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Huang Y, Huang X, Yang Y, Wang W, Yu Y, Qin Q. Involvement of fish signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in nodavirus infection induced cell death. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:241-248. [PMID: 25555814 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway is an important signaling pathway activated by interferons in response to virus infection. Fish STAT3 has been demonstrated to be involved in Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection and virus induced paraptosis, but its effects on the replication of other fish viruses still remained uncertain. Here, the roles of grouper STAT3 (Ec-STAT3) in red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection were investigated. The present data showed that the distribution of phosphorylated Ec-STAT3 was altered in RGNNV infected fish cells, and the promoter activity of STAT3 was significantly increased during virus infection, suggesting that STAT3 activation was involved in RGNNV infection. Using STAT3 specific inhibitor, we found that inhibition of Ec-STAT3 in vitro did not affect the transcription and protein synthesis of RGNNV coat protein (CP), however, the severity of RGNNV induced vacuolation and autophagy was significantly increased. Meanwhile, at the late stage of virus infection, RGNNV induced necrotic cell death was significantly decreased after inhibition of Ec-STAT3. Further studies indicated that Ec-STAT3 inhibition significantly increased the transcript level of autophagy related genes, including UNC-51-like kinase 2 (ULK2) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) induced by RGNNV infection. Moreover, the expression of several pro-inflammatory factors, including TNFα, IL-1β and IL-8 were mediated by Ec-STAT3 during RGNNV infection. Together, our results not only firstly revealed that STAT3 exerted novel roles in response to fish virus infection, but also provided new insights into understanding the roles of STAT3 in different forms of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yepin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Liu T, Bao YH, Wang Y, Jiang JY. The role of necroptosis in neurosurgical diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:292-8. [PMID: 25714887 PMCID: PMC4418358 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an alternative form of cell death that is
executed through a caspase-independent pathway. Necroptosis has been implicated in
many pathological conditions. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of necroptotic
signaling has been shown to confer neuroprotection after traumatic and ischemic brain
injury. Therefore, the necroptotic pathway represents a potential target for
neurological diseases that are managed by neurosurgeons. In this review, we summarize
recent advances in the understanding of necroptotic signaling pathways and explore
the role of necroptotic cell death in craniocerebral trauma, brain tumors, and
cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y H Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation predisposes tissue to cancer development. Individuals afflicted with inflammatory bowel diseases are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer depending on disease severity, duration, and management. The intestinal epithelium exhibits mitochondrial dysfunction during colitis and colitis-associated cancer. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-3 is a transcription factor involved in growth-promoting and antiapoptotic signaling pathways. In addition to its activities as a transcription factor, Stat3 resides in the mitochondria of cells where it is required for optimal electron transport chain activity and protects against stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. The function of mitochondrial Stat3 is not completely understood; dichotomous roles include protecting against cellular injury but also supporting malignant transformation. This review discusses the roles of Stat3 in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell fate during colitis and colorectal cancer with an emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction and the potential involvement of mitochondrial Stat3 during disease progression.
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Huang X, Huang Y, Yang Y, Wei S, Qin Q. Involvement of fish signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in SGIV replication and virus induced paraptosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:308-316. [PMID: 25230133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important transcription factor which plays crucial roles in immune regulation, inflammation, cell proliferation, transformation, and other physiological processes of the organism. In this study, a novel STAT3 gene from orange spotted grouper (Ec-STAT3) was cloned and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that full-length of Ec-STAT3 was 3105-bp long and contained a 280-bp 5'UTR, a 470-bp 3'UTR, and a 2355-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a 784-amino acid peptide. The deduced protein of Ec-STAT3 showed 98% identity to that of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Amino acid alignment showed that Ec-STAT3 contained four conserved domains, including a protein interaction domain, a coiled coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and an SH2 domain. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the highest expression level was detected in the liver, followed by skin and spleen. After injection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), the transcript of Ec-STAT3 in spleen was increased significantly. To further explore the function of Ec-STAT3, we investigated the roles of Ec-STAT3 in SGIV infection in vitro. Immune fluorescence analysis indicated that SGIV infection altered the distribution of phosphorylated Ec-STAT3 in nucleus, and a small part of phosphorylated Ec-STAT3 was associated with virus assembly sites, suggesting that Ec-STAT3 might be important for SGIV infection. Using STAT3 specific inhibitor, S3I-201, we found that inhibition of Ec-STAT3 activation decreased the SGIV replication significantly. Moreover, inhibition of Ec-STAT3 activation obviously altered SGIV infection induced cell cycle arrest and the expression of pro-survival genes, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax inhibitor. Together, our results firstly demonstrated the critical roles of fish STAT3 in DNA virus replication and virus induced paraptosis, but also provided new insights into the mechanism of iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Vaccinia virus induces rapid necrosis in keratinocytes by a STAT3-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113690. [PMID: 25419841 PMCID: PMC4242661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Humans with a dominant negative mutation in STAT3 are susceptible to severe skin infections, suggesting an essential role for STAT3 signaling in defense against cutaneous pathogens. METHODS To focus on innate antiviral defenses in keratinocytes, we used a standard model of cutaneous infection of severe combined immunodeficient mice with the current smallpox vaccine, ACAM-2000. In parallel, early events post-infection with the smallpox vaccine ACAM-2000 were investigated in cultured keratinocytes of human and mouse origin. RESULTS Mice treated topically with a STAT3 inhibitor (Stattic) developed larger vaccinia lesions with higher virus titers and died more rapidly than untreated controls. Cultured human and murine keratinocytes infected with ACAM-2000 underwent rapid necrosis, but when treated with Stattic or with inhibitors of RIP1 kinase or caspase-1, they survived longer, produced higher titers of virus, and showed reduced activation of type I interferon responses and inflammatory cytokines release. Treatment with inhibitors of RIP1 kinase and STAT3, but not caspase-1, also reduced the inflammatory response of keratinocytes to TLR ligands. Vaccinia growth properties in Vero cells, which are known to be defective in some antiviral responses, were unaffected by inhibition of RIP1K, caspase-1, or STAT3. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that keratinocytes suppress the replication and spread of vaccinia virus by undergoing rapid programmed cell death, in a process requiring STAT3. These data offer a new framework for understanding susceptibility to skin infection in patients with STAT3 mutations. Interventions which promote prompt necroptosis/pyroptosis of infected keratinocytes may reduce risks associated with vaccination with live vaccinia virus.
