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Large-Volume Vascularized Muscle Grafts Engineered From Groin Adipose Tissue in Perfusion Bioreactor Culture. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:588-593. [PMID: 31977702 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle tissue engineering still remains a major challenge. An axial vascular pedicle and a perfusion bioreactor are necessary for the development and maintenance of a large-volume engineered muscle tissue to provide circulation within the construct. This study aimed to determine whether large-volume vascularized muscle-like constructs could be made from rat groin adipose tissue in a perfusion bioreactor. METHODS Epigastric adipofascial flaps based on the inferior superficial epigastric vessels were elevated bilaterally in male Lewis rats and connected to the bioreactor. The system was run using a cable pump and filled with myogenic differentiation medium in the perfusion bioreactor for 1, 3, 5, or 7 weeks. The resulting tissue constructs were characterized with respect to the morphology and muscle-related expression of genes and proteins. RESULTS The histological examination demonstrated intact muscle-like tissue fibers; myogenesis was verified by the expression of myosin, MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2 D, desmin-a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain (ADAM) 12-and M-cadherin using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis for desmin, MyoD1, N-cadherin, and ADAM12 was performed to verify the myogenic phenotype of the extracted differentiated tissue and prove the formation of muscle-like constructs. CONCLUSIONS A large-volume vascularized muscle tissue could be engineered in a perfusion bioreactor. The resulting tissue had muscle-like histological features and expressed muscle-related genes and proteins, indicating that the trans-differentiation of adipose tissue into muscle tissue occurred.
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402
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Broeders M, Herrero-Hernandez P, Ernst MPT, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. Sharpening the Molecular Scissors: Advances in Gene-Editing Technology. iScience 2020; 23:100789. [PMID: 31901636 PMCID: PMC6941877 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to precisely modify human genes has been made possible by the development of tools such as meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas. These now make it possible to generate targeted deletions, insertions, gene knock outs, and point variants; to modulate gene expression by targeting transcription factors or epigenetic machineries to DNA; or to target and modify RNA. Endogenous repair mechanisms are used to make the modifications required in DNA; they include non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair, homology-independent targeted integration, microhomology-mediated end joining, base-excision repair, and mismatch repair. Off-target effects can be monitored using in silico prediction and sequencing and minimized using Cas proteins with higher accuracy, such as high-fidelity Cas9, enhanced-specificity Cas9, and hyperaccurate Cas9. Alternatives to Cas9 have been identified, including Cpf1, Cas12a, Cas12b, and smaller Cas9 orthologs such as CjCas9. Delivery of gene-editing components is performed ex vivo using standard techniques or in vivo using AAV, lipid nanoparticles, or cell-penetrating peptides. Clinical development of gene-editing technology is progressing in several fields, including immunotherapy in cancer treatment, antiviral therapy for HIV infection, and treatment of genetic disorders such as β-thalassemia, sickle cell disease, lysosomal storage disorders, and retinal dystrophy. Here we review these technological advances and the challenges to their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo Herrero-Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn P T Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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403
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Faustino Martins JM, Fischer C, Urzi A, Vidal R, Kunz S, Ruffault PL, Kabuss L, Hube I, Gazzerro E, Birchmeier C, Spuler S, Sauer S, Gouti M. Self-Organizing 3D Human Trunk Neuromuscular Organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:172-186.e6. [PMID: 31956040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular networks assemble during early human embryonic development and are essential for the control of body movement. Previous neuromuscular junction modeling efforts using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) generated either spinal cord neurons or skeletal muscles in monolayer culture. Here, we use hPSC-derived axial stem cells, the building blocks of the posterior body, to simultaneously generate spinal cord neurons and skeletal muscle cells that self-organize to generate human neuromuscular organoids (NMOs) that can be maintained in 3D for several months. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of individual organoids revealed reproducibility across experiments and enabled the tracking of the neural and mesodermal differentiation trajectories as organoids developed and matured. NMOs contain functional neuromuscular junctions supported by terminal Schwann cells. They contract and develop central pattern generator-like neuronal circuits. Finally, we successfully use NMOs to recapitulate key aspects of myasthenia gravis pathology, thus highlighting the significant potential of NMOs for modeling neuromuscular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Miguel Faustino Martins
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessia Urzi
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramon Vidal
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Severine Kunz
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Ruffault
- Developmental Biology and Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Loreen Kabuss
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Hube
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeta Gazzerro
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology and Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mina Gouti
- Stem Cell Modelling of Development & Disease Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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404
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Bordoni B, Morabito B. Reflections on the Development of Fascial Tissue: Starting from Embryology. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2020; 11:37-39. [PMID: 32021541 PMCID: PMC6970272 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s232947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A great many articles discuss the histological aspects of fascial tissue in detail, but at the same time, there are many contradictions within the literature. In addition, there is a paucity of scientific data that allow straightforward classification of what tissue the fascia truly is. More precise classification of fascial tissue is essential in improving clinical care and effectively framing patient needs. Embryology is an indispensable starting point for understanding the many functions of the fascial tissue. This scientific discipline allows us to observe the relationships and adaptability of fascia both at local and systemic levels. This article reflects on modern scientific knowledge concerning the classification of fascia from an embryological standpoint with the aim of improving our understanding of connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS, Department of Cardiology, Institute of Hospitalization and Care with Scientific Address, S Maria Nascente, Milan20100, Italy
- Department of Osteopathy, Asomi, Torino, Italy
| | - Bruno Morabito
- Foundation Polyclinic University A. Gemelli University Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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405
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Fusto A, Moyle LA, Gilbert PM, Pegoraro E. Cored in the act: the use of models to understand core myopathies. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm041368. [PMID: 31874912 PMCID: PMC6955215 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The core myopathies are a group of congenital myopathies with variable clinical expression - ranging from early-onset skeletal-muscle weakness to later-onset disease of variable severity - that are identified by characteristic 'core-like' lesions in myofibers and the presence of hypothonia and slowly or rather non-progressive muscle weakness. The genetic causes are diverse; central core disease is most often caused by mutations in ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1), whereas multi-minicore disease is linked to pathogenic variants of several genes, including selenoprotein N (SELENON), RYR1 and titin (TTN). Understanding the mechanisms that drive core development and muscle weakness remains challenging due to the diversity of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) proteins involved and the differential effects of mutations across proteins. Because of this, the use of representative models expressing a mature ECC apparatus is crucial. Animal models have facilitated the identification of disease progression mechanisms for some mutations and have provided evidence to help explain genotype-phenotype correlations. However, many unanswered questions remain about the common and divergent pathological mechanisms that drive disease progression, and these mechanisms need to be understood in order to identify therapeutic targets. Several new transgenic animals have been described recently, expanding the spectrum of core myopathy models, including mice with patient-specific mutations. Furthermore, recent developments in 3D tissue engineering are expected to enable the study of core myopathy disease progression and the effects of potential therapeutic interventions in the context of human cells. In this Review, we summarize the current landscape of core myopathy models, and assess the hurdles and opportunities of future modeling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fusto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Louise A Moyle
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biochemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G9, Canada
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biochemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G9, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua 35128, Italy
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406
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A muscular hypotonia-associated STIM1 mutant at R429 induces abnormalities in intracellular Ca 2+ movement and extracellular Ca 2+ entry in skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19140. [PMID: 31844136 PMCID: PMC6915709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) mediates extracellular Ca2+ entry into the cytosol through a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism, which is involved in the physiological functions of various tissues, including skeletal muscle. STIM1 is also associated with skeletal muscle diseases, but its pathological mechanisms have not been well addressed. The present study focused on examining the pathological mechanism(s) of a mutant STIM1 (R429C) that causes human muscular hypotonia. R429C was expressed in mouse primary skeletal myotubes, and the properties of the skeletal myotubes were examined using single-cell Ca2+ imaging of myotubes and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) along with biochemical approaches. R429C did not interfere with the terminal differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes. Unlike wild-type STIM1, there was no further increase of SOCE by R429C. R429C bound to endogenous STIM1 and slowed down the initial rate of SOCE that were mediated by endogenous STIM1. Moreover, R429C increased intracellular Ca2+ movement in response to membrane depolarization by eliminating the attenuation on dihydropyridine receptor-ryanodine receptor (DHPR-RyR1) coupling by endogenous STIM1. The cytosolic Ca2+ level was also increased due to the reduction in SR Ca2+ level. In addition, R429C-expressing myotubes showed abnormalities in mitochondrial shape, a significant decrease in ATP levels, and the higher expression levels of mitochondrial fission-mediating proteins. Therefore, serial defects in SOCE, intracellular Ca2+ movement, and cytosolic Ca2+ level along with mitochondrial abnormalities in shape and ATP level could be a pathological mechanism of R429C for human skeletal muscular hypotonia. This study also suggests a novel clue that STIM1 in skeletal muscle could be related to mitochondria via regulating intra and extracellular Ca2+ movements.
