101
|
Oyama MA, Levy RJ. Insights into serotonin signaling mechanisms associated with canine degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:27-36. [PMID: 19912520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular abnormalities associated with canine degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). The pathology of DMVD involves the differentiation and activation of the normally quiescent mitral valvular interstitial cell (VIC) into a more active myofibroblast phenotype, which mediates many of the histological and molecular changes in affected the valve tissue. In both humans and experimental animal models, increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) signaling can induce VIC differentiation and myxomatous valve damage. In canine DMVD, numerous lines of evidence suggest that 5HT and related molecules such as transforming growth factor-beta play a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disease. A variety of investigative techniques, including gene expression, immunohistochemistry, protein blotting, and cell culture, shed light on the potential role of 5HT in the differentiation of VIC, elaboration of myxomatous extracellular matrix components, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These studies help support a hypothesis that 5HT and its related pathways serve as an important stimulus in canine DMVD. This review describes the pathological characteristics of canine DMVD, the organization and role of the 5HT pathway in valve tissue, involvement of 5HT in human and experimental models of valve disease, avenues of evidence that suggest a role for 5HT in naturally occurring DMVD, and finally, a overarching hypothesis describing a potential role for 5HT in canine DMVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Stella JA, D'Amore A, Wagner WR, Sacks MS. On the biomechanical function of scaffolds for engineering load-bearing soft tissues. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2365-81. [PMID: 20060509 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replacement or regeneration of load-bearing soft tissues has long been the impetus for the development of bioactive materials. While maturing, current efforts continue to be confounded by our lack of understanding of the intricate multi-scale hierarchical arrangements and interactions typically found in native tissues. The current state of the art in biomaterial processing enables a degree of controllable microstructure that can be used for the development of model systems to deduce fundamental biological implications of matrix morphologies on cell function. Furthermore, the development of computational frameworks which allow for the simulation of experimentally derived observations represents a positive departure from what has mostly been an empirically driven field, enabling a deeper understanding of the highly complex biological mechanisms we wish to ultimately emulate. Ongoing research is actively pursuing new materials and processing methods to control material structure down to the micro-scale to sustain or improve cell viability, guide tissue growth, and provide mechanical integrity, all while exhibiting the capacity to degrade in a controlled manner. The purpose of this review is not to focus solely on material processing but to assess the ability of these techniques to produce mechanically sound tissue surrogates, highlight the unique structural characteristics produced in these materials, and discuss how this translates to distinct macroscopic biomechanical behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Stella
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Abstract
Age-related, degenerative aortic valve disease is of great concern for the current aging population, and the only current treatment option is replacement, necessitating open-chest surgery. While the initial disease mechanism may involve the endothelial cells that sheath the valve leaflets, there is strong evidence supporting the notion that it is in fact a malfunction of the robust interstitial cells within the leaflet tissue that perpetuate the disease through a presently unclear sequence of events. In this article, recent data are discussed regarding mechanobiology of the interstitial cell, with particular focus on modulation of the phenotype and subsequent biosynthetic function. Moreover, speculation of potential mechanisms that may ultimately lead to degenerative aortic valve disease are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W David Merryman
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 811 Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Balachandran K, Sucosky P, Jo H, Yoganathan AP. Elevated cyclic stretch induces aortic valve calcification in a bone morphogenic protein-dependent manner. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:49-57. [PMID: 20489151 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve (AV) cusps have increased expression of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). Elevated stretch loading on the AV is known to increase expression of matrix remodeling enzymes and pro-inflammatory proteins. Little, however, is known about the mechanism by which elevated stretch might induce AV calcification. We investigated the hypothesis that elevated stretch may cause valve calcification via a BMP-dependent mechanism. Porcine AV cusps were cultured in a stretch bioreactor, at 10% (physiological) or 15% (pathological) stretch and 70 beats per minute for 3, 7, and 14 days, in osteogenic media supplemented with or without high phosphate (3.8 mmol/L), TGF-beta1 (1 ng/ml), as well as the BMP inhibitor noggin (1, 10, and 100 ng/ml). Fresh cusps served as controls. Alizarin red and von Kossa staining demonstrated that 15% stretch elicited a stronger calcification response compared with 10% stretch in a fully osteogenic medium containing high phosphate and TGF-beta1. BMP-2, -4, and Runx2 expression was observed after 3 days on the fibrosa surface of the valve cusp and was stretch magnitude-dependent. Cellular apoptosis was highest at 15% stretch. Tissue calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity were similarly stretch-dependent and were significantly reduced by noggin in a dose dependent manner. These results underline the potential role of BMPs in valve calcification due to altered stretch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Balachandran
- The Wallace H. Coulter School of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Suite 1121, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Heise RL, Ivanova J, Parekh A, Sacks MS. Generating elastin-rich small intestinal submucosa-based smooth muscle constructs utilizing exogenous growth factors and cyclic mechanical stimulation. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 15:3951-60. [PMID: 19569874 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful approaches to tissue engineering smooth muscle tissues utilize biodegradable scaffolds seeded with autologous cells. One common problem in using biological scaffolds specifically is the difficulty of inducing cellular penetration and controlling de novo extracellular matrix deposition/remodeling in vitro. Our hypothesis was that small intestinal submucosa (SIS) exposed to specific mechanical stimulation regimes would modulate the synthesis of de novo collagen and elastin by bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC) within the SIS matrix. We further hypothesized that the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), two key growth factors involved in epithelial mesenchymal signaling, will promote the cellular penetration into SIS necessary for mechanical stimulation. BSMC were seeded at 0.5 x 10(6) cells/cm(2) onto the luminal side of SIS specimens. VEGF (10 ng/mL) and FGF-2 (5 ng/mL) were added to each insert in the media every other day for up to 7 days in static culture. Following static culture, specimens were stretched strip-biaxially under 15% peak strain at either 0.5 or 0.1 Hz for an additional 7 days. Following the culture period, specimens were assayed histologically and biochemically for cellular penetration, proliferation, elastin, collagen, and protease activity. Histological analyses demonstrated that in standard culture media, BSMC remained on the surface of the SIS while both FGF-2 and VEGF profoundly promoted ingrowth of the BSMC into the SIS. The penetration of the cells in response to these cytokines was confirmed using a Transwell assay. Following cellular penetration, BSMC produced significant amounts of elastic fibers under cyclic mechanical stretching at 0.1 Hz under 15% stretch, as evidenced by colorimetric assay and histology using a Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain. Protease activity was assessed in the media and found to be statistically increased in static culture following FGF-2 treatment. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the capability of BSMC to produce histologically apparent elastin fibers in vitro. Moreover, our results suggest that a strategy involving growth factors and controlled mechanical stimulation may be used to engineer functional, elastin-rich tissue replacements using decellularized biologically derived scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Long Heise
- Engineered Tissue Mechanics and Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and McGowan Institute, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Stephens EH, Post AD, Laucirica DR, Grande-Allen KJ. Perinatal changes in mitral and aortic valve structure and composition. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2010; 13:447-58. [PMID: 20536360 PMCID: PMC4667799 DOI: 10.2350/09-11-0749-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At birth, the mechanical environment of valves changes radically as fetal shunts close and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances change. Given that valves are reported to be mechanosensitive, we investigated remodeling induced by perinatal changes by examining compositional and structural differences of aortic and mitral valves (AVs, MVs) between 2-day-old and 3rd fetal trimester porcine valves using immunohistochemistry and Movat pentachrome staining. Aortic valve composition changed more with birth than the MV, consistent with a greater change in AV hemodynamics. At 2 days, AV demonstrated a trend of greater versican and elastin (P = 0.055), as well as greater hyaluronan turnover (hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis, P = 0.049) compared with the 3rd-trimester samples. The AVs also demonstrated decreases in proteins related to collagen synthesis and fibrillogenesis with birth, including procollagen I, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, biglycan (all P ≤ 