological and paleontological data. In contrast, fossil evidence for Denisovans, a sister group of Neandertals recently identified on the basis of DNA sequences, is limited to three specimens, all of which originate from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains (Siberia, Russia). We report the retrieval of DNA from a deciduous lower second molar (Denisova 2), discovered in a deep stratigraphic layer in Denisova Cave, and show that this tooth comes from a female Denisovan individual. On the basis of the number of "missing substitutions" in the mitochondrial DNA determined from the specimen, we find that Denisova 2 is substantially older than two of the other Denisovans, reinforcing the view that Denisovans were likely to have been present in the vicinity of Denisova Cave over an extended time period. We show that the level of nuclear DNA sequence diversity found among Denisovans is within the lower range of that of present-day human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Slon
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bence Viola
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, M5S 2S2 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk RU-630090, Russia
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Gansauge
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Susanna Sawyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael V. Shunkov
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk RU-630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk RU-630090, Russia
| | - Anatoly P. Derevianko
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk RU-630090, Russia
- Altai State University, Barnaul RU-656049, Russia
| | - Janet Kelso
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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55
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Nejman L, Wood R, Wright D, Lisá L, Nerudová Z, Neruda P, Přichystal A, Svoboda J. Hominid visitation of the Moravian Karst during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition: New results from Pod Hradem Cave (Czech Republic). J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1956-1958, excavations of Pod Hradem Cave in Moravia (eastern Czech Republic) revealed evidence for human activity during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition. This spanned 25,050-44,800 cal BP and contained artefacts attributed to the Aurignacian and Szeletian cultures, including those made from porcelanite (rarely used at Moravian Paleolithic sites). Coarse grained excavation techniques and major inversions in radiocarbon dates meant that site chronology could not be established adequately. This paper documents re-excavation of Pod Hradem in 2011-2012. A comprehensive AMS dating program using ultrafiltration and ABOx-SC pre-treatments provides new insights into human occupation at Pod Hradem Cave. Fine-grained excavation reveals sedimentary units spanning approximately 20,000 years of the Early Upper Paleolithic and late Middle Paleolithic periods, thus making it the first archaeological cave site in the Czech Republic with such a sedimentary and archaeological record. Recent excavation confirms infrequent human visitation, including during the Early Aurignacian by people who brought with them portable art objects that have no parallel in the Czech Republic. Raw material diversity of lithics suggests long-distance imports and ephemeral visits by highly mobile populations throughout the EUP period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nejman
- School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - R Wood
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, 1 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - D Wright
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - L Lisá
- Institute of Geology AS ČR, v. v. i., Rozvojová 269, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Z Nerudová
- Moravian Museum, Zelný trh 6, 659 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Neruda
- Moravian Museum, Zelný trh 6, 659 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Přichystal
- Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Svoboda
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolní Věstonice 25, 691 29, Czech Republic
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56
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Sullivan AP, de Manuel M, Marques-Bonet T, Perry GH. An evolutionary medicine perspective on Neandertal extinction. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian sympatry of Neandertals and anatomically modern humans - beginning at least 45,000 years ago and possibly lasting for more than 5000 years - has sparked immense anthropological interest into the factors that potentially contributed to Neandertal extinction. Among many different hypotheses, the "differential pathogen resistance" extinction model posits that Neandertals were disproportionately affected by exposure to novel infectious diseases that were transmitted during the period of spatiotemporal sympatry with modern humans. Comparisons of new archaic hominin paleogenome sequences with modern human genomes have confirmed a history of genetic admixture - and thus direct contact - between humans and Neandertals. Analyses of these data have also shown that Neandertal nuclear genome genetic diversity was likely considerably lower than that of the Eurasian anatomically modern humans with whom they came into contact, perhaps leaving Neandertal innate immune systems relatively more susceptible to novel pathogens. In this study, we compared levels of genetic diversity in genes for which genetic variation is hypothesized to benefit pathogen defense among Neandertals and African, European, and Asian modern humans, using available exome sequencing data (three individuals, or six chromosomes, per population). We observed that Neandertals had only 31-39% as many nonsynonymous (amino acid changing) polymorphisms across 73 innate immune system genes compared to modern human populations. We also found that Neandertal genetic diversity was relatively low in an unbiased set of balancing selection candidate genes for primates, those genes with the highest 1% genetic diversity genome-wide in non-human hominoids (apes). In contrast, Neandertals had similar or higher levels of genetic diversity than humans in 12 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. Thus, while Neandertals may have been relatively more susceptible to some novel pathogens and differential pathogen resistance could be considered as one potential contributing factor in their extinction, the expectations of this model are not universally met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis P Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Marc de Manuel