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407
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Abdelmoez AM, Sardón Puig L, Smith JAB, Gabriel BM, Savikj M, Dollet L, Chibalin AV, Krook A, Zierath JR, Pillon NJ. Comparative profiling of skeletal muscle models reveals heterogeneity of transcriptome and metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C615-C626. [PMID: 31825657 PMCID: PMC7099524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00540.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rat L6, mouse C2C12, and primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs) are commonly used to study biological processes in skeletal muscle, and experimental data on these models are abundant. However, consistently matched experimental data are scarce, and comparisons between the different cell types and adult tissue are problematic. We hypothesized that metabolic differences between these cellular models may be reflected at the mRNA level. Publicly available data sets were used to profile mRNA levels in myotubes and skeletal muscle tissues. L6, C2C12, and HSMC myotubes were assessed for proliferation, glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, mitochondrial activity, and substrate oxidation, as well as the response to in vitro contraction. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that mRNA of genes coding for actin and myosin was enriched in C2C12, whereas L6 myotubes had the highest levels of genes encoding glucose transporters and the five complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Consistently, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidative capacity were greatest in L6 myotubes. Insulin-induced glycogen synthesis was highest in HSMCs, but C2C12 myotubes had higher baseline glucose oxidation. All models responded to electrical pulse stimulation-induced glucose uptake and gene expression but in a slightly different manner. Our analysis reveals a great degree of heterogeneity in the transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of L6, C2C12, or primary human myotubes. Based on these distinct signatures, we provide recommendations for the appropriate use of these models depending on scientific hypotheses and biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdelmoez
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Sardón Puig
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brendan M Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mladen Savikj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucile Dollet
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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408
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6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime intercepts GSK3 signaling to promote and enhance skeletal muscle differentiation affecting miR-206 expression in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18091. [PMID: 31792344 PMCID: PMC6889408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle degeneration and weakness as consequence of their molecular abnormalities. Thus, new drugs for restoring skeletal muscle deterioration are critically needed. To identify new and alternative compounds with a functional role in skeletal muscle myogenesis, we screened a library of pharmacologically active compounds and selected the small molecule 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) as an inhibitor of myoblast proliferation. Using C2C12 cells, we examined BIO’s effect during myoblast proliferation and differentiation showing that BIO treatment promotes transition from cell proliferation to myogenic differentiation through the arrest of cell cycle. Here, we show that BIO is able to promote myogenic differentiation in damaged myotubes in-vitro by enriching the population of newly formed skeletal muscle myotubes. Moreover, in-vivo experiments in CTX-damaged TA muscle confirmed the pro-differentiation capability of BIO as shown by the increasing of the percentage of myofibers with centralized nuclei as well as by the increasing of myofibers number. Additionally, we have identified a strong correlation of miR-206 with BIO treatment both in-vitro and in-vivo: the enhanced expression of miR-206 was observed in-vitro in BIO-treated proliferating myoblasts, miR-206 restored expression was observed in a forced miR-206 silencing conditions antagomiR-mediated upon BIO treatment, and in-vivo in CTX-injured muscles miR-206 enhanced expression was observed upon BIO treatment. Taken together, our results highlight the capacity of BIO to act as a positive modulator of skeletal muscle differentiation in-vitro and in-vivo opening up a new perspective for novel therapeutic targets to correct skeletal muscle defects.
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409
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Petrany MJ, Millay DP. Cell Fusion: Merging Membranes and Making Muscle. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:964-973. [PMID: 31648852 PMCID: PMC7849503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, and plays a key role in the formation of various cell types and tissues. Recent findings have highlighted the varied protein machinery that drives plasma-membrane merger in different systems, which is characterized by diverse structural and functional elements. We highlight the discovery and activities of several key sets of fusion proteins that together offer an evolving perspective on cell membrane fusion. We also emphasize recent discoveries in vertebrate myoblast fusion in skeletal muscle, which is composed of numerous multinucleated myofibers formed by the fusion of progenitor cells during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Petrany
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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410
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Lewandowski D, Dubińska-Magiera M, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Niedbalska-Tarnowska J, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Dzięgiel P, Daczewska M. Everybody wants to move-Evolutionary implications of trunk muscle differentiation in vertebrate species. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 104:3-13. [PMID: 31759871 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In our review we have completed current knowledge on myotomal myogenesis in model and non-model vertebrate species (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) at morphological and molecular levels. Data obtained from these studies reveal distinct similarities and differences between amniote and anamniote species. Based on the available data, we decided to present evolutionary implications in vertebrate trunk muscle development. Despite the fact that in all vertebrates muscle fibres are multinucleated, the pathways leading to them vary between vertebrate taxa. In fishes during early myogenesis myoblasts differentiate into multinucleated lamellae or multinucleate myotubes. In amphibians, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myotubes or, bypassing fusion, directly differentiate into mononucleated myotubes. Furthermore, mononucleated myotubes were also observed during primary myogenesis in amniotes. The mononucleated state of myogenic cells could be considered as an old phylogenetic, plesiomorphic feature, whereas direct multinuclearity of myotubes has a synapomorphic character. On the other hand, the explanation of this phenomenon could also be linked to the environmental conditions in which animals develop. The similarities observed in vertebrate myogenesis might result from a conservative myogenic programme governed by the Pax3/Pax7 and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) network, whereas differences in anamniotes and amniotes are established by spatiotemporal pattern expression of MRFs during muscle differentiation and/or environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Niedbalska-Tarnowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 6a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
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411
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Ruparelia AA, Ratnayake D, Currie PD. Stem cells in skeletal muscle growth and regeneration in amniotes and teleosts: Emerging themes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e365. [PMID: 31743958 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a contractile, postmitotic tissue that retains the capacity to grow and regenerate throughout life in amniotes and teleost. Both muscle growth and regeneration are regulated by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Given that considerable knowledge exists on the myogenic process, recent studies have focused on examining the molecular markers of muscle stem cells, and on the intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulating their function. From this, two themes emerge: firstly, muscle stem cells display remarkable heterogeneity not only with regards to their gene expression profile, but also with respect to their behavior and function; and secondly, the stem cell niche is a critical regulator of muscle stem cell function during growth and regeneration. Here, we will address the current understanding of these emerging themes with emphasis on the distinct processes used by amniotes and teleost, and discuss the challenges and opportunities in the muscle growth and regeneration fields. This article is characterized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnika A Ruparelia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,EMBL Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dhanushika Ratnayake
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,EMBL Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,EMBL Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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412
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Combined Effects of Electrical Stimulation and Protein Coatings on Myotube Formation in a Soft Porous Scaffold. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:734-746. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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413
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Zfp422 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation by regulating EphA7 to induce appropriate myoblast apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1644-1659. [PMID: 31685980 PMCID: PMC7206035 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 422 (Zfp422) is a widely expressed zinc finger protein that serves as a transcriptional factor to regulate downstream gene expression, but until now, little is known about its roles in myogenesis. We found here that Zfp422 plays a critical role in skeletal muscle development and regeneration. It highly expresses in mouse skeletal muscle during embryonic development. Specific knockout of Zfp422 in skeletal muscle impaired embryonic muscle formation. Satellite cell-specific Zfp422 deletion severely inhibited muscle regeneration. Myoblast differentiation and myotube formation were suppressed in Zfp422-deleted C2C12 cells, isolated primary myoblasts, and satellite cells. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) revealed that Zfp422 regulated ephrin type-A receptor 7 (EphA7) expression by binding an upstream 169-bp DNA sequence, which was proved to be an enhancer of EphA7. Knocking EphA7 down in C2C12 cells or deleting Zfp422 in myoblasts will inhibit cell apoptosis which is required for myoblast differentiation. These results indicate that Zfp422 is essential for skeletal muscle differentiation and fusion, through regulating EphA7 expression to maintain proper apoptosis.
