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Cabochette P, Vega-Lopez G, Bitard J, Parain K, Chemouny R, Masson C, Borday C, Hedderich M, Henningfeld KA, Locker M, Bronchain O, Perron M. YAP controls retinal stem cell DNA replication timing and genomic stability. eLife 2015; 4:e08488. [PMID: 26393999 PMCID: PMC4578106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult frog retina retains a reservoir of active neural stem cells that contribute to continuous eye growth throughout life. We found that Yap, a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, is specifically expressed in these stem cells. Yap knock-down leads to an accelerated S-phase and an abnormal progression of DNA replication, a phenotype likely mediated by upregulation of c-Myc. This is associated with an increased occurrence of DNA damage and eventually p53-p21 pathway-mediated cell death. Finally, we identified PKNOX1, a transcription factor involved in the maintenance of genomic stability, as a functional and physical interactant of YAP. Altogether, we propose that YAP is required in adult retinal stem cells to regulate the temporal firing of replication origins and quality control of replicated DNA. Our data reinforce the view that specific mechanisms dedicated to S-phase control are at work in stem cells to protect them from genomic instability. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08488.001 In animals, stem cells divide to produce the new cells needed to grow and renew tissues and organs. Understanding the biology of these cells is of the utmost importance for developing new treatments for a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Before a stem cell divides, it copies its DNA and the two sets of genetic instructions are then separated so that the two daughter cells both have a complete set. This process needs to be as accurate as possible because any errors would result in incorrect genetic information being passed on to the daughter cells. Stem cells in the light-sensitive part of the eye—called the retina—divide to produce the cells that detect light and relay visual information to the brain. In many animals, these stem cells stop dividing soon after birth and the retina stops growing. However, the stem cells in frogs and fish continue to divide throughout the life of the animal, which enables the eye to keep on growing. A protein called YAP regulates the growth of organs in animal embryos, but it is not clear what role this protein plays in stem cells, particularly after birth. To address this question, Cabochette et al. studied YAP in the retina of frog tadpoles. The experiments show that YAP is produced in the stem cells of the retina after birth and is required for the retina to continue to grow. Cabochette et al. used tools called ‘photo-cleavable Morpholinos’ to alter the production of YAP in adult stem cells. The cells that produced less YAP copied their DNA more quickly and more of their DNA became damaged, which eventually led to the death of these cells. Further experiments revealed that YAP interacts with a protein called PKNOX1, which is involved in maintaining the integrity of DNA. Cabochette et al.'s findings provide the first insights into how YAP works in the stem cells of the retina and demonstrate that it plays a crucial role in regulating when DNA is copied. A future challenge is to find out whether YAP plays a similar role in the stem cells of other organs in adult animals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08488.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Cabochette
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Guillermo Vega-Lopez
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Juliette Bitard
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Karine Parain
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Romain Chemouny
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Christel Masson
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Caroline Borday
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Marie Hedderich
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kristine A Henningfeld
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Morgane Locker
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Odile Bronchain
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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152
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Gailite I, Aerne BL, Tapon N. Differential control of Yorkie activity by LKB1/AMPK and the Hippo/Warts cascade in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5169-78. [PMID: 26324895 PMCID: PMC4577147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505512112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo (Hpo) pathway is a highly conserved tumor suppressor network that restricts developmental tissue growth and regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation. At the heart of the Hpo pathway is the progrowth transcriptional coactivator Yorkie [Yki-Yes-activated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in mammals]. Yki activity is restricted through phosphorylation by the Hpo/Warts core kinase cascade, but increasing evidence indicates that core kinase-independent modes of regulation also play an important role. Here, we examine Yki regulation in the Drosophila larval central nervous system and uncover a Hpo/Warts-independent function for the tumor suppressor kinase liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and its downstream effector, the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in repressing Yki activity in the central brain/ventral nerve cord. Although the Hpo/Warts core cascade restrains Yki in the optic lobe, it is dispensable for Yki target gene repression in the late larval central brain/ventral nerve cord. Thus, we demonstrate a dramatically different wiring of Hpo signaling in neighboring cell populations of distinct developmental origins in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Gailite