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC/UPF), Parque de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC/UPF), Parque de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain; CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - George H Perry
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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57
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Hershkovitz I, Latimer B, Barzilai O, Marder O. Manot 1 calvaria and Recent Modern Human Evolution: an Anthropological Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13219-017-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The time range between 60 ka and 50 ka is one of the most dramatic phases in human biological evolution. In this period, the western part of Eurasia (Europe and the Near East) was populated by Neanderthals, whereas the eastern part (Central Asia and Siberia) was populated by Denisovans. However, by 30 ka, these two populations were replaced by anatomically modern humans (AMH). When did these newcomers arrive and from where? There is accumulating archaeological and genetic evidence suggesting that this demographic shift occurred at the end of MIS 4 [1–3]. Moreover, it is quite clear that a major dispersal of AMH out of Africa was the source of the new populations [4–7]. In this study, we examined specific morphological characteristics of Manot 1 (e.g., suprainiac fossa), and assessed their similarities to the corresponding traits found among Neanderthals. We will show that although the terminology is similar, the traits in each hominin group are of different entities. We also show that Manot 1 and Early Upper Palaeolithic skulls of Europe have many traits in common (e.g., suprainiac fossa, bunning), although Manot 1 is much more gracile. Finally, some of the archaic traits (e.g., suprainiac fossa) seen in Manot 1 can be traced to the Late Pleistocene Aduma skull (~79–105 ka) from Ethiopia or even Eyasi 1 (~200–400 ka) from Tanzania.
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Arnaud J, Benazzi S, Romandini M, Livraghi A, Panetta D, Salvadori PA, Volpe L, Peresani M. A Neanderthal deciduous human molar with incipient carious infection from the Middle Palaeolithic De Nadale cave, Italy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:370-376. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arnaud
- Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, Department of Humanities; University of Ferrara; LT, Teknehub, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32 Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage; University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1; Ravenna 48121 Italy
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Matteo Romandini
- Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, Department of Humanities; University of Ferrara; LT, Teknehub, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32 Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Alessandra Livraghi
- Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, Department of Humanities; University of Ferrara; LT, Teknehub, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32 Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Daniele Panetta
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1; Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Piero A. Salvadori
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1; Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Lisa Volpe
- Teknehub - Department di Physic and Earth Sciences; University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1; Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Marco Peresani
- Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, Department of Humanities; University of Ferrara; LT, Teknehub, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32 Ferrara 44121 Italy
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Mirazón Lahr M. The shaping of human diversity: filters, boundaries and transitions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150241. [PMID: 27298471 PMCID: PMC4920297 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of modern humans was a complex process, involving major changes in levels of diversity through time. The fossils and stone tools that record the spatial distribution of our species in the past form the backbone of our evolutionary history, and one that allows us to explore the different processes-cultural and biological-that acted to shape the evolution of different populations in the face of major climate change. Those processes created a complex palimpsest of similarities and differences, with outcomes that were at times accelerated by sharp demographic and geographical fluctuations. The result is that the population ancestral to all modern humans did not look or behave like people alive today. This has generated questions regarding the evolution of human universal characters, as well as the nature and timing of major evolutionary events in the history of Homo sapiens The paucity of African fossils remains a serious stumbling block for exploring some of these issues. However, fossil and archaeological discoveries increasingly clarify important aspects of our past, while breakthroughs from genomics and palaeogenomics have revealed aspects of the demography of Late Quaternary Eurasian hominin groups and their interactions, as well as those between foragers and farmers. This paper explores the nature and timing of key moments in the evolution of human diversity, moments in which population collapse followed by differential expansion of groups set the conditions for transitional periods. Five transitions are identified (i) at the origins of the species, 240-200 ka; (ii) at the time of the first major expansions, 130-100 ka; (iii) during a period of dispersals, 70-50 ka; (iv) across a phase of local/regional structuring of diversity, 45-25 ka; and (v) during a phase of significant extinction of hunter-gatherer diversity and expansion of particular groups, such as farmers and later societies (the Holocene Filter), 15-0 ka.This article is part of the themed issue 'Major transitions in human evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirazón Lahr
