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Fetissov SO. Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:11-25. [PMID: 27616451 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety - the main involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host for providing the nutrients necessary for their growth. The intrinsic ability of bacteria to regulate their growth and to maintain their population within the gut suggests that gut bacteria can interfere with molecular pathways controlling energy balance in the host. The current model of appetite control is based mainly on gut-brain signalling and the animal's own needs to maintain energy homeostasis; an alternative model might also involve bacteria-host communications. Several bacterial components and metabolites have been shown to stimulate intestinal satiety pathways; at the same time, their production depends on bacterial growth cycles. This short-term bacterial growth-linked modulation of intestinal satiety can be coupled with long-term regulation of appetite, controlled by the neuropeptidergic circuitry in the hypothalamus. Indeed, several bacterial products are detected in the systemic circulation, which might act directly on hypothalamic neurons. This Review analyses the data relevant to possible involvement of the gut bacteria in the regulation of host appetite and proposes an integrative homeostatic model of appetite control that includes energy needs of both the host and its gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut &Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1073, University of Rouen Normandy, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France
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202
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Gregorini P, Villalba JJ, Chilibroste P, Provenza FD. Grazing management: setting the table, designing the menu and influencing the diner. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pastoral livestock-production systems are under increasing environmental, social and consumer pressures to reduce environmental impacts and to enhance biodiversity and animal welfare. At the same time, farmers face the challenge of managing grazing, which is intimately linked with profitability. Recent advances in understanding grazing patterns and nutritional ecology may help alleviate such pressures. For instance, by managing grazing to (1) manipulate links between ingestive–digestive decisions and temporal patterns of nutrient excretion, (2) provide phytochemically diverse diets at appropriate temporal (the menu) and spatial (the table) scales and (3) influence the behaviour of animals (the diners) on the basis of their specific ‘personalities’ and needs, to overcome or enhance animal differences, thereby enhancing their and farm productivity and welfare, as well as our health. Under pastoral systems, synergies between animals’ and farmers’ grazing decisions have the potential to offer greater benefits to the animal, the environment and the farm than does simple and parsimonious grazing management based on a single component of the system. In the present review, we look at grazing and its management through an alternate lens, drawing ideas and hypotheses to stimulate thinking, dialogue and discussions that we anticipate will evolve into innovative research programs and grazing strategies. To do so, we combined experimental and observational studies from a wide range of disciplines with simulation-modelling exercises. We envisage a more holistic approach to manage grazing based on recent advances in the understanding of the nutritional ecology of grazing animals, and propose management practices that may enable pastoral livestock-production systems to evolve continually as complex creative systems.
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203
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Ezenwa VO, Archie EA, Craft ME, Hawley DM, Martin LB, Moore J, White L. Host behaviour-parasite feedback: an essential link between animal behaviour and disease ecology. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.3078. [PMID: 27053751 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviour and the ecology and evolution of parasites are inextricably linked. For this reason, animal behaviourists and disease ecologists have been interested in the intersection of their respective fields for decades. Despite this interest, most research at the behaviour-disease interface focuses either on how host behaviour affects parasites or how parasites affect behaviour, with little overlap between the two. Yet, the majority of interactions between hosts and parasites are probably reciprocal, such that host behaviour feeds back on parasites and vice versa. Explicitly considering these feedbacks is essential for understanding the complex connections between animal behaviour and parasite ecology and evolution. To illustrate this point, we discuss how host behaviour-parasite feedbacks might operate and explore the consequences of feedback for studies of animal behaviour and parasites. For example, ignoring the feedback of host social structure on parasite dynamics can limit the accuracy of predictions about parasite spread. Likewise, considering feedback in studies of parasites and animal personalities may provide unique insight about the maintenance of variation in personality types. Finally, applying the feedback concept to links between host behaviour and beneficial, rather than pathogenic, microbes may shed new light on transitions between mutualism and parasitism. More generally, accounting for host behaviour-parasite feedbacks can help identify critical gaps in our understanding of how key host behaviours and parasite traits evolve and are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Janice Moore
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lauren White
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Zhang FF, Ojha RP, Krull KR, Gibson TM, Lu L, Lanctot J, Chemaitilly W, Robison LL, Hudson MM. Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Have Poor Adherence to Dietary Guidelines. J Nutr 2016; 146:2497-2505. [PMID: 27798341 PMCID: PMC5118766 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor nutritional intake can exacerbate the chronic disease burden in childhood cancer survivors, whereas a healthful diet serves a protective function. Few studies have provided detailed evaluations of the diet of childhood cancer survivors. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate diet quality and dietary intakes of key food groups and nutrients in a large cohort of childhood cancer survivors and whether cancer and treatment characteristics have an impact on survivors' long-term intake. METHODS Diet was assessed in 2570 adult survivors of childhood cancer enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime cohort (mean age = 32.3 y) by using the Block food-frequency questionnaire. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) was calculated to quantify diet quality. Cancer diagnosis and treatment exposure were abstracted from medical records. Differences in HEI-2010 by patient characteristics and treatment exposure were examined by using ANCOVA. RESULTS The mean ± SD HEI-2010 in childhood cancer survivors was 57.9 ± 12.4 of a maximum score of 100. Referenced to Dietary Reference Intakes, survivors consumed inadequate amounts of vitamin D, vitamin E, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and calcium (27%, 54%, 58%, 59%, 84%, and 90% of the recommended intakes) but excessive amounts of sodium and saturated fat (155% and 115% of the recommended intakes) from foods. Survivors diagnosed when <5 y of age had a lower diet quality than did those diagnosed when ≥5 y of age (mean HEI-2010 score: 56.9 compared with 58.2; P = 0.046). Survivors who received higher radiation doses to the abdomen had a lower diet quality than those who received lower doses (mean HEI-2010 scores = 58.9, 57.2, 56.7, and 56.1 for doses of 0, 1-19.9, 20-29.9, and ≥30 Gy, respectively; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Long-term childhood cancer survivors have poor adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Findings reinforce the need to incorporate nutrition into cancer care to improve diet quality and to reduce morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy and
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and
| | | | | | | | - Lu Lu
- Departments of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
| | | | | | | | - Melissa M Hudson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
- Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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205
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Kramer P, Bressan P. Humans as Superorganisms: How Microbes, Viruses, Imprinted Genes, and Other Selfish Entities Shape Our Behavior. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 10:464-81. [PMID: 26177948 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615583131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychologists and psychiatrists tend to be little aware that (a) microbes in our brains and guts are capable of altering our behavior; (b) viral DNA that was incorporated into our DNA millions of years ago is implicated in mental disorders; (c) many of us carry the cells of another human in our brains; and (d) under the regulation of viruslike elements, the paternally inherited and maternally inherited copies of some genes compete for domination in the offspring, on whom they have opposite physical and behavioral effects. This article provides a broad overview, aimed at a wide readership, of the consequences of our coexistence with these selfish entities. The overarching message is that we are not unitary individuals but superorganisms, built out of both human and nonhuman elements; it is their interaction that determines who we are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kramer
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Bressan
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
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206
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Boughman JW, Svanbäck R. Synergistic selection between ecological niche and mate preference primes diversification. Evolution 2016; 71:6-22. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janette W. Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology & Behavior program; Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18D SE‐752 36 Uppsala Sweden
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Clarke G, Cryan JF. Preface: The Gut Microbiome and Behavior under the microscope: Where to focus? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:xv-xxiii. [PMID: 27793229 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(16)30165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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209
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Liddicoat C, Waycott M, Weinstein P. Environmental Change and Human Health: Can Environmental Proxies Inform the Biodiversity Hypothesis for Protective Microbial–Human Contact? Bioscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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210
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Eisthen HL, Theis KR. Animal-microbe interactions and the evolution of nervous systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150052. [PMID: 26598731 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals ubiquitously interact with environmental and symbiotic microbes, and the effects of these interactions on animal physiology are currently the subject of intense interest. Nevertheless, the influence of microbes on nervous system evolution has been largely ignored. We illustrate here how taking microbes into account might enrich our ideas about the evolution of nervous systems. For example, microbes are involved in animals' communicative, defensive, predatory and dispersal behaviours, and have likely influenced the evolution of chemo- and photosensory systems. In addition, we speculate that the need to regulate interactions with microbes at the epithelial surface may have contributed to the evolutionary internalization of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Eisthen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane Rm 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, 567 Wilson Road Rm 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, 567 Wilson Road Rm 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRB I Rm 1510A, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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211
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Genetic Determinism of Fearfulness, General Activity and Feeding Behavior in Chickens and Its Relationship with Digestive Efficiency. Behav Genet 2016; 47:114-124. [PMID: 27604231 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic relationships between behavior and digestive efficiency were studied in 860 chickens from a cross between two lines divergently selected on digestive efficiency. At 2 weeks of age each chick was video-recorded in the home pen to characterize general activity and feeding behavior. Tonic immobility and open-field tests were also carried out individually to evaluate emotional reactivity (i.e. the propensity to express fear responses). Digestive efficiency was measured at 3 weeks. Genetic parameters of behavior traits were estimated. Birds were genotyped on 3379 SNP markers to detect QTLs. Heritabilities of behavioral traits were low, apart from tonic immobility (0.17-0.18) and maximum meal length (0.14). The genetic correlations indicated that the most efficient birds fed more frequently and were less fearful. We detected 14 QTL (9 for feeding behavior, 3 for tonic immobility, 2 for frequency of lying). Nine of them co-localized with QTL for efficiency, anatomy of the digestive tract, feed intake or microbiota composition. Four genes involved in fear reactions were identified in the QTL for tonic immobility on GGA1.