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit L Aerne
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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153
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Sun Y, Zhang J, Ma L. α-catenin. A tumor suppressor beyond adherens junctions. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2334-9. [PMID: 25483184 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sun
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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154
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Archibald A, Al-Masri M, Liew-Spilger A, McCaffrey L. Atypical protein kinase C induces cell transformation by disrupting Hippo/Yap signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3578-95. [PMID: 26269582 PMCID: PMC4603929 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are major sites of malignant transformation. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms are overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. Using normal, highly polarized epithelial cells (MDCK and NMuMG), we report that aPKC gain of function overcomes contact inhibited growth and is sufficient for a transformed epithelial phenotype. In 2D cultures, aPKC induced cells to grow as stratified epithelia, whereas cells grew as solid spheres of nonpolarized cells in 3D culture. aPKC associated with Mst1/2, which uncoupled Mst1/2 from Lats1/2 and promoted nuclear accumulation of Yap1. Of importance, Yap1 was necessary for aPKC-mediated overgrowth but did not restore cell polarity defects, indicating that the two are separable events. In MDCK cells, Yap1 was sequestered to cell-cell junctions by Amot, and aPKC overexpression resulted in loss of Amot expression and a spindle-like cell phenotype. Reexpression of Amot was sufficient to restore an epithelial cobblestone appearance, Yap1 localization, and growth control. In contrast, the effect of aPKC on Hippo/Yap signaling and overgrowth in NMuMG cells was independent of Amot. Finally, increased expression of aPKC in human cancers strongly correlated with increased nuclear accumulation of Yap1, indicating that the effect of aPKC on transformed growth by deregulating Hippo/Yap1 signaling may be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Archibald
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maia Al-Masri
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alyson Liew-Spilger
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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155
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The Hippo transducers TAZ and YAP in breast cancer: oncogenic activities and clinical implications. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e14. [PMID: 26136233 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signalling is emerging as a tumour suppressor pathway whose function is regulated by an intricate network of intracellular and extracellular cues. Defects in the signal cascade lead to the activation of the Hippo transducers TAZ and YAP. Compelling preclinical evidence showed that TAZ/YAP are often aberrantly engaged in breast cancer (BC), where their hyperactivation culminates into a variety of tumour-promoting functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell generation and therapeutic resistance. Having acquired a more thorough understanding in the biology of TAZ/YAP, and the molecular outputs they elicit, has prompted a first wave of exploratory, clinically-focused analyses aimed at providing initial hints on the prognostic/predictive significance of their expression. In this review, we discuss oncogenic activities linked with TAZ/YAP in BC, and we propose clinical strategies for investigating their role as biomarkers in the clinical setting. Finally, we address the therapeutic potential of TAZ/YAP targeting and the modalities that, in our opinion, should be pursued in order to further study the biological and clinical consequences of their inhibition.
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156
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Hippo Stabilises Its Adaptor Salvador by Antagonising the HECT Ubiquitin Ligase Herc4. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131113. [PMID: 26125558 PMCID: PMC4488328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling through the Hippo (Hpo) pathway involves a kinase cascade, which leads to the phosphorylation and inactivation of the pro-growth transcriptional co-activator Yorkie (Yki). Despite the identification of a large number of pathway members and modulators, our understanding of the molecular events that lead to activation of Hpo and the downstream kinase Warts (Wts) remain incomplete. Recently, targeted degradation of several Hpo pathway components has been demonstrated as a means of regulating pathway activity. In particular, the stability of scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), which is believed to promote Hpo/Wts association, is crucially dependent on its binding partner Hpo. In a cell-based RNAi screen for ubiquitin regulators involved in Sav stability, we identify the HECT domain protein Herc4 (HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ligase) as a Sav E3 ligase. Herc4 expression promotes Sav ubiquitylation and degradation, while Herc4 depletion stabilises Sav. Interestingly, Hpo reduces Sav/Herc4 interaction in a kinase-dependent manner. This suggests the existence of a positive feedback loop, where Hpo stabilises its own positive regulator by antagonising Herc4-mediated degradation of Sav.