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
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60
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Fabbri PF, Panetta D, Sarti L, Martini F, Salvadori PA, Caramella D, Fedi M, Benazzi S. Middle paleolithic human deciduous incisor from Grotta del Cavallo, Italy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:506-512. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Francesco Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali; Università del Salento; Via D. Birago 64 Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Daniele Panetta
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; Via G. Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Lucia Sarti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche e dei Beni Culturali; Università di Siena; Via Roma 56 Siena 53100 Italy
| | - Fabio Martini
- Dipartimento di Storia; Archeologia, Geografia, Arte e Spettacolo, sede di Paletnologia; Via S.Egidio Firenze 21 50122 Italy
| | - Piero A. Salvadori
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; Via G. Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Davide Caramella
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia; Università di Pisa; via Savi 10 Pisa 56126 Italy
| | - Mariaelena Fedi
- INFN Sezione di Firenze; via Sansone 1 Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage; University of Bologna; Via degli Ariani 1 Ravenna 48121 Italy
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; DeutscherPlatz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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61
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Further morphological evidence on South African earliest Homo lower postcanine dentition: Enamel thickness and enamel dentine junction. J Hum Evol 2016; 96:82-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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62
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Tomasso A, Porraz G. Hunter-gatherer mobility and embedded raw-material procurement strategies in the mediterranean upper paleolithic. Evol Anthropol 2016; 25:164-74. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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63
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Hervella M, Svensson EM, Alberdi A, Günther T, Izagirre N, Munters AR, Alonso S, Ioana M, Ridiche F, Soficaru A, Jakobsson M, Netea MG, de-la-Rua C. The mitogenome of a 35,000-year-old Homo sapiens from Europe supports a Palaeolithic back-migration to Africa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25501. [PMID: 27195518 PMCID: PMC4872530 DOI: 10.1038/srep25501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After the dispersal of modern humans (Homo sapiens) Out of Africa, hominins with a similar morphology to that of present-day humans initiated the gradual demographic expansion into Eurasia. The mitogenome (33-fold coverage) of the Peştera Muierii 1 individual (PM1) from Romania (35 ky cal BP) we present in this article corresponds fully to Homo sapiens, whilst exhibiting a mosaic of morphological features related to both modern humans and Neandertals. We have identified the PM1 mitogenome as a basal haplogroup U6*, not previously found in any ancient or present-day humans. The derived U6 haplotypes are predominantly found in present-day North-Western African populations. Concomitantly, those found in Europe have been attributed to recent gene-flow from North Africa. The presence of the basal haplogroup U6* in South East Europe (Romania) at 35 ky BP confirms a Eurasian origin of the U6 mitochondrial lineage. Consequently, we propose that the PM1 lineage is an offshoot to South East Europe that can be traced to the Early Upper Paleolithic back migration from Western Asia to North Africa, during which the U6 lineage diversified, until the emergence of the present-day U6 African lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hervella
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n. 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - E M Svensson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Alberdi
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Günther
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Izagirre
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n. 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - A R Munters
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n. 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M Ioana
- Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Bvd. 1 Mai no 66, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Ridiche
- Museum of Oltenia, History and Archaeology Department, Madona Dudu str. no. 14, Craiova, Romania
| | - A Soficaru
- "Fr. J. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, Romanian Academy, Eroii Sanitari 8, P. O. Box 35-13, Romania
| | - M Jakobsson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C de-la-Rua
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n. 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, O'Rourke DH, Scott GR, Bigelow NH. Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans. Evol Anthropol 2016; 25:64-78. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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65
