201
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Lei KF, Liu BY, Zhang XQ, Jin XL, Guo Y, Ye M, Zhu ZG. Development of a survival prediction model for gastric cancer using serine proteases and their inhibitors. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:109-116. [PMID: 22969854 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play a key role in the metastatic stage of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we aimed to identify the serine proteases (SPs) and their inhibitors (serpins) as related to GC. The gene expression profiles of 40 cases of GC were initially detected by cDNA microarray. The results of the differentially expressed SPs and their inhibitor genes from the microarrays were confirmed by real-time PCR. The status of the immunohistochemical staining of the confirmed genes in patients with complete data was used to develop a survival prediction model. Finally, the prediction model was tested in different groups of GC patients. As a result, seven genes, SERPINB5, KLK10, KLK11, HPN, SPINK1, SERPINA5 and PRSS8, were considered as GC progression-related genes. A survival prediction model including the immunohistochemical scores of three genes and the tumor node metastasis (TNM) score was developed: Survival time (months) = 88.8607 + 2.6395 SERPINB5 - 12.0772 KLK10 + 13.7562 KLK11 - 7.0318 TNM. In conclusion, SERPINB5, KLK10, KLK11, HPN, SPINK1, SERPINA5 and PRSS8 were GC progression-related SPs or serpin genes. The model consisting of the expression profiles of three genes extracted from the microarray study accompanied by the TNM score accurately predicts surgery-related survival of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Feng Lei
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery
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202
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Alvarez Secord A, Darcy KM, Hutson A, Huang Z, Lee PS, Jewell EL, Havrilesky LJ, Markman M, Muggia F, Murphy SK. The regulation of MASPIN expression in epithelial ovarian cancer: association with p53 status, and MASPIN promoter methylation: a gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:314-9. [PMID: 21903246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the regulation of MASPIN expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and associations with p53 status and MASPIN promoter methylation. METHODS Seven EOC cell lines and 110 advanced stage EOC specimens were analyzed for MASPIN promoter methylation. The cell lines were treated with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) and evaluated for MASPIN promoter methylation, protein, and mRNA expression. Wild-type (wt) p53 was transiently transfected into the mutant p53 (m p53) SKOV3 cells which were treated with 5-azaC. Phosphor imager analysis quantified the percent methylation of the MASPIN promoter. RESULTS Of the 3 MASPIN-low m p53 cell lines 2 had greater than 5% MASPIN methylation whereas only 1 of 4 MASPIN-high wt p53 cell lines had greater than 5% MASPIN methylation. Despite the presence of aberrant MASPIN promoter methylation in SKOV3 cells, wt p53-transfection alone resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in MASPIN mRNA. The combination of 5-azaC and wt p53-transfection produced a 36% reduction in MASPIN promoter methylation and 4.5-fold increase in MASPIN transcription. Among the 110 ovarian cancer specimens analyzed for methylation of the MASPIN promoter, 81.8% were weakly methylated, 14.5% were heavily methylated and 3.6% were fully methylated. There was no relationship between promoter methylation and p53 status or MASPIN protein expression. However, MASPIN protein was 6 times more likely to be detected in cancer specimens that harbor a p53 mutation relative to cancer specimens with a wt p53 gene. CONCLUSION The regulation of MASPIN is a complex multifactorial process that may be controlled by both p53-dependent and -independent epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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203
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Lim W, Kim JH, Ahn SE, Jeong W, Kim J, Bazer FW, Han JY, Song G. Avian SERPINB11 gene: characteristics, tissue-specific expression, and regulation of expression by estrogen. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:1260-8. [PMID: 21849706 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Serpins, a group of proteins with similar structural and functional properties, were first identified based on their unique mechanism of action: their inhibition of proteases. While most serpins have inhibitory roles, certain serpins are not involved in canonical proteolytic cascades but perform diverse functions including storage of ovalbumin in egg white, transport of hormones (thyroxine- and cortisol-binding globulin), and suppression of tumors. Of these, serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 11 (SERPINB11) is not an inhibitor of known proteases in humans and mice, and its function is unknown. In the present study, the SERPINB11 gene was cloned, and its expression profile was analyzed in various tissues from chickens. The chicken SERPINB11 gene has an open reading frame of 1346 nucleotides that encode a protein of 388 amino acids that has moderate homology (38.8%-42.3%) to mammalian SERPINB11 proteins. Importantly, SERPINB11 mRNA is most abundant in the chicken oviduct, specifically luminal and glandular epithelia, but it was not detected in any other chicken tissues of either sex. We then determined effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES; a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen) on SERPINB11 expression in the chicken oviduct. Treatment of young chicks with DES induced SERPINB11 mRNA and protein only in luminal and glandular epithelial cells of the oviduct. Collectively, these results indicate that the novel estrogen-induced SERPINB11 gene is expressed only in epithelial cells of the chicken oviduct and implicate SERPINB11 in regulation of oviduct development and differentiated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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204
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Goulet B, Kennette W, Ablack A, Postenka CO, Hague MN, Mymryk JS, Tuck AB, Giguère V, Chambers AF, Lewis JD. Nuclear localization of maspin is essential for its inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1181-7. [PMID: 21502940 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor or SerpinB5) acts as a tumor suppressor when overexpressed in aggressive cancer cell lines. However, its role in human cancer is controversial. Maspin expression has been associated with a poor prognosis in some studies, whereas in others, with favorable outcome. The clinical data suggest, however, that nuclear-localized maspin is associated with improved survival. We hypothesized that the tumor suppressor activity of maspin may require nuclear localization, and that the discordance between clinical and experimental reports is a consequence of the variable subcellular distribution of maspin. Furthermore, we surmized that nuclear maspin could function as a tumor suppressor through the regulation of genes involved in tumor growth and invasion. Maspin or maspin fused to a nuclear export signal were expressed in metastatic human breast and epidermoid carcinoma cell lines. We found that pan-cellular localized maspin inhibited in vivo tumor growth and metastasis when assessed in xenograft chicken embryo and murine mammary fat pad injection models. However, when maspin was excluded from the nucleus via a nuclear exclusion signal, it no longer functioned as a metastasis suppressor. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that nuclear maspin was enriched at the promoter of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and associated with diminished levels of CSF-1 mRNA. Our findings demonstrate that the nuclear localization of maspin is required for its tumor and metastasis suppressor functions in vivo, and suggest that its mechanism of action involves, in part, direct association of maspin with target genes.