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157
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Small molecules inhibiting the nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ for chemotherapeutics and chemosensitizers against breast cancers. FEBS Open Bio 2015. [PMID: 26199863 PMCID: PMC4506957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib, in addition to dasatinib and statins, activates the Hippo pathway. Pazopanib induces the proteasomal degradation of YAP/TAZ. YAP/TAZ inhibitors reduce viability of YAP/TAZ-dependent breast cancer cells. YAP/TAZ inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs.
YAP and TAZ oncoproteins confer malignancy and drug resistance to various cancer types. We screened for small molecules that inhibit the nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ. Dasatinib, statins and pazopanib inhibited the nuclear localization and target gene expression of YAP and TAZ. All three drugs induced phosphorylation of YAP and TAZ, and pazopanib induced proteasomal degradation of YAP/TAZ. The sensitivities to these drugs are correlated with dependence on YAP/TAZ in breast cancer cell lines. Combinations of these compounds with each other or with other anti-cancer drugs efficiently reduced cell proliferation of YAP/TAZ-dependent breast cancer cells. These results suggest that these drugs can be therapeutics and chemosensitizers for YAP/TAZ-dependent breast cancers.
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158
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Wittkorn E, Sarkar A, Garcia K, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. The Hippo pathway effector Yki downregulates Wg signaling to promote retinal differentiation in the Drosophila eye. Development 2015; 142:2002-13. [PMID: 25977365 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway is known to regulate cell proliferation and maintain tissue homeostasis during development. We found that activation of Yorkie (Yki), the effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, causes separable effects on growth and differentiation of the Drosophila eye. We present evidence supporting a role for Yki in suppressing eye fate by downregulation of the core retinal determination genes. Other upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway mediate this effect of Yki on retinal differentiation. Here, we show that, in the developing eye, Yki can prevent retinal differentiation by blocking morphogenetic furrow (MF) progression and R8 specification. The inhibition of MF progression is due to ectopic induction of Wingless (Wg) signaling and Homothorax (Hth), the negative regulators of eye development. Modulating Wg signaling can modify Yki-mediated suppression of eye fate. Furthermore, ectopic Hth induction due to Yki activation in the eye is dependent on Wg. Last, using Cut (Ct), a marker for the antennal fate, we show that suppression of eye fate by hyperactivation of yki does not change the cell fate (from eye to antenna-specific fate). In summary, we provide the genetic mechanism by which yki plays a role in cell fate specification and differentiation - a novel aspect of Yki function that is emerging from multiple model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wittkorn
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Kristine Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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159
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Sun Y, Ma L. The emerging molecular machinery and therapeutic targets of metastasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:349-59. [PMID: 25939811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a 100-year-old research topic. Technological advances during the past few decades have led to significant progress in our understanding of metastatic disease. However, metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortalities. The lack of appropriate clinical trials for metastasis preventive drugs and incomplete understanding of the molecular machinery are major obstacles in metastasis prevention and treatment. Numerous processes, factors, and signaling pathways are involved in regulating metastasis. Here we discuss recent progress in metastasis research, including epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, cancer stem cells, emerging molecular determinants and therapeutic targets, and the link between metastasis and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genes and Development Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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160
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Kim M, Kim T, Johnson RL, Lim DS. Transcriptional co-repressor function of the hippo pathway transducers YAP and TAZ. Cell Rep 2015; 11:270-82. [PMID: 25843714 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP (yes-associated protein) and TAZ are oncogenic transcriptional co-activators downstream of the Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway. However, whether YAP and/or TAZ (YAP/TAZ) engage in transcriptional co-repression remains relatively unexplored. Here, we directly demonstrated that YAP/TAZ represses numerous target genes, including tumor-suppressor genes such as DDIT4 (DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4) and Trail (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand). Mechanistically, the repressor function of YAP/TAZ requires TEAD (TEA domain) transcription factors. A YAP/TAZ-TEAD complex recruits the NuRD complex to deacetylate histones and alters nucleosome occupancy at target genes. Functionally, repression of DDIT4 and Trail by YAP/TAZ is required for mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) activation and cell survival, respectively. Our demonstration of the transcriptional co-repressor activity of YAP/TAZ opens a new avenue for understanding the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