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414
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Actomyosin contractility scales with myoblast elongation and enhances differentiation through YAP nuclear export. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15565. [PMID: 31664178 PMCID: PMC6820726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are formed by the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts into long linear myotubes, which differentiate and reorganize into multinucleated myofibers that assemble in bundles to form skeletal muscles. This fundamental process requires the elongation of myoblasts into a bipolar shape, although a complete understanding of the mechanisms governing skeletal muscle fusion is lacking. To address this question, we consider cell aspect ratio, actomyosin contractility and the Hippo pathway member YAP as potential regulators of the fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. Using fibronectin micropatterns of different geometries and traction force microscopy, we investigated how myoblast elongation affects actomyosin contractility. Our findings indicate that cell elongation enhances actomyosin contractility in myoblasts, which regulate their actin network to their spreading area. Interestingly, we found that the contractility of cell pairs increased after their fusion and raise on elongated morphologies. Furthermore, our findings indicate that myoblast elongation modulates nuclear orientation and triggers cytoplasmic localization of YAP, increasing evidence that YAP is a key regulator of mechanotransduction in myoblasts. Taken together, our findings support a mechanical model where actomyosin contractility scales with myoblast elongation and enhances the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes through YAP nuclear export.
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415
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Muscle tissue engineering in fibrous gelatin: implications for meat analogs. NPJ Sci Food 2019; 3:20. [PMID: 31646181 PMCID: PMC6803664 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-019-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprocessing applications that derive meat products from animal cell cultures require food-safe culture substrates that support volumetric expansion and maturation of adherent muscle cells. Here we demonstrate scalable production of microfibrous gelatin that supports cultured adherent muscle cells derived from cow and rabbit. As gelatin is a natural component of meat, resulting from collagen denaturation during processing and cooking, our extruded gelatin microfibers recapitulated structural and biochemical features of natural muscle tissues. Using immersion rotary jet spinning, a dry-jet wet-spinning process, we produced gelatin fibers at high rates (~ 100 g/h, dry weight) and, depending on process conditions, we tuned fiber diameters between ~ 1.3 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM) and 8.7 ± 1.4 μm (mean ± SEM), which are comparable to natural collagen fibers. To inhibit fiber degradation during cell culture, we crosslinked them either chemically or by co-spinning gelatin with a microbial crosslinking enzyme. To produce meat analogs, we cultured bovine aortic smooth muscle cells and rabbit skeletal muscle myoblasts in gelatin fiber scaffolds, then used immunohistochemical staining to verify that both cell types attached to gelatin fibers and proliferated in scaffold volumes. Short-length gelatin fibers promoted cell aggregation, whereas long fibers promoted aligned muscle tissue formation. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical testing demonstrated that cultured muscle lacked the mature contractile architecture observed in natural muscle but recapitulated some of the structural and mechanical features measured in meat products.
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416
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Sweta S, Dudnakova T, Sudheer S, Baker AH, Bhushan R. Importance of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Development and Disease of Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Lineages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:228. [PMID: 31681761 PMCID: PMC6813187 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early mammalian embryo is characterized by the presence of three germ layers-the outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm. The mesoderm is organized into paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm. The musculature, vasculature and heart of the adult body are the major derivatives of mesoderm. Tracing back the developmental process to generate these specialized tissues has sparked much interest in the field of regenerative medicine focusing on generating specialized tissues to treat patients with degenerative diseases. Several Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as regulators of development, proliferation and differentiation of various tissues of mesodermal origin. A better understanding of lncRNAs that can regulate the development of these tissues will open potential avenues for their therapeutic utility and enhance our knowledge about disease progression and development. In this review, we aim to summarize the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs regulating the early mesoderm differentiation, development and homeostasis of skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system with an emphasis on their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Sweta
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Tatiana Dudnakova
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Smita Sudheer
- Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raghu Bhushan
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, India
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417
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Marín-Llera JC, Garciadiego-Cázares D, Chimal-Monroy J. Understanding the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms That Control Early Cell Fate Decisions During Appendicular Skeletogenesis. Front Genet 2019; 10:977. [PMID: 31681419 PMCID: PMC6797607 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate skeleton is orchestrated in time and space by a number of gene regulatory networks that specify and position all skeletal tissues. During embryonic development, bones have two distinct origins: bone tissue differentiates directly from mesenchymal progenitors, whereas most long bones arise from cartilaginous templates through a process known as endochondral ossification. Before endochondral bone development takes place, chondrocytes form a cartilage analgen that will be sequentially segmented to form joints; thus, in the cartilage template, either the cartilage maturation programme or the joint formation programme is activated. Once the cartilage differentiation programme starts, the growth plate begins to form. In contrast, when the joint formation programme is activated, a capsule begins to form that contains special articular cartilage and synovium to generate a functional joint. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms controlling the earliest molecular events that regulate cell fate during skeletogenesis in long bones. We will explore the initial processes that lead to the recruitment of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, the commitment of chondrocyte lineages, and the formation of skeletal elements during morphogenesis. Thereafter, we will review the process of joint specification and joint morphogenesis. We will discuss the links between transcription factor activity, cell–cell interactions, cell–extracellular matrix interactions, growth factor signalling, and other molecular interactions that control mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell fate during embryonic skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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418
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Calzia D, Ottaggio L, Cora A, Chiappori G, Cuccarolo P, Cappelli E, Izzotti A, Tavella S, Degan P. Characterization of C2C12 cells in simulated microgravity: Possible use for myoblast regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3508-3518. [PMID: 31549411 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle loss is a major problem for many in lifetime. Muscle and bone degeneration has also been observed in individuals exposed to microgravity and in unloading conditions. C2C12 myoblst cells are able to form myotubes, and myofibers and these cells have been employed for muscle regeneration purposes and in myogenic regeneration and transplantation studies. We exposed C2C12 cells in an random position machine to simulate microgravity and study the energy and the biochemical challenges associated with this treatment. Simulated microgravity exposed C2C12 cells maintain positive proliferation indices and delay the differentiation process for several days. On the other hand this treatment significantly alters many of the biochemical and the metabolic characteristics of the cell cultures including calcium homeostasis. Recent data have shown that these perturbations are due to the inhibition of the ryanodine receptors on the membranes of intracellular calcium stores. We were able to reverse this perturbations treating cells with thapsigargin which prevents the segregation of intracellular calcium ions in the mitochondria and in the sarco/endoplasmic reticula. Calcium homeostasis appear a key target of microgravity exposure. In conclusion, in this study we reported some of the effects induced by the exposure of C2C12 cell cultures to simulated microgravity. The promising information obtained is of fundamental importance in the hope to employ this protocol in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calzia
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, Univiversity of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Ottaggio
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cora
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chiappori
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Cuccarolo