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205
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Warejcka DJ, Narayan M, Twining SS. Maspin increases extracellular plasminogen activator activity associated with corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:618-27. [PMID: 21810423 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Maspin, an inhibitor of cell migration and a stimulator of adhesion of cells to the ECM, is synthesized and released by corneal keratocytes into the extracellular matrix. When the cornea is wounded, the quiescent stromal keratocytes underlying the wound undergo apoptosis and cells adjacent to this apoptotic area convert to fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. This study explores the effect of extracellular maspin on the plasminogen-plasminogen activator system of corneal stromal cells following wounding. Treatment of corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with r-maspin increased extracellular but not cell-associated tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Despite the extracellular increase in PAI-1, the net effect of maspin treatment was an increase in plasminogen activation. At physiological levels, maspin did not alter uPA or tPA mRNA levels, in these cells. The increase in pro and active uPA was due to decreased clearance in the presence of maspin for myofibroblasts but not for fibroblasts. The clearance of pro and active tPA was normal in fibroblasts indicating different mechanisms for the increase of these homologous enzymes in the two cell types. Increased generation of plasmin by maspin treated corneal stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts led to conversion of plasminogen to active plasmin degradation products and angiostatin-like molecules. This study suggests that extracellular maspin increased pro and active uPA and tPA released by corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts on the short time scale of 1-4 h, but by 24 h there was no increase over the levels produced without maspin. This augmentation of plasminogen activator activity increases plasmin activation and angiostatin generation. It further indicates that the effect of maspin on uPA and tPA levels is cell type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Warejcka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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206
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Man YG, Grinkemeyer M, Izadjoo M, Stojadinovic A. Malignant transformation and stromal invasion from normal or hyperplastic tissues: true or false? J Cancer 2011; 2:413-24. [PMID: 21811519 PMCID: PMC3148775 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is believed to be a multi-step process, progressing sequentially from normal to hyperplastic, to in situ, and to invasive stages. A number of studies, however, have detected malignancy-associated alterations in normal or hyperplastic tissues. As the molecular profile and clinical features of these tissues have not been defined, the authors invited several well-recognized pathologist, oncologists, biologist, surgeons, and molecular biologist to offer their opinion on: (1) whether these tissues belong to a previously unrevealed malignant entity or focal alterations with no significant consequence? (2) whether these alterations are linked to early onset of cancer or cancer of unknown primary site, and (3) how to further define these lesions?
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-gao Man
- 1. Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Mina Izadjoo
- 1. Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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207
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Villares GJ, Zigler M, Bar-Eli M. The emerging role of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in melanoma metastasis--a possible therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2011; 2:8-17. [PMID: 21378407 PMCID: PMC3248147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains as the deadliest form of skin cancer with limited and inefficient treatment options available for patients with metastatic disease. Within the last decade, the thrombin receptor, Protease Activated Receptor-1, has been described as an essential gene involved in the progression of human melanoma. PAR-1 is known to activate adhesive, invasive and angiogenic factors to promote melanoma metastasis. It is overexpressed not only in metastatic melanoma cell lines but is also highly expressed in metastatic lesions as compared to primary nevi and normal skin. Recently, PAR-1 has been described to regulate the gap junction protein Connexin 43 and the tumor suppressor gene Maspin to promote the metastatic melanoma phenotype. Herein, we review the role of PAR-1 in the progression of melanoma as well as utilizing PAR-1-regulated genes as potential therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Villares
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 173 Houston, TX, USA
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208
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Man YG, Izadjoo M, Song G, Stojadinovic A. In situ malignant transformation and progenitor-mediated cell budding: two different pathways for breast ductal and lobular tumor invasion. J Cancer 2011; 2:401-12. [PMID: 21811518 PMCID: PMC3148774 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast lobular and ductal structures and the derived tumors from these structures differ substantial in their morphology, microenvironment, biological presentation, functions, and clinical prognosis. Based on these differences, we have proposed that pre-invasive lobular tumors may progress to invasive lesions through "in situ malignant transformation", in which the entire myoepithelial cell layer within a given lobule or lobular clusters undergoes extensive degeneration and disruptions, which allows the entire epithelial cell population associated with these myoepithelial cell layers directly invade the stroma or vascular structures. In contrast, pre-invasive ductal tumors may invade the stroma or vascular structures through "progenitor-mediated cell budding", in which focal myoepithelial cell degeneration-induced aberrant leukocyte infiltration causes focal disruptions in the tumor capsules, which selectively favor monoclonal proliferation of the overlying tumor stem cells or a biologically more aggressive cell clone. Our current study attempted to provide more direct morphological and immunohistochemical data that are consistent with our hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gao Man
- 1. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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209
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Xiong Y, Uys JD, Tew KD, Townsend DM. S-glutathionylation: from molecular mechanisms to health outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:233-70. [PMID: 21235352 PMCID: PMC3110090 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis governs a number of critical cellular processes. In turn, imbalances in pathways that control oxidative and reductive conditions have been linked to a number of human disease pathologies, particularly those associated with aging. Reduced glutathione is the most prevalent biological thiol and plays a crucial role in maintaining a reduced intracellular environment. Exposure to reactive oxygen or nitrogen species is causatively linked to the disease pathologies associated with redox imbalance. In particular, reactive oxygen species can differentially oxidize certain cysteine residues in target proteins and the reversible process of S-glutathionylation may mitigate or mediate the damage. This post-translational modification adds a tripeptide and a net negative charge that can lead to distinct structural and functional changes in the target protein. Because it is reversible, S-glutathionylation has the potential to act as a biological switch and to be integral in a number of critical oxidative signaling events. The present review provides a comprehensive account of how the S-glutathionylation cycle influences protein structure/function and cellular regulatory events, and how these may impact on human diseases. By understanding the components of this cycle, there should be opportunities to intervene in stress- and aging-related pathologies, perhaps through prevention and diagnostic and therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA
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210
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Roberts AS, Campa MJ, Gottlin EB, Jiang C, Owzar K, Kindler HL, Venook AP, Goldberg RM, O'Reilly EM, Patz EF. Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers in patients with untreated, advanced pancreatic cancer from a phase 3 trial (Cancer and Leukemia Group B 80303). Cancer 2011; 118:571-8. [PMID: 21713765 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced stage adenocarcinoma of the pancreas have a poor prognosis. The identification of prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers may help stratify patients so that therapy can be individualized. METHODS Serum samples from patients enrolled in the Cancer and Leukemia Group B 80303 phase 3 trial, "Randomized Study of Gemcitabine With Versus Without Bevacizumab in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas" were used to discover novel biomarkers. For the discovery phase, 40 sera were selected based on length of survival and type of therapy, and subjected to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS-MS). The top features (proteins) were then further selected for validation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Quantification by nano-LC-MS-MS resulted in 1452 peptides mapping to 156 proteins across all 40 samples, 92 of which had 2 or more peptides. After curation of the data, the authors selected 1 putative prognostic protein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (AACT), and 2 putative predictive proteins, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and complement factor H (CFH), for validation by ELISA. AACT was found to be negatively correlated with overall survival (τ = -0.30 [-0.38, -0.22]; P < .00001). There was no evidence for interaction with bevacizumab and HRG, but there was some evidence for a weak positive correlation of HRG with overall survival (τ = 0.11 [0.03, 0.19]; P < .01). CFH was found to be neither a predictive nor a prognostic factor for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS AACT may be a useful prognostic marker in patients with advanced stage pancreatic carcinoma, although additional validation studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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211
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Highly increased maspin expression corresponds with up-regulation of miR-21 in endometrial cancer: a preliminary report. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:8-14. [PMID: 21330826 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e318200050e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maspin and programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) are tumor suppressor genes, and miR-21 is overexpressed in many solid tumors and was proven to negatively regulate a number of tumor suppressor genes including maspin and Pdcd4.The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of maspin, Pdcd4, and miR-21 and their interrelations with clinicopathologic features in endometrial cancer using a quantitative approach. METHODS Maspin, Pdcd4, and miR-21 expressions were evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction in 20 endometrial cancer and 10 normal endometrium samples. RESULTS Maspin showed a significantly increased expression in endometrial cancer samples compared with the control group and was up-regulated by a mean factor of 46.54 (SE range, 2.367-1160.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.515-15001, P < 0.0001). Expression of miR-21 was found significantly up-regulated in the sample group in comparison to control group by a mean factor of 2.312 (SE range, 0.741-7.778; 95% confidence interval 0.191-15.0, P = 0.028). No significant differences were present in the expression level of Pdcd4 between endometrial cancer and control groups. Comparison between IA and more advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages of endometrial cancer in regard to expression levels of maspin, Pdcd4, and miR-21 did not reveal any significant differences. Similarly, no differences were encountered when histopathologic grading, myometrial invasion, age, body mass index, and parity were taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS Association between increased maspin expression and up-regulation of miR-21 in endometrial cancer suggests distinct and tissue-specific relationships of the 2 molecules in this type of malignancy and requires further studies that would reveal its clinical relevance.
