101
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Ueda K, Taylor LS. Partitioning of surfactant into drug-rich nanodroplets and its impact on drug thermodynamic activity and droplet size. J Control Release 2021; 330:229-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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102
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Schönfeld B, Westedt U, Wagner KG. Vacuum drum drying - A novel solvent-evaporation based technology to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions in comparison to spray drying and hot melt extrusion. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120233. [PMID: 33484914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel solvent-evaporation based technology to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) called vacuum drum drying (VDD) was assessed in comparison to the conventional technologies hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying (SD). Ritonavir (15%w/w) embedded in copovidone/sorbitan monolaurate was used to investigate the impact on the ASD quality, material properties and in-vitro dissolution. All ASDs met the critical quality criteria: absence of drug substance related crystallinity, residual solvents below ICH limit (SD, VDD) and degradation products within specification limits. Clear differences in material properties such as particle morphology and size distribution, powder densities and flowability properties were observed. Overall, the milled extrudate showed superior material properties in terms of downstream processability. The VDD intermediate performed slightly better in terms of flowability and electrostatic behavior compared to the spray dried while showing comparably unfavorable densities. However, the dissolution data suggested no significant difference between the ASDs prepared by HME, SD, and VDD and thus, no change in bioavailability is expected. In conclusion, the VDD technology might be a viable alternative to manufacture ASDs - especially for thermosensitive and shear-sensitive compounds with potential to process formulations with high solid loads and viscosities while exhibiting higher throughputs at a lower footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schönfeld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Westedt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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103
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Amorphous Solid Dispersions and the Contribution of Nanoparticles to In Vitro Dissolution and In Vivo Testing: Niclosamide as a Case Study. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010097. [PMID: 33466598 PMCID: PMC7828663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of the poorly water-soluble molecule niclosamide that achieved a more than two-fold increase in bioavailability. Notably, this niclosamide ASD formulation increased the apparent drug solubility about 60-fold relative to the crystalline material due to the generation of nanoparticles. Niclosamide is a weakly acidic drug, Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II, and a poor glass former with low bioavailability in vivo. Hot-melt extrusion is a high-throughput manufacturing method commonly used in the development of ASDs for increasing the apparent solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds. We utilized the polymer poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVP–VA) to manufacture niclosamide ASDs by extrusion. Samples were analyzed based on their microscopic and macroscopic behavior and their intermolecular interactions, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The niclosamide ASD generated nanoparticles with a mean particle size of about 100 nm in FaSSIF media. In a side-by-side diffusion test, these nanoparticles produced a four-fold increase in niclosamide diffusion. We successfully manufactured amorphous extrudates of the poor glass former niclosamide that showed remarkable in vitro dissolution and diffusion performance. These in vitro tests were translated to a rat model that also showed an increase in oral bioavailability.
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104
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Zhang W, Noland R, Chin S, Petkovic M, Zuniga R, Santarra B, Conklin B, Hou HH, Nagapudi K, Gruenhagen JA, Yehl P, Chen T. Impact of polymer type, ASD loading and polymer-drug ratio on ASD tablet disintegration and drug release. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120087. [PMID: 33189812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has become an attractive strategy to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. To facilitate oral administration, ASDs are commonly incorporated into tablets. Disintegration and drug release from ASD tablets are thus critical for achieving the inherent solubility advantage of amorphous drugs. In this work, the impact of polymer type, ASD loading in tablet and polymer-drug ratio in ASD on disintegration and drug release of ASD tablets was systematically studied. Two hydrophilic polymers PVPVA and HPMC and one relatively hydrophobic polymer HPMCAS were evaluated. Dissolution testing was performed, and disintegration time was recorded during dissolution testing. As ASD loading increased, tablet disintegration time increased for all three polymer-based ASD tablets, and this effect was more pronounced for hydrophilic polymer-based ASD tablets. As polymer-drug ratio increased, tablet disintegration time increased for hydrophilic polymer-based ASD tablets, however, it remained short and largely unchanged for HPMCAS-based ASD tablets. Consequently, at high ASD loadings or high polymer-drug ratios, HPMCAS-based ASD tablets showed faster drug release than PVPVA- or HPMC-based ASD tablets. These results were attributed to the differences between polymer hydrophilicities and viscosities of polymer aqueous solutions. This work is valuable for understanding the disintegration and drug release of ASD tablets and provides insight to ASD composition selection from downstream tablet formulation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ryan Noland
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Chin
