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Paranjpe A, Zhang R, Ali-Osman F, Bobustuc GC, Srivenugopal KS. Disulfiram is a direct and potent inhibitor of human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in brain tumor cells and mouse brain and markedly increases the alkylating DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:692-702. [PMID: 24193513 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The alcohol aversion drug disulfiram (DSF) reacts and conjugates with the protein-bound nucleophilic cysteines and is known to elicit anticancer effects alone or improve the efficacy of many cancer drugs. We investigated the effects of DSF on human O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a DNA repair protein and chemotherapy target that removes the mutagenic O(6)-akyl groups from guanines, and thus confers resistance to alkylating agents in brain tumors. We used DSF, copper-chelated DSF or CuCl2-DSF combination and found that all treatments inhibited the MGMT activity in two brain tumor cell lines in a rapid and dose-dependent manner. The drug treatments resulted in the loss of MGMT protein from tumor cells through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Evidence showed that Cys145, a reactive cysteine, critical for DNA repair was the sole site of DSF modification in the MGMT protein. DSF was a weaker inhibitor of MGMT, compared with the established O(6)-benzylguanine; nevertheless, the 24-36h suppression of MGMT activity in cell cultures vastly increased the alkylation-induced DNA interstrand cross-linking, G2/M cell cycle blockade, cytotoxicity and the levels of apoptotic markers. Normal mice treated with DSF showed significantly attenuated levels of MGMT activity and protein in the liver and brain tissues. In nude mice bearing T98 glioblastoma xenografts, there was a preferential inhibition of tumor MGMT. Our studies demonstrate a strong and direct inhibition of MGMT by DSF and support the repurposing of this brain penetrating drug for glioma therapy. The findings also imply an increased risk for alkylation damage in alcoholic patients taking DSF.
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152
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Liu P, Kumar IS, Brown S, Kannappan V, Tawari PE, Tang JZ, Jiang W, Armesilla AL, Darling JL, Wang W. Disulfiram targets cancer stem-like cells and reverses resistance and cross-resistance in acquired paclitaxel-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1876-85. [PMID: 24008666 PMCID: PMC3790184 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has significantly worse prognosis. Acquired chemoresistance remains the major cause of therapeutic failure of TNBC. In clinic, the relapsed TNBC is commonly pan-resistant to various drugs with completely different resistant mechanisms. Investigation of the mechanisms and development of new drugs to target pan-chemoresistance will potentially improve the therapeutic outcomes of TNBC patients. Methods: In this study, 1-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT), combination index (CI)–isobologram, western blot, ALDEFLUOR analysis, clonogenic assay and immunocytochemistry were used. Results: The chemoresistant MDA-MB-231PAC10 cells are highly cross-resistant to paclitaxel (PAC), cisplatin (CDDP), docetaxel and doxorubicin. The MDA-MB-231PAC10 cells are quiescent with significantly longer doubling time (64.9 vs 31.7 h). This may be caused by high expression of p21Waf1. The MDA-MB-231PAC10 cells express high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and a panel of embryonic stem cell-related proteins, for example, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and nuclealisation of HIF2α and NF-κBp65. We have previously reported that disulfiram (DS), an antialcoholism drug, targets cancer stem cells (CSCs) and enhances cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs. Disulfiram abolished CSC characters and completely reversed PAC and CDDP resistance in MDA-MB-231PAC10 cells. Conclusion: Cancer stem cells may be responsible for acquired pan-chemoresistance. As a drug used in clinic, DS may be repurposed as a CSC inhibitor to reverse the acquired pan-chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Liu
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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153
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Borges BE, Teixeira VR, Appel MH, Steclan CA, Rigo F, Filipak Neto F, da Costa Ferreira AM, Chammas R, Zanata SM, Nakao LS. De novo galectin-3 expression influences the response of melanoma cells to isatin-Schiff base copper (II) complex-induced oxidative stimulus. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:37-46. [PMID: 23994248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a ubiquitous member of the galectin family, has been shown to control cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration and apoptosis; thus, it has a role in tumor development and progression. Galectin-3 expression is both up- and down-regulated during melanoma progression. However, conflicting data regarding its roles in tumor biology prompted us to investigate if the presence of galectin-3 influences the response of melanoma cells to a novel metallodrug because metastatic melanoma acquires chemo resistance and is reported to be redox-sensitive. Previously, it was demonstrated that the complex [bis-(2-oxindol-3-yl-imino)-2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine-N,N'] copper (II) perchlorate, herein referred to as [Cu(isaepy)], induces ROS formation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through mitochondrial uncoupling and the activation of AMPK/p38/p53 signaling. Here, we used a model of vertical growth melanoma (TM1), in which GAL3 expression is lost during tumor progression. When de novo expressed, galectin-3 was found to be ubiquitously present in all subcellular compartments. Our results demonstrate that de novo galectin-3 expression impairs the cellular antioxidant system and renders TM1G3 cells more susceptible than GAL3-null TM1MNG3 cells to [Cu(isaepy)] treatment. This compound, in contrast with the redox inactive [dichloro (2-oxindol-3-yl-imino)-2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine-N,N'] zinc (II), herein referred to as [Zn(isaepy)], leads to increased intracellular ROS accumulation, increased carbonyl stress, increased mitochondrial depolarization, decreased cell adhesion, increased p38 activation and apoptosis in TM1G3, compared with TM1MNG3. Cell death was shown to be dependent on a hydrogen peroxide-derived species and on the activation of p38. Because mitochondria are a target of both [Cu(isaepy)] and galectin-3, we propose that the presence of galectin-3 in this organelle favors increased ROS production, thereby inducing oxidative cellular damage and apoptotic death. Therefore, [Cu(isaepy)] may be envisaged as a possible anti-melanoma strategy, particularly for melanomas that express galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E Borges
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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154
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Zhang L, Jiang Y, Jing G, Tang Y, Chen X, Yang D, Zhang Y, Tang X. A novel UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantitation of disulfiram, its role in stabilized plasma and its application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 937:54-9. [PMID: 24013191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) has been used to treat alcoholism for many years and it has been suggested to play a key role in combatting many kinds of tumors. However, disulfiram has complex pharmacokinetics and is rapidly eliminated which limits its use as a tumor treatment. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of disulfiram in rat plasma. Blood samples were pre-stabilized with a stabilizing agent and then plasma was obtained and subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE), and chromatographed on a Phenomenex Kinetex(®) XB C18 column with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% formic acid and 1mM ammonium acetate) at a flow rate of 0.2mL/min for 3min. Multiple reactions monitoring in positive mode was carried out with disulfiram at 296.95/115.94 and diphenhydramine (internal standard, IS) at 256.14/167.02 over a linear range from 0.6 to 1200ng/mL. The extraction recovery of disulfiram for different concentrations ranged from 75.7% to 78.3%. The intra- and inter-day precision was less than 8.93% and 12.39%, respectively, and the accuracy was within ±7.75%. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of disulfiram in rat plasma after oral administration of a dose of 180mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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155
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Role of glutathione in cancer progression and chemoresistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:972913. [PMID: 23766865 PMCID: PMC3673338 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in a multitude of cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and disturbances in GSH homeostasis are involved in the etiology and progression of many human diseases including cancer. While GSH deficiency, or a decrease in the GSH/glutathione disulphide (GSSG) ratio, leads to an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress implicated in the progression of cancer, elevated GSH levels increase the antioxidant capacity and the resistance to oxidative stress as observed in many cancer cells. The present review highlights the role of GSH and related cytoprotective effects in the susceptibility to carcinogenesis and in the sensitivity of tumors to the cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents.