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212
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Li X, Kaplun A, Lonardo F, Heath E, Sarkar FH, Irish J, Sakr W, Sheng S. HDAC1 inhibition by maspin abrogates epigenetic silencing of glutathione S-transferase pi in prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:733-45. [PMID: 21622623 PMCID: PMC3612175 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both maspin and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTp) are implicated as tumor suppressors and downregulated in human prostate cancer. It is well established that GSTp downregulation is through DNA methylation-based silencing. We report here that maspin expression in prostate cancer cell line DU145 reversed GSTp DNA methylation, as measured by methylation- specific PCR, MethyLight assay, and bisulfite sequencing. The effect of maspin on GSTp expression was similar to that of the combination of a synthetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Maspin expression also led to an increased level of acetylated histone 3, decreased level of methyl transferase, and methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins at the site of demethylated GSTp promoter DNA. Earlier, we have shown that maspin inhibits HDAC1. In PC3 cells, where both maspin and GSTp are expressed at a reduced level, maspin knockdown led to a significant reduction in GSTp expression, whereas dual knockdown of maspin and HDAC1 barely increased the level of GSTp expression. Thus, HDAC1 may play an essential role in cellular response to maspin-mediated GSTp desilencing. Maspin has been shown to increase tumor cell sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, GSTp reexpression in the absence of maspin expression perturbation blocked the phosphorylation of histone 2A.X, the induction of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α), and cell death of LNCaP cells under oxidative stress. Because DNA hypermethylation-based silencing may couple with and depend on histone deacetylation, our study suggests that endogenous HDAC inhibition by maspin may prevent pathologic gene silencing in prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Alexander Kaplun
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fulvio Lonardo
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jonathan Irish
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Wael Sakr
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
- Address correspondence to: 313-993-4112 (Tel);313-993-4112 (Fax);
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213
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Endsley MP, Hu Y, Deng Y, He X, Warejcka DJ, Twining SS, Gonias SL, Zhang M. Maspin, the molecular bridge between the plasminogen activator system and beta1 integrin that facilitates cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24599-607. [PMID: 21606500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin is a non-inhibitory serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that influences many cellular functions including adhesion, migration, and invasion. The underlying molecular mechanisms that facilitate these actions are still being elucidated. In this study we determined the mechanism by which maspin mediates increased MCF10A cell adhesion. Utilizing competition peptides and mutation analyses, we discovered two unique regions (amino acid residues 190-202 and 260-275) involved in facilitating the increased adhesion function of maspin. In addition, we demonstrate that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) complex is required for the localization and adhesion function of maspin. Finally, we showed that maspin, uPAR, and β1 integrin co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting a novel maspin-uPA-uPAR-β1 integrin mega-complex that regulates mammary epithelial cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Endsley
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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214
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Umekita Y, Ohi Y, Souda M, Rai Y, Sagara Y, Sagara Y, Tamada S, Tanimoto A. Maspin expression is frequent and correlates with basal markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:36. [PMID: 21496280 PMCID: PMC3094259 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maspin is a unique member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily and its expression is found in myoepithelial cells of normal mammary glands; therefore, it has been considered to be a myoepithelial marker. We previously reported that maspin was frequently expressed in biologically aggressive breast cancers. In turn, triple-negative (TN) breast cancer is a subtype of tumor with aggressive clinical behavior and shows frequent expression of basal markers. We hypothesized that maspin expression may be frequent and correlate with basal rather than myoepithelial markers in TN breast cancer. Methods Paraffin-embedded 135 TN invasive ductal carcinoma tissue samples were immunohistochemically investigated using the Dako Envision+ kit and primary antibodies for maspin, basal (CK5/6, EGFR, CK14) and myoepithelial markers (p63, CD10). The correlation between maspin expression and relapse-free survival (RFS) was investigated by the log-rank test. Results The positive rate for maspin was 85.9% and significantly correlated with younger age (P = 0.0015), higher histological grade (P = 0.0013), CK5/6 positivity (P < 0.0001), CK14 positivity (P = 0.0034) and the basal-like subtype defined by CK5/6, EGFR and CK14 positivity (P = 0.013). The positive rates for CK5/6, EGFR, CK14, CD10 and p63 were 59.2%, 48.9%, 34.1%, 17.8% and 12.6%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between maspin expression and RFS. Conclusions The positive rate for maspin is the highest among known basal and myoepithelial markers, and strongly correlates with basal markers in TN breast cancer. These results suggested that maspin could be a candidate for a therapeutic target for TN breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Umekita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Field of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 8-35-1, and Hakuaikai Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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215
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Narayan M, Mirza SP, Twining SS. Identification of phosphorylation sites on extracellular corneal epithelial cell maspin. Proteomics 2011; 11:1382-90. [PMID: 21365746 PMCID: PMC3098045 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maspin, a 42-kDa non-classical serine protease inhibitor (serpin), is expressed by epithelial cells of various tissues including the cornea. The protein localizes to the nucleus and cytosol, and is present in the extracellular space. While extracellular maspin regulates corneal stromal fibroblast adhesion and inhibits angiogenesis during wound healing in the cornea, the molecular mechanism of its extracellular functions is unclear. We hypothesized that identifying post-translational modifications of maspin, such as phosphorylation, may help decipher its mode of action. The focus of this study was on the identification of phosphorylation sites on extracellular maspin, since the extracellular form of the molecule is implicated in several functions. Multi-stage fragmentation MS was used to identify sites of phosphorylation on extracellular corneal epithelial cell maspin. A total of eight serine and threonine phosphorylation sites (Thr50, Ser97, Thr118, Thr157, Ser240, Ser298, Thr310 and Ser316) were identified on the extracellular forms of the molecule. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues was not detected on extracellular maspin from corneal epithelial cell, in contrast to breast epithelial cells. This study provides the basis for further investigation into the functional role of phosphorylation of corneal epithelial maspin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Narayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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216
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Human Chondrosarcoma Cells Acquire an Epithelial-Like Gene Expression Pattern via an Epigenetic Switch: Evidence for Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition during Sarcomagenesis. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:598218. [PMID: 21559267 PMCID: PMC3087947 DOI: 10.1155/2011/598218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are mesenchymally derived cells that reportedly acquire some epithelial characteristics; however, whether this is a progression through a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) during chondrosarcoma development is still a matter of investigation. We observed that chondrosarcoma cells acquired the expression of four epithelial markers, E-cadherin,desmocollin 3, maspin, and 14-3-3σ, all of which are governed epigenetically through cytosine methylation. Indeed, loss of cytosine methylation was tightly associated with acquired expression of both maspin and 14-3-3σ in chondrosarcomas. In contrast, chondrocyte cells were negative for maspin and 14-3-3σ and displayed nearly complete DNA methylation. Robust activation of these genes was also observed in chondrocyte cells following 5-aza-dC treatment. We also examined the transcription factor snail which has been reported to be an important mediator of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). In chondrosarcoma cells snail is downregulated suggesting a role for loss of snail expression in lineage maintenance. Taken together, these results document an epigenetic switch associated with an MET-like phenomenon that accompanies chondrosarcoma progression.