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Bruserud Ø, Nepstad I, Hauge M, Hatfield KJ, Reikvam H. STAT3 as a possible therapeutic target in human malignancies: lessons from acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 8:29-41. [PMID: 25374305 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.971005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 is important for transcriptional regulation in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). STAT3 has thousands of potential DNA binding sites but usually shows cell type specific binding preferences to a limited number of these. Furthermore, AML is a very heterogeneous disease, and studies of the prognostic impact of STAT3 in human AML have also given conflicting results. A more detailed characterization of STAT3 functions and the expression of various isoforms in human AML will therefore be required before it is possible to design clinical studies of STAT3 inhibitors in this disease, and it will be especially important to investigate whether the functions of STAT3 differ between patients. Several other malignancies also show extensive biological heterogeneity, and the present discussion and the suggested scientific approaches may thus be relevant for other cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Paulin R, Dromparis P, Sutendra G, Gurtu V, Zervopoulos S, Bowers L, Haromy A, Webster L, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Michelakis ED. Sirtuin 3 deficiency is associated with inhibited mitochondrial function and pulmonary arterial hypertension in rodents and humans. Cell Metab 2014; 20:827-839. [PMID: 25284742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of mitochondrial function promoting proliferation and apoptosis suppression has been described in the pulmonary arteries and extrapulmonary tissues in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the cause of this metabolic remodeling is unknown. Mice lacking sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial deacetylase, have increased acetylation and inhibition of many mitochondrial enzymes and complexes, suppressing mitochondrial function. Sirt3KO mice develop spontaneous PAH, exhibiting previously described molecular features of PAH pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). In human PAH PASMC and rats with PAH, SIRT3 is downregulated, and its normalization with adenovirus gene therapy reverses the disease phenotype. A loss-of-function SIRT3 polymorphism, linked to metabolic syndrome, is associated with PAH in an unbiased cohort of 162 patients and controls. If confirmed in large patient cohorts, these findings may facilitate biomarker and therapeutic discovery programs in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Peter Dromparis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Vikram Gurtu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | | | - Lyndsay Bowers
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Alois Haromy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Linda Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, IUCPQ Research Centre, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Sebastien Bonnet
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, IUCPQ Research Centre, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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Bocchini CE, Kasembeli MM, Roh SH, Tweardy DJ. Contribution of chaperones to STAT pathway signaling. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e970459. [PMID: 26413421 DOI: 10.4161/21623988.2014.970459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant STAT signaling is associated with the development and progression of many cancers and immune related diseases. Recent findings demonstrate that proteostasis modulators under clinical investigation for cancer therapy have a significant impact on STAT signaling, which may be critical for mediating their anti-cancer effects. Chaperones are critical for protein folding, stability and function and, thus, play an essential role in the maintenance of proteostasis. In this review we discuss the role of chaperones in STAT and tyrosine kinase (TK) protein folding, modulation of STAT and TK activity, and degradation of TKs. We highlight the important role of chaperones in STAT signaling, and how this knowledge has provided a framework for the development of new therapeutic avenues of targeting STAT signaling related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Bocchini
- Section of Infectious Disease; Department of Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine ; Houston, TX USA
| | - Moses M Kasembeli
- Section of Infectious Disease; Department of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine ; Houston, TX USA
| | - Soung-Hun Roh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine ; Houston, TX USA
| | - David J Tweardy
- Section of Infectious Disease; Department of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine ; Houston, TX USA ; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine ; Houston, TX USA ; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine ; Houston, TX USA
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Impaired clearance of influenza A virus in obese, leptin receptor deficient mice is independent of leptin signaling in the lung epithelium and macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108138. [PMID: 25232724 PMCID: PMC4169489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale During the recent H1N1 outbreak, obese patients had worsened lung injury and increased mortality. We used a murine model of influenza A pneumonia to test the hypothesis that leptin receptor deficiency might explain the enhanced mortality in obese patients. Methods We infected wild-type, obese mice globally deficient in the leptin receptor (db/db) and non-obese mice with tissue specific deletion of the leptin receptor in the lung epithelium (SPC-Cre/LepRfl/fl) or macrophages and alveolar type II cells (LysM-Cre/Leprfl/fl) with influenza A virus (A/WSN/33 [H1N1]) (500 and 1500 pfu/mouse) and measured mortality, viral clearance and several markers of lung injury severity. Results The clearance of influenza A virus from the lungs of mice was impaired in obese mice globally deficient in the leptin receptor (db/db) compared to normal weight wild-type mice. In contrast, non-obese, SP-C-Cre+/+/LepRfl/fl and LysM-Cre+/+/LepRfl/fl had improved viral clearance after influenza A infection. In obese mice, mortality was increased compared with wild-type mice, while the SP-C-Cre+/+/LepRfl/fl and LysM-Cre+/+/LepRfl/fl mice exhibited improved survival. Conclusions Global loss of the leptin receptor results in reduced viral clearance and worse outcomes following influenza A infection. These findings are not the result of the loss of leptin signaling in lung epithelial cells or macrophages. Our results suggest that factors associated with obesity or with leptin signaling in non-myeloid populations such as natural killer and T cells may be associated with worsened outcomes following influenza A infection.