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Roussel M, Soressi M, Hublin JJ. The Châtelperronian conundrum: Blade and bladelet lithic technologies from Quinçay, France. J Hum Evol 2016; 95:13-32. [PMID: 27260172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of an almost complete Neanderthal skeleton in a Châtelperronian context at Saint-Césaire 35 years ago changed our perspective on the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in western Europe. Since then, the Châtelperronian has generally been considered a "transitional" industry rather than an Upper or a Middle Paleolithic industry because of its chronological position, and the association of Neanderthal remains with blades, bone tools and personal ornaments. Several competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain the association between Neanderthals and these types of artefacts including post-depositional mixing, acculturation from anatomically modern human populations, or an independent technological evolution by local Neanderthal populations. Quinçay Cave is the only Châtelperronian site where personal ornaments have been found that does not contain an overlying Upper Paleolithic layer. This means that the post-depositional mixing of later elements into the Châtelperronian may not be used as an explanation for the presence of these materials. We report here on a detailed technological analysis of lithic artefacts from the three Châtelperronian layers at Quinçay Cave. We compare our results with the technology of Mousterian blade industries dating to OIS (oxygen isotope stage) 5, the Mousterian of Acheulian Tradition type B, and the Proto-Aurignacian. We show that the Châtelperronian is sufficiently divergent from the Middle Paleolithic to be classified as a fully Upper Paleolithic industry, with a focus on blade and bladelet production. We also show that the Quinçay Châtelperronian includes retouched bladelets that resemble those found in the Proto-Aurignacian, but were produced in a different manner. We argue that a technological convergence cannot account for these behaviors, since the specific type of retouched bladelet associated with the Châtelperronian was also regularly used by Proto-Aurignacian of neighboring regions. We suggest that the idea of retouched bladelets may have diffused from the northern Proto-Aurignacian to the Quinçay Châtelperronian and that the transmission of the morphology of this desired end-product without the transmission of its manufacturing process may point toward a low degree of social intimacy between these groups. We conclude that the apparent paradox of the Châtelperronian is the result of the complexity of interaction between Neanderthal and anatomically modern human groups in western Europe between 45,000 and 40,000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roussel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Human Origins Research Group, Van Steenis gebouw, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; CNRS UMR 7041 ArScAn, AnTET, MAE, 21 allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre Cedex, France.
| | - M Soressi
- Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Human Origins Research Group, Van Steenis gebouw, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - J-J Hublin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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66
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A reassessment of the presumed Torrener Bärenhöhle's Paleolithic human tooth. J Hum Evol 2016; 93:120-5. [PMID: 26976744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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The Uluzzian technology of Grotta di Fumane and its implication for reconstructing cultural dynamics in the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition of Western Eurasia. J Hum Evol 2016; 91:36-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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68
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De Fanti S, Barbieri C, Sarno S, Sevini F, Vianello D, Tamm E, Metspalu E, van Oven M, Hübner A, Sazzini M, Franceschi C, Pettener D, Luiselli D. Fine Dissection of Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup HV Lineages Reveals Paleolithic Signatures from European Glacial Refugia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144391. [PMID: 26640946 PMCID: PMC4671665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic signatures from the Paleolithic inhabitants of Eurasia can be traced from the early divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages still present in contemporary human populations. Previous studies already suggested a pre-Neolithic diffusion of mitochondrial haplogroup HV*(xH,V) lineages, a relatively rare class of mtDNA types that includes parallel branches mainly distributed across Europe and West Asia with a certain degree of structure. Up till now, variation within haplogroup HV was addressed mainly by analyzing sequence data from the mtDNA control region, except for specific sub-branches, such as HV4 or the widely distributed haplogroups H and V. In this study, we present a revised HV topology based on full mtDNA genome data, and we include a comprehensive dataset consisting of 316 complete mtDNA sequences including 60 new samples from the Italian peninsula, a previously underrepresented geographic area. We highlight points of instability in the particular topology of this haplogroup, reconstructed with BEAST-generated trees and networks. We also confirm a major lineage expansion that probably followed the Late Glacial Maximum and preceded Neolithic population movements. We finally observe that Italy harbors a reservoir of mtDNA diversity, with deep-rooting HV lineages often related to sequences present in the Caucasus and the Middle East. The resulting hypothesis of a glacial refugium in Southern Italy has implications for the understanding of late Paleolithic population movements and is discussed within the archaeological cultural shifts occurred over the entire continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Fanti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail: (CB); (DL)
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Sevini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre L. Galvani for Integrated Studies on Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Vianello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre L. Galvani for Integrated Studies on Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Tamm
- Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mannis van Oven
- Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hübner
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- C.I.G. Interdepartmental Centre L. Galvani for Integrated Studies on Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
- CNR, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Pettener
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail: (CB); (DL)
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69
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The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Nature 2015; 526:696-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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70