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212
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Kulecka M, Paziewska A, Zeber-Lubecka N, Ambrozkiewicz F, Kopczynski M, Kuklinska U, Pysniak K, Gajewska M, Mikula M, Ostrowski J. Prolonged transfer of feces from the lean mice modulates gut microbiota in obese mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:57. [PMID: 27559357 PMCID: PMC4995824 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transplanting a fecal sample from lean, healthy donors to obese recipients has been shown to improve metabolic syndrome symptoms. We therefore examined the gut microbiota in mice after administering a long-term, high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with feces from lean mice through the fecal-oral route. Methods C57BL6/W mice were allowed to adapt to a non-specific pathogen free (SFP) environment for 2 weeks before being divided into three groups of 16 animals. Animals were fed for 28 weeks with a normal diet (ND), HFD or HFD supplemented with feces from ND-fed mice (HFDS). The composition of colonizing bacteria was evaluated in droppings collected under SPF conditions at the beginning of the study and at 12 and 28 weeks using an 16S Metagenomics Kit on Ion PGM sequencer. Results HFD and HFDS-fed mice attained (p < 0.05) greater body weights by weeks 6 and 5, respectively. HFDS-fed mice gained more weight than HFD-fed mice by week 25. Both species diversity and richness indices increased with time in HFDS mice only. Conclusions Prolonged HFD-fed mice supplementation with feces from lean mice altered bacteria species diversity and richness, accelerated the onset of obesity, and caused increased weight gain in the later weeks of the HFD regimen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0116-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kulecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Zeber-Lubecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Ambrozkiewicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kopczynski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Kuklinska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera Pysniak
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Gajewska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial, Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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213
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Hafer N. Conflicts over host manipulation between different parasites and pathogens: Investigating the ecological and medical consequences. Bioessays 2016; 38:1027-37. [PMID: 27510821 PMCID: PMC5108444 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When parasites have different interests in regard to how their host should behave this can result in a conflict over host manipulation, i.e. parasite induced changes in host behaviour that enhance parasite fitness. Such a conflict can result in the alteration, or even complete suppression, of one parasite's host manipulation. Many parasites, and probably also symbionts and commensals, have the ability to manipulate the behaviour of their host. Non‐manipulating parasites should also have an interest in host behaviour. Given the frequency of multiple parasite infections in nature, potential conflicts of interest over host behaviour and manipulation may be common. This review summarizes the evidence on how parasites can alter other parasite's host manipulation. Host manipulation can have important ecological and medical consequences. I speculate on how a conflict over host manipulation could alter these consequences and potentially offer a new avenue of research to ameliorate harmful consequences of host manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
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214
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Ferrer I, Garcia-Esparcia P, Carmona M, Carro E, Aronica E, Kovacs GG, Grison A, Gustincich S. Olfactory Receptors in Non-Chemosensory Organs: The Nervous System in Health and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:163. [PMID: 27458372 PMCID: PMC4932117 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) and down-stream functional signaling molecules adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3), olfactory G protein α subunit (Gαolf), OR transporters receptor transporter proteins 1 and 2 (RTP1 and RTP2), receptor expression enhancing protein 1 (REEP1), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in neurons of the human and murine central nervous system (CNS). In vitro studies have shown that these receptors react to external stimuli and therefore are equipped to be functional. However, ORs are not directly related to the detection of odors. Several molecules delivered from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, neighboring local neurons and glial cells, distant cells through the extracellular space, and the cells’ own self-regulating internal homeostasis can be postulated as possible ligands. Moreover, a single neuron outside the olfactory epithelium expresses more than one receptor, and the mechanism of transcriptional regulation may be different in olfactory epithelia and brain neurons. OR gene expression is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) subtypes MM1 and VV2 with disease-, region- and subtype-specific patterns. Altered gene expression is also observed in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia with a major but not total influence of chlorpromazine treatment. Preliminary parallel observations have also shown the presence of taste receptors (TASRs), mainly of the bitter taste family, in the mammalian brain, whose function is not related to taste. TASRs in brain are also abnormally regulated in neurodegenerative diseases. These seminal observations point to the need for further studies on ORs and TASRs chemoreceptors in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Neuroscience Group, Research Institute HospitalMadrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Grison
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Italy
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215
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Newsholme P, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Gut associated bacteria are critical to metabolism, inflammation and health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:245-9. [PMID: 27213282 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsholme
- aSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Perth, Western Australia, Australia bLaboratory of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Scheperjans F, Pekkonen E, Kaakkola S, Auvinen P. Linking Smoking, Coffee, Urate, and Parkinson's Disease - A Role for Gut Microbiota? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:255-62. [PMID: 25882059 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still obscure, there is evidence for lifestyle factors influencing disease risk. Best established are the inverse associations with smoking and coffee consumption. In other contexts there is evidence that health effects of lifestyle factors may depend on gut microbiome composition. Considering the gastrointestinal involvement in PD, it was recently speculated, that the associations between smoking, coffee, and PD risk could be mediated by gut microbiota. Here we review such a possible mediatory role of gut microbiota taking into account recent findings on microbiome composition in PD and extending the scope also to urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Scheperjans