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Lu JV, Chen HC, Walsh CM. Necroptotic signaling in adaptive and innate immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:33-9. [PMID: 25042848 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system is highly dependent on cell death for efficient responsiveness to microbial pathogens and oncogenically transformed cells. Cell death pathways are vital to the function of many immune cell types during innate, humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, cell death regulation is imperative for proper adaptive immune self-tolerance and homeostasis. While apoptosis has been found to be involved in several of these roles in immunity, recent data demonstrate that alternative cell death pathways are required. Here, we describe the involvement of a programmed form of cellular necrosis called "necroptosis" in immunity. We consider the signaling pathways that promote necroptosis downstream of death receptors, type I transmembrane proteins of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. The involvement of necroptotic signaling through a "RIPoptosome" assembled in response to innate immune stimuli or genotoxic stress is described. We also characterize the induction of necroptosis following antigenic stimulation in T cells lacking caspase-8 or FADD function. While necroptotic signaling remains poorly understood, it is clear that this pathway is an essential component to effective vertebrate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Lu
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3215 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States
| | - Helen C Chen
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3215 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3215 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, United States.
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Qi QR, Yang ZM. Regulation and function of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:231-239. [PMID: 24921012 PMCID: PMC4050116 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family, is a key regulator of many physiological and pathological processes. Significant progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional control, posttranslational modification, cellular localization and functional regulation of STAT3. STAT3 can translocate into the nucleus and bind to specific promoter sequences, thereby exerting transcriptional regulation. Recent studies have shown that STAT3 can also translocate into mitochondria, participating in aerobic respiration and apoptosis. In addition, STAT3 plays an important role in inflammation and tumorigenesis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Conditional knockout mouse models make it possible to study the physiological function of STAT3 in specific tissues and organs. This review summarizes the latest advances in the understanding of the expression, regulation and function of STAT3 in physiological and tumorigenic processes.
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62
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Smith IJ, Godinez GL, Singh BK, McCaughey KM, Alcantara RR, Gururaja T, Ho MS, Nguyen HN, Friera AM, White KA, McLaughlin JR, Hansen D, Romero JM, Baltgalvis KA, Claypool MD, Li W, Lang W, Yam GC, Gelman MS, Ding R, Yung SL, Creger DP, Chen Y, Singh R, Smuder AJ, Wiggs MP, Kwon OS, Sollanek KJ, Powers SK, Masuda ES, Taylor VC, Payan DG, Kinoshita T, Kinsella TM. Inhibition of Janus kinase signaling during controlled mechanical ventilation prevents ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction. FASEB J 2014; 28:2790-803. [PMID: 24671708 PMCID: PMC4062832 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is associated with the development of diaphragm atrophy and contractile dysfunction, and respiratory muscle weakness is thought to contribute significantly to delayed weaning of patients. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for preventing these processes may have clinical benefit. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in CMV-mediated diaphragm wasting and weakness in rats. CMV-induced diaphragm atrophy and contractile dysfunction coincided with marked increases in STAT3 phosphorylation on both tyrosine 705 (Tyr705) and serine 727 (Ser727). STAT3 activation was accompanied by its translocation into mitochondria within diaphragm muscle and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of JAK signaling during CMV prevented phosphorylation of both target sites on STAT3, eliminated the accumulation of phosphorylated STAT3 within the mitochondria, and reversed the pathologic alterations in mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress in the diaphragm, and maintained normal diaphragm contractility. In addition, JAK inhibition during CMV blunted the activation of key proteolytic pathways in the diaphragm, as well as diaphragm atrophy. These findings implicate JAK/STAT3 signaling in the development of diaphragm muscle atrophy and dysfunction during CMV and suggest that the delayed extubation times associated with CMV can be prevented by inhibition of Janus kinase signaling.-Smith, I. J., Godinez, G. L., Singh, B. K., McCaughey, K. M., Alcantara, R. R., Gururaja, T., Ho, M. S., Nguyen, H. N., Friera, A. M., White, K. A., McLaughlin, J. R., Hansen, D., Romero, J. M., Baltgalvis, K. A., Claypool, M. D., Li, W., Lang, W., Yam, G. C., Gelman, M. S., Ding, R., Yung, S. L., Creger, D. P., Chen, Y., Singh, R., Smuder, A. J., Wiggs, M. P., Kwon, O.-S., Sollanek, K. J., Powers, S. K., Masuda, E. S., Taylor, V. C., Payan, D. G., Kinoshita, T., Kinsella, T. M. Inhibition of Janus kinase signaling during controlled mechanical ventilation prevents ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Smith
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Baljit K Singh
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | | | | | - Melissa S Ho
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Henry N Nguyen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Kathy A White
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Derek Hansen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Jason M Romero
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Mark D Claypool
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Wei Li
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Wayne Lang
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - George C Yam
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Marina S Gelman
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Rongxian Ding
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Stephanie L Yung
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Daniel P Creger
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Yan Chen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Oh-Sung Kwon
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kurt J Sollanek
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Esteban S Masuda
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Vanessa C Taylor
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Donald G Payan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Taisei Kinoshita
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Todd M Kinsella
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
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Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Walczak H, Vandenabeele P. Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:135-47. [PMID: 24452471 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1385] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell death research was revitalized by the understanding that necrosis can occur in a highly regulated and genetically controlled manner. Although RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1)- and RIPK3-MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like)-mediated necroptosis is the most understood form of regulated necrosis, other examples of this process are emerging, including cell death mechanisms known as parthanatos, oxytosis, ferroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis and pyroptosis. Elucidating how these pathways of regulated necrosis are interconnected at the molecular level should enable this process to be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- 1] Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium. [2]
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany. [2]
| | - Sandrine Jouan-Lanhouet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Demaria M, Camporeale A, Poli V. STAT3 and metabolism: How many ways to use a single molecule? Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1997-2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The role of iron and reactive oxygen species in cell death. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:9-17. [PMID: 24346035 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1668] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transition metal iron is essential for life, yet potentially toxic iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unavoidable in an oxygen-rich environment. Iron and ROS are increasingly recognized as important initiators and mediators of cell death in a variety of organisms and pathological situations. Here, we review recent discoveries regarding the mechanism by which iron and ROS participate in cell death. We describe the different roles of iron in triggering cell death, targets of iron-dependent ROS that mediate cell death and a new form of iron-dependent cell death termed ferroptosis. Recent advances in understanding the role of iron and ROS in cell death offer unexpected surprises and suggest new therapeutic avenues to treat cancer, organ damage and degenerative disease.