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Rare Diseases, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Enrico Cappelli
- Department of Integrated Pediatric and Hemato-oncological Sciences, Haematology Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Tavella
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Univiversity of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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419
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Abstract
Throughout the development of anatomy as a scientific study, authors have been challenged to give a singular comprehensive definition of what should be considered as a fascial tissue. Instead, the multiplicity of synthesis and analysis is the true richness of scientific research: individual points of view and background look at the fascia from their own perspective, sometimes influenced by their own cultural assumptions. No person or organization in science ever have the absolute truth, because scientific truth is always evolving, driven by new observations and analysis of data. Only by observing the fascia from multiple perspectives (doctor, surgeon, osteopath, physiotherapist, bioengineer and more) can we define more fully what fascial tissue is. It becomes the synergistic result of several scientific disciplines (anatomy, cardiology, angiology, orthopaedics, osteopathy, cytology, and more). The fascia is not the exclusive domain of a few people or individual private associations, but of all researchers who journey through the study of knowledge and arrive at an understanding, improving the clinical aspects for the good of the patient, without profit. This article reviews the embryological evolution of muscle and connective tissue to affirm how the fascial system should be ideally conceptualized: an absolute anatomic functional continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Cardiology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
| | - Stevan Walkowski
- Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine-Dublin, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruno Morabito
- Osteopathy, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Milan, ITA
| | - Matthew A Varacallo
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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420
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Figueiredo VC. Revisiting the roles of protein synthesis during skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R709-R718. [PMID: 31508978 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00162.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is deemed the underpinning mechanism enhancing protein balance required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise. The current model of skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training states that the acute increase in the rates of protein synthesis after each bout of resistance exercise is the basis for muscle growth. Within this paradigm, each resistance exercise session would add a specific amount of muscle mass; therefore, muscle hypertrophy could be defined as the result of intermittent and short-lived increases in muscle protein synthesis rates following each resistance exercise session. Although a substantial amount of data has accumulated in the last decades regarding the acute changes in protein synthesis (or translational efficiency) following resistance exercise, considerable gaps on the mechanism of muscle growth still exist. Ribosome biogenesis and translational capacity have emerged as important mediators of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Recent advances in the field have demonstrated that skeletal muscle hypertrophy is associated with markers of translational capacity and long-term changes in protein synthesis under resting conditions. This review will discuss the caveats of the current model of skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training while proposing a working model that takes into consideration the novel data generated by independent laboratories utilizing different methodologies. It is argued, herein, that the role of protein synthesis in the current model of muscle hypertrophy warrants revisiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandré Casagrande Figueiredo
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, the Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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421
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Huang Z, Fang Q, Ma W, Zhang Q, Qiu J, Gu X, Yang H, Sun H. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Was Alleviated by Salidroside Through Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation During Denervation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:997. [PMID: 31616291 PMCID: PMC6763704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common and debilitating condition that lacks an effective therapy. Oxidative stress and inflammation are two main molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy. In the current study, we want to explore whether and how salidroside, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, protects against skeletal muscle atrophy induced by denervation. First, oxidative stress and inflammatory response were examined during myotube atrophy induced by nutrition deprivation. The results demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammatory response were induced in cultured myotubes suffered from nutrition deprivation, and salidroside not only inhibited oxidative stress and inflammatory response but also attenuated nutrition deprivation-induced myotube atrophy, as evidenced by an increased myotube diameter. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiatrophic properties of salidroside in cultured myotubes were confirmed in denervated mouse models. The mice treated with salidroside showed less oxidative stress and less inflammatory cytokines, as well as higher skeletal muscle wet weight ratio and larger average cross sectional areas of myofibers compared with those treated with saline only during denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Moreover, salidroside treatment of denervated mice resulted in an inhibition of the activation of mitophagy in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, salidroside reduced the expression of atrophic genes, including MuRF1 and MAFbx, autophagy genes, including PINK1, BNIP3, LC3B, ATG7, and Beclin1, and transcription factor forkhead box O3 A (Foxo3A), and improved the expression of myosin heavy chain and transcriptional factor phosphorylated Foxo3A. Taken together, these results suggested that salidroside alleviated denervation-induced muscle atrophy by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Qingqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Jiaying Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
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422
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Prummel KD, Hess C, Nieuwenhuize S, Parker HJ, Rogers KW, Kozmikova I, Racioppi C, Brombacher EC, Czarkwiani A, Knapp D, Burger S, Chiavacci E, Shah G, Burger A, Huisken J, Yun MH, Christiaen L, Kozmik Z, Müller P, Bronner M, Krumlauf R, Mosimann C. A conserved regulatory program initiates lateral plate mesoderm emergence across chordates. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3857. [PMID: 31451684 PMCID: PMC6710290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular lineages develop together with kidney, smooth muscle, and limb connective tissue progenitors from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). How the LPM initially emerges and how its downstream fates are molecularly interconnected remain unknown. Here, we isolate a pan-LPM enhancer in the zebrafish-specific draculin (drl) gene that provides specific LPM reporter activity from early gastrulation. In toto live imaging and lineage tracing of drl-based reporters captures the dynamic LPM emergence as lineage-restricted mesendoderm field. The drl pan-LPM enhancer responds to the transcription factors EomesoderminA, FoxH1, and MixL1 that combined with Smad activity drive LPM emergence. We uncover specific activity of zebrafish-derived drl reporters in LPM-corresponding territories of several chordates including chicken, axolotl, lamprey, Ciona, and amphioxus, revealing a universal upstream LPM program. Altogether, our work provides a mechanistic framework for LPM emergence as defined progenitor field, possibly representing an ancient mesodermal cell state that predates the primordial vertebrate embryo. Numerous tissues are derived from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) but how this is specified is unclear. Here, the authors identify a pan-LPM reporter activity found in the zebrafish draculin (drl) gene that also shows transgenic activity in LPM-corresponding territories of several chordates, including chicken, axolotl, lamprey, Ciona, and amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin D Prummel
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Hess
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Susan Nieuwenhuize
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Hugo J Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Katherine W Rogers
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Iryna Kozmikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Racioppi
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Eline C Brombacher
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Anna Czarkwiani
- TUD-CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Dunja Knapp
- TUD-CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Sibylle Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Elena Chiavacci
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Gopi Shah
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Alexa Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jan Huisken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Maximina H Yun
- TUD-CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.,Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland.