0.005), and decorin (P = 0.059, trend). Both AVs and MVs demonstrated greater delineation between the leaflet layers in 2-day-old compared with 3rd-trimester samples, and AVs demonstrated greater saffron-staining collagen intensity, suggesting more mature collagen in 2-day-old compared with 3rd-trimester samples (each P < 0.05). The proportion of saffron-staining collagen also increased in AV with birth (P < 0.05). The compositional and structural changes that occur with birth, as noted in this study, likely are important to proper neonatal valve function. Furthermore, normal perinatal changes in hemodynamics often do not occur in congenital valve disease; the corresponding perinatal matrix maturation may also be lacking and could contribute to poor function of congenitally malformed valves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison D. Post
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Abstract
Surgical replacement of diseased heart valves by mechanical and tissue valve substitutes is now commonplace and enhances survival and quality of life for many patients. However, repairs of congenital deformities require very small valve sizes not commercially available. Further, a fundamental problem inherent to the use of existing mechanical and biological prostheses in the pediatric population is their failure to grow, repair, and remodel. It is believed that a tissue engineered heart valve can accommodate many of these requirements, especially those pertaining to somatic growth. This review provides an overview of the field of heart valve tissue engineering, including recent trends, with a focus on the bioengineering challenges unique to heart valves. We believe that, currently, the key bioengineering challenge is to determine how biological, structural, and mechanical factors affect extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and in vivo functionality. These factors are fundamental to any approach toward developing a clinically viable tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV), regardless of the particular approach. Critical to the current approaches to TEHVs is scaffold design, which must simultaneously provide function (valves must function from the time of implant) as well as stress transfer to the new ECM. From a bioengineering point of view, a hierarchy of approaches will be necessary to connect the organ-tissue relationships with underpinning cell and sub-cellular events. Overall, such approaches need to be structured to address these fundamental issues to lay the basis for TEHVs that can be developed and designed according to truly sound scientific and engineering principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Sacks
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Abstract
Aortic valve leaflets experience varying applied loads during the cardiac cycle. These varying loads act on both cell types of the leaflets, endothelial and interstitial cells, and cause molecular signaling events that are required for repairing the leaflet tissue, which is continually damaged from the applied loads. However, with increasing age, this reparative mechanism appears to go awry as valve interstitial cells continue to remain in their 'remodeling' phenotype and subsequently cause the tissue to become stiff, which results in heart valve disease. The etiology of this disease remains elusive; however, multiple clues are beginning to coalesce and mechanical cues are turning out to be large predicators of cellular function in the aortic valve leaflets, when compared to the cells from the pulmonary valve leaflets, which are under a significantly less demanding mechanical loading regime. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanical environment of the constitutive cell populations, mechanobiological processes that are currently unclear, and a mechano-potential etiology of aortic disease will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Room 9445D MRB IV-Langford, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0493, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Schenke-Layland K, Stock UA, Nsair A, Xie J, Angelis E, Fonseca CG, Larbig R, Mahajan A, Shivkumar K, Fishbein MC, MacLellan WR. Cardiomyopathy is associated with structural remodelling of heart valve extracellular matrix. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2254-65. [PMID: 19561339 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To increase the supply, many countries harvest allograft valves from explanted hearts of transplant recipients with ischaemic (ICM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study determines the structural integrity of valves from cardiomyopathic hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Extracellular matrix (ECM) was examined in human valves obtained from normal, ICM, and DCM hearts. To confirm if ECM changes were directly related to the cardiomyopathy, we developed a porcine model of chronic ICM. Histology and immunohistostaining, as well as non-invasive multiphoton and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging revealed marked disruption of ECM structures in human valves from ICM and DCM hearts. The ECM was unaffected in valves from normal and acute ICM pigs, whereas chronic ICM specimens showed ECM alterations similar to those seen in ICM and DCM patients. Proteins and proteinases implicated in ECM remodelling, including Tenascin C, TGFbeta1, Cathepsin B, MMP2, were upregulated in human ICM and DCM, and porcine chronic ICM specimens. CONCLUSION Valves from cardiomyopathic hearts showed significant ECM deterioration with a disrupted collagen and elastic fibre network. It will be important to determine the impact of this ECM damage on valve durability and calcification in vivo if allografts are to be used from these donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Merryman WD, Bieniek PD, Guilak F, Sacks MS. Viscoelastic properties of the aortic valve interstitial cell. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:041005. [PMID: 19275434 DOI: 10.1115/1.3049821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the mechanobiological function of the aortic valve interstitial cell (AVIC) due to its role in valve tissue homeostasis and remodeling. In a recent study we determined the relation between diastolic loading of the aortic valve (AV) leaflet and the resulting AVIC deformation, which was found to be substantial. However, due to the rapid loading time of the AV leaflets during closure ( approximately 0.05 s), time-dependent effects may play a role in AVIC deformation during physiological function. In the present study, we explored AVIC viscoelastic behavior using the micropipette aspiration technique. We then modeled the resulting time-length data over the 100 s test period using a standard linear solid model, which included Boltzmann superposition. To quantify the degree of creep and stress relaxation during physiological time scales, simulations of micropipette aspiration were preformed with a valve loading time of 0.05 s and a full valve closure time of 0.3 s. The 0.05 s loading simulations suggest that, during valve closure, AVICs act elastically. During diastole, simulations revealed creep (4.65%) and stress relaxation (4.39%) over the 0.3 s physiological time scale. Simulations also indicated that if Boltzmann superposition was not used in parameter estimation, as in much of the micropipette literature, creep and stress relaxation predicted values were nearly doubled (7.92% and 7.35%, respectively). We conclude that while AVIC viscoelastic effects are negligible during valve closure, they likely contribute to the deformation time-history of AVIC deformation during diastole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W David Merryman
- Engineered Tissue Mechanics and Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Balachandran K, Sucosky P, Jo H, Yoganathan AP. Elevated cyclic stretch alters matrix remodeling in aortic valve cusps: implications for degenerative aortic valve disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H756-64. [PMID: 19151254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00900.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes that are upregulated in diseased aortic valve cusps. The objective of this study was to investigate whether elevated cyclic stretch causes an increased expression and activity of these proteolytic enzymes in the valve cusp. Circumferentially oriented fresh porcine aortic valve cusp sections were stretched to 10% (physiological), 15% (pathological), and 20% (hyperpathological) in a tensile stretch bioreactor for 24 and 48 h. The expression and activity of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1, and cathepsin L, S, and K were quantified and compared with fresh controls. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also analyzed. As a result, at 10% physiological stretch, the expression and activity of remodeling enzymes were comparable with fresh controls. At 15% stretch, the expression of MMP-1, -2, -9 and cathepsin S and K were upregulated, whereas the expression of cathepsin L was downregulated compared with controls. A similar trend was observed at 20% stretch, but the magnitudes of upregulation and downregulation of the expression were less than those observed at 15%. In addition, there were significantly higher cell proliferation and apoptosis at 20% stretch compared with those of other treatment groups. In conclusion, elevated mechanical stretch on aortic valve cusps may detrimentally alter the proteolytic enzyme expression and activity in valve cells. This may trigger a cascade of events leading to an accelerated valve degeneration and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Balachandran
- The Wallace H. Coulter School of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Inst. of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr., Ste. 1121, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
|
113
|
Schoen FJ. Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: the continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering. Circulation 2008; 118:1864-80. [PMID: 18955677 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.805911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in recent years toward elucidating a conceptual framework that integrates the dynamic functional structure, mechanical properties, and pathobiological behavior of the cardiac valves. This communication reviews the evolving paradigm of a continuum of heart valve structure, function, and pathobiology and explores its implications. Specifically, we discuss (1) the interactions of valve biology and biomechanics (eg, correlations of function with structure at the cell, tissue, and organ levels and mechanical considerations, development, endothelial