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Meier JA, Larner AC. Toward a new STATe: the role of STATs in mitochondrial function. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:20-8. [PMID: 24434063 PMCID: PMC4321820 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) have been studied extensively and have been associated with virtually every biochemical pathway. Until recently, however, they were thought to exert these effects solely as a nuclear transcription factor. The finding that STAT3 localizes to the mitochondria and modulates respiration has opened up a new avenue through which STATs may regulate the cell. Recently, other members of the STAT family (STAT1, STAT2, STAT5, and STAT6) have also been shown to be present in the mitochondria. Coordinate regulation at the nucleus and mitochondria by these proteins places them in a unique position to drive cellular processes to achieve a specific response. This review summarizes recent findings that have led to our current understanding of how STATs influence mitochondrial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Meier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrew C. Larner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Tel.: +1 804 828 2903; fax: +1 804 827 1657. (A.C. Larner)
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Resemann HK, Watson CJ, Lloyd-Lewis B. The Stat3 paradox: a killer and an oncogene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:603-611. [PMID: 23827176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stat proteins regulate many aspects of mammary gland development, including the profound changes that occur during pregnancy, lactation and involution. Stat3 induces transcriptional activation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, and in seemingly contradictory cellular events such as apoptosis, differentiation and stem cell maintenance. While Stat3 signalling during mammary gland involution induces epithelial cell death, aberrant Stat3 activation is widely implicated in breast tumourigenesis. Specific cytokines may initiate either a Stat3-driven proliferative or death response depending on the cell-type and cell-context specific availability of particular combinations of signals and receptors. The paradoxical functions of Stat3 may also be due to the degree and extent of activation in different circumstances, in addition to paracrine signalling between mammary epithelial cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Deciphering the enigmatic nature of Stat3 in the mammary gland may benefit future therapeutic strategies for inducing cell death in breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike K Resemann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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Evidence for site-specific occupancy of the mitochondrial genome by nuclear transcription factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84713. [PMID: 24465428 PMCID: PMC3896368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria contain their own circular genome, with mitochondria-specific transcription and replication systems and corresponding regulatory proteins. All of these proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome and are post-translationally imported into mitochondria. In addition, several nuclear transcription factors have been reported to act in mitochondria, but there has been no comprehensive mapping of their occupancy patterns and it is not clear how many other factors may also be found in mitochondria. Here we address these questions by using ChIP-seq data from the ENCODE, mouseENCODE and modENCODE consortia for 151 human, 31 mouse and 35 C. elegans factors. We identified 8 human and 3 mouse transcription factors with strong localized enrichment over the mitochondrial genome that was usually associated with the corresponding recognition sequence motif. Notably, these sites of occupancy are often the sites with highest ChIP-seq signal intensity within both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and are thus best explained as true binding events to mitochondrial DNA, which exist in high copy number in each cell. We corroborated these findings by immunocytochemical staining evidence for mitochondrial localization. However, we were unable to find clear evidence for mitochondrial binding in ENCODE and other publicly available ChIP-seq data for most factors previously reported to localize there. As the first global analysis of nuclear transcription factors binding in mitochondria, this work opens the door to future studies that probe the functional significance of the phenomenon.