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423
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Lynch E, Semrad T, Belsito VS, FitzGibbons C, Reilly M, Hayakawa K, Suzuki M. C9ORF72-related cellular pathology in skeletal myocytes derived from ALS-patient induced pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/8/dmm039552. [PMID: 31439573 PMCID: PMC6737948 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset neuromuscular disease with no cure and limited treatment options. Patients experience a gradual paralysis leading to death from respiratory complications on average only 2-5 years after diagnosis. There is increasing evidence that skeletal muscle is affected early in the disease process, yet the pathological processes occurring in the skeletal muscle of ALS patients are still mostly unknown. Specifically, the most common genetic cause of ALS, a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene, has yet to be fully characterized in the context of skeletal muscle. In this study, we used the protocol previously developed in our lab to differentiate skeletal myocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of C9ORF72 ALS (C9-ALS) patients in order to create an in vitro disease model of C9-ALS skeletal muscle pathology. Of the three C9ORF72 mutation hallmarks, we did not see any evidence of haploinsufficiency, but we did detect RNA foci and dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins. Additional abnormalities included changes in the expression of mitochondrial genes and a susceptibility to oxidative stress, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a critical feature of C9-ALS skeletal muscle pathology. Finally, the C9-ALS myocytes had increased expression and aggregation of TDP-43. Together, these data show that skeletal muscle cells experience pathological changes due to the C9ORF72 mutation. Our in vitro model could facilitate further study of cellular and molecular pathology in ALS skeletal muscle in order to discover new therapeutic targets against this devastating disease. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Evidence of protein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction were found in skeletal myocytes differentiated from ALS-patient induced pluripotent stem cells with the C9ORF72 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Lynch
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Theran Semrad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vincent S Belsito
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Claire FitzGibbons
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Megan Reilly
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Koji Hayakawa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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424
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Leskela S, Pérez-Mies B, Rosa-Rosa JM, Cristobal E, Biscuola M, Palacios-Berraquero ML, Ong S, Matias-Guiu Guia X, Palacios J. Molecular Basis of Tumor Heterogeneity in Endometrial Carcinosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070964. [PMID: 31324031 PMCID: PMC6678708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinosarcoma (ECS) represents one of the most extreme examples of tumor heterogeneity among human cancers. ECS is a clinically aggressive, high-grade, metaplastic carcinoma. At the morphological level, intratumor heterogeneity in ECS is due to an admixture of epithelial (carcinoma) and mesenchymal (sarcoma) components that can include heterologous tissues, such as skeletal muscle, cartilage, or bone. Most ECSs belong to the copy-number high serous-like molecular subtype of endometrial carcinoma, characterized by the TP53 mutation and the frequently accompanied by a large number of gene copy-number alterations, including the amplification of important oncogenes, such as CCNE1 and c-MYC. However, a proportion of cases (20%) probably represent the progression of tumors initially belonging to the copy-number low endometrioid-like molecular subtype (characterized by mutations in genes such as PTEN, PI3KCA, or ARID1A), after the acquisition of the TP53 mutations. Only a few ECS belong to the microsatellite-unstable hypermutated molecular type and the POLE-mutated, ultramutated molecular type. A common characteristic of all ECSs is the modulation of genes involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal process. Thus, the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype is associated with a switch from E- to N-cadherin, the up-regulation of transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin, such as Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1 and 2 (SNAI1 and SNAI2), Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 and 2 (ZEB1 and ZEB2), and the down-regulation, among others, of members of the miR-200 family involved in the maintenance of an epithelial phenotype. Subsequent differentiation to different types of mesenchymal tissues increases tumor heterogeneity and probably modulates clinical behavior and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Leskela
- Department of Pathology, Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER-ONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Belen Pérez-Mies
- CIBER-ONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Rosa-Rosa
- Department of Pathology, Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-ONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Cristobal
- Department of Pathology, Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Biscuola
- CIBER-ONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), 41013 Seville, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - SuFey Ong
- NanoString Technologies, Inc, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu Guia
- CIBER-ONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital U de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- IRBLLEIDA, IDIBELL, University of Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Palacios
- Department of Pathology, Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER-ONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain.
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425
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Kuppusamy P, Soundharrajan I, Kim DH, Hwang I, Choi KC. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid accelerate myoblasts differentiation on C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells via AKT and ERK 1/2 activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152873. [PMID: 30879871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dietary intake of plant-based supplements has a vital role in human health and development. However, the actions of secondary plant metabolites on cell growth, differentiation and their signaling mechanisms are still unclear. PURPOSE In this study, we aim to investigate the C2C12 myoblast cells proliferation and differentiation by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid (=HMCA, ferulic acid) in a dose-dependent manner and to reveal its underlying mechanism of action. METHODS The effect of HMCA on C2C12 cell proliferation and differentiation were evaluated by expression of BMP's marker genes (-2, -4, -6, -7) and related myogenic proteins were analyzed by quantitative PCR and western blot techniques, respectively. RESULTS The in vitro findings confirmed that the HMCA upregulates BMPs (including BMP-2, -4, -6, and-7), gene expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Exposure to the lower dose of HMCA caused a significantly greater induction of myogenic differentiation than the higher dose during three- and six-day treatments. Further, the C2C12 myogenic differentiation signaling proteins MyoD, myogenin, JAK-1, -2, -3, STAT -2, -3, AMPK-α, ERK(1/2), and AKT were more preferentially activated by HMCA exposure cells than by untreated models. Thus, the experiment with inhibitors revealed that the HMCA induced muscle cell proliferation and differentiation through AKT and ERK (1/2) signaling cascades. Also, HMCA enhanced the C2C12 muscle cell differentiation protein markers such as myogenin, AKT and ERK (1/2) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) at day three in chemical inhibitors of LY 294002 and PD98056 treated samples. CONCLUSION The HMCA has a significant effect on muscle cell differentiation through ERK(1/2) and AKT signaling activation. Also, the HMCA promotes C2C12 muscle cell proliferation and differentiation via activation of osteogenic genes and myogeneic protein markers. Therefore, this study suggests that the natural phenolic compound HMCA has a potent function in muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniselvam Kuppusamy
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilavenil Soundharrajan
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Inho Hwang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 330-801, Republic of Korea.
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426
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Sadahiro T. Cardiac regeneration with pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and direct cardiac reprogramming. Regen Ther 2019; 11:95-100. [PMID: 31304202 PMCID: PMC6606831 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) have poor regenerative capacity, and pharmacological therapies have limited efficacy in severe heart failure. Currently, there are several promising strategies for cardiac regeneration. The most promising approach to remuscularize failing hearts is cell transplantation therapy using newly generated CMs from exogenous sources, such as pluripotent stem cells. Alternatively, approaches to generate new CMs from endogenous cell sources in situ may also repair the injured heart and improve cardiac function. Direct cardiac reprogramming has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to regenerate injured hearts by directly converting endogenous cardiac fibroblasts into CM-like cells. Through cell transplantation and direct cardiac reprogramming, new CMs can be generated and scar tissue reduced to improve cardiac function; therefore, cardiac regeneration may serve as a powerful strategy for treatment of severe heart failure. While substantial progress has been made in these two strategies for cardiac regeneration over the past several years, challenges remain for clinical translation. This review provide an overview of previous reports and current challenges in this field.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- CFs, cardiac fibroblasts
- CMs, cardiomyocytes
- CPCs, cardiac progenitor cells
- Cardiomyocytes
- Direct reprogramming
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- Fibroblasts
- GHMT, GMT plus Hand2
- GMT, Gata4
- MI, myocardial infarction
- Mef2c, and Tbx5
- PSCs, pluripotent stem cells
- Pluripotent stem cells
- Regeneration
- SeV-GMT, Sendai virus vector expressing GMT
- iCMs, induced cardiomyocyte-like cells
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- miRs, microRNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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427
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Shaping Striated Muscles with Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:760-774. [PMID: 31235369 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For long-lived contractile cells, such as striated muscle cells, maintaining proteome integrity is a challenging task. These cells require hundreds of components that must be properly synthesized, folded, and incorporated into the basic contractile unit, the sarcomere. Muscle protein quality control in cells is mainly guaranteed by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the lysosome-autophagy system, and various molecular chaperones. Recent studies establish the concept of dedicated UPS in the regulation of sarcomere assembly during development and in adult life to maintain the intricate and interwoven organization of protein complexes in muscle. Failure of sarcomere protein quality control often represents the basis of severe myopathies and cardiomyopathies in human, further highlighting its importance in producing and maintaining the contractile machinery of muscle cells in shape.