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217
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Kim S, Karin M. Role of TLR2-dependent inflammation in metastatic progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:191-206. [PMID: 21276007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a part of the host defense system, which provides protection against invading pathogens. However, it has become increasingly clear that inflammation can be evoked by endogenous mediators through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to enhance tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we discuss the roles of TLR-mediated inflammation in tumor progression and the mechanisms through which it accomplishes this pathogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhwa Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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218
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Sahin M, Sahin E, Gümüşlü S, Erdoğan A, Gültekin M. DNA methylation or histone modification status in metastasis and angiogenesis-related genes: a new hypothesis on usage of DNMT inhibitors and S-adenosylmethionine for genome stability. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:655-76. [PMID: 20821252 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in cancer. This process needs angiogenesis. The biology underlying cancer, metastasis, and angiogenesis has been investigated so as to determine the therapeutic targets. Invasive and metastatic cancer cells have undergone numerous genetic and epigenetic changes, manifested by cytoskeletal changes, loss of adhesion, and expression of proteolytic enzymes that degrade the basement membrane. Additionally, in endothelial cells, some epigenetic modifications occur during the formation of angiogenesis. Researchers have used some methylation inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, or methylating agents (such as S-adenosylmethionine, SAM) against cancer and angiogenesis. Although they are effective to beat these diseases, each one results in differentiation or changes in genome structure. We review epigenetically modified genes related with angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer and endothelial cells, and suggest a new proposal. This hypothesis has discussed the importance of the usage of DNA methylation inhibitors together with SAM to prevent tumor progression and genome instability or changes resulting in additional diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey.
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219
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Hsiao YH, Tsai HD, Chou MC, Man YG. The myoepithelial cell layer may serve as a potential trigger factor for different outcomes of stage-matched invasive lobular and ductal breast cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:147-53. [PMID: 21326853 PMCID: PMC3039295 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular cancer (ILC) tends to be significantly larger in size with significantly more positive lymph nodes, whereas ILC has a significantly more favorable outcome, compared to stage-matched invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The mechanism accounting for such differences remains elusive. Based on morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies of over 1,000 cases of human breast cancers, we hypothesize that the differences may result from the structural and/or functional differences of their surrounding myoepithelial cell layers, which dictate lobular and ductal tumor cells to follow different pathways of invasion or metastasis. The background, rationale, supportive data, and implications of our hypothesis are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- 1. Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Der Tsai
- 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Chou
- 3. Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-gao Man
- 4. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington DC, USA
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220
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Hübner S, Efthymiadis A. Histochemistry and cell biology: the annual review 2010. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:111-40. [PMID: 21279376 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in histochemistry and cell biology which complement and extend our knowledge regarding various aspects of protein functions, cell and tissue biology, employing appropriate in vivo model systems in conjunction with established and novel approaches. In this context several non-expected results and discoveries were obtained which paved the way of research into new directions. Once the reader embarks on reading this review, it quickly becomes quite obvious that the studies contribute not only to a better understanding of fundamental biological processes but also provide use-oriented aspects that can be derived therefrom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hübner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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221
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Beltran AS, Blancafort P. Reactivation of MASPIN in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells by artificial transcription factors (ATFs). Epigenetics 2011; 6:224-35. [PMID: 20948306 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.2.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes have antiproliferative and antimetastatic functions, and thus, they negatively affect tumor progression. Reactivating specific tumor suppressor genes would offer an important therapeutic strategy to block tumor progression. Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor (MASPIN) is a tumor suppressor gene that is not mutated or rearranged in tumor cells, but is silenced during metastatic progression by transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. In this work, we have investigated the ability of Artificial Transcription Factors (ATFs) to reactivate MASPIN expression and to reduce tumor growth and metastatic dissemination in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines carrying a hypermethylated MASPIN promoter. We found that the ATFs linked to transactivator domains were able to demethylate the MASPIN promoter. Consistently, we observed that co-treatment of ATF-transduced cells with methyltransferase inhibitors enhanced MASPIN expression as well as induction of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to tumor suppressive functions, restoration of endogenous MASPIN expression was accompanied by inhibition of metastatic dissemination in nude mice. ATF-mediated reactivation of MASPIN lead to changes in cell motility and to induction of E-CADHERIN. These data suggest that ATFs are able to reprogram aggressive lung tumor cells towards a more epithelial, differentiated phenotype, and thus, represent novel therapeutic agents for metastatic lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Beltran
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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222