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156
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Rae C, Tesson M, Babich JW, Boyd M, Sorensen A, Mairs RJ. The role of copper in disulfiram-induced toxicity and radiosensitization of cancer cells. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:953-60. [PMID: 23616582 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Disulfiram has been used for several decades in the treatment of alcoholism. It now shows promise as an anticancer drug and radiosensitizer. Proposed mechanisms of action include the induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of proteasome activity. Our purpose was to determine the potential of disulfiram to enhance the antitumor efficacy of external-beam γ-irradiation and (131)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ((131)I-MIBG), a radiopharmaceutical used for the therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS The role of copper in disulfiram-induced toxicity was investigated by clonogenic assay after treatment of human SK-N-BE(2c) neuroblastoma and UVW/noradrenaline transporter (NAT) glioma cells. The synergistic interaction between disulfiram and radiotherapy was evaluated by combination-index analysis. Tumor growth delay was determined in vitro using multicellular tumor spheroids and in vivo using human tumor xenografts in athymic mice. RESULTS Escalating the disulfiram dosage caused a biphasic reduction in the surviving fraction of clonogens. Clonogenic cell kill after treatment with disulfiram concentrations less than 4 μM was copper-dependent, whereas cytotoxicity at concentrations greater than 10 μM was caused by oxidative stress. The cytotoxic effect of disulfiram was maximal when administered with equimolar copper. Likewise, disulfiram radiosensitization of tumor cells was copper-dependent. Furthermore, disulfiram treatment enhanced the toxicity of (131)I-MIBG to spheroids and xenografts expressing the noradrenaline transporter. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of disulfiram was copper-dependent, the molar excess of disulfiram relative to copper resulted in attenuation of disulfiram-mediated cytotoxicity, copper was required for the radiosensitizing activity of disulfiram, and copper-complexed disulfiram enhanced the efficacy not only of external-beam radiation but also of targeted radionuclide therapy in the form of (131)I-MIBG. Therefore, disulfiram may have anticancer potential in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Rae
- Radiation Oncology, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research United Kingdom Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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157
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Buac D, Schmitt S, Ventro G, Kona FR, Dou QP. Dithiocarbamate-based coordination compounds as potent proteasome inhibitors in human cancer cells. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 12:1193-201. [PMID: 22931591 DOI: 10.2174/138955712802762040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates are a class of metal-chelating compounds with various applications in medicine. They have been used for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, possible treatment of AIDS, and most recently cancer. Their anti-tumor effects can in part be attributed to their ability to complex tumor cellular copper, leading to binding to and inhibition of the proteasome and in turn initiating tumor cell-specific apoptosis. Current chemotherapeutic agents are highly toxic and therefore their efficacy in the eradication of tumors is greatly limited. As a result many scientists have joined the quest for novel targeted therapies in hopes of reducing toxicity while maximizing potency and proteasome inhibition has become an attractive therapy in this regard. Here we discuss the origins, mechanism, and evolution of dithiocarbamates as potent proteasome inhibitors and therefore anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Buac
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R Street Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center Room 516, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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158
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Pevzner Y, Metcalf R, Kantor M, Sagaro D, Daniel K. Recent advances in proteasome inhibitor discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:537-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.780020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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159
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Matias AC, Manieri TM, Cipriano SS, Carioni VM, Nomura CS, Machado CM, Cerchiaro G. Diethyldithiocarbamate induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells by raising the intracellular copper level, triggering cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:349-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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160
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Paranjpe A, Srivenugopal KS. Degradation of NF-κB, p53 and other regulatory redox-sensitive proteins by thiol-conjugating and -nitrosylating drugs in human tumor cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:990-1000. [PMID: 23354308 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionized cysteines present on the surfaces of many redox-sensitive proteins play functionally essential roles and are readily targeted by the reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Using disulfiram (DSF) and nitroaspirin (NCX4016) as the model compounds that mediate thiol-conjugating and nitrosylating reactions, respectively, we investigated the fate of p53, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and other redox-responsive proteins following the exposure of human cancer cell lines to the drugs. Both drugs induced glutathionylation of bulk proteins in tumor cells and cell-free extracts. A prominent finding of this study was a time- and dose-dependent degradation of the redox-regulated proteins after brief treatments of tumor cells with DSF or NCX4016. DSF and copper-chelated DSF at concentrations of 50-200 µM induced the disappearance of wild-type p53, mutant p53, NF-κB subunit p50 and the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (UBE1) in tumor cell lines. DSF also induced the glutathionylation of p53. The recombinant p53 protein modified by DSF was preferentially degraded by rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The proteasome inhibitor PS341 curtailed the DSF-induced degradation of p53 in HCT116 cells. Further, the NCX4016 induced a dose-dependent disappearance of the UBE1 and NF-κB p50 proteins in cell lines, besides a time-dependent degradation of aldehyde dehydrogenase in mouse liver after a single injection of 150 mg/kg. The loss of p53 and NF-kB proteins correlated with decreases in their specific binding to DNA. Our results demonstrate the hitherto unrecognized ability of the non-toxic thiolating and nitrosylating agents to degrade regulatory proteins and highlight the exploitable therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Paranjpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 S. Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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161
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Navrátilová J, Hankeová T, Bene P, marda J. Acidic pH of Tumor Microenvironment Enhances Cytotoxicity of the Disulfiram/Cu2+ Complex to Breast and Colon Cancer Cells. Chemotherapy 2013; 59:112-20. [DOI: 10.1159/000353915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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162