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pekkonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Kaakkola
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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217
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Lyte M, Fodor AA, Chapman CD, Martin GG, Perez-Chanona E, Jobin C, Dess NK. Gut Microbiota and a Selectively Bred Taste Phenotype: A Novel Model of Microbiome-Behavior Relationships. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:610-9. [PMID: 27035357 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The microbiota-gut-brain axis is increasingly implicated in obesity, anxiety, stress, and other health-related processes. Researchers have proposed that gut microbiota may influence dietary habits, and pathways through the microbiota-gut-brain axis make such a relationship feasible; however, few data bear on the hypothesis. As a first step in the development of a model system, the gut microbiome was examined in rat lines selectively outbred on a taste phenotype with biobehavioral profiles that have diverged with respect to energy regulation, anxiety, and stress. METHODS Occidental low and high-saccharin-consuming rats were assessed for body mass and chow, water, and saccharin intake; littermate controls had shared cages with rats in the experimental group but were not assessed. Cecum and colon microbial communities were profiled using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and multivariate analysis of microbial diversity and composition. RESULTS The saccharin phenotype was confirmed (low-saccharin-consuming rats, 0.7Δ% [0.9Δ%]; high-saccharin-consuming rats, 28.1Δ% [3.6Δ%]). Regardless of saccharin exposure, gut microbiota differed between lines in terms of overall community similarity and taxa at lower phylogenetic levels. Specifically, 16 genera in three phyla distinguished the lines at a 10% false discovery rate. DISCUSSION The study demonstrates for the first time that rodent lines created through selective pressure on taste and differing on functionally related correlates host different microbial communities. Whether the microbiota are causally related to the taste phenotype or its correlates remains to be determined. These findings encourage further inquiry on the relationship of the microbiome to taste, dietary habits, emotion, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- From the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine (Lyte), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology (Lyte), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas; Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics (Fodor), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina; School of Medicine (Perez-Chanona), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine (Jobin), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and Occidental College (Chapman, Martin, Dess), Los Angeles, California
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Kumar M, Yadav AK, Verma V, Singh B, Mal G, Nagpal R, Hemalatha R. Bioengineered probiotics as a new hope for health and diseases: an overview of potential and prospects. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:585-600. [PMID: 27070955 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.16.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of microorganisms as therapeutics for over a century, the scientific and clinical admiration of their potential is a recent phenomenon. Genome sequencing and genetic engineering has enabled researchers to develop novel strategies, such as bioengineered probiotics or pharmabiotics, which may become a therapeutic strategy. Bioengineered probiotics with multiple immunogenic or antagonistic properties could be a viable option to improve human health. The bacteria are tailored to deliver drugs, therapeutic proteins or gene therapy vectors with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug administration regimes. This article provides an overview of methodological concepts, thereby encouraging research and interest in this topic, with the ultimate goal of using designer probiotics as therapeutics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
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219
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Bressan P, Kramer P. Bread and Other Edible Agents of Mental Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:130. [PMID: 27065833 PMCID: PMC4809873 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perhaps because gastroenterology, immunology, toxicology, and the nutrition and agricultural sciences are outside of their competence and responsibility, psychologists and psychiatrists typically fail to appreciate the impact that food can have on their patients' condition. Here we attempt to help correct this situation by reviewing, in non-technical, plain English, how cereal grains-the world's most abundant food source-can affect human behavior and mental health. We present the implications for the psychological sciences of the findings that, in all of us, bread (1) makes the gut more permeable and can thus encourage the migration of food particles to sites where they are not expected, prompting the immune system to attack both these particles and brain-relevant substances that resemble them, and (2) releases opioid-like compounds, capable of causing mental derangement if they make it to the brain. A grain-free diet, although difficult to maintain (especially for those that need it the most), could improve the mental health of many and be a complete cure for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bressan
- Department of General Psychology, University of PaduaPadova, Italy
| | - Peter Kramer
- Department of General Psychology, University of PaduaPadova, Italy
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220
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Trueba AF, Ritz T, Trueba G. The Role of the Microbiome in the Relationship of Asthma and Affective Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 874:263-88. [PMID: 26589224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of stress, anxiety and other affective states on inflammatory conditions such as asthma is well documented. Although several immune pathway mechanisms have been proposed and studied, they cannot fully explain the relationship. In this chapter we present a new perspective on asthma development and exacerbation that integrates findings on the role of psychological factors in asthma with the microbiome and the hygiene hypothesis in asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Trueba
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA.