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Lonardo F, Li X, Kaplun A, Soubani A, Sethi S, Gadgeel S, Sheng S. The natural tumor suppressor protein maspin and potential application in non small cell lung cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:1877-81. [PMID: 20337574 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791208974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The grim prognosis of lung cancer, that has an overall 10-15% survival at 5 years, remains in the US the leading cause of cancer mortality, provides a compelling rationale for studying the molecular basis of this malignancy. Surmising the common, general association with smoking, lung cancers differ at the microscopic, anatomical, epidemiological and clinical level and harbor complex genetic and epigenetic alterations. Currently, lung cancer is divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) for the purpose of clinical management. (NSCLC) constitutes 80-85% of lung cancers and is further divided into histological subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, etc. The ultimate goal for lung cancer research is to develop a strategy to block the tumor progression and improve the prognosis of lung cancer. This goal can realistically be achieved only when the biological complexity of this disease is taken into account. To this end, identification and understanding of molecular markers that are mechanistically involved in tumor progression is needed. Our recent studies suggest histological subtype-dependent distinct correlations between the expression and/or subcellular localization of tumor suppressive maspin with the progression and prognosis of NSCLC. Maspin is an epithelial specific member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily but recently identified as an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). This novel biochemical activity coincides with a consensus emerged recently from the evidence that nuclear maspin confers better differentiated epithelial phenotypes, decreased tumor angiogenesis, increased tumor sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis, and a more favorable prognosis. In the current review, we discuss the evidence that maspin may be a marker that stratifies the progression and prognosis of different subtypes of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Lonardo
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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223
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Khamis ZI, Iczkowski KA, Sang QXA. Metastasis suppressors in human benign prostate, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer: their prospects as therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1026-77. [PMID: 22886631 DOI: 10.1002/med.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, development of metastases remains a major clinical challenge. Research efforts are dedicated to overcome this problem by understanding the molecular basis of the transition from benign cells to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localized carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Identification of proteins that inhibit dissemination of cancer cells will provide new perspectives to define novel therapeutics. Development of antimetastatic drugs that trigger or mimic the effect of metastasis suppressors represents new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. This review focuses on different biochemical and cellular functions of metastasis suppressors known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression. Ten putative metastasis suppressors implicated in prostate cancer are discussed. CD44s is decreased in both PIN and cancer; Drg-1, E-cadherin, KAI-1, RKIP, and SSeCKS show similar expression between benign epithelia and PIN, but are downregulated in invasive cancer; whereas, maspin, MKK4, Nm23 and PTEN are upregulated in PIN and downregulated in cancer. Moreover, the potential role of microRNA in prostate cancer progression, the understanding of the cellular distribution and localization of metastasis suppressors, their mechanism of action, their effect on prostate invasion and metastasis, and their potential use as therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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224
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Kass I, Reboul CF, Buckle AM. Computational methods for studying serpin conformational change and structural plasticity. Methods Enzymol 2011; 501:295-323. [PMID: 22078540 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385950-1.00014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, over a hundred high-resolution structures of serpins are available, exhibiting a wide range of conformations. However, our understanding of serpin dynamics and conformational change is still limited, mainly due to challenges of monitoring structural changes and characterizing transient conformations using experimental methods. Insight can be provided, however, by employing theoretical and computational approaches. In this chapter, we present an overview of such methods, focusing on molecular dynamics and simulation. As serpin conformational dynamics span a wide range of timescales, we discuss the relative merits of each method and suggest which method is suited to specific conformational phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Kass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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225
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Yoon SH, Kim WJ, Shin KH, Kim MH, Cho WH, Kim KU, Park HK, Jeon DS, Kim YS, Lee CH, Lee MK, Park SK. Maspin Expression and Its Clinical Significance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.70.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Won Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Uk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Doo Soo Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yun Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang Hun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Ki Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Soon Kew Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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226
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Abstract
Clade B serpin family of proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions including cell adhesion and motility. One key member of the clade B serpin family is maspin (SERPINB5). Maspin is classified as a type II tumor suppressor that regulates cell adhesion and invasion. It is expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells but is reduced in benign breast tumors and absent in invasive breast carcinomas. Although maspin regulates cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, migration, and invasion in breast cancer cell culture systems, mouse models are necessary to verify this in vivo. In this chapter, we review the development of transgenic and syngeneic mouse models to study the role of maspin in mammary tumorigenesis and in normal mammary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Endsley
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Genetic Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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227
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Abstract
Androgens are critical for normal prostate development and function, as well as prostate cancer initiation and progression. Androgens function mainly by regulating target gene expression through the androgen receptor (AR). Many studies have shown that androgen-AR signaling exerts actions on key events during prostate carcinogenesis. In this review, androgen action in distinct aspects of prostate carcinogenesis, including (i) cell proliferation, (ii) cell apoptosis, and (iii) prostate cancer metastasis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diping Wang
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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228
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Protease activated receptor-1 inhibits the Maspin tumor-suppressor gene to determine the melanoma metastatic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:626-31. [PMID: 21187389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006886108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thrombin receptor protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is overexpressed in metastatic melanoma cell lines and tumor specimens. Previously, we demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis after PAR-1 silencing via systemic delivery of siRNA encapsulated into nanoliposomes. Gene expression profiling identified a 40-fold increase in expression of Maspin in PAR-1-silenced metastatic melanoma cell lines. Maspin promoter activity was significantly increased after PAR-1 silencing, suggesting that PAR1 negatively regulates Maspin at the transcriptional level. ChIP analyses revealed that PAR-1 decreases binding of Ets-1 and c-Jun transcription factors to the Maspin promoter, both known to activate Maspin transcription. PAR-1 silencing did not affect Ets-1 or c-Jun expression; rather it resulted in increased expression of the chromatin remodeling complex CBP/p300, as well as decreased activity of the CBP/p300 inhibitor p38, resulting in increased binding of Ets-1 and c-Jun to the Maspin promoter and higher Maspin expression. Functionally, Maspin expression reduced the invasive capability of melanoma cells after PAR-1 silencing, which was abrogated after rescuing with PAR-1. Furthermore, tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis was significantly decreased after expressing Maspin in a metastatic melanoma cell line. Moreover, silencing Maspin in PAR-1-silenced cells reverted the inhibition of tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis. Herein, we demonstrate a mechanism by which PAR-1 negatively regulates the expression of the Maspin tumor-suppressor gene in the acquisition of the metastatic melanoma phenotype, thus attributing an alternative function to PAR-1 other than coagulation.