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Kumbhar AA, Franks AT, Butcher RJ, Franz KJ. Light uncages a copper complex to induce nonapoptotic cell death. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2460-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38927h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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163
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Nagy EM, Sitran S, Montopoli M, Favaro M, Marchiò L, Caparrotta L, Fregona D. Zinc(II) complexes with dithiocarbamato derivatives: Structural characterisation and biological assays on cancerous cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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164
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Cytotoxic effect of disulfiram/copper on human glioblastoma cell lines and ALDH-positive cancer-stem-like cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1488-97. [PMID: 23033007 PMCID: PMC3493777 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells are resistant to anticancer drugs. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key mediator of chemoresistance. We have reported that disulfiram (DS), an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor, targets breast CSC-like cells. In this study, the effect of DS and combination of DS and gemcitabine (dFdC) on GBM cells and GBM stem-like cells was investigated. Methods: 1-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT), combination index (CI)-isobologram, western blot, luciferase reporter gene assay, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and ALDH analysis were used in this study. Results: Disulfiram is cytotoxic in GBM cell lines in a copper (Cu)-dependent manner. Disulfiram/copper enhances the cytotoxicity of dFdC. Combination index-isobologram analysis indicates a synergistic effect between DS/Cu and dFdC. Disulfiram/copper induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), activates JNK and p38 pathways and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B activity in GBM cell lines. Disulfiram/copper may trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway via modulation of the Bcl2 family. Disulfiram/copper abolishes stem-like cell population in GBM cell lines. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the cytotoxicity of DS/Cu and the enhancing effect of DS/Cu on the cytotoxicity of dFdC in GBM stem-like cells may be caused by induction of ROS and inhibition of both ALDH and the NFkB pathway. Both DS and dFdC can traverse the blood–brain barrier. Further study may lead them into GBM chemotherapy.
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165
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Conticello C, Martinetti D, Adamo L, Buccheri S, Giuffrida R, Parrinello N, Lombardo L, Anastasi G, Amato G, Cavalli M, Chiarenza A, De Maria R, Giustolisi R, Gulisano M, Di Raimondo F. Disulfiram, an old drug with new potential therapeutic uses for human hematological malignancies. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2197-203. [PMID: 22322883 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor currently used for the treatment of alcoholism. Here, we show that multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and primary cells from newly diagnosed and relapsed/resistant patients affected by MM, acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia are significantly sensitive to DSF alone and in combination with copper. These effects are present at doses lower than those achievable in vivo after DSF standard administration. The cytotoxic effect achieved by this treatment is comparable to that obtained by conventional chemotherapy and is absent in normal hematopoietic cells. In addition, we found that DSF plus copper induces loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activates executioner caspases. DSF-copper-induced apoptosis and caspases activation are strongly reversed by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, thus indicating a critical role of ROS. These results might suggest the use of the old drug DSF, alone or in combination with copper, in the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Conticello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande, Italy
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166
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Kanemaru Y, Momiki Y, Matsuura S, Horikawa T, Gohda J, Inoue JI, Okamoto Y, Fujita M, Otsuka M. An artificial copper complex incorporating a cell-penetrating peptide inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 59:1555-8. [PMID: 22130380 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an inducible transcription factor activated by a variety of cytokines, and promotes the transcription of genes involved in cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disease, and viral infection, among others. Because of its involvement in numerous disease processes, considerable research has focused on NF-κB as a potential drug target. We previously reported that cupric ion (Cu(2+)) blocks NF-κB activation. However, Cu(2+) is unsuitable for drug applications. The copper complex of an artificial peptide HPH-Pep (HPH-Pep-Cu(2+)) was a promising alternative, but it did not easily cross the cell membrane. We report the development of a NF-κB inhibiting Cu(2+) complex with improved cell-penetrating activity arising from the coupling of a Tat peptide to HPH-Pep-Cu(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanemaru
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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167
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Abstract
The vulnerability of some cancer cells to oxidative signals is a therapeutic target for the rational design of new anticancer agents. In addition to their well characterized effects on cell division, many cytotoxic anticancer agents can induce oxidative stress by modulating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Tumour cells are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress as they typically have persistently higher levels of ROS than normal cells due to the dysregulation of redox balance that develops in cancer cells in response to increased intracellular production of ROS or depletion of antioxidant proteins. In addition, excess ROS levels potentially contribute to oncogenesis by the mediation of oxidative DNA damage. There are several anticancer agents in development that target cellular redox regulation. The overall cellular redox state is regulated by three systems that modulate cellular redox status by counteracting free radicals and ROS, or by reversing the formation of disulfides; two of these are dependent on glutathione and the third on thioredoxin. Drugs targeting S-glutathionylation have direct anticancer effects via cell signalling pathways and inhibition of DNA repair, and have an impact on a wide range of signalling pathways. Of these agents, NOV-002 and canfosfamide have been assessed in phase III trials, while a number of others are undergoing evaluation in early phase clinical trials. Alternatively, agents including PX-12, dimesna and motexafin gadolinium are being developed to target thioredoxin, which is overexpressed in many human tumours, and this overexpression is associated with aggressive tumour growth and poorer clinical outcomes. Finally, arsenic derivatives have demonstrated antitumour activity including antiproliferative and apoptogenic effects on cancer cells by pro-oxidant mechanisms, and the induction of high levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis by an as yet undefined mechanism. In this article we review anticancer drugs currently in development that target cellular redox activity to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Montero
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL, USA.
