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Levin ER. Translating extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to clinical medicine. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:140-5. [PMID: 24752388 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and function of extranuclear steroid receptors (SR) to rapidly modulate signal transduction is now acknowledged as present in cells and organs throughout the body. Work over the past 15 years has defined key mechanisms that are required for sex steroid receptors to traffic to the plasma membrane, but mechanisms of localization in other cell organelles such as mitochondria is still unclear. Signaling by membrane-localized SR has now been reported to impact many aspects of adult organ functions, while the roles in organ development are under investigation. In hormone-responsive cancers, both extranuclear and nuclear sex steroid receptors appear to collaborate in the regulation of some key genes that promote malignancy. Here, I review what is understood about the impact of extranuclear steroid receptor signaling to mitigate or promote disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92717, USA,
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Rieber M, Strasberg-Rieber M. p53 inactivation decreases dependence on estrogen/ERK signalling for proliferation but promotes EMT and susceptility to 3-bromopyruvate in ERα+ breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:169-77. [PMID: 24486524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most breast cancers express the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα(+)), harbor wt TP53, depend on estrogen/ERK signalling for proliferation, and respond to anti-estrogens. However, concomittant activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/MEK pathway promotes resistance by decreasing estrogen dependence. Previously, we showed that retroviral transduction of mutant p53 R175H into wt TP53 ERα(+) MCF-7 cells induces epidermal growth factor (EGF)-independent proliferation, activation of the EGF receptor (p-EGFR) and some characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). PURPOSE To investigate whether p53 inactivation augments ERα(+) cell proliferation in response to restrictive estradiol, chemical MEK inhibition or metabolic inhibitors. RESULTS Introduction of mutant p53 R175H lowered expression of p53-dependent PUMA and p21WAF1, decreased E-cadherin and cytokeratin 18 associated with EMT, but increased the % of proliferating ERα(+)/Ki67 cells, diminishing estrogen dependence. These cells also exhibited higher proliferation in the presence of MEK-inhibitor UO126, reciprocally correlating with preferential susceptibility to the pyruvate analog 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) without a comparable response to 2-deoxyglucose. p53 siRNA silencing by electroporation in wt TP53 MCF-7 cells also decreased estrogen dependence and response to MEK inhibition, while also conferring susceptibility to 3-BrPA. CONCLUSIONS (a) ERα(+) breast cancer cells dysfunctional for TP53 which proliferate irrespective of low estrogen and chemical MEK inhibition are likely to increase metabolic consumption becoming increasingly susceptible to 3-BrPA; (b) targeting the pyruvate pathway may improve response to endocrine therapy in ERα(+) breast cancer with p53 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rieber
- IVIC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Microbiology & Cell Biology Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela.
| | - Mary Strasberg-Rieber
- IVIC, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Microbiology & Cell Biology Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela.