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428
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Ben-Arye T, Levenberg S. Tissue Engineering for Clean Meat Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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429
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Hou L, Zhu L, Li H, Jiang F, Cao L, Hu CY, Wang C. MiR-501-3p Forms a Feedback Loop with FOS, MDFI, and MyoD to Regulate C2C12 Myogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060573. [PMID: 31212688 PMCID: PMC6627719 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays an essential role in maintaining body energy homeostasis and body flexibility. Loss of muscle mass leads to slower wound healing and recovery from illness, physical disability, poor quality of life, and higher health care costs. So, it is critical for us to understand the mechanism of skeletal muscle myogenic differentiation for maintaining optimal health throughout life. miR-501-3p is a novel muscle-specific miRNA, and its regulation mechanism on myoblast myogenic differentiation is still not clear. We demonstrated that FOS was a direct target gene of miR-501-3p, and MyoD regulated miR-501-3p host gene Clcn5 through bioinformatics prediction. Our previous laboratory experiment found that MDFI overexpression promoted C2C12 myogenic differentiation and MyoD expression. The database also showed there is an FOS binding site in the MDFI promoter region. Therefore, we hypothesize that miR-501-3p formed a feedback loop with FOS, MDFI, and MyoD to regulate myoblast differentiation. To validate our hypothesis, we demonstrated miR-501-3p function in the proliferation and differentiation period of C2C12 cells by transfecting cells with miR-501-3p mimic and inhibitor. Then, we confirmed there is a direct regulatory relationship between miR-501-3p and FOS, MyoD and miR-501-3p, FOS and MDFI through QPCR, dual-luciferase reporter system, and ChIP experiments. Our results not only expand our understanding of the muscle myogenic development mechanism in which miRNA and genes participate in controlling skeletal muscle development, but also provide treatment strategies for skeletal muscle or metabolic-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Linhui Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huaqin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fangyi Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lingbo Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ching Yuan Hu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Chong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
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430
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Reinhardt R, Gullotta F, Nusspaumer G, Ünal E, Ivanek R, Zuniga A, Zeller R. Molecular signatures identify immature mesenchymal progenitors in early mouse limb buds that respond differentially to morphogen signaling. Development 2019; 146:dev.173328. [PMID: 31076486 PMCID: PMC6550019 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The key molecular interactions governing vertebrate limb bud development are a paradigm for studying the mechanisms controlling progenitor cell proliferation and specification during vertebrate organogenesis. However, little is known about the cellular heterogeneity of the mesenchymal progenitors in early limb buds that ultimately contribute to the chondrogenic condensations prefiguring the skeleton. We combined flow cytometric and transcriptome analyses to identify the molecular signatures of several distinct mesenchymal progenitor cell populations present in early mouse forelimb buds. In particular, jagged 1 (JAG1)-positive cells located in the posterior-distal mesenchyme were identified as the most immature limb bud mesenchymal progenitors (LMPs), which crucially depend on SHH and FGF signaling in culture. The analysis of gremlin 1 (Grem1)-deficient forelimb buds showed that JAG1-expressing LMPs are protected from apoptosis by GREM1-mediated BMP antagonism. At the same stage, the osteo-chondrogenic progenitors (OCPs) located in the core mesenchyme are already actively responding to BMP signaling. This analysis sheds light on the cellular heterogeneity of the early mouse limb bud mesenchyme and on the distinct response of LMPs and OCPs to morphogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Reinhardt
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Gullotta
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gretel Nusspaumer
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Development and Evolution, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Erkan Ünal
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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431
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Komatsu Y, Takeuchi D, Tokunaga T, Sakurai H, Makino A, Honda T, Ikeda Y, Tomonaga K. RNA Virus-Based Episomal Vector with a Fail-Safe Switch Facilitating Efficient Genetic Modification and Differentiation of iPSCs. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:47-55. [PMID: 31309127 PMCID: PMC6606997 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A gene delivery system that allows efficient and safe stem cell modification is critical for next-generation stem cell therapies. An RNA virus-based episomal vector (REVec) is a gene transfer system developed based on Borna disease virus (BoDV), which facilitates persistent intranuclear RNA transgene delivery without integrating into the host genome. In this study, we analyzed susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from different somatic cell sources to REVec, along with commonly used viral vectors, and demonstrated highly efficient REVec transduction of iPSCs. Using REVec encoding myogenic transcription factor MyoD1, we further demonstrated potential application of the REVec system for inducing differentiation of iPSCs into skeletal muscle cells. Of note, treatment with a small molecule, T-705, completely eliminated REVec in persistently transduced cells. Thus, the REVec system offers a versatile toolbox for stable, integration-free iPSC modification and trans-differentiation, with a unique switch-off mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Komatsu
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Dan Takeuchi
- Section of Bacterial Drug Resistance Research, Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tokunaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakurai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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432
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Della Gaspera B, Mateus A, Andéol Y, Weill L, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. Lineage tracing of sclerotome cells in amphibian reveals that multipotent somitic cells originate from lateral somitic frontier. Dev Biol 2019; 453:11-18. [PMID: 31128088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The two somite compartments, dorso-lateral dermomyotome and medio-ventral sclerotome are major vertebrate novelties, but little is known about their evolutionary origin. We determined that sclerotome cells in Xenopus come from lateral somitic frontier (LSF) by lineage tracing, ablation experiments and histological analysis. We identified Twist1 as marker of migrating sclerotome progenitors in two amphibians, Xenopus and axolotl. From these results, three conclusions can be drawn. First, LSF is made up of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) since LSF gives rise to sclerotome but also to dermomytome as already shown in Xenopus. Second, the basic scheme of somite compartmentalization is conserved from cephalochordates to anamniotes since in both cases, lateral cells envelop dorsally and ventrally the ancestral myotome, suggesting that lateral MSCs should already exist in cephalochordates. Third, the transition from anamniote to amniote vertebrates is characterized by extension of the MSCs domain to the entire somite at the expense of ancestral myotome since amniote somite is a naive tissue that subdivides into sclerotome and dermomyotome. Like neural crest pluripotent cells, MSCs are at the origin of major vertebrate novelties, namely hypaxial region of the somite, dermomyotome and sclerotome compartments. Hence, change in MSCs properties and location is involved in somite evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Della Gaspera
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - Alice Mateus
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Yannick Andéol
- Equipe UR6, Enzymologie de l'ARN, Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 9 quai St Bernard, 75251, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laure Weill
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Frédéric Charbonnier
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Christophe Chanoine
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
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433
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Vajanthri KY, Sidu RK, Poddar S, Singh AK, Mahto SK. Combined substrate micropatterning and FFT analysis reveals myotube size control and alignment by contact guidance. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:269-285. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Yellappa Vajanthri
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sidu
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Suruchi Poddar
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- School of Biochemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi Uttar Pradesh India
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434
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Smad7:β-catenin complex regulates myogenic gene transcription. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:387. [PMID: 31097718 PMCID: PMC6522533 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that Smad7 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and growth. We previously documented a non-canonical role of nuclear Smad7 during myogenesis, independent of its role in TGF-β signaling. Here further characterization of the myogenic function of Smad7 revealed β-catenin as a Smad7 interacting protein. Biochemical analysis identified a Smad7 interaction domain (SID) between aa575 and aa683 of β-catenin. Reporter gene analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that Smad7 and β-catenin are cooperatively recruited to the extensively characterized ckm promoter proximal region to facilitate its muscle restricted transcriptional activation in myogenic cells. Depletion of endogenous Smad7 and β-catenin in muscle cells reduced ckm promoter activity indicating their role during myogenesis. Deletion of the β-catenin SID substantially reduced the effect of Smad7 on the ckm promoter and exogenous expression of SID abolished β-catenin function, indicating that SID functions as a trans dominant-negative regulator of β-catenin activity. β-catenin interaction with the Mediator kinase complex through its Med12 subunit led us to identify MED13 as an additional Smad7-binding partner. Collectively, these studies document a novel function of a Smad7-MED12/13-β-catenin complex at the ckm locus, indicating a key role of this complex in the program of myogenic gene expression underlying skeletal muscle development and regeneration.