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168
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Schmitt SM, Frezza M, Dou QP. New applications of old metal-binding drugs in the treatment of human cancer. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012; 4:375-91. [PMID: 22202066 DOI: 10.2741/274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in the use of metal complexes, precipitated by platinum, have fostered a renewed interest in harnessing their rich potential in the treatment of cancer. In addition to platinum-based complexes, the anticancer properties of other metals such as ruthenium have been realized, and ruthenium-based compounds are currently being investigated in clinical trials. Since the process of drug development can be expensive and cumbersome, finding new applications of existing drugs may provide effective means to expedite the regulatory process in bringing new drugs to the clinical setting. Encouraging findings from laboratory studies reveal significant anticancer activity from different classes of metal-chelating compounds, such as disulfiram, clioquinol, and dithiocarbamate derivatives that are currently approved for the treatment of various pathological disorders. Their use as coordination complexes with metals such as copper, zinc, and gold that target the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have shown significant promise as potential anticancer agents. This review discusses the unique role of several selected metals in relation to their anti-cancer properties as well as the new therapeutic potential of several previously approved metal-chelating drugs. In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence along with mechanisms of action (e.g., via targeting the tumor proteasome) will also be discussed with anticipation of strengthening this exciting new concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Schmitt
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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169
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Chippendale TWE, Hu B, El Haj AJ, Smith D. A study of enzymatic activity in cell cultures via the analysis of volatile biomarkers. Analyst 2012; 137:4677-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35815h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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170
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Disulfiram/copper complex activated JNK/c-jun pathway and sensitized cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in doxorubicin resistant leukemia HL60 cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011; 47:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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171
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Yip NC, Fombon IS, Liu P, Brown S, Kannappan V, Armesilla AL, Xu B, Cassidy J, Darling JL, Wang W. Disulfiram modulated ROS-MAPK and NFκB pathways and targeted breast cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like properties. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1564-74. [PMID: 21487404 PMCID: PMC3101904 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies indicate that disulfiram (DS), an anti-alcoholism drug, is cytotoxic to cancer cell lines and reverses anticancer drug resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the major cause of chemoresistance leading to the failure of cancer chemotherapy. This study intended to examine the effect of DS on breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Methods: The effect of DS on BC cell lines and BCSCs was determined by MTT, western blot, CSCs culture and CSCs marker analysis. Results: Disulfiram was highly toxic to BC cell lines in vitro in a copper (Cu)-dependent manner. In Cu-containing medium (1 μM), the IC50 concentrations of DS in BC cell lines were 200–500 nM. Disulfiram/copper significantly enhanced (3.7–15.5-fold) cytotoxicity of paclitaxel (PAC). Combination index isobologram analysis demonstrated a synergistic effect between DS/Cu and PAC. The increased Bax and Bcl2 protein expression ratio indicated that intrinsic apoptotic pathway may be involved in DS/Cu-induced apoptosis. Clonogenic assay showed DS/Cu-inhibited clonogenicity of BC cells. Mammosphere formation and the ALDH1+VE and CD24Low/CD44High CSCs population in mammospheres were significantly inhibited by exposure to DS/Cu for 24 h. Disulfiram/copper induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activated its downstream apoptosis-related cJun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK pathways. Meanwhile, the constitutive NFκB activity in BC cell lines was inhibited by DS/Cu. Conclusion: Disulfiram/copper inhibited BCSCs and enhanced cytotoxicity of PAC in BC cell lines. This may be caused by simultaneous induction of ROS and inhibition of NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Yip
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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172
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The significance of copper chelators in clinical and experimental application. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:301-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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173
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Tardito S, Bassanetti I, Bignardi C, Elviri L, Tegoni M, Mucchino C, Bussolati O, Franchi-Gazzola R, Marchiò L. Copper Binding Agents Acting as Copper Ionophores Lead to Caspase Inhibition and Paraptotic Cell Death in Human Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6235-42. [PMID: 21452832 DOI: 10.1021/ja109413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Tardito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Clinica, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Irene Bassanetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Bignardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Mucchino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Clinica, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Renata Franchi-Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Clinica, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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174
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Protein kinase C: an attractive target for cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:531-67. [PMID: 24212628 PMCID: PMC3756376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role during all stages of carcinogenesis and the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells may be due to their selective defects in the intracellular signaling proteins, central to apoptotic pathways. Consequently, many studies have focused on rendering the chemotherapy more effective in order to prevent chemoresistance and pre-clinical and clinical data has suggested that protein kinase C (PKC) may represent an attractive target for cancer therapy. Therefore, a complete understanding of how PKC regulates apoptosis and chemoresistance may lead to obtaining a PKC-based therapy that is able to reduce drug dosages and to prevent the development of chemoresistance.
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175
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Frezza M, Hindo S, Chen D, Davenport A, Schmitt S, Tomco D, Dou QP. Novel metals and metal complexes as platforms for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:1813-25. [PMID: 20337575 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791209009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metals are essential cellular components selected by nature to function in several indispensable biochemical processes for living organisms. Metals are endowed with unique characteristics that include redox activity, variable coordination modes, and reactivity towards organic substrates. Due to their reactivity, metals are tightly regulated under normal conditions and aberrant metal ion concentrations are associated with various pathological disorders, including cancer. For these reasons, coordination complexes, either as drugs or prodrugs, become very attractive probes as potential anticancer agents. The use of metals and their salts for medicinal purposes, from iatrochemistry to modern day, has been present throughout human history. The discovery of cisplatin, cis-[Pt(II) (NH(3))(2)Cl(2)], was a defining moment which triggered the interest in platinum(II)- and other metal-containing complexes as potential novel anticancer drugs. Other interests in this field address concerns for uptake, toxicity, and resistance to metallodrugs. This review article highlights selected metals that have gained considerable interest in both the development and the treatment of cancer. For example, copper is enriched in various human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However the use of copper-binding ligands to target tumor copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective treatment. The use of nonessential metals as probes to target molecular pathways as anticancer agents is also emphasized. Finally, based on the interface between molecular biology and bioinorganic chemistry the design of coordination complexes for cancer treatment is reviewed and design strategies and mechanisms of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frezza
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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176
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Wu L, Zhou L, Liu DQ, Vogt FG, Kord AS. LC–MS/MS and density functional theory study of copper(II) and nickel(II) chelating complexes of elesclomol (a novel anticancer agent). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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177
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Combating melanoma: the use of photodynamic therapy as a novel, adjuvant therapeutic tool. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 37:465-75. [PMID: 21168280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma remains one of the most dreaded skin cancers worldwide. Numerous factors contribute to its resistance to hosts of treatment regimes and despite significant scientific advances over the last decade in the field of chemotherapeutics and melanocytic targets, there still remains the need for improved therapeutic modalities. Photodynamic therapy, a minimally invasive therapeutic modality has been shown to be effective in a number of oncologic and non-oncologic conditions. Using second-generation stable, lipophilic photosensitizers with optimised wavelengths, PDT may be a promising tool for adjuvant therapy in combating melanoma. Potential targets for PDT in melanoma eradication include cell proliferation inhibition, activation of cell death and reduction in pro-survival autophagy and a decrease in the cellular melanocytic antioxidant system. This review highlights the current knowledge with respect to these characteristics and suggests that PDT be considered as a good candidate for adjuvant treatment in post-resected malignant metastatic melanoma. Furthermore, it suggests that primary consideration must be given to organelle-specific destruction in melanoma specifically targeting the melanosomes - the one organelle that is specific to cells of the melanocytic lineage that houses the toxic compound, melanin. We believe that using this combined knowledge may eventually lead to an effective therapeutic tool to combat this highly intractable disease.