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Jia G, Aroor AR, Sowers JR. Estrogen and mitochondria function in cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:229-49. [PMID: 25149220 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS) consists of a constellation of cardiac, renal, and metabolic disorders including insulin resistance (IR), obesity, metabolic dyslipidemia, high-blood pressure, and evidence of early cardiac and renal disease. Mitochondria dysfunction often occurs in the CRS, and this dysfunction is promoted by excess reactive oxygen species, genetic factors, IR, aging, and altered mitochondrial biogenesis. Recently, it has been shown that there are important sex-related differences in mitochondria function and metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal components. Sex differences in the CRS have mainly been attributed to the estrogen's effects that are mainly mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α, ERβ, and G-protein coupled receptor 30. In this review, we discuss the effects of estrogen on the mitochondrial function, insulin metabolic signaling, glucose transport, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses from liver, pancreatic β cells, adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Tennakoon JB, Shi Y, Han JJ, Tsouko E, White MA, Burns AR, Zhang A, Xia X, Ilkayeva OR, Xin L, Ittmann MM, Rick FG, Schally AV, Frigo DE. Androgens regulate prostate cancer cell growth via an AMPK-PGC-1α-mediated metabolic switch. Oncogene 2013; 33:5251-61. [PMID: 24186207 PMCID: PMC4009392 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among men in industrialized countries, accounting for the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although we now know that the androgen receptor (AR) is important for progression to the deadly advanced stages of the disease, it is poorly understood what AR-regulated processes drive this pathology. Here we demonstrate that AR regulates prostate cancer cell growth via the metabolic sensor 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a kinase that classically regulates cellular energy homeostasis. In patients, activation of AMPK correlated with prostate cancer progression. Using a combination of radiolabeled assays and emerging metabolomic approaches, we also show that prostate cancer cells respond to androgen treatment by increasing not only rates of glycolysis, as is commonly seen in many cancers, but also glucose and fatty acid oxidation. Importantly, this effect was dependent on androgen-mediated AMPK activity. Our results further indicate that the AMPK-mediated metabolic changes increased intracellular ATP levels and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α)-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis, affording distinct growth advantages to the prostate cancer cells. Correspondingly, we used outlier analysis to determine that PGC-1α is overexpressed in a subpopulation of clinical cancer samples. This was in contrast to what was observed in immortalized benign human prostate cells and a testosterone-induced rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Taken together, our findings converge to demonstrate that androgens can co-opt the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling cascade, a known homeostatic mechanism, to increase prostate cancer cell growth. The current study points to the potential utility of developing metabolic-targeted therapies directed toward the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Tennakoon
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Shi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J J Han
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Tsouko
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M A White
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Zhang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Xia
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - O R Ilkayeva
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Xin
- 1] Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [2] Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [3] Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M M Ittmann
- 1] Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [2] Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA [3] Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F G Rick
- 1] Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, USA [2] Department of Urology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A V Schally
- 1] Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, USA [2] Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA [3] Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA [4] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D E Frigo
- 1] Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA [2] Center for Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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de Weille J, Fabre C, Gaven C, Bakalara N. Similar pyruvate kinase modifications in glioblastoma cells by 7β-hydroxycholesterol and glutamine withdrawal. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:161-7. [PMID: 23537700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols possess anti-proliferative properties that may be used with much effect in the treatment of cancer. We have demonstrated previously that 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol (7b-HC) provokes both metabolic stress, as witnessed by AMPK activation, and changes in lipid raft composition in C6 glioblastoma cells. These observations suggested that glycolysis might have been changed. Here we will show that 7b-HC increases cell cycle time and that it changes the affinity of pyruvate kinase to its substrate, phosphoenol pyruvate. The latter effect is mimicked by glutamine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Weille
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, U1051 INSERM, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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Gupta C, Tikoo K. High glucose and insulin differentially modulates proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:119-29. [PMID: 23690508 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Various preclinical and clinical studies have linked diabetes and breast cancer, but little is known regarding the molecular mechanism involved. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high glucose and insulin in breast cancer cells (MCF-7: non-invasive, hormone dependent, and MDA-MB-231: invasive, hormone independent). In contrast to MCF-7 cells, high glucose augmented proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells as observed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and bromodeoxyuridine assays. The high-glucose condition led to increased expression of cyclin D1, de-phosphorylation of p38, and increased phosphorylation of ERK in MDA-MB-231 cells but not in MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, we observed increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β, NF-κB, and ERα only in MCF-7 cells, highlighting their role as potential targets in prevention of progression of breast cancer under a high-glucose and insulin condition. Furthermore, insulin treatment under a high-glucose condition resulted in increased histone H3 phosphorylation and de-acetylation only in MDA-MB-231 cells. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that high glucose and insulin promotes proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells by differential alteration of GSK-3β, NF-κB, and ERα expression and histone H3 modifications, which may directly or indirectly modulate the expression of genes involved in its proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Gupta
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160062, India
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