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Zhou Q, Howard ME, Tu X, Zhu Q, Denbeigh JM, Remmes NB, Herman MG, Beltran CJ, Yuan J, Greipp PT, Boughey JC, Wang L, Johnson N, Goetz MP, Sarkaria JN, Lou Z, Mutter RW. Inhibition of ATM Induces Hypersensitivity to Proton Irradiation by Upregulating Toxic End Joining. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3333-3346. [PMID: 33597272 PMCID: PMC8260463 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proton Bragg peak irradiation has a higher ionizing density than conventional photon irradiation or the entrance of the proton beam profile. Whether targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) could enhance vulnerability to the distinct pattern of damage induced by proton Bragg peak irradiation is currently unknown. Here, we performed genetic or pharmacologic manipulation of key DDR elements and evaluated DNA damage signaling, DNA repair, and tumor control in cell lines and xenografts treated with the same physical dose across a radiotherapy linear energy transfer spectrum. Radiotherapy consisted of 6 MV photons and the entrance beam or Bragg peak of a 76.8 MeV spot scanning proton beam. More complex DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by Bragg peak proton irradiation preferentially underwent resection and engaged homologous recombination (HR) machinery. Unexpectedly, the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) inhibitor, AZD0156, but not an inhibitor of ATM and Rad3-related, rendered cells hypersensitive to more densely ionizing proton Bragg peak irradiation. ATM inhibition blocked resection and shunted more DSBs to processing by toxic ligation through nonhomologous end-joining, whereas loss of DNA ligation via XRCC4 or Lig4 knockdown rescued resection and abolished the enhanced Bragg peak cell killing. Proton Bragg peak monotherapy selectively sensitized cell lines and tumor xenografts with inherent HR defects, and the repair defect induced by ATM inhibitor coadministration showed enhanced efficacy in HR-proficient models. In summary, inherent defects in HR or administration of an ATM inhibitor in HR-proficient tumors selectively enhances the relative biological effectiveness of proton Bragg peak irradiation. SIGNIFICANCE: Coadministration of an ATM inhibitor rewires DNA repair machinery to render cancer cells uniquely hypersensitive to DNA damage induced by the proton Bragg peak, which is characterized by higher density ionization.See related commentary by Nickoloff, p. 3156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janet M Denbeigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael G Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chris J Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jian Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Patricia T Greipp
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Judy C Boughey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert W Mutter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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52
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Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score in germline BRCA2- versus ATM-altered prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1185-1193. [PMID: 33462368 PMCID: PMC8154637 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score integrates three DNA-based measures of genomic instability, and has been understudied in prostate cancer. Given the recent FDA approval of two PARP inhibitors for prostate cancer, HRD score analysis could help to refine treatment selection. We assessed HRD score (defined as the sum of loss-of-heterozygosity, telomeric allelic imbalance, and large-scale state transitions) in three cohorts of primary prostate cancer, including a Johns Hopkins University (JHU) cohort with germline mutations in BRCA2, ATM, or CHEK2 (n = 64), the TCGA cohort (n = 391), and the PROGENE cohort (n = 102). In the JHU cohort, tumors with germline BRCA2 mutations had higher HRD scores (median = 27) than those with germline ATM or CHEK2 mutations (median = 16.5 [p = 0.029] and 9 [p < 0.001], respectively). For TCGA tumors without underlying HR pathway mutations, the median HRD score was 11, significantly lower than ovarian carcinoma lacking BRCA1/2 mutations (median = 28). In the absence of HR gene mutations, the median HRD score was unexpectedly higher among prostate cancers with TP53 mutations versus those without (17 vs. 11; p = 0.015); this finding was confirmed in the PROGENE cohort (24 vs. 16; p = 0.001). Finally, among eight BRCA2-altered patients who received olaparib, progression-free survival trended longer in those with HRD scores above versus below the median (14.9 vs. 9.9 months). We conclude that HRD scores are low in primary prostate cancer and higher in cases with germline BRCA2 or somatic TP53 mutations. Germline BRCA2-altered cases have significantly higher HRD scores than germline ATM-altered or CHEK2-altered cases, consistent with the lower efficacy of PARP inhibitors among the latter.