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Viringipurampeer IA, Shan X, Gregory-Evans K, Zhang JP, Mohammadi Z, Gregory-Evans CY. Rip3 knockdown rescues photoreceptor cell death in blind pde6c zebrafish. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:665-75. [PMID: 24413151 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Achromatopsia is a progressive autosomal recessive retinal disease characterized by early loss of cone photoreceptors and later rod photoreceptor loss. In most cases, mutations have been identified in CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, PDE6C or PDE6H genes. Owing to this genetic heterogeneity, mutation-independent therapeutic schemes aimed at preventing cone cell death are very attractive treatment strategies. In pde6c(w59) mutant zebrafish, cone photoreceptors expressed high levels of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) kinases, key regulators of necroptotic cell death. In contrast, rod photoreceptor cells were alternatively immunopositive for caspase-3 indicating activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis in these cells. Morpholino gene knockdown of rip3 in pde6c(w59) embryos rescued the dying cone photoreceptors by inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species and by inhibiting second-order neuron remodelling in the inner retina. In rip3 morphant larvae, visual function was restored in the cones by upregulation of the rod phosphodiesterase genes (pde6a and pde6b), compensating for the lack of cone pde6c suggesting that cones are able to adapt to their local environment. Furthermore, we demonstrated through pharmacological inhibition of RIP1 and RIP3 activity that cone cell death was also delayed. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the underlying mechanism of cone cell death in the pde6c(w59) mutant retina is through necroptosis, whereas rod photoreceptor bystander death occurs through a caspase-dependent mechanism. This suggests that targeting the RIP kinase signalling pathway could be an effective therapeutic intervention in retinal degeneration patients. As bystander cell death is an important feature of many retinal diseases, combinatorial approaches targeting different cell death pathways may evolve as an important general principle in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Viringipurampeer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - X Shan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - K Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - J P Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Z Mohammadi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - C Y Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
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70
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Zouein FA, Duhé RJ, Arany I, Shirey K, Hosler JP, Liu H, Saad I, Kurdi M, Booz GW. Loss of STAT3 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts reveals its Janus-like actions on mitochondrial function and cell viability. Cytokine 2013; 66:7-16. [PMID: 24548419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 has been implicated in mitochondrial function; however, the physiological relevance of this action is not established. Here we studied the importance of STAT3 to the cellular response to stimuli, TNFα and serum deprivation, which increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Experiments were performed using wild type (WT) and STAT3 knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Both WT and STAT3 KO MEF expressed similar levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and exhibited comparable IκBα degradation with TNFα. However, in the absence of STAT3 nuclear accumulation of NFκB p65 with TNFα was attenuated and induction of the survival protein c-FLIPL was eliminated. Nonetheless, WT MEF were more sensitive to TNFα-induced death which was attributed to necrosis. Deletion of STAT3 decreased ROS formation induced by TNFα and serum deprivation. STAT3 deletion was associated with lower levels of complex I and rates of respiration. Relative to WT cells, mitochondria of STAT3 KO cells released significantly more cytochrome c in response to oxidative stress and had greater caspase 3 cleavage due to serum deprivation. Our findings are consistent with STAT3 being important for mitochondrial function and cell viability by ensuring mitochondrial integrity and the expression of pro-survival genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A Zouein
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; School of Medicine and The Mississippi Center for Heart Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; The Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Roy J Duhé
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; The Cancer Institute, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Istvan Arany
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; The Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kristin Shirey
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jonathan P Hosler
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Iman Saad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurdi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - George W Booz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; School of Medicine and The Mississippi Center for Heart Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; The Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Shulga N, Pastorino JG. Mitoneet mediates TNFα-induced necroptosis promoted by exposure to fructose and ethanol. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:896-907. [PMID: 24357718 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose and ethanol are metabolized principally in the liver and are both known to contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis that can progress to hepatic steatohepatitis. The present study indentifies a synergistic interaction between fructose and ethanol in promoting hepatocyte sensitivity to TNFα-induced necroptosis. Concurrent exposure to fructose and ethanol induces the overexpression of the CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (CISD1 or mitoneet), which is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane. The increased expression of mitoneet primes the hepatocyte for TNFα-induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with TNFα induces the translocation of a Stat3-Grim-19 complex to the mitochondria, which binds to mitoneet and promotes the rapid release of its 2Fe-2S cluster, causing an accumulation of mitochondrial iron. The dramatic increase of mitochondrial iron provokes a surge in formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in mitochondrial injury and cell death. Additionally, mitoneet is constitutively expressed at high levels in L929 fibrosarcoma cells and is required for L929 cells to undergo TNFα-induced necroptosis in the presence of caspase inhibition, indicating the importance of mitoneet to the necroptotic form of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Shulga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Saleh A, Chowdhury SKR, Smith DR, Balakrishnan S, Tessler L, Schartner E, Bilodeau A, Van Der Ploeg R, Fernyhough P. Diabetes impairs an interleukin-1β-dependent pathway that enhances neurite outgrowth through JAK/STAT3 modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in adult sensory neurons. Mol Brain 2013; 6:45. [PMID: 24152426 PMCID: PMC4016027 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A luminex-based screen of cytokine expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and nerve of type 1 diabetic rodents revealed interleukin-1 (IL-1α) and IL-1β to be significantly depressed. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that impaired IL-1α and IL-1β expression in DRG may contribute to aberrant axon regeneration and plasticity seen in diabetic sensory neuropathy. In addition, we determined if these cytokines could optimize mitochondrial bioenergetics since mitochondrial dysfunction is a key etiological factor in diabetic neuropathy. Results Cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β were reduced 2-fold (p<0.05) in DRG and/or nerve of 2 and 5 month streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. IL-2 and IL-10 were unchanged. IL-1α and IL-1β induced similar 2 to 3-fold increases in neurite outgrowth in cultures derived from control or diabetic rats (p<0.05). STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705 or Ser727 was depressed in DRG from STZ-diabetic mice and treatment of cultures derived from STZ-diabetic rats with IL-1β for 30 min raised phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 and Ser727 by 1.5 to 2-fold (p<0.05). shRNA-based or AG490 inhibition of STAT3 activity or shRNA blockade of endogenous IL-1β expression completely blocked neurite outgrowth. Cultured neurons derived from STZ-diabetic mice were treated for 24 hr with IL-1β and maximal oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity, both key measures of bioenergetic fidelity that were depressed in diabetic compared with control neurons, were enhanced 2-fold. This effect was blocked by AG490. Conclusions Endogenous synthesis of IL-1β is diminished in nerve tissue in type 1 diabetes and we propose this defect triggers reduced STAT3 signaling and mitochondrial function leading to sup-optimal axonal regeneration and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saleh
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St, Boniface Hospital Research Centre, R4048 - 351 Tache Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Poser SW, Park DM, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. The STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling axis: an emerging regulator of endogenous regeneration and cancer growth. Front Physiol 2013; 4:273. [PMID: 24101906 PMCID: PMC3787304 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, by definition, are able to both self-renew (give rise to more cells of their own kind) and demonstrate multipotential (the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types). To accommodate this unique dual ability, stem cells interpret signal transduction pathways in specialized ways. Notable examples include canonical and non-canonical branches of the Notch signaling pathway, with each controlling different downstream targets (e.g., Hes1 vs. Hes3) and promoting either differentiation or self-renewal. Similarly, stem cells utilize STAT3 signaling uniquely. Most mature cells studied thus far rely on tyrosine phosphorylation (STAT3-Tyr) to promote survival and growth; in contrast, STAT3-Tyr induces the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs use an alternative phosphorylation site, STAT3-Ser, to regulate survival and growth, a site that is largely redundant for this function in most other cell types. STAT3-Ser regulates Hes3, and together they form a convergence point for several signals, including Notch, Tie2, and insulin receptor activation. Disregulation and manipulation of the STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling pathway is important in both tumorigenesis and regenerative medicine, and worthy of extensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Poser
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
TNF-induced necroptosis is caused by the activation of RIPK1 and the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria, although the intermittent molecules of the signaling pathway responsible for this ROS-mediated type of programmed necrosis have not yet been identified. A recent article by Shulga and Pastorino in the Journal of Cell Science identifies RIPK1 as the mediator of STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation, which leads to the translocation of the latter into the mitochondria via its interaction with GRIM-19, a member of the mitochondrial complex I. Here we discuss how the findings of the Shulga and Pastorino study shed light onto the involvement of STAT3 in necroptosis.
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Wen LJ, Gao LF, Jin CS, Zhang HJ, Ji K, Yang JP, Zhao XJ, Wen MJ, Guan GF. Small interfering RNA survivin and GRIM-19 co-expression salmonella plasmid inhibited the growth of laryngeal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:2071-2081. [PMID: 24133585 PMCID: PMC3796229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of plasmid-based survivin-specific short hairpin RNA and GRIM-19 on the growth of Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells. METHODS The plasmid expressing survivin-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and GRIM-19 (p-siRNA survivin/GRIM-19) was prepared and transfected into Hep-2 cells with Lipofectamine 2000. The mRNA and protein expression of surviving and GRIM-19 were measured with RT-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. MTT assay was employed to detect the proliferation of Hep-2 cells, and flow cytometry and AO/EB assay were done to determine the apoptosis of Hep-2 cells. RESULTS In the p-siRNA survivin/GRIM-19, the mRNA and protein expression of survivin was markedly reduced by 54.4% and 42.2%, and the reduction in protein expression of surviving was more obvious than that in the p-siRNA survivin group (37%) (P<0.05). The protein expression of GRIM-19 was markedly enhanced when compared with the control group (P<0.01). MTT assay revealed the proliferation of Hep-2 cells undergoing transfection with p-siRNA survivin/GRIM-19 was markedly inhibited, and the inhibition rate was as high as 79%, which was higher than that in the psi-survivin group (45%) and p-GRIM-19 group (35%). AO/EB assay and flow cytometry indicated that the apoptotic cells in the p-siRNA survivin/GRIM-19 group were dramatically increased as compared to the psi-survivin group and p-GRIM-19 group. CONCLUSION The p-siRNA survivin/GRIM-19 has marked decrease in survivin expression and dramatic increase in GRIM-19 expression. Moreover, silencing of survivin and over-expression of GRIM-19 can significantly inhibit the growth and induce the apoptosis of Hep-2 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Ji Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - Li-Fang Gao
- WeiKang Hospital of ShenyangShenyang 110000, China
| | - Chun-Shun Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - He-Jia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
| | - Kun Ji
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medicinal University of ShenyangShenyang 110034, China
| | - Jing-Pu Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - Xue-Jian Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic School of Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
| | - Ming-Ji Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Changchun CityChangchun 130051, China
| | - Guo-Fang Guan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
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Bourgeais J, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Gouilleux F. Oxidative metabolism in cancer: A STAT affair? JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25764. [PMID: 24416651 PMCID: PMC3876433 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT3 and STAT5 (STAT3/5) proteins are crucial mediators of cytokine- or growth factor-induced cell survival and proliferation. These transcription factors are frequently overactivated in a variety of solid tumors and hematopoietic neoplasms and are targets of various oncogenes with tyrosine kinase activity. STAT3/5 proteins regulate expression of genes involved in survival and proliferation in the nucleus and interact with signaling pathways in the cytoplasm. Evidences for a cross-talk between STAT3/5 and oxidative metabolism have recently emerged. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the cross-regulation between STAT3/5 and oxidative metabolism in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Bourgeais
- CNRS UMR 7292; Université F. Rabelais; Faculté de Médecine; Tours, France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- CNRS UMR 7292; Université F. Rabelais; Faculté de Médecine; Tours, France ; CHRU de Tours; Department of Immunology; Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Gouilleux