| | - Taekhoon Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Division and Differentiation, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
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161
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Plouffe SW, Hong AW, Guan KL. Disease implications of the Hippo/YAP pathway. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:212-22. [PMID: 25702974 PMCID: PMC4385444 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is important for controlling organ size and tissue homeostasis. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster, the core components of the Hippo pathway are highly conserved in mammals. The Hippo pathway can be modulated by a wide range of stimuli, including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, changes in the actin cytoskeleton, cell-cell contact, and cell polarity. When activated, the Hippo pathway functions as a tumor suppressor to limit cell growth. However, dysregulation by genetic inactivation of core pathway components or amplification or gene fusion of its downstream effectors results in increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis and differentiation. Unsurprisingly, this can lead to tissue overgrowth, tumorigenesis, and many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Audrey W Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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162
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YAP enhances autophagic flux to promote breast cancer cell survival in response to nutrient deprivation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120790. [PMID: 25811979 PMCID: PMC4374846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional coactivator inactivated by the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, functions as an oncoprotein in a variety of cancers. However, its contribution to breast cancer remains controversial. This study investigated the role of YAP in breast cancer cells under nutrient deprivation (ND). Here, we show that YAP knockdown sensitized MCF7 breast cancer cells to nutrient deprivation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, in response to ND, YAP increased the autolysosome degradation, thereby enhancing the cellular autophagic flux in breast cancer cells. Of note, autophagy is crucial for YAP to protect MCF7 cells from apoptosis under ND conditions. In addition, the TEA domain (TEAD) family of growth-promoting transcription factors was indispensable for YAP-mediated regulation of autophagy. Collectively, our data reveal a role for YAP in promoting breast cancer cell survival upon ND stress and uncover an unappreciated function of YAP/TEAD in the regulation of autophagy.
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163
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Sharif GM, Schmidt MO, Yi C, Hu Z, Haddad BR, Glasgow E, Riegel AT, Wellstein A. Cell growth density modulates cancer cell vascular invasion via Hippo pathway activity and CXCR2 signaling. Oncogene 2015; 34:5879-89. [PMID: 25772246 PMCID: PMC4573390 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells involves multiple steps, including their dissociation from the primary tumor and invasion through the endothelial cell barrier to enter the circulation and finding their way to distant organ sites where they extravasate and establish metastatic lesions. Deficient contact inhibition is a hallmark of invasive cancer cells, yet surprisingly the vascular invasiveness of commonly studied cancer cell lines is regulated by the density at which cells are propagated in culture. Cells grown at high density were less effective at invading an endothelial monolayer than cells grown at low density. This phenotypic difference was also observed in a zebrafish model of vascular invasion of cancer cells after injection into the yolk sac and extravasation of cancer cells into tissues from the vasculature. The vascular invasive phenotypes were reversible. A kinome-wide RNAi screen was used to identify drivers of vascular invasion by panning shRNA library transduced non-invasive cancer cell populations on endothelial monolayers. The selection of invasive subpopulations showed enrichment of shRNAs targeting the LATS1 (large tumor suppressor 1) kinase that inhibits the activity of the transcriptional coactivator YAP in the Hippo pathway. Depletion of LATS1 from non-invasive cancer cells restored the invasive phenotype. Complementary to this, inhibition or depletion of YAP inhibited invasion in vitro and in vivo. The vascular invasive phenotype was associated with a YAP-dependent up-regulation of the cytokines IL6, IL8, and CXCL1, 2, and 3. Antibody blockade of cytokine receptors inhibited invasion and confirmed that they are rate-limiting drivers that promote cancer cell vascular invasiveness and could provide therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Sharif
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M O Schmidt
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Yi
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Z Hu
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - B R Haddad
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Glasgow
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A T Riegel
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Wellstein