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221
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Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for asthma, but standard asthma drugs have reduced efficacy in the obese. Obesity alters the gastrointestinal microbial community structure. This change in structure contributes to some obesity-related conditions and also could be contributing to obesity-related asthma. Although currently unexplored, obesity may also be altering lung microbiota. Understanding the role of microbiota in obesity-related asthma could lead to novel treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Cho
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A Shore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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222
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Shashkova T, Popenko A, Tyakht A, Peskov K, Kosinsky Y, Bogolubsky L, Raigorodskii A, Ischenko D, Alexeev D, Govorun V. Agent Based Modeling of Human Gut Microbiome Interactions and Perturbations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148386. [PMID: 26894828 PMCID: PMC4760737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the human health. It is involved in the digestion and protects the host against external pathogens. Examination of the intestinal microbiome interactions is required for understanding of the community influence on host health. Studies of the microbiome can provide insight on methods of improving health, including specific clinical procedures for individual microbial community composition modification and microbiota correction by colonizing with new bacterial species or dietary changes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work we report an agent-based model of interactions between two bacterial species and between species and the gut. The model is based on reactions describing bacterial fermentation of polysaccharides to acetate and propionate and fermentation of acetate to butyrate. Antibiotic treatment was chosen as disturbance factor and used to investigate stability of the system. System recovery after antibiotic treatment was analyzed as dependence on quantity of feedback interactions inside the community, therapy duration and amount of antibiotics. Bacterial species are known to mutate and acquire resistance to the antibiotics. The ability to mutate was considered to be a stochastic process, under this suggestion ratio of sensitive to resistant bacteria was calculated during antibiotic therapy and recovery. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The model confirms a hypothesis of feedbacks mechanisms necessity for providing functionality and stability of the system after disturbance. High fraction of bacterial community was shown to mutate during antibiotic treatment, though sensitive strains could become dominating after recovery. The recovery of sensitive strains is explained by fitness cost of the resistance. The model demonstrates not only quantitative dynamics of bacterial species, but also gives an ability to observe the emergent spatial structure and its alteration, depending on various feedback mechanisms. Visual version of the model shows that spatial structure is a key factor, which helps bacteria to survive and to adapt to changed environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Shashkova
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Popenko
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Alexander Tyakht
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Kirill Peskov
- “M&S Decisions” LLC, Narishkinskaya alleya, 5, Moscow, 125167, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri Kosinsky
- “M&S Decisions” LLC, Narishkinskaya alleya, 5, Moscow, 125167, Russian Federation
| | - Lev Bogolubsky
- Yandex LLC 16 Leo Tolstoy St., Moscow, 119021, Russian Federation
| | | | - Dmitry Ischenko
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Dmitry Alexeev
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Govorun
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
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223
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Tissot T, Arnal A, Jacqueline C, Poulin R, Lefèvre T, Mery F, Renaud F, Roche B, Massol F, Salzet M, Ewald P, Tasiemski A, Ujvari B, Thomas F. Host manipulation by cancer cells: Expectations, facts, and therapeutic implications. Bioessays 2016; 38:276-85. [PMID: 26849295 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Similar to parasites, cancer cells depend on their hosts for sustenance, proliferation and reproduction, exploiting the hosts for energy and resources, and thereby impairing their health and fitness. Because of this lifestyle similarity, it is predicted that cancer cells could, like numerous parasitic organisms, evolve the capacity to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts to increase their own fitness. We claim that the extent of this phenomenon and its therapeutic implications are, however, underappreciated. Here, we review and discuss what can be regarded as cases of host manipulation in the context of cancer development and progression. We elaborate on how acknowledging the applicability of these principles can offer novel therapeutic and preventive strategies. The manipulation of host phenotype by cancer cells is one more reason to adopt a Darwinian approach in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazzio Tissot
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Arnal
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Frédéric Mery
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement and Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Benjamin Roche
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France.,Unité mixte internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO), BondyCedex, France
| | - François Massol
- Université de Lille, UMR 8198, Unité EEP, Ecoimmunology Group, Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) INSERM U1192, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Paul Ewald
- Department of Biology and the Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université de Lille, UMR 8198, Unité EEP, Ecoimmunology Group, Lille, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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224
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Jašarević E, Morrison KE, Bale TL. Sex differences in the gut microbiome-brain axis across the lifespan. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150122. [PMID: 26833840 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain has emerged as a factor that influences immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment and behaviour. Cross-talk between the gut and brain begins early in life immediately following the transition from a sterile in utero environment to one that is exposed to a changing and complex microbial milieu over a lifetime. Once established, communication between the gut and brain integrates information from the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune signals, and peripheral immune and metabolic signals. Importantly, the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome undergoes many transitions that parallel dynamic periods of brain development and maturation for which distinct sex differences have been identified. Here, we discuss the sexually dimorphic development, maturation and maintenance of the gut microbiome-brain axis, and the sex differences therein important in disease risk and resilience throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Jašarević
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen E Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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225
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Moore A. Getting fat from an inflamed relationship? The revenge of the holobiont. Bioessays 2016; 38:119. [PMID: 26749251 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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226
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Lyte M. Microbial Endocrinology: An Ongoing Personal Journey. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 874:1-24. [PMID: 26589212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of microbial endocrinology is covered from a decidedly personal perspective. Specific focus is given to the role of microbial endocrinology in the evolutionary symbiosis between man and microbe as it relates to both health and disease. Since the first edition of this book series 5 years ago, the role of microbial endocrinology in the microbiota-gut-brain axis is additionally discussed. Future avenues of research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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227