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Milan Petkovic
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ruth Zuniga
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bethany Santarra
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Breanna Conklin
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Helen Hou
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Gruenhagen
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Yehl
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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105
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Patterns of drug release as a function of drug loading from amorphous solid dispersions: A comparison of five different polymers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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106
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Davis DA, Thakkar R, Su Y, Williams RO, Maniruzzaman M. Selective Laser Sintering 3-Dimensional Printing as a Single Step Process to Prepare Amorphous Solid Dispersion Dosage Forms for Improved Solubility and Dissolution Rate. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1432-1443. [PMID: 33227241 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of ritonavir-copovidone amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) and dosage forms thereof using selective laser sintering (SLS) 3-dimensional (3-D) printing in a single step, circumventing the post-processing steps required in common techniques employed to make ASDs. For this study, different drug loads of ritonavir with copovidone were processed at varying processing conditions to understand the impact, range, and correlation of these parameters for successful ASD formation. Further, ASDs characterized using conventional and advanced solid-state techniques including wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), revealed the full conversion of the crystalline drug to its amorphous form as a function of laser-assisted selective fusion in a layer-by-layer manner. It was observed that an optimum combination of the powder flow properties, surface temperature, chamber temperature, laser speed, and hatch spacing was crucial for successful ASD formation, any deviations resulted in print failures or only partial amorphous conversion. Moreover, a 21-fold increase in solubility was demonstrated by the SLS 3-D printed tablets. The results confirmed that SLS 3-D printing can be used as a single-step platform for creating ASD-based pharmaceutical dosage forms with a solubility advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Davis
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Rishi Thakkar
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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107
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Van Zee NJ, Hillmyer MA, Lodge TP. Role of Polymer Excipients in the Kinetic Stabilization of Drug-Rich Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7243-7254. [PMID: 35019383 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of crystallizable drugs and polymer excipients are attractive for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drug molecules. In this study, the solution behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PND) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinylacetate) (PVPVA), as polymer excipients, and nilutamide (NLT), phenytoin (PHY), and itraconazole (ITN) as model drugs, were monitored by an in vitro dissolution assay, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and polarized optical microscopy (POM). High degrees of drug supersaturation were coincident with the formation of amorphous nanoparticles in each system. The difference in particle size and kinetic stability between PND and PVPVA systems suggest a difference in how the polymers interact with the drug-rich phase. A series of scenarios are proposed based on whether the polymer interacts more strongly with the drug-rich nanoparticles or with water. Understanding the contribution of drug-rich nanoparticles to achievable supersaturation and the effect of polymer excipients on these particles will inform the design of future solid dispersion systems through a better understanding of the polymer/drug solution relationship.
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108
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Wang X, Zhang L, Ma D, Tang X, Zhang Y, Yin T, Gou J, Wang Y, He H. Characterizing and Exploring the Differences in Dissolution and Stability Between Crystalline Solid Dispersion and Amorphous Solid Dispersion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:262. [PMID: 32975680 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersion is one of the most effective ways to improve the dissolution of insoluble drugs. When the carrier can highly disperse the drug, it will increase the wettability of the drug and reduce the surface tension, thus improving the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability. However, amorphous solid dispersions usually have low drug loading and poor stability. Therefore, the goal of this work is to study the increased dissolution and high stability of high drug-loading crystalline solid dispersion (CSD), and the difference in dissolution and stability of high-loading and low-loading amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). A CSD of nimodipine with a drug loading of 90% was prepared by wet milling, with hydroxypropyl cellulose (model: HPC-SL) and sodium dodecyl sulfate as stabilizers and spray drying. At the same time, the gradient drug-loaded ASD was prepared by hot melt extrusion with HPC-SL as the carrier. Each preparation was characterized by DSC, PXRD, FT-IR, SEM, and in vitro dissolution testing. The results indicated that the drug in CSD existed in a crystalline state. The amorphous drug molecules in the low drug-loading ASD were uniformly dispersed in the carrier, while the drug state in the high drug-loading ASD was aggregates of the amorphous drug. At the end of the dissolution assay, the 90% drug-loading CSD increased cumulative dissolution to 60%, and the 10% drug-loading ASD achieved a cumulative dissolution rate of 90%.