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178
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Ciesienski KL, Haas KL, Franz KJ. Development of next-generation photolabile copper cages with improved copper binding properties. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9538-46. [PMID: 20740238 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven new nitrogen-donor ligands that contain a photoactive nitrophenyl group within the ligand backbone have been prepared and evaluated for their binding affinity for copper(ii) and zinc(ii). Among this series, the ligand 3Gcage (pyridine-2-carboxylic acid {1-(2-nitro-phenyl)-3-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-propyl}-amide) has the best affinity for copper(ii), with an apparent dissociation constant at pH 7.4 of 0.18 fM. Exposure of buffered aqueous solutions of 3Gcage or Cu(ii)-bound 3Gcage to UV light induces bond cleavage in the ligand backbone, which reduces the denticity of the ligands. The quantum yields of photolysis for 3Gcage in the absence and presence of Cu(ii) are 0.66 and 0.43, respectively. Prior to photolysis, the 3Gcage ligand inhibits copper from generating hydroxyl radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid; however, hydroxyl radical formation increases by more than 300% following light activation, showing that the reactivity of the copper center can be triggered by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Ciesienski
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, P.O. Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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179
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Grosicka-Maciąg E, Kurpios-Piec D, Grzela T, Czeczot H, Skrzycki M, Szumiło M, Rahden-Staroń I. Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine against disulfiram-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in V79 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:210-6. [PMID: 20708635 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on disulfiram (DSF) induced oxidative stress in Chinese hamster fibroblast cells (V79). An increase in oxidative stress induced by DSF was observed up to a 200 μM concentration. It was evidenced by a statistically significant increase of both GSH(t) and GSSG levels, as well as elevated protein carbonyl (PC) content. There was no increase in lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS). DSF increased CAT activity, but did not change SOD1 and SOD2 activities. Analysis of GSH related enzymes showed that DSF significantly increased GR activity, did not change Se-dependent GPx, but statistically significantly decreased non-Se-dependent GPx activity. DSF showed also pro-apoptotic activity. NAC alone did not produce any significant changes, besides an increase of GSH(t) level, in any of the variables measured. However, pre-treatment of cells with NAC ameliorated DSF-induced changes. NAC pre-treatment restored the viability of DSF-treated cells evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion assay and MTT test, GSSG level, and protein carbonyl content to the control values as well as it reduced pro-apoptotic activity of DSF. The increase of CAT and GR activity was not reversed. Activity of both GPx was significantly increased compared to their values after DSF treatment. In conclusion, oxidative properties are at least partially attributable to the cellular effects of disulfiram and mechanisms induced by NAC pre-treatment may lower or even abolish the observed effects. These observations illustrate the importance of the initial cellular redox state in terms of cell response to disulfiram exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Grosicka-Maciąg
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Banacha 1, Poland
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180
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Disulfiram induces copper-dependent stimulation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in melanoma. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:11-20. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328334131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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181
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Rhenals MV, Strasberg-Rieber M, Rieber M. Nitric Oxide Donors or Nitrite Counteract Copper-[dithiocarbamate]2-Mediated Tumor Cell Death and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Down-Regulation: Possible Role of a Nitrosyl-Copper [Dithiocarbamate]2 Complex. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1627-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901314r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Viola Rhenals
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Centre for Microbiology & Cell Biology, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Mary Strasberg-Rieber
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Centre for Microbiology & Cell Biology, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Rieber
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Centre for Microbiology & Cell Biology, Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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182
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Abstract
Redox dysregulation originating from metabolic alterations and dependence on mitogenic and survival signaling through reactive oxygen species represents a specific vulnerability of malignant cells that can be selectively targeted by redox chemotherapeutics. This review will present an update on drug discovery, target identification, and mechanisms of action of experimental redox chemotherapeutics with a focus on pro- and antioxidant redox modulators now in advanced phases of preclinal and clinical development. Recent research indicates that numerous oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes exert their functions in part through redox mechanisms amenable to pharmacological intervention by redox chemotherapeutics. The pleiotropic action of many redox chemotherapeutics that involves simultaneous modulation of multiple redox sensitive targets can overcome cancer cell drug resistance originating from redundancy of oncogenic signaling and rapid mutation.Moreover, some redox chemotherapeutics may function according to the concept of synthetic lethality (i.e., drug cytotoxicity is confined to cancer cells that display loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes or upregulation of oncogene expression). The impressive number of ongoing clinical trials that examine therapeutic performance of novel redox drugs in cancer patients demonstrates that redox chemotherapy has made the crucial transition from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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183
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184
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Fruehauf JP, Trapp V. Reactive oxygen species: an Achilles' heel of melanoma? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 8:1751-7. [PMID: 18983235 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.11.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The successful treatment of melanoma has been hampered by the unique biology of this cancer. Fortunately, research to further our understanding of how melanoma cells differ from normal tissues has led to the discovery of potential new avenues of attack. One promising strategy relates to targeting the excess free radicals produced by melanomas. Melanocyte transformation into cancer is associated with significant structural alterations in the melanosome. In addition to pigment production, melanosomes also protect the cell by scavenging free radicals generated by sunlight and cellular metabolism. In melanoma, the disrupted and disorganized melanosome structure reverses this process. Melanosomes found in melanoma produce free radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide, furthering DNA damage. Melanosome generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in tandem with those generated by cancer metabolism, activate cellular signal transduction pathways that prevent cell death. ROS activation of proto-oncogene pathways in melanoma contributes to their resistance to chemotherapy. Fortunately, it may be possible to target these free radicals, just as Paris was able to successfully target Achilles' heel. The use of agents that block ROS scavenging, such as ATN-224 and disulfiram, have been explored clinically. A recent randomized Phase II trial with elesclomol, an agent that generates ROS, in combination with paclitaxel led to improved patient survival, suggesting that this may be a viable approach to advance the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Fruehauf
- University of California Irvine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, CA, USA.