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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164
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The origin of breast tumor heterogeneity. Oncogene 2015; 34:5309-16. [PMID: 25703331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How breast diversity is generated is a fascinating and fundamental question with important clinical implications. It is clear that the diversity of phenotypes displayed by breast cancer cells reflects the array of cell types present in the disease-free breast epithelium, including luminal, basal and stem cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the molecular regulators governing normal development of the breast epithelium may double as engines of breast tumor diversity. In the past few years, a deepened understanding of the mammary epithelial hierarchy has prompted the search for the cellular precursors of breast tumors. At the same time, the use of novel experimental strategies including the new technology of massively parallel sequencing has provided insight into the origin and evolution of breast tumors. Here, we review the current understanding of the basis of the intrinsic subtypes and the sources of inter-tumor heterogeneity.
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165
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Wu H, Wei L, Fan F, Ji S, Zhang S, Geng J, Hong L, Fan X, Chen Q, Tian J, Jiang M, Sun X, Jin C, Yin ZY, Liu Q, Zhang J, Qin F, Lin KH, Yu JS, Deng X, Wang HR, Zhao B, Johnson RL, Chen L, Zhou D. Integration of Hippo signalling and the unfolded protein response to restrain liver overgrowth and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6239. [PMID: 25695629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in tissue homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here we find that loss of Mst1/2, the mammalian Hippo orthologues, or their regulator WW45, leads to a remarkably enlarged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) size-associated UPR. Intriguingly, attenuation of the UPR by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) diminishes Mst1/2 mutant-driven liver overgrowth and tumorigenesis by promoting nuclear exit and degradation of Hippo downstream effector Yap. Yap is required for UPR activity and ER expansion to alleviate ER stress. During the adaptive stage of the UPR, PERK kinase-eIF2α axis activates Yap, while prolonged ER stress-induced Hippo signalling triggers assembly of the GADD34/PP1 complex in a negative feedback loop to inhibit Yap and promote apoptosis. Significantly, the deregulation of UPR signals associated with Yap activation is found in a substantial fraction of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, we conclude Yap integrates Hippo and UPR signalling to control liver size and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Luyao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fuqin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Suyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jing Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lixin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Mingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiufeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changnan Jin
- Department of Hepatology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361001, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Qingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jinjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Funiu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yang 333, Taiwan
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hong-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lanfen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'An district, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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166
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YAP regulates the expression of Hoxa1 and Hoxc13 in mouse and human oral and skin epithelial tissues. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1449-61. [PMID: 25691658 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00765-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a Hippo signaling transcriptional coactivator that plays pivotal roles in stem cell proliferation, organ size control, and tumor development. The downstream targets of YAP have been shown to be highly context dependent. In this study, we used the embryonic mouse tooth germ as a tool to search for the downstream targets of YAP in ectoderm-derived tissues. Yap deficiency in the dental epithelium resulted in a small tooth germ with reduced epithelial cell proliferation. We compared the gene expression profiles of embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) Yap conditional knockout and YAP transgenic mouse tooth germs using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and further confirmed the differentially expressed genes using real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. We found that YAP regulates the expression of Hoxa1 and Hoxc13 in oral and dental epithelial tissues as well as in the epidermis of skin during embryonic and adult stages. Sphere formation assay suggested that Hoxa1 and Hoxc13 are functionally involved in YAP-regulated epithelial progenitor cell proliferation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay implies that YAP may regulate Hoxa1 and Hoxc13 expression through TEAD transcription factors. These results provide mechanistic insights into abnormal YAP activities in mice and humans.