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53
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Börcsök J, Diossy M, Sztupinszki Z, Prosz A, Tisza V, Spisak S, Rusz O, Stormoen DR, Pappot H, Csabai I, Brunak S, Mouw KW, Szallasi Z. Detection of Molecular Signatures of Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3734-3743. [PMID: 33947694 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly (ADP ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are approved for use in breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, which are the solid tumor types that most frequently have alterations in key homologous recombination (HR) genes, such as BRCA1/2. However, the frequency of HR deficiency (HRD) in other solid tumor types, including bladder cancer, is less well characterized. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Specific DNA aberration profiles (mutational signatures) are induced by HRD, and the presence of these "genomic scars" can be used to assess the presence or absence of HRD in a given tumor biopsy even in the absence of an observed alteration of an HR gene. Using whole-exome and whole-genome data, we measured various HRD-associated mutational signatures in bladder cancer. RESULTS We found that a subset of bladder tumors have evidence of HRD. In addition to a small number of tumors with biallelic BRCA1/2 events, approximately 10% of bladder tumors had significant evidence of HRD-associated mutational signatures. Increased levels of HRD signatures were associated with promoter methylation of RBBP8, which encodes CtIP, a key protein involved in HR. CONCLUSIONS A subset of bladder tumors have genomic features suggestive of HRD and therefore may be more likely to benefit from therapies such as platinum agents and PARP inhibitors that target tumor HRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Börcsök
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miklos Diossy
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zsofia Sztupinszki
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aurel Prosz
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktoria Tisza
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandor Spisak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Orsolya Rusz
- 2nd Department of Pathology, SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dag R Stormoen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Pappot
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Istvan Csabai
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2nd Department of Pathology, SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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54
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Dror CM, Wyatt AW, Chi KN. Olaparib for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:2413-2429. [PMID: 33769071 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent innovations in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer have improved patient outcomes. Nonetheless, this disease remains fatal and additional treatment approaches are needed. Greater understanding of the molecular landscape of metastatic prostate cancer has revealed recurrent alterations in key pathways amenable to therapeutic targeting. One such pathway is DNA repair, particularly alterations in genes directly or indirectly associated with homologous recombination repair found in up to one-quarter of patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Olaparib, an inhibitor of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, has recently gained approval for the treatment of mCRPC harboring alterations in homologous recombination repair genes. This review will provide a summary of evidence regarding PARP inhibition in the treatment of mCRPC, with a specific focus on olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
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55
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Sigorski D, Iżycka-Świeszewska E, Bodnar L. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, and Preclinical and Clinical Data. Target Oncol 2020; 15:709-722. [PMID: 33044685 PMCID: PMC7701127 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The incidence of genetic alterations in homologous recombination repair genes increases during cancer progression, and 20% of prostate cancers (PCas) have defects in DNA repair genes. Several somatic and germline gene alterations drive prostate cancer tumorigenesis, and the most important of these are BRCA2, BRCA1, ATM and CHEK2. There is a group of BRCAness tumours that share phenotypic and genotypic properties with classical BRCA-mutated tumours. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) show synthetic lethality in cancer cells with impaired homologous recombination genes, and patients with these alterations are candidates for PARPi therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy is the mainstay of PCa therapy. PARPis decrease androgen signalling by interaction with molecular mechanisms of the androgen nuclear complex. The PROFOUND phase III trial, comparing olaparib with enzalutamide/abiraterone therapy, revealed increased radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with BRCA1, BRCA2 or ATM mutations. The clinical efficacy of PARPis has been confirmed in ovarian, breast, pancreatic and recently also in a subset of PCa. There is growing evidence that molecular tumour boards are the future of the oncological therapeutic approach in prostate cancer. In this review, we summarise the data concerning the molecular mechanisms and preclinical and clinical data of PARPis in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Sigorski
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of The Ministry of The Interior and Administration's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Iżycka-Świeszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lubomir Bodnar
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of The Ministry of The Interior and Administration's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
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56
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Xiong Y, Guo Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Gong W, Liu Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Yu F, Su D, Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Qin Z, Sun X, Ren B, Jiang B, Jin W, Shen Z, Tang Z, Song X, Wang L, Liu X, Zhou C, Jiang B. Pamiparib is a potent and selective PARP inhibitor with unique potential for the treatment of brain tumor. Neoplasia 2020; 22:431-440. [PMID: 32652442 PMCID: PMC7350150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pamiparib, an investigational Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor in clinical development, demonstrates excellent selectivity for both PARP1 and PARP2, and superb anti-proliferation activities in tumor cell lines with BRCA1/2 mutations or HR pathway deficiency (HRD). Pamiparib has good bioavailability and is 16-fold more potent than olaparib in an efficacy study using BRCA1 mutated MDA-MB-436 breast cancer xenograft model. Pamiparib also shows strong anti-tumor synergy with temozolomide (TMZ), a DNA alkylating agent used to treat brain tumors. Compared to other PARP inhibitors, pamiparib demonstrated improved penetration across the blood brain barrier (BBB) in mice. Oral administration of pamiparib at a dose as low as 3 mg/kg is sufficient to abrogate PARylation in brain tumor tissues. In SCLC-derived, TMZ-resistant H209 intracranial xenograft model, combination of pamiparib with TMZ overcomes its resistance and shows significant tumor inhibitory effects and prolonged life span. Our data suggests that combination of pamiparib with TMZ has unique potential for treatment of brain tumors. Currently, the combination therapy of pamiparib with TMZ is evaluated in clinical trial [NCT03150862].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Yin Guo
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Gong
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Yajuan Gao
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Fenglong Yu
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of DMPK, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of DMPK, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Wu
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuebing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Ren
- Department of Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhirong Shen
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Tang
- Department of Clinic Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Changyou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China.
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