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229
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Clark SE, Warwick J, Carpenter R, Bowen RL, Duffy SW, Jones JL. Molecular subtyping of DCIS: heterogeneity of breast cancer reflected in pre-invasive disease. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:120-7. [PMID: 21139586 PMCID: PMC3039794 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Molecular profiling has identified at least four subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma, which exhibit distinct clinical behaviour. There is good evidence now that DCIS represents the non-obligate precursor to invasive breast cancer and therefore it should be possible to identify similar molecular subtypes at this stage. In addition to a limited five-marker system to identify molecular subtypes in invasive breast cancer, it is evident that other biological molecules may identify distinct tumour subsets, though this has not been formally evaluated in DCIS. Methods: Tissue microarrays were constructed for 188 cases of DCIS. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression patterns of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her2, EGFR, cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CK14, CK17, CK18, β4-integrin, β6-integrin, p53, SMA, maspin, Bcl-2, topoisomerase IIα and P-cadherin. Hierarchical clustering analysis was undertaken to identify any natural groupings, and the findings were validated in an independent sample series. Results: Each of the intrinsic molecular subtypes described for invasive breast cancer can be identified in DCIS, though there are differences in the relative frequency of subgroups, in particular, the triple negative and basal-like phenotype is very uncommon in DCIS. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three main subtypes of DCIS determined largely by ER, PR, Her2 and Bcl-2, and this classification is related to conventional prognostic indicators. These subtypes were confirmed in an analysis on independent series of DCIS cases. Conclusion: This study indicates that DCIS may be classified in a similar manner to invasive breast cancer, and determining the relative frequency of different subtypes in DCIS and invasive disease may shed light on factors determining disease progression. It also demonstrates a role for Bcl-2 in classifying DCIS, which has recently been identified in invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Clark
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer and CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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230
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Terao M, Fratelli M, Kurosaki M, Zanetti A, Guarnaccia V, Paroni G, Tsykin A, Lupi M, Gianni M, Goodall GJ, Garattini E. Induction of miR-21 by retinoic acid in estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinoma cells: biological correlates and molecular targets. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4027-42. [PMID: 21131358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are promising agents for the treatment/prevention of breast carcinoma. We examined the role of microRNAs in mediating the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), which suppresses the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive (ERα(+)) breast carcinoma cells, such as MCF-7, but not estrogen receptor-negative cells, such as MDA-MB-231. We found that pro-oncogenic miR-21 is selectively induced by ATRA in ERα(+) cells. Induction of miR-21 counteracts the anti-proliferative action of ATRA but has the potentially beneficial effect of reducing cell motility. In ERα(+) cells, retinoid-dependent induction of miR-21 is due to increased transcription of the MIR21 gene via ligand-dependent activation of the nuclear retinoid receptor, RARα. RARα is part of the transcription complex present in the 5'-flanking region of the MIR21 gene. The receptor binds to two functional retinoic acid-responsive elements mapping upstream of the transcription initiation site. Silencing of miR-21 enhances ATRA-dependent growth inhibition and senescence while reverting suppression of cell motility afforded by the retinoid. Up-regulation of miR-21 results in retinoid-dependent inhibition of the established target, maspin. Knockdown and overexpression of maspin in MCF-7 cells indicates that the protein is involved in ATRA-induced growth inhibition and contributes to the ATRA-dependent anti-motility responses. Integration between whole genome analysis of genes differentially regulated by ATRA in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, prediction of miR-21 regulated genes, and functional studies led to the identification of three novel direct miR-21 targets: the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1B, the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and PLAT, the tissue-type plasminogen activator. Evidence for ICAM-1 involvement in retinoid-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell motility is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy
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231
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Karin M. Tracking the road from inflammation to cancer: the critical role of IkappaB kinase (IKK). HARVEY LECTURES 2010; 102:133-51. [PMID: 20166567 DOI: 10.1002/9780470593042.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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232
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Davaadorj P, Tokuyama R, Ide S, Tadokoro S, Kudoh K, Satomura K. Possible involvement of maspin in tooth development. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:603-14. [PMID: 21069375 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Maspin is a 42 kDa serine protease inhibitor that possesses tumor suppressive and anti-angiogenic activities. Despite of a huge amount of data concerning the expression pattern of maspin in various tissues and its relevance to the biological properties of a variety of human cancer cells, little is known on the maspin expression in skeletal and tooth tissues. Recently, we reported that maspin may play an important role in extracellular matrix formation in bone by enhancing the accumulation of latent TGF-β in the extracellular matrix. This study was performed to elucidate the possible role of maspin in tooth development. First, an immunohistochemical analysis for human tooth germs at the late bell stage showed the expression of maspin by active ameloblasts and odontoblasts that were forming enamel and dentin, respectively. During rat tooth development, maspin expression was observed for the first time in inner and outer enamel epithelial cells and dental papilla cells at early bell stage. The neutralizing anti-maspin antibody inhibited the proper dental tissue formation in organ cultures of mandibular first molars obtained from 21-day-old rat embryos. In addition, the proliferation of HAT-7 cells, a rat odontogenic epithelial cell line, and human dental papilla cells were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner with anti-maspin antibody. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of mRNA for tooth-related genes including dentin matrix protein 1, dentin sialophosphoprotein and osteopontin in human dental papilla cells was inhibited when treated with anti-maspin antibody. These findings suggest that maspin expressed in ameloblasts and odontoblasts plays an important physiological role in tooth development through the regulation of matrix formation in dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Davaadorj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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233
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Klopfleisch R, Klose P, Weise C, Bondzio A, Multhaup G, Einspanier R, Gruber AD. Proteome of Metastatic Canine Mammary Carcinomas: Similarities to and Differences from Human Breast Cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6380-91. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100671c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Klose
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Bondzio
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straβe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Kovářová Z, Chmelař J, Sanda M, Brynda J, Mareš M, Rezáčová P. Crystallization and diffraction analysis of the serpin IRS-2 from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1453-7. [PMID: 21045293 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110032343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
IRS-2 from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus belongs to the serpin family of protease inhibitors. It is produced in the salivary glands of the tick and its anti-inflammatory activity suggests that it plays a role in parasite-host interaction. Recombinant IRS-2 prepared by heterologous expression in a bacterial system was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to the primitive tetragonal space group P4(3) and diffracted to 1.8 Å resolution. Mass-spectrometric and electrophoretic analyses revealed that IRS-2 was cleaved by contaminating proteases during crystallization. This processing of IRS-2 mimicked the specific cleavage of the serpin by its target protease and resulted in a more stable form (the so-called relaxed conformation), which produced well diffracting crystals. Activity profiling with specific substrates and inhibitors demonstrated traces of serine and cysteine proteases in the protein stock solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kovářová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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235
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Maspin expression in renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters. Urology 2010; 76:765.e8-13. [PMID: 20605199 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between maspin expression and prognostic parameters in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with relevance to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and microvessel density. METHODS One-hundred twenty-four patients with RCC of varying histologic types who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy were studied. The mean age of the patients was 59.4 years (range, 28-84). Maspin, VEGF, and microvessel density were studied by the universal avidin-biotin complex peroxidase method. Sections of 5-μm thickness were taken from paraffin blocks for immunohistochemical study. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining were scored for maspin as negative and positive for all tumor cells. RESULTS Cytoplasmic maspin expression was positive in 51 (41.1%) patients. Nuclear maspin expression was not seen in any of the materials. Maspin expression decreased as tumor size increased (P = .036) without any specific relation to tumor subtypes (P = .583), and decreased as the pathologic stages increased without reaching statistical significance (P = .053). There were no correlations between maspin positivity and either VEGF expression or microvessel density. CONCLUSIONS In RCC, maspin expression is reduced with increased tumor size. Studies with larger series may be contributory in defining the role of maspin expression in RCC. Moreover, regulation of maspin expression genes appears to have the potential to lead to new treatment approaches.