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185
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Guo X, Xu B, Pandey S, Goessl E, Brown J, Armesilla AL, Darling JL, Wang W. Disulfiram/copper complex inhibiting NFkappaB activity and potentiating cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine on colon and breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2009; 290:104-13. [PMID: 19782464 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most of the gemcitabine (dFdC) resistant cell lines manifested high NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaB activity can be induced by dFdC and 5-FU exposure. The chemosensitizing effect of disulfiram (DS), an anti-alcoholism drug and NFkappaB inhibitor, and copper (Cu) on the chemoresistant cell lines was examined. The DS/Cu complex significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of dFdC (resistant cells: 12.2-1085-fold) and completely reversed the dFdC resistance in the resitant cell lines. The dFdC-induced NFkappaB activity was markedly inhibited by DS/Cu complex. The data from this study indicated that DS may be used in clinic to improve the therapeutic effect of dFdC in breast and colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Guo
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, UK
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186
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Yang H, Zonder JA, Dou QP. Clinical development of novel proteasome inhibitors for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:957-71. [PMID: 19505187 PMCID: PMC3758888 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence demonstrates that targeting the tumor proteasome is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes recent results from cancer clinical trials using specific proteasome inhibitors or some natural compounds that have proteasome-inhibitory effects. METHODS A literature search was carried out using PubMed. Results about the clinical application of specific proteasome inhibitors and natural products with proteasome-inhibitory activity for cancer prevention or therapy were reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Bortezomib, the reversible proteasome inhibitor that first entered clinical trials, has been studied extensively as a single agent and in combination with glucocorticoids, cytotoxic agents, immunomodulatory drugs and radiation as treatment for multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. The results in some cases have been impressive. There is less evidence of bortezomib's efficacy in solid tumors. Novel irreversible proteasome inhibitors, NPI-0052 and carfilzomib, have also been developed and clinical trials are underway. Natural products with proteasome-inhibitory effects, such as green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), soy isoflavone genistein, and the spice turmeric compound curcumin, have been studied alone and in combination with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy against various cancers. There is also interest in developing these natural compounds as potential chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540.1 HWCRC, 4100 John R. Road, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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187
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Cabello CM, Bair WB, Bause AS, Wondrak GT. Antimelanoma activity of the redox dye DCPIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) is antagonized by NQO1. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:344-54. [PMID: 19394313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered redox homeostasis involved in the control of cancer cell survival and proliferative signaling represents a chemical vulnerability that can be targeted by prooxidant redox intervention. Here, we demonstrate that the redox dye 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) may serve as a prooxidant chemotherapeutic targeting human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. DCPIP-apoptogenicity observed in the human melanoma cell lines A375 and G361 was inversely correlated with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) expression levels. In A375 cells displaying low NQO1 activity, DCPIP induced apoptosis with procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage, whereas G361 cells expressing high levels of enzymatically active NQO1 were resistant to DCPIP-cytotoxicity. Genetic (siRNA) or pharmacological (dicoumarol) antagonism of NQO1 strongly sensitized G361 cells to DCPIP apoptogenic activity. DCPIP-cytotoxicity was associated with the induction of oxidative stress and rapid depletion of glutathione in A375 and NQO1-modulated G361 cells. Expression array analysis revealed a DCPIP-induced stress response in A375 cells with massive upregulation of genes encoding Hsp70B' (HSPA6), Hsp70 (HSPA1A), heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), and early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) further confirmed by immunodetection. Systemic administration of DCPIP displayed significant antimelanoma activity in the A375 murine xenograft model. These findings suggest feasibility of targeting tumors that display low NQO1 enzymatic activity using DCPIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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188
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Yang S, Meyskens FL. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor-1(APE/Ref-1): a unique target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:639-50. [PMID: 18715151 PMCID: PMC2933576 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Management of melanoma is a growing and challenging public health issue requiring novel and multidisciplinary approaches to achieve more efficient prevention and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this article is to show the critical role of APE/Ref-1 on melanomagenesis and progression. APE/Ref-1 serves as a redox-sensitive node of convergence of various signals as well as a DNA-repair enzyme, and its activation protects melanocytes and melanoma cells from chronic oxidative stress and promotes cell survival via mediation of downstream pathways. APE/Ref-1 is a strong candidate as a potential drug-treatable target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Lead compounds exhibiting inhibitory effects on APE/Ref-1 are also reviewed. We anticipate potential clinical benefit in the future through inhibition of APE/Ref-1 and/or Ref-1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yang
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
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189
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Cabello CM, Bair WB, Lamore SD, Ley S, Bause AS, Azimian S, Wondrak GT. The cinnamon-derived Michael acceptor cinnamic aldehyde impairs melanoma cell proliferation, invasiveness, and tumor growth. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:220-31. [PMID: 19000754 PMCID: PMC2650023 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox dysregulation in cancer cells represents a chemical vulnerability that can be targeted by pro-oxidant redox intervention. Dietary constituents that contain an electrophilic Michael acceptor pharmacophore may therefore display promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic anti-cancer activity. Here, we demonstrate that the cinnamon-derived dietary Michael acceptor trans-cinnamic aldehyde (CA) impairs melanoma cell proliferation and tumor growth. Feasibility of therapeutic intervention using high doses of CA (120 mg/kg, po, daily, 10 days) was demonstrated in a human A375 melanoma SCID mouse xenograft model. Low-micromolar concentrations (IC(50)< 10 microM) of CA, but not closely related CA derivatives devoid of Michael acceptor activity, suppressed proliferation of human metastatic melanoma cell lines (A375, G361, LOX) with G1 cell-cycle arrest, elevated intracellular ROS, and impaired invasiveness. Expression array analysis revealed that CA induced an oxidative stress response in A375 cells, up-regulating heme oxygenase 1, sulfiredoxin 1 homolog, thioredoxin reductase 1, and other genes, including the cell-cycle regulator and stress-responsive tumor suppressor gene cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, a key mediator of G1-phase arrest. CA, but not Michael-inactive derivatives, inhibited NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and TNFalpha-induced IL-8 production in A375 cells. These findings support a previously unrecognized role of CA as a dietary Michael acceptor with potential anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Warner B. Bair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah D. Lamore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Stephanie Ley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandra S. Bause