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167
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Xu J, Acharya S, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Saito Y, Yao J, Wang H, Li P, Zhang L, Lowery FJ, Kuo WL, Xiao Y, Ensor J, Sahin AA, Zhang XHF, Hung MC, Zhang JD, Yu D. 14-3-3ζ turns TGF-β's function from tumor suppressor to metastasis promoter in breast cancer by contextual changes of Smad partners from p53 to Gli2. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:177-92. [PMID: 25670079 PMCID: PMC4325275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) functions as a tumor suppressor in premalignant cells but as a metastasis promoter in cancer cells. The dichotomous functions of TGF-β are proposed to be dictated by different partners of its downstream effector Smads. However, the mechanism for the contextual changes of Smad partners remained undefined. Here, we demonstrate that 14-3-3ζ destabilizes p53, a Smad partner in premalignant mammary epithelial cells, by downregulating 14-3-3σ, thus turning off TGF-β's tumor suppression function. Conversely, 14-3-3ζ stabilizes Gli2 in breast cancer cells, and Gli2 partners with Smads to activate PTHrP and promote TGF-β-induced bone metastasis. The 14-3-3ζ-driven contextual changes of Smad partners from p53 to Gli2 may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets of TGF-β-mediated cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunil Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yohei Saito
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank J Lowery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Ling Kuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joe Ensor
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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168
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Shi P, Feng J, Chen C. Hippo pathway in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:53-9. [PMID: 25467757 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that the Hippo signaling pathway plays crucial roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Key components of the Hippo pathway regulate breast epithelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness. Additionally, the Hippo pathway regulates breast tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. It is expected that the Hippo pathway will provide novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer. This review will discuss and summarize the roles of several core components of the Hippo pathway in mammary gland development and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of laboratory medicine & Central Laboratory, South Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
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169
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Booth AK, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Signaling pathways regulating pituitary lactotrope homeostasis and tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:37-59. [PMID: 25472533 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the signaling pathways that govern lactotrope biology contributes to tumorigenesis of prolactin (PRL)-secreting adenomas, or prolactinomas, leading to a state of pathological hyperprolactinemia. Prolactinomas cause hypogonadism, infertility, osteoporosis, and tumor mass effects, and are the most common type of neuroendocrine tumor. In this review, we highlight signaling pathways involved in lactotrope development, homeostasis, and physiology of pregnancy, as well as implications for signaling pathways in pathophysiology of prolactinoma. We also review mutations found in human prolactinoma and briefly discuss animal models that are useful in studying pituitary adenoma, many of which emphasize the fact that alterations in signaling pathways are common in prolactinomas. Although individual mutations have been proposed as possible driving forces for prolactinoma tumorigenesis in humans, no single mutation has been clinically identified as a causative factor for the majority of prolactinomas. A better understanding of lactotrope-specific responses to intracellular signaling pathways is needed to explain the mechanism of tumorigenesis in prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Booth
- Program in Reproductive Sciences and Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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170
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Haskins JW, Nguyen DX, Stern DF. Neuregulin 1-activated ERBB4 interacts with YAP to induce Hippo pathway target genes and promote cell migration. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra116. [PMID: 25492965 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB4, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is unusual in that ERBB4 can undergo intramembrane proteolysis, releasing a soluble intracellular domain (ICD) that modulates transcription in the nucleus. We found that ERBB4 activated the transcriptional coactivator YAP, which promotes organ and tissue growth and is inhibited by the Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway. Overexpressing ERBB4 in cultured mammary epithelial cells or adding the ERBB4 ligand neuregulin 1 (NRG1) to breast cancer cell cultures promoted the expression of genes regulated by YAP, such as CTGF. Knocking down YAP or ERBB4 prevented the induction of CTGF expression by NRG1, as did treating cells with the ERBB inhibitors lapatinib or erlotinib, which reduced ERBB4 cleavage. NRG1 stimulated YAP activity to an extent comparable to that of EGF (epidermal growth factor) or LPA (lysophosphatidic acid), known activators of YAP. NRG1 stimulated YAP-dependent cell migration in breast cancer cell lines. These observations connect the unusual nuclear function of a growth factor receptor with a mechanosensory pathway and suggest that NRG1-ERBB4-YAP signaling contributes to the aggressive behavior of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Haskins