- CNRS UMR 7292; Université F. Rabelais; Faculté de Médecine; Tours, France
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Zhou L, Too HP. GDNF family ligand dependent STAT3 activation is mediated by specific alternatively spliced isoforms of GFRα2 and RET. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2789-2802. [PMID: 23872421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN), a member of the GDNF family of ligands (GFL), is currently investigated in a series of clinical trials for Parkinson's disease. NRTN signals through its cognate receptor GFRα2 and co-receptor RET to induce neurite outgrowth, but the underlying mechanism remains to be better understood. STAT3 was previously shown to be activated by oncogenic RET, independent of ligand and GFRα. In this study, we demonstrated that NRTN induced serine(727) but not tyrosine(705) phosphorylation of STAT3 in primary cortical neuron and neuronal cell lines. Remarkably, STAT3 phosphorylation was found to be mediated specifically by GFRα2c and RET9 isoforms. Furthermore, serine but not tyrosine dominant negative mutant of STAT3 impaired NRTN induced neurite outgrowth, indicative of the role of STAT3 as a downstream mediator of NRTN function. Similar to NGF, the NRTN induced P-Ser-STAT3 was localized to the mitochondria but not to the nucleus. Mitochondrial STAT3 was further found to be intimately involved in NRTN induced neurite outgrowth. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the hitherto unrecognized and novel role of specific GFRα2 and RET isoforms in mediating NRTN activation of STAT3 and the transcription independent mechanism whereby the mitochondria localized P-Ser-STAT3 mediated NRTN induced neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Heng-Phon Too
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Chemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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Togi S, Shiga K, Muromoto R, Kato M, Souma Y, Sekine Y, Kon S, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Y14 positively regulates TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity via interacting RIP1 and TRADD beyond an exon junction complex protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1436-44. [PMID: 23817415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although Y14 is known to be a component of the exon junction complex, we previously reported that Y14 regulates IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. In this study, we showed that endogenous Y14 positively regulated TNF-α-induced IL-6 expression in HeLa cells. Small interfering RNA-mediated Y14-knockdown reduced TNF-α-induced and NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activity, phosphorylation/degradation of IκBα, and nuclear localization of NF-κB/p65. As in the case of IL-6 stimuli, Y14 enhanced TNF-α-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, which is important for its nuclear retention. However, our manipulation of Y14 expression indicated that it is involved in TNF-α-induced IL-6 expression via both STAT3-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We screened signaling molecules in the TNF-α-NF-κB pathway and found that Y14 endogenously associated with receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD). Overexpression of RIP1, but not TRADD, restored TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in Y14-knockdown cells, and Y14 overexpression restored TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in TRADD-knockdown cells, but not in RIP1-knockdown cells, indicating that Y14 lies downstream of TRADD and upstream of RIP1. Of importance, Y14 significantly enhanced the binding between RIP1 and TRADD, and this is a possible new mechanism for Y14-mediated modification of TNF-α signals. Although Y14 associates with MAGOH in the exon junction complex, Y14's actions in the TNF-α-NF-κB pathway are unlikely to require MAGOH. Therefore, Y14 positively regulates signals for TNF-α-induced IL-6 production at multiple steps beyond an exon junction complex protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumihito Togi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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79
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Zouein FA, Kurdi M, Booz GW. Dancing rhinos in stilettos: The amazing saga of the genomic and nongenomic actions of STAT3 in the heart. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e24352. [PMID: 24069556 PMCID: PMC3772108 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence has shown that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has an important role in the heart in protecting the myocardium from ischemia and oxidative stress. These actions are attributed to STAT3 functioning as a transcription factor in upregulating cardioprotective genes. Loss of STAT3 has been implicated as well in the pathogenesis of heart failure and, in that context and in addition to the loss of a cardioprotective gene program, nuclear STAT3 has been identified as a transcriptional repressor important for the normal functioning of the ubiquitin-proteasome system for protein degradation. The later finding establishes a genomic role for STAT3 in controlling cellular homeostasis in cardiac myocytes independent of stress. Surprisingly, although a well-studied area, very few downstream gene targets of STAT3 in the heart have been definitively identified. In addition, STAT3 is now known to induce gene expression by noncanonical means that are not well characterized in the heart. On the other hand, recent evidence has shown that STAT3 has important nongenomic actions in cardiac myocytes that affect microtubule stability, mitochondrial respiration, and autophagy. These extranuclear actions of STAT3 involve protein–protein interactions that are incompletely understood, as is their regulation in both the healthy and injured heart. Moreover, how the diverse genomic and nongenomic actions of STAT3 crosstalk with each other is unchartered territory. Here we present an overview of what is and is not known about both the genomic and nongenomic actions of STAT3 in the heart from a structure-function perspective that focuses on the impact of posttranslational modifications and oxidative stress in regulating the actions and interactions of STAT3. Even though we have learnt a great deal about the role played by STAT3 in the heart, much more awaits to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; School of Medicine; and The Jackson Center for Heart Research at UMMC; The Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson, MS USA
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80
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Nallar SC, Kalakonda S, Lindner DJ, Lorenz RR, Lamarre E, Weihua X, Kalvakolanu DV. Tumor-derived mutations in the gene associated with retinoid interferon-induced mortality (GRIM-19) disrupt its anti-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity and promote oncogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7930-7941. [PMID: 23386605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.440610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is critical for multiple cytokine and growth factor-induced biological responses in vivo. Its transcriptional activity is controlled by a transient phosphorylation of a critical tyrosine. Constitutive activation of STAT3 imparts resistance to apoptosis, promotes cell proliferation, and induces de novo micro-angiogenesis, three of the six cardinal hallmarks of a typical cancer cell. Earlier we reported the isolation of GRIM-19 as a growth suppressor using a genome-wide expression knockdown strategy. GRIM-19 binds to STAT3 and suppresses its transcriptional activity. To understand the pathological relevance of GRIM-19, we screened a set of primary head and neck tumors and identified three somatic mutations in GRIM-19. Wild-type GRIM-19 suppressed cellular transformation by a constitutively active form of STAT3, whereas tumor-derived mutants L71P, L91P and A95T significantly lost their ability to associate with STAT3, block gene expression, and suppress cellular transformation and tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, these mutants lost their capacity to prevent metastasis. These mutations define a mechanism by which STAT3 activity is deregulated in certain human head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sudhakar Kalakonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Daniel J Lindner
