Coordinating DNA replication initiation with cell growth: differential roles for DnaA and SeqA proteins

Cell cycle-dependent duplication and bidirectional migration of SeqA-associated DNA-protein complexes in E. coli

Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have found that SeqA protein, a regulator of replication initiation, is localized as discrete fluorescent foci in E. coli wild-type cells. Surprisingly, SeqA foci were observed also in an oriC deletion mutant. Statistical analysis revealed that a SeqA focus is localized at midcell in newborn cells. The SeqA focus is duplicated and tethered at midcell until an FtsZ ring is formed. Subsequently, these foci migrate in opposite directions toward cell quarter sites and remain tethered there until the cell divides. The cell cycle-dependent bidirectional migration of SeqA-DNA complexes is quite different from the migration pattern of oriC Dna copies. MukB protein is required for correct localization of SeqA complexes by an unknown mechanism.

Initiation and velocity of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli B/r and K-12

The macromolecular composition and a number of parameters affecting chromosome replication were examined over a range of exponential growth rates in two common Escherichia coli strains, B/r and K-12 AB1157. Based on improved measurements of DNA after treatment of exponential cultures with rifampin, the cell mass per chromosomal replication origin (initiation mass) and the time required to replicate the chromosome from origin to terminus (C period) were determined. For these two strains, the initiation mass approached values of 8 x 10(-10) and 10 x 10(-10) units of optical density (at 460 nm) of culture mass per oriC, respectively, at growth rates above 1 doubling/h (at 37 degrees C). The amount of protein per oriC decreased with increasing growth rate for AB1157 and remained nearly constant for the B/r strain. The C period decreased for both strains in an essentially identical manner from about 70 min at 0.6 doublings/h to about 33 min at 3 doublings/h. From the initiation mass and C period, relative or absolute copy numbers for genes with known map locations can be accurately determined at different growth rates. At growth rates above 2 doublings/h, when chromosomes are highly branched, genes near the origin are about threefold more prevalent than genes near the terminus. At a growth rate of 0.6 doubling/h, this ratio is only about 1.7, which reflects the lower degree of chromosome branching.