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Zakrisson A. Did you know that your cravings might be microbes controlling your mind? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 215:165-6. [PMID: 26332980 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Zakrisson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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228
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229
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Provenza FD, Meuret M, Gregorini P. Our landscapes, our livestock, ourselves: Restoring broken linkages among plants, herbivores, and humans with diets that nourish and satiate. Appetite 2015; 95:500-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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230
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Al-Ghalith GA, Knights D. Bygiene: The New Paradigm of Bidirectional Hygiene. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 88:359-65. [PMID: 26604859 PMCID: PMC4654184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The pervasive dogma surrounding the evolution of virulence - -namely, that a pathogen's virulence decreases over time to prevent threatening its host -- is an archaic assertion that is more appropriately cast as an optimization of virulence cost and benefit. However, the prevailing attitudes underlying practices of medical hygiene and sanitization remain entrenched in these passé ideas. This is true despite the emergence of evidence linking those practices to mounting virulence and antimicrobial resistance in the hospital. It is, therefore, our position that just as the microbe has sought an optimized balance in virulence, so should we seek such an optimized balance in vigilance, complementing warfare with restoration. We call this approach "bygiene," or bidirectional hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A. Al-Ghalith
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dan Knights
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Dan Knights, 4-192 Keller Hall, University of Minnesota, 200 Union St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55108; Tele: 612-564-2762; Fax: 612-625-0572;
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231
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Influence of intestinal microbiota on body weight gain: a narrative review of the literature. Obes Surg 2015; 25:346-53. [PMID: 25511750 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, experimental and clinical studies have associated the development of obesity with the composition of the gut microbiota. Mechanisms potentially involved in the contribution of gut microbiota to body weight gain include changes in energy extraction from the diet and the modulation of lipid metabolism, endocrine functions, and the immune system. The host's specific genetic heritage, the type and amount of food intake, chronic inflammation, reduced body energy expenditure, and exposure to obesogenic pollutants are also potential contributing factors. The pathophysiological processes involved in the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity are not fully understood, and further studies are needed to establish whether differences in gut bacterial diversity between obese and normal body weight individuals are the cause or a consequence of obesity.
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232
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233
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The brain's Geppetto-microbes as puppeteers of neural function and behaviour? J Neurovirol 2015; 22:14-21. [PMID: 26047662 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the microbiome and its interaction with various host organs, including the brain, is increasingly gaining momentum. With more evidence establishing a comprehensive microbiota-gut-brain axis, questions have been raised as to the extent to which microbes influence brain physiology and behaviour. In parallel, there is a growing literature showing active behavioural manipulation in favour of the microbe for certain parasites. However, it seems unclear where the hidden majority of microbes are localised on the parasitism-mutualism spectrum. A long evolutionary history intimately connects host and microbiota, which complicates this classification. In this conceptual minireview, we discuss current hypotheses on host-microbe interaction and argue that novel experimental approaches and theoretical concepts, such as the hologenome theory, are necessary to incorporate transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of the microbiome into evolutionary theories.
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234
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Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder that results in excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. Although obesity is caused by alterations in the energy consumption/expenditure balance, the factors promoting this disequilibrium are incompletely understood. The rapid development of new technologies and analysis strategies to decode the gut microbiota composition and metabolic pathways has opened a door into the complexity of the guest-host interactions between the gut microbiota and its human host in health and in disease. Pivotal studies have demonstrated that manipulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways can affect host's adiposity and metabolism. These observations have paved the way for further assessment of the mechanisms underlying these changes. In this review we summarize the current evidence for possible mechanisms underlying gut microbiota induced obesity. The review addresses some well-known effects of the gut microbiota on energy harvesting and changes in metabolic machinery, on metabolic and immune interactions and on possible changes in brain function and behavior. Although there is limited understanding on the symbiotic relationship between us and our gut microbiome, and how disturbances of this relationship affects our health, there is compelling evidence for an important role of the gut microbiota in the development and perpetuation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sanmiguel
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Physiology, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA
- UCLA CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, CA
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235
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Biological warfare: Microorganisms as drivers of host-parasite interactions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:251-9. [PMID: 26026593 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding parasite strategies for evasion, manipulation or exploitation of hosts is crucial for many fields, from ecology to medical sciences. Generally, research has focused on either the host response to parasitic infection, or the parasite virulence mechanisms. More recently, integrated studies of host-parasite interactions have allowed significant advances in theoretical and applied biology. However, these studies still provide a simplistic view of these as mere two-player interactions. Host and parasite are associated with a myriad of microorganisms that could benefit from the improved fitness of their partner. Illustrations of such complex multi-player interactions have emerged recently from studies performed in various taxa. In this conceptual article, we propose how these associated microorganisms may participate in the phenotypic alterations induced by parasites and hence in host-parasite interactions, from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. Host- and parasite-associated microorganisms may participate in the host-parasite interaction by interacting directly or indirectly with the other partner. As a result, parasites may develop (i) the disruptive strategy in which the parasite alters the host microbiota to its advantage, and (ii) the biological weapon strategy where the parasite-associated microorganism contributes to or modulates the parasite's virulence. Some phenotypic alterations induced by parasite may also arise from conflicts of interests between the host or parasite and its associated microorganism. For each situation, we review the literature and propose new directions for future research. Specifically, investigating the role of host- and parasite-associated microorganisms in host-parasite interactions at the individual, local and regional level will lead to a holistic understanding of how the co-evolution of the different partners influences how the other ones respond, both ecologically and evolutionary. The conceptual framework we propose here is important and relevant to understand the proximate basis of parasite strategies, to predict their evolutionary dynamics and potentially to prevent therapeutic failures.