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Hussain ST, Floss H. Streams as Entanglement of Nature and Culture: European Upper Paleolithic River Systems and Their Role as Features of Spatial Organization. JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHOD AND THEORY 2015; 23:1162-1218. [PMID: 29368748 PMCID: PMC5750683 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-015-9263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large river valleys have long been seen as important factors to shape the mobility, communication, and exchange of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. However, rivers have been debated as either natural entities people adapt and react to or as cultural and meaningful entities people experience and interpret in different ways. Here, we attempt to integrate both perspectives. Building on theoretical work from various disciplines, we discuss the relationship between biophysical river properties and sociocultural river semantics and suggest that understanding a river's persona is central to evaluating its role in spatial organization. By reviewing the literature and analyzing European Upper Paleolithic site distribution and raw material transfer patterns in relation to river catchments, we show that the role of prominent rivers varies considerably over time. Both ecological and cultural factors are crucial to explaining these patterns. Whereas the Earlier Upper Paleolithic record displays a general tendency toward conceiving rivers as mobility guidelines, the spatial consolidation process after the colonization of the European mainland is paralleled by a trend of conceptualizing river regimes as frontiers, separating archaeological entities, regional groups, or local networks. The Late Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian, however, is characterized again by a role of rivers as mobility and communication vectors. Tracing changing patterns in the role of certain river regimes through time thus contributes to our growing knowledge of human spatial behavior and helps to improve our understanding of dynamic and mutually informed human-environment interactions in the Paleolithic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumon T. Hussain
- Paleolithic Research Unit, University of Cologne, CRC 806 “Our Way to Europe”, Bernhard-Feilchenfeld-Str. 11, 50969 Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, NL-2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Floss
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Burgsteige 11, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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71
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Bailey SE, Benazzi S, Buti L, Hublin JJ. Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the lower second deciduous molar and first permanent molar. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:93-105. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shara E. Bailey
- Department of Anthropology; Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University; New York NY 10003
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Department of Cultural Heritage; University of Bologna; Ravenna 48121 Italy
| | - Laura Buti
- Department of Cultural Heritage; University of Bologna; Ravenna 48121 Italy
| | - J.-J. Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
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72
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Ruebens K, McPherron SJP, Hublin JJ. On the local Mousterian origin of the Châtelperronian: Integrating typo-technological, chronostratigraphic and contextual data. J Hum Evol 2015; 86:55-91. [PMID: 26277304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Across Europe the period 45-40 ka (thousands of years ago) is associated with several technological changes, including the emergence of the Châtelperronian technocomplex in France and northern Spain. The Châtelperronian, stratigraphically located between the Mousterian and Aurignacian, is characterized by Upper Palaeolithic features, such as volumetric blade reduction, curved backed blades, end-scrapers, bladelets, bone tools and ornaments. Concurrently, repeated, though debated, associations with Neanderthal remains and Mousterian elements suggest a local technological development. Following recent critiques and cumulating technological studies, this paper provides data-driven contextualisations of the Châtelperronian and late Mousterian archaeological records and a primary comparative assessment of a major linking element, backed knives, to re-assess the origin of the Châtelperronian. The results demonstrate the challenging nature of the 50-35 ka record, with many interpretive problems caused by poorly recorded excavations, resulting in only 25 well-contextualised assemblages from the claimed 143 Châtelperronian find spots. These 25 assemblages facilitate more detailed chronostratigraphic and typo-technological assessments and show that the Châtelperronian has a homogenous set of technologies and tools. A similar evaluation of the late Mousterian indicates a wide-ranging late Neanderthal skill set, commonly including laminar blank production and backing. Further, conceptual similarities were noted both in blank selection and edge modification between Mousterian and Châtelperronian backed knives, alongside their near-absence in other, contemporaneous technocomplexes. A Europe-wide contextualisation shows that while the current coarse-grained record still allows for several potential scenarios, the data throughout this paper point towards a most parsimonious model of a Châtelperronian made by Neanderthals, with roots in the late Middle Palaeolithic technological skill set. However, this change seems triggered by early arrivals of modern humans either indirectly, through stimulus diffusion, or directly, after ca. 42 ka. Fully testing this model requires an ongoing focus on site formation and assemblage integrity, alongside in-depth analyses of recently excavated assemblages and existing collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ruebens
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, RGZM, Schloss Monrepos, D-56567 Neuwied, Germany.
| | - Shannon J P McPherron
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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