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David F Stern
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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171
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Piccolo S, Dupont S, Cordenonsi M. The biology of YAP/TAZ: hippo signaling and beyond. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1287-312. [PMID: 25287865 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ are the focus of intense interest given their remarkable biological properties in development, tissue homeostasis and cancer. YAP and TAZ activity is key for the growth of whole organs, for amplification of tissue-specific progenitor cells during tissue renewal and regeneration, and for cell proliferation. In tumors, YAP/TAZ can reprogram cancer cells into cancer stem cells and incite tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. As such, YAP/TAZ are appealing therapeutic targets in cancer and regenerative medicine. Just like the function of YAP/TAZ offers a molecular entry point into the mysteries of tissue biology, their regulation by upstream cues is equally captivating. YAP/TAZ are well known for being the effectors of the Hippo signaling cascade, and mouse mutants in Hippo pathway components display remarkable phenotypes of organ overgrowth, enhanced stem cell content and reduced cellular differentiation. YAP/TAZ are primary sensors of the cell's physical nature, as defined by cell structure, shape and polarity. YAP/TAZ activation also reflects the cell "social" behavior, including cell adhesion and the mechanical signals that the cell receives from tissue architecture and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). At the same time, YAP/TAZ entertain relationships with morphogenetic signals, such as Wnt growth factors, and are also regulated by Rho, GPCRs and mevalonate metabolism. YAP/TAZ thus appear at the centerpiece of a signaling nexus by which cells take control of their behavior according to their own shape, spatial location and growth factor context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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172
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Barron DA, Kagey JD. The role of the Hippo pathway in human disease and tumorigenesis. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:25. [PMID: 25097728 PMCID: PMC4112623 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular nature of human cancer is essential to the development of effective and personalized therapies. Several different molecular signal transduction pathways drive tumorigenesis when deregulated and respond to different types of therapeutic interventions. The Hippo signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a central role in the regulation of tissue and organ size during development. The deregulation of Hippo signaling leads to a concurrent combination of uncontrolled cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis, two key hallmarks in cancer development. The molecular nature of this pathway was first uncovered in Drosophila melanogaster through genetic screens to identify regulators of cell growth and cell division. The pathway is strongly conserved in humans, rendering Drosophila a suitable and efficient model system to better understand the molecular nature of this pathway. In the present study, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanism and clinical impact of the Hippo pathway. Current studies have demonstrated that a variety of deregulated molecules can alter Hippo signaling, leading to the constitutive activation of the transcriptional activator YAP or its paralog TAZ. Additionally, the Hippo pathway integrates inputs from a number of growth signaling pathways, positioning the Hippo pathway in a central role in the regulation of tissue size. Importantly, deregulated Hippo signaling is frequently observed in human cancers. YAP is commonly activated in a number of in vitro and in vivo models of tumorigenesis, as well as a number of human cancers. The common activation of YAP in many different tumor types provides an attractive target for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Barron
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob D Kagey
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, MI, USA
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173
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Crabtree JS, Miele L. [Modification of a micromethod for determining leukocyte migration inhibition and its significance in oncological patients]. Biomedicines 1981; 6:biomedicines6030077. [PMID: 30018256 PMCID: PMC6163894 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) have been implicated in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to therapy. The origins of BCSCs remain controversial due to tumor heterogeneity and the presence of such small side populations for study, but nonetheless, cell surface markers and their correlation with BCSC functionality continue to be identified. BCSCs are driven by persistent activation of developmental pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, Hippo, and Hedgehog and new treatment strategies that are aimed at these pathways are in preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S Crabtree
- Department of Genetics and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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