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236
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Aguirre M, Venema K. The art of targeting gut microbiota for tackling human obesity. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:472. [PMID: 25991499 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed regarding strategies to tackle worldwide obesity because of its accelerated wide spread accompanied with numerous negative effects on health and high costs. Obesity has been traditionally associated with an imbalance in energy consumed when compared to energy expenditure. However, growing evidence suggests a less simplistic event in which gut microbiota plays a key role. Obesity, in terms of microbiota, is a complicated disequilibrium that presents many unclear complications. Despite this, there is special interest in characterizing compositionally and functionally the obese gut microbiota with the help of in vitro, animal and human studies. Considering the gut microbiota as a factor contributing to human obesity represents a tool of great therapeutic potential. This paper reviews the use of antimicrobials, probiotics, fecal microbial therapy, prebiotics and diet to manipulate obesity through the human gut microbiota and reveals inconsistencies and implications for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Aguirre
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, PO Box 557, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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237
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Aguirre M, Venema K. Does the Gut Microbiota Contribute to Obesity? Going beyond the Gut Feeling. Microorganisms 2015; 3:213-35. [PMID: 27682087 PMCID: PMC5023237 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota is an environmental factor that plays a crucial role in obesity. However, the aetiology of obesity is rather complex and depends on different factors. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus about the exact role that this microbial community plays in the host. The aim of this review is to present evidence about what has been characterized, compositionally and functionally, as obese gut microbiota. In addition, the different reasons explaining the so-far unclear role are discussed considering evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Aguirre
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen Venema
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Johan Karschstraat 3, 6709 TN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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238
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Allen-Blevins CR, Sela DA, Hinde K. Milk bioactives may manipulate microbes to mediate parent-offspring conflict. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:106-21. [PMID: 25835022 PMCID: PMC4512713 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, milk constituents directly influence the ecology of the infant's commensal microbiota. The immunological and nutritional impacts of breast milk and microbiota are increasingly well understood; less clear are the consequences for infant behavior. Here, we propose that interactions among bioactives in mother's milk and microbes in the infant gut contribute to infant behavioral phenotype and, in part, have the potential to mediate parent-offspring conflict. We hypothesize that infant behavior likely varies as a function of their mother's milk composition interacting with the infant's neurobiology directly and indirectly through the commensal gut bacteria. In this article, we will explore our hypothesis of a milk-microbiota-brain-behavior dynamic in the context of the coevolution between human milk oligosaccharides, bacteria, the gut-brain axis and behavior. Integrating established features of these systems allows us to generate novel hypotheses to motivate future research and consider potential implications of current and emerging clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Allen-Blevins
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lynch DB, Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW. The role of the microbiota in ageing: current state and perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 7:131-8. [PMID: 25777986 PMCID: PMC4406138 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the application of high-throughput technologies to investigate complex microbial communities, alterations in the human gut microbiota have been associated with an increasing number of diseases and conditions. This field of research has developed into an area of intense study which is quite different to the microbial investigations that have preceded it in terms of both the broadness of the area of research and the complexity of the analyses. In this review, we discuss gut microbiota changes observed in ageing in the context of the physiological changes that accompany senescence, examine what correlations can be established or inferred, and we discuss what key questions remain to be answered in the field. © 2015 The Authors. WIREs Systems Biology and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise B Lynch
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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240
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. A series of provocative preclinical studies have suggested a prominent role for the gut microbiota in these gut-brain interactions. Based on studies using rodents raised in a germ-free environment, the gut microbiota appears to influence the development of emotional behavior, stress- and pain-modulation systems, and brain neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, microbiota perturbations by probiotics and antibiotics exert modulatory effects on some of these measures in adult animals. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms, including endocrine and neurocrine pathways, may be involved in gut microbiota-to-brain signaling and that the brain can in turn alter microbial composition and behavior via the autonomic nervous system. Limited information is available on how these findings may translate to healthy humans or to disease states involving the brain or the gut/brain axis. Future research needs to focus on confirming that the rodent findings are translatable to human physiology and to diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autism, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease.