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236
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Bhattacharyya M, Girish GV, Ghosh R, Chakraborty S, Sinha AK. Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) improves synthesis of maspin and lowers incidence of metastasis in breast cancer patients [corrected]. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2105-9. [PMID: 20670296 PMCID: PMC11158745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Maspin, a 42 kDa protein produced in normal breast cells, has been shown to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer in an animal model. Ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) by breast cancer patients has been reported to restore the systemic synthesis of maspin through the stimulation of systemic nitric oxide production. Studies were carried out to determine the effect of aspirin on the incidence of breast cancer metastasis, which is reported to occur in 50% of patients who have previously received chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery. Thirty-five female patients (aged 41-65 years) with breast cancer who had previously received these therapies took one 75 mg/70 kg body weight enteric-coated aspirin tablet every 24 h, after an adequate meal, for 3 years. Their plasma nitric oxide and maspin levels were measured. The occurrence of metastasis was ascertained monthly by a qualified oncologist, and confirmed, if necessary, by biopsy. Daily ingestion of aspirin by participants resulted in an increase in maspin levels from 0.95 ± 0.04 to 4.63 ± 0.05 nM after 24 h. These levels were maintained for 3 years. These studies suggest that daily ingestion of aspirin might significantly reduce the incidence of breast cancer metastasis in patients who have previously received anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau Bhattacharyya
- Sinha Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Garia, Calcutta, India
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237
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Ravenhill L, Wagstaff L, Edwards DR, Ellis V, Bass R. G-helix of maspin mediates effects on cell migration and adhesion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36285-92. [PMID: 20837467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.177253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily that lacks protease inhibitory ability, although displaying tumor metastasis-suppressing activity resulting from its influence on cell migration, invasion, proliferation, apoptosis, and adhesion. The molecular mechanisms of these actions of maspin are as yet undefined. Here, we sought to identify critical functional motifs by the expression of maspin with point mutations at sites potentially involved in protein-protein interactions: the G α-helix (G-helix), an internal salt bridge or the P1 position of the reactive center loop. Our findings indicate that only mutations in the G-helix attenuated inhibition of cell migration by maspin and that this structural element is also involved in the effect of maspin on cell adhesion. The action of maspin on cell migration could be mimicked by a 15-mer G-helix peptide, indicating that the G-helix is both essential and sufficient for this effect. In addition, we provide evidence that the effects of the G-helix of maspin are dependent on β1 integrins. These data reveal that the major extracellular functions associated with the tumor suppressive action of maspin likely involve interactions in which the G-helix plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Ravenhill
- School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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238
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Akyildiz EU, Oz B, Sehitoglu I, Demir H. The diagnostic utility of maspin in the distinction between malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:1070-6. [PMID: 20819444 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is frequently employed to differentiate between malignant mesothelioma (MM) and pulmonary adenocarcinoma (AC) infiltrating the pleura, but there is uncertainty as to which antibodies are most useful. The present study investigated the presence of the serine protease, maspin, in epithelioid MMs and evaluated the diagnostic utility of maspin for the differential diagnosis between epithelioid MM and pulmonary AC with pleural involvement. The results showed more frequent maspin immunostaining among AC cases compared with MM cases. Maspin positivity was significantly higher among AC cases with respect to both the extent and intensity of staining. A significant difference also existed between the two tumour types with respect to the overall maspin score. Despite these findings, the sensitivity and specificity of maspin positivity to detect AC were only 59% and 73%, respectively, indicating that detection of maspin is of no value for the differential diagnosis of AC and MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E U Akyildiz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey.
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239
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Caruso JA, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. The neutrophil elastase inhibitor elafin triggers rb-mediated growth arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7125-36. [PMID: 20823156 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elafin, an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, is expressed in human mammary epithelial cells but is transcriptionally downregulated in breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that elafin may exert a tumor-suppressive activity in the context of breast cancer. In this study, we show that the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway governs the antitumor properties of elafin. In breast cancer cells with functional Rb, the expression of elafin triggered Rb-dependent cell cycle arrest. Elafin also exhibited suppressive activity in breast cancer cell lines lacking Rb, but this was associated with an induction of caspase-3-dependent, p53-independent apoptotic cell death. Normal mammary epithelial cells were not affected by elafin. Collectively, these results argue that elafin mediates tumor-suppressive effects that are cytostatic or cytotoxic depending on the Rb status. Our findings suggest that elafin could be engineered as a therapeutic modality to treat breast cancer without toxicity to normal proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Caruso
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA
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Reply. Urology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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241
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Editorial Comment. Urology 2010; 76:e1; discussion e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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242
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Xu D, McKee CM, Cao Y, Ding Y, Kessler BM, Muschel RJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 regulates tumor cell invasion through cleavage of protease nexin-1. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6988-98. [PMID: 20736374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is known to enhance the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In previous work based on a proteomic screen, we identified the serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1) as a potential target of MMP-9. Here, we show that PN-1 is a substrate for MMP-9 and establish a link between PN-1 degradation by MMP-9 and regulation of invasion. PN-1 levels increased in prostate carcinoma cells after downregulation of MMP-9 and in tissues of MMP-9-deficient mice, consistent with PN-1 degradation by MMP-9. We identified three MMP-9 cleavage sites in PN-1 and showed that mutations in those sites made PN-1 more resistant to MMP-9. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is inhibited by PN-1. MMP-9 augmented uPA activity in the medium of PC3-ML cells by degrading PN-1. Prostate cancer cells, overexpressing PN-1 or treated with MMP-9 shRNA, had reduced cell invasion in Matrigel. PN-1 siRNA restored uPA activity and the invasive capacity. PN-1 mutated in the serpin inhibitory domain, the reactive center loop, failed to inhibit uPA and to reduce Matrigel invasion. This study shows a novel molecular pathway in which MMP-9 regulates uPA activity and tumor cell invasion through cleavage of PN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Xu
- Gray Institute of Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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243