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109
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Li N, Cape JL, Mankani BR, Zemlyanov DY, Shepard KB, Morgen MM, Taylor LS. Water-Induced Phase Separation of Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4004-4017. [PMID: 32931293 PMCID: PMC7539301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Spray
drying is widely used in the manufacturing of amorphous solid
dispersion (ASD) systems due to its fast drying rate, enabling kinetic
trapping of the drug in amorphous form. Spray-drying conditions, such
as solvent composition, can have a profound impact on the properties
of spray-dried dispersions. In this study, the phase behavior of spray-dried
dispersions from methanol and methanol–water mixtures was assessed
using ritonavir and copovidone [poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)
(PVPVA)] as dispersion components. The resultant ASDs were characterized
using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence spectroscopy,
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as surface-normalized
dissolution rate (SNDR) measurements. Quaternary phase diagrams were
calculated using a four-component Flory–Huggins model. It was
found that the addition of water to the solvent system can lead to
phase separation during the spray-drying process. A 10:90 H2O/MeOH solvent system caused a minor extent of phase separation.
Phase heterogeneity in the 50 and 75% drug loading ASDs prepared from
this spray solvent can be detected using DSC but not with other techniques
used. The 25% drug loading system did not show phase heterogeneity
in solid-state characterization but exhibited a compromised dissolution
rate compared to that of the miscible ASD prepared from H2O-free solvent. This is possibly due to the formation of slow-releasing
drug-rich phases upon phase separation. ASDs prepared with a 60:40
H2O/MeOH solvent mixture showed phase heterogeneity with
all analytical methods used. The surface composition of dispersion
particles as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and XPS showed
good agreement, suggesting surface drug enrichment of the spray-dried
ASD particles prepared from this solvent system. Calculated phase
diagrams and drying trajectories were consistent with experimental
observations, suggesting that small variations in solvent composition
may cause significant changes in ASD phase behavior during drying.
These findings should aid in spray-drying process development for
ASD manufacturing and can be applied broadly to assess the risk of
phase separation for spray-drying systems using mixed organic solvents
or other solvent-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Cape
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Bharat R Mankani
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,MarqMetrix Inc., Emerald Landing, 2157 N Northlake Way #240, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly B Shepard
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Michael M Morgen
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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110
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Stocker MW, Healy AM, Ferguson S. Spray Encapsulation as a Formulation Strategy for Drug-Based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Exploiting Drug–Polymer Immiscibility to Enable Processing for Solid Dosage Forms. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3412-3424. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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111
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Aqueous Dissolution and Dispersion Behavior of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Vinyl Acetate-based Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Ritonavir Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion with and without Added Surfactants. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1480-1494. [PMID: 32827493 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the lack of complete drug release from amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), as observed in most published reports, was investigated. ASDs with 20% ritonavir were prepared by HME using polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA) alone and in combination with 10% poloxamer 407 or Span 20 as carriers. It was established by the film casting technique that ritonavir was molecularly dispersed in formulations, and accelerated stability testing confirmed that extrudates were physically stable. Dissolution of ASDs (100-mg ritonavir equivalent) was performed in 250 mL 0.01 N HCl (pH 2), pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and FeSSIF-V2. Drug concentrations were measured by filtration through 0.45-μm pores and in unfiltered media; the latter gave total amounts of drug present in dissolution media, both as solution and dispersion. Because of low solubility, ritonavir did not dissolve completely in aqueous media. Rather, it formed supersaturated solutions, and the excess drug dispersed in the oily amorphous form with low particle sizes that could crystallize with time. Due to higher drug solubility, the dissolved drug in FeSSIF-V2 was much higher than that in the phosphate buffer. Complete drug release could be observed by accounting for drug both in solution and as phase-separated dispersion. Thus, the present study provides a complete picture of in vitro drug dissolution and dispersion from ASDs.