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sara Azimian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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190
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Moreb JS, Baker HV, Chang LJ, Amaya M, Lopez MC, Ostmark B, Chou W. ALDH isozymes downregulation affects cell growth, cell motility and gene expression in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:87. [PMID: 19025616 PMCID: PMC2605459 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 are highly expressed in non small cell lung cancer. Neither the mechanisms nor the biologic significance for such over expression have been studied. Methods We have employed oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze changes in gene profiles in A549 lung cancer cell line in which ALDH activity was reduced by up to 95% using lentiviral mediated expression of siRNA against both isozymes (Lenti 1+3). Stringent analysis methods were used to identify gene expression patterns that are specific to the knock down of ALDH activity and significantly different in comparison to wild type A549 cells (WT) or cells similarly transduced with green fluorescent protein (GFP) siRNA. Results We confirmed significant and specific down regulation of ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 in Lenti 1+3 cells and in comparison to 12 other ALDH genes detected. The results of the microarray analysis were validated by real time RT-PCR on RNA obtained from Lenti 1+3 or WT cells treated with ALDH activity inhibitors. Detailed functional analysis was performed on 101 genes that were significantly different (P < 0.001) and their expression changed by ≥ 2 folds in the Lenti 1+3 group versus the control groups. There were 75 down regulated and 26 up regulated genes. Protein binding, organ development, signal transduction, transcription, lipid metabolism, and cell migration and adhesion were among the most affected pathways. Conclusion These molecular effects of the ALDH knock-down are associated with in vitro functional changes in the proliferation and motility of these cells and demonstrate the significance of ALDH enzymes in cell homeostasis with a potentially significant impact on the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Moreb
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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191
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Cvek B, Milacic V, Taraba J, Dou QP. Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) diethyldithiocarbamate complexes show various activities against the proteasome in breast cancer cells. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6256-8. [PMID: 18816109 DOI: 10.1021/jm8007807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of three complexes with diethyldithiocarbamate ligand and three different metals (Ni, Cu, Zn) was prepared, confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and tested in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Zinc and copper complexes, but not nickel complex, were found to be more active against cellular 26S proteasome than against purified 20S proteasome core particle. One of the possible explanations is inhibition of JAMM domain in the 19S proteasome lid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cvek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacky University, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
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192
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Chen D, Dou QP. New uses for old copper-binding drugs: converting the pro-angiogenic copper to a specific cancer cell death inducer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:739-48. [PMID: 18479220 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.6.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional approach toward anticancer drug development is a time-consuming and expensive procedure. OBJECTIVE/METHODS One approach to expedite this process and achieve more affordable means is to discover new applications of existing drugs, since their pharmacokinetics and pharmacological profiles are well known. RESULTS Our encouraging findings in recent studies reveal anticancer activities of several copper-binding ligands including disulfiram (an antialcoholism drug), clioquinol (used to treat Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases) and diethyldithiocarbamate (an agent for HIV-1 infection treatment). CONCLUSION These in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that these archaic drugs can target and react with tumor cellular copper, forming complexes that act as potent proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Wayne State University, The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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193
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Giovagnini L, Sitran S, Montopoli M, Caparrotta L, Corsini M, Rosani C, Zanello P, Dou QP, Fregona D. Chemical and Biological Profiles of Novel Copper(II) Complexes Containing S-Donor Ligands for the Treatment of Cancer. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6336-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800404e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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194
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Evidence for metal to solvent charge transfer photooxidation of iron, cobalt, nickel and copper dithiocarbamato derivatives in poly(vinylchloride) matrices at ca. 90K: New insights into the bonding of late transition metals with dithiocarbamate ligands through DFT modeling. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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195
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Gidanian S, Mentelle M, Meyskens FL, Farmer PJ. Melanosomal damage in normal human melanocytes induced by UVB and metal uptake--a basis for the pro-oxidant state of melanoma. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:556-64. [PMID: 18331399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are ubiquitous catecholic pigments, formed in organelles called melanosomes within melanocytes, the function of which is to protect skin against harmful effects of UV radiation. Melanosomes within melanoma cells are characteristically abnormal, with fragmented melanin and disrupted membranes. We hypothesize that the disruption of melanosomal melanin might be an early event in the etiology and progression of melanoma, leading to increased oxidative stress and mutation. In this report, we examine the effect of a combination of UV treatment and metal ion exposure on melanosomes within melanocytes, as well as their ability to act as pro-oxidants in ex situ experiments, and assay the effects of this treatment on viability and cell cycle progression. UVB exposure causes morphologic changes of the cells and bleaching of melanosomes in normal melanocytes, both significantly enhanced in Cu(II) and Cd(II)-treated cells, as observed by microscopy. The promoted bleaching by Cu(II) is due to its ability to redox cycle under oxidative conditions, generating reactive oxygen species; verified by the observed enhancement of hydroxyl radical generation when isolated melanosomes were treated with both Cu(II) ions and UVB, as assayed by DNA clipping. Single-dose UVB/Cu treatment does not greatly affect cell viability or cell cycle progression in heavily pigmented cells, but did so in an amelanotic early stage melanoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Gidanian