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241
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Abstract
The discovery of the size and complexity of the human microbiome has resulted in an ongoing reevaluation of many concepts of health and disease, including diseases affecting the CNS. A growing body of preclinical literature has demonstrated bidirectional signaling between the brain and the gut microbiome, involving multiple neurocrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms. While psychological and physical stressors can affect the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, experimental changes to the gut microbiome can affect emotional behavior and related brain systems. These findings have resulted in speculation that alterations in the gut microbiome may play a pathophysiological role in human brain diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. Ongoing large-scale population-based studies of the gut microbiome and brain imaging studies looking at the effect of gut microbiome modulation on brain responses to emotion-related stimuli are seeking to validate these speculations. This article is a summary of emerging topics covered in a symposium and is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the subject.
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242
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Abstract
The discovery of the size and complexity of the human microbiome has resulted in an ongoing reevaluation of many concepts of health and disease, including diseases affecting the CNS. A growing body of preclinical literature has demonstrated bidirectional signaling between the brain and the gut microbiome, involving multiple neurocrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms. While psychological and physical stressors can affect the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, experimental changes to the gut microbiome can affect emotional behavior and related brain systems. These findings have resulted in speculation that alterations in the gut microbiome may play a pathophysiological role in human brain diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. Ongoing large-scale population-based studies of the gut microbiome and brain imaging studies looking at the effect of gut microbiome modulation on brain responses to emotion-related stimuli are seeking to validate these speculations. This article is a summary of emerging topics covered in a symposium and is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the subject.
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243
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Biron DG, Bonhomme L, Coulon M, Øverli Ø. Microbiomes, plausible players or not in alteration of host behavior. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:775. [PMID: 25628614 PMCID: PMC4290534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David G Biron
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement," Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE Aubière, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR 1095, Genetics, Diversity, and Ecophysiology of Cereals Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Department of Biology, UMR Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Université Blaise Pascal Aubière, France
| | - Marianne Coulon
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement," Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE Aubière, France
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas, Norway
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With depressive disorders the leading source of disability globally, the identification of new targets for prevention and management is imperative. A rapidly emerging field of research suggests that the microbiome-gut-brain axis is of substantial relevance to mood and behaviour. Similarly, unhealthy diet has recently emerged as a significant correlate of and risk factor for depression. This review provides evidence for the gut microbiota as a key factor mediating the link between diet and depressive illness. RECENT FINDINGS The development of new technologies is affording a better understanding of how diet influences gut microbiota composition and activity and how this may, in turn, influence depressive illness. New interventions are also suggesting the possible utility of pre and probiotic formulations and fermented food in influencing mental health. SUMMARY Although in its early stages, the emerging field of research focused on the human microbiome suggests an important role for the gut microbiota in influencing brain development, behaviour and mood in humans. The recognition that the gut microbiota interacts bidirectionally with other environmental risk factors, such as diet and stress, suggests promise in the development of interventions targeting the gut microbiota for the prevention and treatment of common mental health disorders.
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245
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Provenza FD, Gregorini P, Carvalho PCF. Synthesis: foraging decisions link plants, herbivores and human beings. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbivores make decisions about where to forage and what combinations and sequences of foods to eat, integrating influences that span generations, with choices manifest daily within a lifetime. These influences begin in utero and early in life; they emerge daily from interactions among internal needs and contexts unique to biophysical and social environments; and they link the cells of plants with the palates of herbivores and humans. This synthesis summarises papers in the special issue of Animal Production Science that explore emerging understanding of these dynamics, and suggests implications for future research that can help people manage livestock for the benefit of landscapes and people by addressing (1) how primary and secondary compounds in plants interact physiologically with cells and organs in animals to influence food selection, (2) temporal and spatial patterns of foraging behaviours that emerge from these interactions in the form of meal dynamics across landscapes, (3) ways humans can manage foraging behaviours and the dynamics of meals for ecological, economic and social benefits, and (4) models of foraging behaviour that integrate the aforementioned influences.
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246
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Stilling RM, Bordenstein SR, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Friends with social benefits: host-microbe interactions as a driver of brain evolution and development? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:147. [PMID: 25401092 PMCID: PMC4212686 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight association of the human body with trillions of colonizing microbes that we observe today is the result of a long evolutionary history. Only very recently have we started to understand how this symbiosis also affects brain function and behavior. In this hypothesis and theory article, we propose how host-microbe associations potentially influenced mammalian brain evolution and development. In particular, we explore the integration of human brain development with evolution, symbiosis, and RNA biology, which together represent a “social triangle” that drives human social behavior and cognition. We argue that, in order to understand how inter-kingdom communication can affect brain adaptation and plasticity, it is inevitable to consider epigenetic mechanisms as important mediators of genome-microbiome interactions on an individual as well as a transgenerational time scale. Finally, we unite these interpretations with the hologenome theory of evolution. Taken together, we propose a tighter integration of neuroscience fields with host-associated microbiology by taking an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Stilling
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Seth R Bordenstein
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
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247
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Moore A. At the mercy of our microbes? Bioessays 2014; 36:905. [PMID: 25205250 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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