cell and interstitial cell biology, extracellular matrix biology, homeostasis, and adaptation to environmental change); (2) mechanisms of disease (eg, valve cell and matrix pathobiology in congenital anomalies, aortic valve calcification, and mitral valve prolapse); (3) considerations in replacement and repair (eg, cell/matrix biology of tissue valve substitutes and their degeneration and durability of repairs); and (4) the potential for tissue engineering approaches to therapeutic regeneration of the cardiac valves. Opportunities for research and clinical translation are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Liu AC, Gotlieb AI. Transforming growth factor-beta regulates in vitro heart valve repair by activated valve interstitial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1275-85. [PMID: 18832581 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of valve interstitial cell (VIC) function in response to tissue injury and valve disease is not well understood. Because transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in tissue repair, we tested the hypothesis that TGF-beta is a regulator of VIC activation and associated cell responses that occur during early repair processes. We used a well-characterized wound model that was created by mechanical denudation of a confluent VIC monolayer to study activation and repair 24 hours after wounding. VIC activation was demonstrated by immunofluorescent localization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and alpha-SMA mRNA levels were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proliferation and apoptosis were quantified by bromodeoxyuridine staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, respectively. Repair was quantified by measuring VIC extension into the wound, and TGF-beta expression was shown by immunofluorescent localization of intracellular TGF-beta. Compared with nonwounded monolayers, VICs at the wound edge showed alpha-SMA staining, increased alpha-SMA mRNA content, elongation into the wound with stress fibers, proliferation, and apoptosis. VICs at the wound edge also showed increased TGF-beta and pSmad2/3 staining with co-expression of alpha-SMA. Addition of TGF-beta neutralizing antibody to the wound decreased VIC activation, alpha-SMA mRNA content, proliferation, apoptosis, wound closure rate, and stress fibers. Conversely, exogenous addition of TGF-beta to the wound increased VIC activation, proliferation, wound closure rate, and stress fibers. Thus, wounding activates VICs, and TGF-beta signaling modulates VIC response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber C Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Stella JA, Liao J, Hong Y, Merryman WD, Wagner WR, Sacks MS. Tissue-to-cellular level deformation coupling in cell micro-integrated elastomeric scaffolds. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3228-36. [PMID: 18472154 PMCID: PMC2601465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In engineered tissues we are challenged to reproduce extracellular matrix and cellular deformation coupling that occurs within native tissues, which is a meso-micro scale phenomenon that profoundly affects tissue growth and remodeling. With our ability to electrospin polymer fiber scaffolds while simultaneously electrospraying viable cells, we are provided with a unique platform to investigate cellular deformations within a three dimensional elastomeric fibrous scaffold. Scaffold specimens micro-integrated with vascular smooth muscle cells were subjected to controlled biaxial stretch with 3D cellular deformations and local fiber microarchitecture simultaneously quantified. We demonstrated that the local fiber geometry followed an affine behavior, so that it could be predicted by macro-scaffold deformations. However, local cellular deformations depended non-linearly on changes in fiber microarchitecture and ceased at large strains where the scaffold fibers completely straightened. Thus, local scaffold microstructural changes induced by macro-level applied strain dominated cellular deformations, so that monotonic increases in scaffold strain do not necessitate similar levels of cellular deformation. This result has fundamental implications when attempting to elucidate the events of de-novo tissue development and remodeling in engineered tissues, which are thought to depend substantially on cellular deformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Stella
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Yi Hong
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
- Departments of Surgery and Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - W. David Merryman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - William R. Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
- Departments of Surgery and Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Aupperle H, März I, Thielebein J, Schoon HA. Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1, -β2 and -β3 in Normal and Diseased Canine Mitral Valves. J Comp Pathol 2008; 139:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
117
|
Merryman WD. Insights into (the interstitium of) degenerative aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1415; author reply 1416. [PMID: 18387446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
118
|
Reply. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|