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112
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Biorelevant Two-Stage In Vitro Testing for rDCS Classification and in PBPK Modeling–Case Example Ritonavir. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2512-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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113
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Trasi NS, Bhujbal SV, Zemlyanov DY, Zhou QT, Taylor LS. Physical stability and release properties of lumefantrine amorphous solid dispersion granules prepared by a simple solvent evaporation approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100052. [PMID: 32760909 PMCID: PMC7390794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of lumefantrine, which has low aqueous solubility, have been shown to improve bioavailability relative to crystalline formulations. Herein, the crystallization tendency and release properties of a variety of lumefantrine ASD granules, formed on a blend of microcrystalline cellulose and anhydrous lactose, prepared using a simple solvent evaporation method, were evaluated. Several polymers, a majority of which contained acidic moieties, and different drug loadings were assessed. Crystallinity as a function of time following exposure to stress storage conditions of 40 °C and 75% relative humidity was monitored for the various dispersions. Release testing was performed and ASD characteristics were further evaluated using infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A large difference in stability to crystallization was observed between the various ASDs, most notably depending on polymer chemistry. This could be largely rationalized based on the extent of drug-polymer interactions, specifically the degree of lumefantrine-polymer salt formation, which could be readily assessed with XPS spectroscopy. Lumefantrine release from the ASDs also varied considerably, whereby the best polymer for promoting physical stability did not lead to the highest extent of drug release. Several formulations led to concentrations above the amorphous solubility of lumefantrine, with the formation of nano-sized drug-rich aggregates. A balance between the ability of a given polymer to promote physical stability and drug release may need to be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj S Trasi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sonal V Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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114
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Impact of HPMCAS on the Dissolution Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Celecoxib Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060541. [PMID: 32545270 PMCID: PMC7356348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been proven to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. It is desirable that the ASD provide a rapid dissolution rate and a sufficient stabilization of the generated supersaturation. In many cases, one polymer alone is not able to provide both features, which raises a need for reasonable polymer combinations. In this study we aimed to generate a rapidly dissolving ASD using the hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) combined with a suitable precipitation inhibitor. Initially, PVA and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were screened for their precipitation inhibitory potential for celecoxib in solution. The generated supersaturation in presence of PVA or HPMCAS was further characterized using dynamic light scattering. Binary ASDs of either PVA or HPMCAS (at 10% and 20% drug load) were prepared by hot-melt extrusion and solid-state analytics were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The non-sink dissolution studies of the binary ASDs revealed a high dissolution rate for the PVA ASDs with subsequent precipitation and for the HPMCAS ASDs a suppressed dissolution. In order to utilize the unexploited potential of the binary ASDs, the PVA ASDs were combined with HPMCAS either predissolved or added as powder and also formulated as ternary ASD. We successfully generated a solid formulation consisting of the powdered PVA ASD and HPMCAS powder, which was superior in monophasic non-sink dissolution and biorelevant biphasic dissolution studies compared to the binary and ternary ASDs.
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115
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Arora S, Pansari A, Kilford P, Jamei M, Gardner I, Turner DB. Biopharmaceutic In Vitro In Vivo Extrapolation (IVIV_E) Informed Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Ritonavir Norvir Tablet Absorption in Humans Under Fasted and Fed State Conditions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2329-2344. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Arora
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, U.K
| | - Amita Pansari
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, U.K
| | - Peter Kilford
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, U.K
| | - Masoud Jamei
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, U.K
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, U.K
| | - David B. Turner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, U.K
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116
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Hens B, Kataoka M, Ueda K, Gao P, Tsume Y, Augustijns P, Kawakami K, Yamashita S. Biopredictive in vitro testing methods to assess intestinal drug absorption from supersaturating dosage forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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117
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Moseson DE, Parker AS, Beaudoin SP, Taylor LS. Amorphous solid dispersions containing residual crystallinity: Influence of seed properties and polymer adsorption on dissolution performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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118
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A Rational Design of a Biphasic DissolutionSetup-Modelling of Biorelevant Kinetics for a Ritonavir Hot-Melt Extruded Amorphous Solid Dispersion. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030237. [PMID: 32155962 PMCID: PMC7150762 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphasic dissolution systems achieved good predictability for the in vivo performance of several formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs by characterizing dissolution, precipitation, re-dissolution, and absorption. To achieve a high degree of predictive performance, acceptor media, aqueous phase composition, and the apparatus type have to be carefully selected. Hence, a combination of 1-decanol and an optimized buffer system are proposed as a new, one-vessel biphasic dissolution method (BiPHa+). The BiPHa+ was developed to combine the advantages of the well-described biorelevance of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus II coupled with USP apparatus IV and a small-scale, one-vessel method. The BiPHa+ was designed for automated medium addition and pH control of the aqueous phase. In combination with the diode array UV-spectrophotometer, the system was able to determine the aqueous and the organic medium simultaneously, even if scattering or overlapping of spectra occurred. At controlled hydrodynamic conditions, the relative absorption area, the ratio between the organic and aqueous phase, and the selected drug concentrations were identified to be the discriminating factors. The performance of a hot-melt extruded ritonavir-containing amorphous solid dispersion (ritonavir-ASD) was compared in fasted-state dissolution media leading to different dissolution-partitioning profiles depending on the content of bile salts. An advanced kinetic model for ASD-based well described all phenomena from dispersing of the ASD to the partitioning of the dissolved ritonavir into the organic phase.