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Robert R Lorenz
- Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Eric Lamarre
- Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Xiao Weihua
- University of Science Technology, 230027 Hefei, China
| | - Dhananjaya V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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81
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New tricks from an old dog: mitochondrial redox signaling in cellular inflammation. Semin Immunol 2013; 24:384-92. [PMID: 23391428 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) have long been implicated as pro-inflammatory, yet the sources of ROS and the molecular mechanisms by which they enhance inflammation have been less clear. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of inflammation mediated by the innate immune system have allowed these issues to be revisited. Although the Nox2 NADPH oxidases generate the bulk of ROS for antimicrobial host defense, recent studies have found that NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production can actually dampen macrophage inflammatory responses to sterile pro-inflammatory stimuli. Instead, production of mitochondrial ROS has emerged as an important factor in both host defense and sterile inflammation. Excess mitochondrial ROS can be generated by either damage to the respiratory chain or by alterations of mitochondrial function such as those that increase membrane potential and reduce respiratory electron carriers. In autoinflammatory diseases, where key components of innate immune responses are activated by genetic mutations or environmental stimuli, inflammation has been found to be particularly sensitive to inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production. These findings have highlighted mitochondrial ROS as a novel generator of pro-inflammatory ROS and a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases.
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82
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Tammineni P, Anugula C, Mohammed F, Anjaneyulu M, Larner AC, Sepuri NBV. The import of the transcription factor STAT3 into mitochondria depends on GRIM-19, a component of the electron transport chain. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4723-32. [PMID: 23271731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a nuclear transcription factor, is also present in mitochondria and regulates cellular respiration in a transcriptional-independent manner. The mechanism of STAT3 import into mitochondria remains obscure. In this report we show that mitochondrial-localized STAT3 resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In vitro import studies show that the gene associated with retinoid interferon induced cell mortality 19 (GRIM-19), a complex I subunit that acts as a chaperone to recruit STAT3 into mitochondria. In addition, GRIM-19 enhances the integration of STAT3 into complex I. A S727A mutation in STAT3 reduces its import and assembly even in the presence of GRIM-19. Together, our studies unveil a novel chaperone function for GRIM-19 in the recruitment of STAT3 into mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Tammineni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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83
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Zhou Z, Han V, Han J. New components of the necroptotic pathway. Protein Cell 2012; 3:811-7. [PMID: 23073834 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed necrosis, also known as necroptosis, has recently drawn great attention. As an important cellular regulation mechanism, knowledge of its signaling components is expanding. Necroptosisis demonstrated to be regulated by the RIP1 and RIP3 kinases, and its pathophysiological importance has been confirmed in a number of disease models. Here we review the new members of this necroptosis pathway, MLKL, PGAM5, Drp1 and DAI, and discuss some of their possible applications according to recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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84
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Raffaella T, Fiore F, Fabrizia M, Francesco P, Arcangela I, Salvatore S, Luigi S, Nicola B. Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human fibroblast cultures exposed to serum from septic patients. Life Sci 2012; 91:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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85
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Protective effect of carbamazepine on kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:172-81. [PMID: 22772901 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the protective effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) on seizure-induced neuronal injury. However, its precise mechanisms remain unknown. Here, to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of CBZ against seizure-induced neuronal cell death, we identified the change of gene expressions by CBZ in the hippocampus of kainic acid (KA)-treated mice using microarray method, and studied the involvement of candidate gene in neuroprotective action of CBZ. KA (15 mg/kg) and/or CBZ (30 mg/kg, 0.5 h after KA exposure) were injected intraperitoneally into mice. Through microarray analysis, we found that signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) gene expression was upregulated in the hippocampal CA3 region, 24 h after KA injection (15 mg/kg), and that CBZ further elevated Stat3 expression in KA-treated mice. KA also increased the protein level and phosphorylation of Stat3, and CBZ further increased the Stat3 phosphorylation, without changing Stat3 protein level in KA-treated mice. In particular, phospho-Stat3 immunoreactivity (IR) by KA was shown in astrocytes rather than in neurons; whereas phospho-Stat3 IR by CBZ in KA-treated mice was observed predominantly in neurons, and also in neuroprotective protein Bcl-xL-expression cells. These results indicate that Stat3 may play an important role in neuroprotective action of CBZ on seizure-induced neuronal injury.
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86
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Szczepanek K, Lesnefsky EJ, Larner AC. Multi-tasking: nuclear transcription factors with novel roles in the mitochondria. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:429-37. [PMID: 22705015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated responses between the nucleus and mitochondria are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. For over 15 years, pools of nuclear transcription factors (TFs), such as p53 and nuclear hormone receptors, have been observed in the mitochondria. The contribution of the mitochondrial pool of these TFs to their well-defined biological actions is in some cases clear and in others not well understood. Recently, a small mitochondrial pool of the TF signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) was shown to modulate the activity of the electron transport chain (ETC). The mitochondrial function of STAT3 encompasses both its biological actions in the heart as well as its oncogenic effects. This review highlights advances in our understanding of how mitochondrial pools of nuclear TFs may influence the function of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Szczepanek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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