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435
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Breuls N, Giacomazzi G, Sampaolesi M. (Epi)genetic Modifications in Myogenic Stem Cells: From Novel Insights to Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050429. [PMID: 31075875 PMCID: PMC6562881 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is considered to be an ideal target for stem cell therapy as it has an inherent regenerative capacity. Upon injury, the satellite cells, muscle stem cells that reside under the basal lamina of the myofibres, start to differentiate in order to reconstitute the myofibres while maintaining the initial stem cell pool. In recent years, it has become more and more evident that epigenetic mechanisms such as histon modifications, DNA methylations and microRNA modulations play a pivatol role in this differentiation process. By understanding the mechanisms behind myogenesis, researchers are able to use this knowledge to enhance the differentiation and engraftment potential of different muscle stem cells. Besides manipulation on an epigenetic level, recent advances in the field of genome-engineering allow site-specific modifications in the genome of these stem cells. Combining epigenetic control of the stem cell fate with the ability to site-specifically correct mutations or add genes for further cell control, can increase the use of stem cells as treatment of muscular dystrophies drastically. In this review, we will discuss the advances that have been made in genome-engineering and the epigenetic regulation of muscle stem cells and how this knowledge can help to get stem cell therapy to its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Breuls
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, 3000 KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Giorgia Giacomazzi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, 3000 KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, 3000 KU Leuven, Belgium.
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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436
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Li B, Yao Y, Jiang A, Wei W, Liu H, Wu W. Identification of a novel miR-206-Notch3 pathway regulating mouse myoblasts proliferation. Gene 2019; 695:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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437
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Contreras O, Rossi FM, Brandan E. Adherent muscle connective tissue fibroblasts are phenotypically and biochemically equivalent to stromal fibro/adipogenic progenitors. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 2:100006. [PMID: 33543006 PMCID: PMC7852197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) gives structure, support, and is the niche for several cells found in skeletal muscle. ECM is mainly produced by muscle connective tissue (CT) fibroblasts during development and regeneration. Stromal fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are CT fibroblasts-like mesenchymal progenitors (MPs) with important roles in regeneration and degeneration. Chronic damage restrains the normal regenerative behavior of muscle fibroblasts/FAPs. Thus, the isolation and study of these mesenchymal progenitors are of crucial importance for understanding their behavior and biology. We investigated whether adult muscle CT fibroblasts (hereafter referred to as adherent fibroblasts [aFbs]) cultured via pre-plating strategy belong to a heterogeneous population of FAPs. By combining microscopy, western blot analyses, flow cytometry, and FACS we determined that aFbs isolated from skeletal muscle largely overlap with FAPs. In addition, we used the PDGFRαEGFP mice in order to corroborate our results with EGFP+ FAPs. Moreover, our strategy allows the isolation of activated EGFP+ FAPs from the murine DMD model PDGFRαEGFP; mdx and PDGFRαEGFP denervated mice. Here we report that 1 h 30 min of pre-plating strategy allows the isolation and culture of a highly enriched population of aFbs. These cells are phenotypically and biochemically a FAPs-like population of adherent cells. In addition, aFbs respond in the same fashion as FAPs to Nilotinib, an inducer of FAPs apoptosis. Moreover, flow cytometry characterization of these aFbs suggests that 85% of them express the MP marker PDGFRα, and isolation of aFbs from the PDGFRαEGFP mice suggests that 75% of them show high EGFP expression. Furthermore, TGF-β1 induces aFbs proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and ECM production. We were also able to isolate activated aFbs from skeletal muscle of the DMD mice and from the PDGFRαEGFP mice 2-days after denervation. Our findings suggest that the in vitro pre-plating strategy allows the isolation and culture of a relatively pure aFbs population, which resembles FAPs in vitro. We are focused in the study of the mesenchymal progenitors in skeletal muscle. We study whether muscle CT fibroblasts are similar to fibro/adipogenic progenitors. Here we report a pre-plating strategy for the isolation and culture of an enriched population of FAPs-like adherent cells. Adherent fibroblasts respond in the same fashion to TGF-β signaling and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Nilotinib as FAPs. In vitro pre-plating strategy allows the isolation and culture of CT fibroblasts, which resembles FAPs in vitro.
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Key Words
- Adherent Fibroblasts, aFbs
- Connective tissue, CT
- Extracellular matrix, ECM
- FAPs
- Fibroadipogenic progenitors, FAPs
- Fibrosis
- Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS
- Mesenchymal Progenitors, MPs
- Mesenchymal progenitors
- Muscle stem cells, MuSCs
- PDGFRα
- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, PDGFRα
- Skeletal muscle
- TGF-β signaling
- Transcription factor, TF
- Transforming growth factor type-beta, (TGF-β)
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Contreras
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular and Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-ChileUC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fabio M Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular and Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-ChileUC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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438
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Kim T, Ahmad K, Shaikh S, Jan AT, Seo MG, Lee EJ, Choi I. Dermatopontin in Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix Regulates Myogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040332. [PMID: 30970625 PMCID: PMC6523808 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatopontin (DPT) is an extensively distributed non-collagenous component of the extracellular matrix predominantly found in the dermis of the skin, and consequently expressed in several tissues. In this study, we explored the role of DPT in myogenesis and perceived that it enhances the cell adhesion, reduces the cell proliferation and promotes the myoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells. Our results reveal an inhibitory effect with fibronectin (FN) in myoblast differentiation. We also observed that DPT and fibromodulin (FMOD) regulate positively to each other and promote myogenic differentiation. We further predicted the 3D structure of DPT, which is as yet unknown, and validated it using state-of-the-art in silico tools. Furthermore, we explored the in-silico protein-protein interaction between DPT-FMOD, DPT-FN, and FMOD-FN, and perceived that the interaction between FMOD-FN is more robust than DPT-FMOD and DPT-FN. Taken together, our findings have determined the role of DPT at different stages of the myogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185236, India.
| | - Myung-Gi Seo
- Department of Veterinary Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
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439
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Das A, Das A, Das D, Abdelmohsen K, Panda AC. Circular RNAs in myogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1863:194372. [PMID: 30946990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have an immense ability to regenerate from the muscle stem cells called satellite cells. The process of skeletal muscle regeneration is called myogenesis, which starts with activation of quiescent satellite cells immediately after muscle injury followed by proliferation and fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. Myogenesis is orchestrated through the expression of a specific set of genes which, at each step regulated by complex gene regulatory networks. Besides the well-established roles of transcription factors, increasing evidence demonstrated that circular (circ)RNAs modulate gene expression during myogenesis and are involved in muscle-related diseases. Here we review the recent findings of circRNAs involved in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Das
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debojyoti Das
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amaresh C Panda
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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440
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Study of the Chronology of Expression of Ten Extracellular Matrix Molecules during the Myogenesis in Cattle to Better Understand Sensory Properties of Meat. Foods 2019; 8:foods8030097. [PMID: 30871212 PMCID: PMC6462999 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory properties of beef are known to depend on muscle fiber and intramuscular connective tissue composition (IMCT). IMCT is composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The differentiation of muscle fibers has been extensively studied but there is scarcity in the data concerning IMCT differentiation. In order to be able to control muscle differentiation to improve beef quality, it is essential to understand the ontogenesis of IMCT molecules. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the chronology of appearance of 10 IMCT molecules in bovine Semitendinosus muscle using immunohistology technique at five key stages of myogenesis. Since 60 days post-conception (dpc), the whole molecules were present, but did not have their final location. It seems that they reach it at around 210 dpc. Then, the findings emphasized that since 210 dpc, the stage at which the differentiation of muscle fibers is almost complete, the differentiation of IMCT is almost completed. These data suggested that for the best controlling of the muscular differentiation to improve beef sensory quality, it would be necessary to intervene very early (before the IMCT constituents have acquired their definitive localization and the muscle fibers have finished differentiating), i.e., at the beginning of the first third of gestation.