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119
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Saboo S, Kestur US, Flaherty DP, Taylor LS. Congruent Release of Drug and Polymer from Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Insights into the Role of Drug-Polymer Hydrogen Bonding, Surface Crystallization, and Glass Transition. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1261-1275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saboo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Umesh S. Kestur
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squib Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Daniel P. Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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120
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Correlation between drug dissolution and resistance to water-induced phase separation in solid dispersion formulations revealed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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121
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Kapourani A, Vardaka E, Katopodis K, Kachrimanis K, Barmpalexis P. Crystallization tendency of APIs possessing different thermal and glass related properties in amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119149. [PMID: 32070762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between glass forming ability (GFA) and several thermophysical or physicochemical properties of APIs with the formation and the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) was evaluated in the present study. Eight poorly water-soluble APIs belonging in different GFA classes (i.e. a) GFA Class I: Carbamazepine, CBZ, b) GFA Class II: Agomelatine, AGO, Aprepitant, APT, Rivaroxaban, RIV, and c) GFA Class III: Indomethacin, IND, Pioglitazone, PIO, Piroxixam, PIR, and Simvastatin, SIM) were tested, in addition to six commonly used matrix-carriers (namely povidone, PVP, hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC-SL, copovidone, coPVP, Soluplus®, SOL, and gelatin) in order to prepared ASDs via film casting approach. Results using polarized light microscopy (PLM) showed a similar drug crystallization tendency from ASDs independently of their GFA classification, glass stability or glass fragility. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the formation and the physical stability of ASD (independently of GFA class) when a suitable matrix-carrier was selected (i.e. SOL for AGO, RIV and SIM, PVP for APT, CBZ and IND, coPVP for PIO and gelatin for PIR). Further attempts to correlate some physicochemical properties (i.e. component's binding affinity and miscibility) with the formation and the crystallization tendency of the prepared ASDs showed no apparent correlation in regards to the different drug GFA classes. Finally, the evaluation of molecular interactions via FTIR analysis also failed to adequately distinguish the differences in regards to the formation and the physical stability of the prepared systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kapourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Katopodis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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122
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Parker AS, Taylor LS, Beaudoin SP. The role of surface energy heterogeneity on crystal morphology during solid-state crystallization at the amorphous atazanavir–water interface. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state crystallization at the amorphous atazanavir/water interface was studied via a lattice Monte Carlo model and atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Parker
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy
- College of Pharmacy
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Stephen P. Beaudoin
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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123
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Trasi NS, Bhujbal S, Zhou QT, Taylor LS. Amorphous solid dispersion formation via solvent granulation - A case study with ritonavir and lopinavir. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100035. [PMID: 31788669 PMCID: PMC6880113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we evaluate the potential of using a simple solvent granulation process to prepare a binary drug amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) containing two anti-HIV drugs, ritonavir and lopinavir. The drugs were granulated onto a mixture of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose, followed by drying to remove the solvent. The resultant granules were characterized and each drug was found to be X-ray amorphous. No crystallization was observed following storage for 1 month under accelerated stability conditions (40 °C and 75% relative humidity). The dissolution behavior of the compacted granules was compared with the marketed formulation. The dissolution rate of ritonavir was found to be significantly retarded relative to the commercial product when the two drugs were co-granulated. However, comparable release could be achieved when each drug was individually granulated, followed by combination and compaction. The solvent granulation approach may be a viable method to make ASDs of low dose drugs with low crystallization tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Corresponding author at: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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124
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Que C, Lou X, Zemlyanov DY, Mo H, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Taylor LS. Insights into the Dissolution Behavior of Ledipasvir–Copovidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Role of Drug Loading and Intermolecular Interactions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:5054-5067. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chailu Que
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaochun Lou
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dmitry Y. Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaping Mo
- Purdue Interdepartmental NMR Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S. Indulkar
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Science and Technology, Operations, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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125
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Lu Y, Chen J, Yi S, Xiong S. Enhanced felodipine dissolution from high drug loading amorphous solid dispersions with PVP/VA and sodium dodecyl sulfate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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126
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Shi C, Li L, Zhang GGZ, Borchardt TB. Direct Visualization of Drug–Polymer Phase Separation in Ritonavir–Copovidone Amorphous Solid Dispersions Using in situ Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging of Thin Films. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4751-4754. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Shi
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Luxi Li
- Advanced Photon Sources, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thomas B. Borchardt
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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127
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Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
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128
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Saboo S, Mugheirbi NA, Zemlyanov DY, Kestur US, Taylor LS. Congruent release of drug and polymer: A “sweet spot” in the dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions. J Control Release 2019; 298:68-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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