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Qin L, Zhang M. Maspin regulates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through an integrin signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32360-9. [PMID: 20713357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.131045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin has been identified as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for its anti-angiogenic property is unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of maspin on endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and migration in a cell culture system. We found that maspin was expressed in blood vessels ECs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Maspin significantly enhanced HUVEC cell adhesion to various matrix proteins. This effect was dependent on the activation of integrin β(1), which subsequently led to distribution pattern changes of vinculin and F-actin. These results indicated that maspin affects cell adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization through an integrin signal transduction pathway. Analysis of HUVECs following maspin treatment revealed increased integrin-linked kinase activities and phosphorylated FAK levels, consistent with increased cell adhesion. Interestingly, when HUVECs were induced to migrate by migration stimulatory factor bFGF, active Rac1 and cdc42 small GTPase levels were decreased dramatically at 30 min following maspin treatment. Using phosphorylated FAK at Tyr(397) as an indicator of focal adhesion disassembly, maspin-treated HUVECs had elevated FAK phosphorylation compared with the mock treated control. The results were a reduction in focal adhesion disassembly and the retardation in EC migration. This study uncovers a mechanism by which maspin exerts its effect on EC adhesion and migration through an integrin signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Fung CLS, Chan C, Jankova L, Dent OF, Robertson G, Molloy M, Bokey L, Chapuis PH, Lin BPC, Clarke SJ. Clinicopathological correlates and prognostic significance of maspin expression in 450 patients after potentially curative resection of node-positive colonic cancer. Histopathology 2010; 56:319-30. [PMID: 20459532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The tumour suppressor maspin has been investigated for its association with conventional histopathological features in colorectal cancer and for its potential as an independent predictor of survival and response to adjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to examine associations between maspin expression, other histopathology and survival in a large consecutive series of patients after potentially curative resection of node-positive colonic adenocarcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS Nuclear and cytoplasmic maspin expression in both superficial and deep parts of the tumour were assessed retrospectively by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry in specimens from 450 patients whose other histopathology had been recorded in a prospective hospital registry of large bowel cancer resections from 1971 to 2001 with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Among 13 clinicopathological features examined, the only associations that persisted across all four maspin assessments were stronger expression in right- than in left-sided tumours (P=0.001-0.011) and stronger expression in high-grade tumours (P<0.001-0.007). There was no significant association between intensity of maspin expression and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS In this large and thoroughly documented series of patients with clinicopathological stage C colonic tumour, maspin expression was correlated with few other conventional histopathology variables and was not a significant prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L-S Fung
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Hospital, and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hsiao YH, Su YA, Tsai HD, Mason JT, Chou MC, Man YG. Increased invasiveness and aggressiveness in breast epithelia with cytoplasmic p63 expression. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:428-42. [PMID: 20714441 PMCID: PMC2920576 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) had significantly reduced nuclear p63 expression in myoepithelia, while intense cytoplasmic p63 expression in associated epithelia. Our current study assessed these epithelia using immunohistochemistry with a panel of aggressiveness and invasiveness related markers and comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) with over 30,000 DNA probes. These epithelia showed several unique alterations, including (1) immunohistochemical and morphological resemblance to invasive cancer, (2) significant gain in copy numbers of DNA coding genes for morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis, and (3) significant loss in copy numbers of DNA coding genes for tumor suppressors, cell adhesion, and macromolecular complex assembly or intra-cellular trafficking. Detected array-CGH alterations correlated well with in vivo expression of a number of corresponding proteins tested. These findings suggest that aberrant sub-cellular localization of p63 expression in normal or hyperplastic appearing epithelial cells may significant contribute to increased invasiveness and aggressiveness of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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246
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Abstract
The origins of the epithelial cells participating in the development, tissue homeostasis, and cancer of the human breast are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests a role for adult tissue-specific stem cells in these processes. In a hierarchical manner, these generate the two main mammary cell lineages, producing an increasing number of cells with distinct properties. Understanding the biological characteristics of human breast stem cells and their progeny is crucial in attempts to compare the features of normal stem cells and cancer precursor cells and distinguish these from nonprecursor cells and cells from the bulk of a tumor. A historical overview of research on human breast stem cells in primary tissue and in culture reveals the progress that has been made in this area, whereas a focus on the cell-of-origin and reprogramming that occurs during neoplastic conversion provides insight into the enigmatic way in which human breast cancers are skewed toward the luminal epithelial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole William Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Panum Building, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Rashid-Kolvear F, Taboski MAS, Nguyen J, Wang DY, Harrington LA, Done SJ. Troglitazone suppresses telomerase activity independently of PPARgamma in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:390. [PMID: 20650001 PMCID: PMC2915983 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one the highest causes of female cancer death worldwide. Many standard chemotherapeutic agents currently used to treat breast cancer are relatively non-specific and act on all rapidly dividing cells. In recent years, more specific targeted therapies have been introduced. It is known that telomerase is active in over 90% of breast cancer tumors but inactive in adjacent normal tissues. The prevalence of active telomerase in breast cancer patients makes telomerase an attractive therapeutic target. Recent evidence suggests that telomerase activity can be suppressed by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, its effect on telomerase regulation in breast cancer has not been investigated. Methods In this study, we investigated the effect of the PPARγ ligand, troglitazone, on telomerase activity in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Real time RT-PCR and telomerase activity assays were used to evaluate the effect of troglitazone. MDA-MB-231 cells had PPARγ expression silenced using shRNA interference. Results We demonstrated that troglitazone reduced the mRNA expression of hTERT and telomerase activity in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Troglitazone reduced telomerase activity even in the absence of PPARγ. In agreement with this result, we found no correlation between PPARγ and hTERT mRNA transcript levels in breast cancer patients. Statistical significance was determined using Pearson correlation and the paired Student's t test. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effect of troglitazone on telomerase activity in breast cancer cells has been investigated. Our data suggest that troglitazone may be used as an anti-telomerase agent; however, the mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Rashid-Kolvear
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hildenbrand R, Allgayer H, Marx A, Stroebel P. Modulators of the urokinase-type plasminogen activation system for cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:641-52. [PMID: 20402599 DOI: 10.1517/13543781003767400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR as well as two specific inhibitors, the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and type-2 (PAI-2), are involved in the control of extracellular matrix turnover and tumor growth. Data accumulating over the past 20 years have made increasingly clear that the uPA system has a multifunctional role in neoplastic evolution, affecting cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, adhesion and migration. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Several therapeutic strategies inhibiting the uPA system have been or are currently being developed for suppression of tumor growth. This review examines the role of the uPA system in tumor progression and assesses the various therapeutic strategies developed to selectively exploit this system. WHAT WILL THE READER GAIN We focus on the therapeutic developments of the last 15 years. In addition to antibodies and recombinant uPA- or uPAR-derived proteins, various antagonistic peptides as well as small molecules have been designed and synthesized that inhibit the uPA system, leading to reduced tumor progression. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The multifunctional potential of the uPA system in cancer has rendered this system an attractive novel target for anticancer therapy. A few novel tumor biology-based therapeutic strategies reported here, opening new ways for patient-optimized and individualized cancer therapy. It may be the right time to evaluate the hypothesis that the uPA system plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and that targeting this system will lead to clinical benefit in cancer patients.
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Aberrant maspin expression is involved in early carcinogenesis of gallbladder cancer. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:471-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Reagan-Shaw S, Eggert D, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Antiproliferative Effects of Apple Peel Extract Against Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:517-24. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903441253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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