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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196
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Backlund M, Ziller J, Farmer PJ. Unexpected C-H activation of Ru(II)-dithiomaltol complexes upon oxidation. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:2864-70. [PMID: 18257546 DOI: 10.1021/ic7021962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thione-substituted derivatives of maltol are of interest in several applications of metal-based drugs. In order to investigate the effect of the oxygenation on such thione chelates, Ru complexes of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-thiopyrone (thiomaltol or Htma) and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-thiopyran-4-thione (dithiomaltol or Httma), [Ru(bpy)2(tma)](+), 1, and [Ru(bpy) 2(ttma)] (+), 2, were synthesized as diamagnetic PF6(-) salts. Peroxidation of 2 unexpectedly generated products of C-H activation at its pendant methyl group; an air-stable aldehyde [Ru(bpy)2(ttma-aldehyde)](+), 4, was the major product. In addition, an intermediate oxidation product [Ru(bpy) 2(ttma-alcohol)](PF6), 3, was characterized. Both 3 and 4 are also formed by reaction of 2 with outersphere oxidants (e.g., Na2IrCl6) and by bulk electrolysis under anaerobic conditions. Similar oxidations of the analogous [Ru(bpy)2(ettma)](+), 2' , complex (3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4H-thiopyran-4-thione; ethyl dithiomaltol or Hettma) formed the corresponding ketone, [Ru(bpy)2(ettma-ketone)](PF6), 4', by oxidation at the same position adjacent to the conjugated ring. The structures of the aldehyde 4 and starting materials 1 and 2 have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and all complexes have been characterized by UV-vis, (1)H NMR, and IR spectroscopies. Initial mechanistic investigations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Backlund
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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197
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198
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Patel M, Lu L, Zander DS, Sreerama L, Coco D, Moreb JS. ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 expression in lung cancers: correlation with histologic type and potential precursors. Lung Cancer 2007; 59:340-9. [PMID: 17920722 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes may be upregulated in lung tissue as a result of exposure to carcinogenic aldehydes found in cigarette smoke. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied the expression of two ALDH isozymes in lung cancer from patient samples and its relationship to the history of cigarette smoking. Immunohistochemical staining for ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 was performed on archival specimens from control patients without lung cancer, and patients with one of the primary lung cancers: squamous cell cancer (SCCA), adenocarcinoma (AdenoCA), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). An overall score was obtained for each sample based upon multiplying the staining intensity (0-3) and the extensiveness (0-100%). Mean+/-S.E.M. for each experimental group was calculated and compared. Our results indicate a significantly higher level of expression of ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 in SCCA (155+/-19 and 162+/-17, respectively) and AdenoCA (116+/-12 and 107+/-10) than SCLC (39+/-11 and 42+/-12) (P<0.01). Atypical pneumocytes demonstrated significantly higher levels of expression of ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 than normal pneumocytes (a normal counterpart of AdenoCA), which is suggestive of up regulation during malignant transformation to AdenoCA. A subset analysis of all samples studied revealed increased expression of ALDH1A1 (P=0.055) and ALDH3A1 (P=0.0093) in normal pneumocytes of smokers (n=32) in comparison to those of non-smokers (n=17). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) express very high levels of ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 in comparison with SCLC, elevated expression of both enzymes may be associated with malignant transformation to AdenoCA, and cigarette smoking seems to result in increased expression of these enzymes in normal pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miten Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, FL, USA
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199
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Complex, unusual conformational changes in kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase suggested by chemical modification with disulfiram. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 468:167-73. [PMID: 17977510 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The NAD+-dependent animal betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases participate in the biosynthesis of glycine betaine and carnitine, as well as in polyamines catabolism. We studied the kinetics of inactivation of the porcine kidney enzyme (pkBADH) by the drug disulfiram, a thiol-reagent, with the double aim of exploring the enzyme dynamics and investigating whether it could be an in vivo target of disulfiram. Both inactivation by disulfiram and reactivation by reductants were biphasic processes with equal limiting amplitudes. Under certain conditions half of the enzyme activity became resistant to disulfiram inactivation. NAD+ protected almost 100% at 10 microM but only 50% at 5mM, and vice versa if the enzyme was pre-incubated with NAD+ before the chemical modification. NADH, betaine aldehyde, and glycine betaine also afforded greater protection after pre-incubation with the enzyme than without pre-incubation. Together, these findings suggest two kinds of active sites in this seemingly homotetrameric enzyme, and complex, unusual ligand-induced conformational changes. In addition, they indicate that, in vivo, pkBADH is most likely protected against disulfiram inactivation.
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200
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Viola-Rhenals M, Rieber MS, Rieber M. Role of peroxidases, thiols and Bak/Bax in tumor cell susceptibility to Cu[DEDTC]2. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:841-50. [PMID: 17679146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper and two molecules of diethyl dithiocarbamate [DEDTC] form the Cu[DEDTC](2) complex, which shows cytotoxicity against melanoma and carcinoma cells, making it a potentially useful anti-cancer agent. The differential response to Cu[DEDTC](2) in susceptible human SKBR3 carcinoma and C8161 melanoma cell variants of moderate and high resistance to this organometallic complex was evaluated in this study. Both cell lines underwent apoptosis-associated PARP cleavage, changes in expression of nuclear NFkB p65, p21WAF1 and cyclin A, with loss of clonogenicity in response to this agent. However, a threefold greater concentration [IC(50) 0.6 microM DEDTC: 0.3 microM Cu] was required to kill moderately resistant C8161 melanoma compared to highly susceptible SKBR3 cells. Decreased susceptibility to Cu[DEDTC](2) in C8161 melanoma correlated with greater levels of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and a fourfold lower requirement for N-acetyl cysteine (1mM) to overcome toxicity. Whereas melanoma cells selected for resistance to [0.8 microM DEDTC: 0.4 microM Cu] showed persistent catalase and GPx activity, melanoma cells with moderate susceptibility showed decreased catalase and Gpx when responding to treatment. Cytotoxic response in moderately susceptible C8161 melanoma cells involved an early accumulation of pro-apoptotic Bax in the G2 cell cycle phase, followed by an increased ratio of pro-apoptotic Bak to anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 in mitochondria. Our data suggests that Cu[DEDTC](2) toxicity is mediated through an increase in pro-apoptotic Bak/Bax via disruption of the peroxide and thiol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Viola-Rhenals
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Centre for Microbiology & Cell Biology, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020 A, Venezuela.
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