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441
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Bosch PJ, Fuller LC, Weiner JA. A critical role for the nuclear protein Akirin2 in the formation of mammalian muscle in vivo. Genesis 2019; 57:e23286. [PMID: 30801883 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved Akirin nuclear proteins interact with chromatin remodeling complexes at gene enhancers and promoters, and have been reported to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Of the two mouse Akirin genes, Akirin2 is essential during embryonic development, with known in vivo roles in immune system function and the formation of the cerebral cortex. Here we demonstrate that Akirin2 is critical for mouse myogenesis, a tightly regulated developmental process through which myoblast precursors fuse to form mature skeletal muscle fibers. Loss of Akirin2 in somitic muscle precursor cells via Sim1-Cre-mediated excision of a conditional Akirin2 allele results in neonatal lethality. Mutant embryos exhibit a complete lack of forelimb, intercostal, and diaphragm muscles due to extensive apoptosis and loss of Pax3-positive myoblasts. Severe skeletal defects, including craniofacial abnormalities, disrupted ossification, and rib fusions are also observed, attributable to lack of skeletal muscles as well as patchy Sim1-Cre activity in the embryonic sclerotome. We further show that Akirin2 levels are tightly regulated during muscle cell differentiation in vitro, and that Akirin2 is required for the proper expression of muscle differentiation factors myogenin and myosin heavy chain. Our results implicate Akirin2 as a major regulator of mammalian muscle formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bosch
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Leah C Fuller
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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442
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Kim SH, Yi SJ, Lee H, Kim JH, Oh MJ, Song EJ, Kim K, Jhun BH. β 2-Adrenergic receptor (β 2-AR) agonist formoterol suppresses differentiation of L6 myogenic cells by blocking PI3K-AKT pathway. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:18-25. [PMID: 30834155 PMCID: PMC6394304 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1561516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-Adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) is implicated in muscle metabolic activities such as glycogen metabolism, glucose uptake, lipolysis and muscle growth. However, the functional role of β2-AR in the differentiation of skeletal muscle is largely unknown. Here, we examined the functional role of β2-AR in L6 myoblast differentiation using the long-term-acting β2-AR-specific agonist formoterol. We observed that formoterol treatment strongly suppressed L6 myoblast differentiation and the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Showing that both long-acting agonist (formoterol) and short-acting agonist (terbutaline) inhibited the induction of MHC protein, whereas β2-AR antagonist (ICI-118,551) upregulated MHC expression, we clearly demonstrated that β2-AR is involved in L6 myoblast differentiation. Furthermore, our pharmacological inhibition study revealed that the PI3K–AKT pathway is the main signaling pathway for myotube formation. Formoterol inhibited the activation of PI3K–AKT signaling, but not that of ERK signaling. Moreover, formoterol selectively inhibited AKT activation by IGF-I, but not by insulin. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously undocumented role of β2-AR activation in modulating the differentiation of L6 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Oh
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung H Jhun
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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443
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Isolation and characterization of myogenic precursor cells from human cremaster muscle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3454. [PMID: 30837559 PMCID: PMC6401155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human myogenic precursor cells have been isolated and expanded from a number of skeletal muscles, but alternative donor biopsy sites must be sought after in diseases where muscle damage is widespread. Biopsy sites must be relatively accessible, and the biopsied muscle dispensable. Here, we aimed to histologically characterize the cremaster muscle with regard number of satellite cells and regenerative fibres, and to isolate and characterize human cremaster muscle-derived stem/precursor cells in adult male donors with the objective of characterizing this muscle as a novel source of myogenic precursor cells. Cremaster muscle biopsies (or adjacent non-muscle tissue for negative controls; N = 19) were taken from male patients undergoing routine surgery for urogenital pathology. Myosphere cultures were derived and tested for their in vitro and in vivo myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration capacities. Cremaster-derived myogenic precursor cells were maintained by myosphere culture and efficiently differentiated to myotubes in adhesion culture. Upon transplantation to an immunocompromised mouse model of cardiotoxin-induced acute muscle damage, human cremaster-derived myogenic precursor cells survived to the transplants and contributed to muscle regeneration. These precursors are a good candidate for cell therapy approaches of skeletal muscle. Due to their location and developmental origin, we propose that they might be best suited for regeneration of the rhabdosphincter in patients undergoing stress urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy.
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444
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Banerjee A, Phillips BL, Deng Q, Seyfried NT, Pavlath GK, Vest KE, Corbett AH. Proteomic analysis reveals that wildtype and alanine-expanded nuclear poly(A)-binding protein exhibit differential interactions in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7360-7376. [PMID: 30837270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset, primarily autosomal dominant disease caused by a short GCN expansion in the PABPN1 (polyadenylate-binding protein nuclear 1) gene that results in an alanine expansion at the N terminus of the PABPN1 protein. Expression of alanine-expanded PABPN1 is linked to the formation of nuclear aggregates in tissues from individuals with OPMD. However, as with other nuclear aggregate-associated diseases, controversy exists over whether these aggregates are the direct cause of pathology. An emerging hypothesis is that a loss of PABPN1 function and/or aberrant protein interactions contribute to pathology in OPMD. Here, we present the first global proteomic analysis of the protein interactions of WT and alanine-expanded PABPN1 in skeletal muscle tissue. These data provide both insight into the function of PABPN1 in muscle and evidence that the alanine expansion alters the protein-protein interactions of PABPN1. We extended this analysis to demonstrate altered complex formation with and loss of function of TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43), which we show interacts with alanine-expanded but not WT PABPN1. The results from our study support a model where altered protein interactions with alanine-expanded PABPN1 that lead to loss or gain of function could contribute to pathology in OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany L Phillips
- From the Department of Biology and.,the Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Quidong Deng
- the Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and
| | | | - Grace K Pavlath
- the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Katherine E Vest
- the Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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445
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Nakayama KH, Shayan M, Huang NF. Engineering Biomimetic Materials for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801168. [PMID: 30725530 PMCID: PMC6589032 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is highly regenerative following injury or disease, endogenous self-regeneration is severely impaired in conditions of volume traumatic muscle loss. Consequently, tissue engineering approaches are a promising means to regenerate skeletal muscle. Biological scaffolds serve as not only structural support for the promotion of cellular ingrowth but also impart potent modulatory signaling cues that may be beneficial for tissue regeneration. In this work, the progress of tissue engineering approaches for skeletal muscle engineering and regeneration is overviewed, with a focus on the techniques to create biomimetic engineered tissue using extracellular cues. These factors include mechanical and electrical stimulation, geometric patterning, and delivery of growth factors or other bioactive molecules. The progress of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches in preclinical models of muscle injury is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H Nakayama
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mahdis Shayan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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446
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Heikkinen A, Härönen H, Norman O, Pihlajaniemi T. Collagen XIII and Other ECM Components in the Assembly and Disease of the Neuromuscular Junction. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1653-1663. [PMID: 30768864 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alongside playing structural roles, the extracellular matrix (ECM) acts as an interaction platform for cellular homeostasis, organ development, and maintenance. The necessity of the ECM is highlighted by the diverse, sometimes very serious diseases that stem from defects in its components. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a large peripheral motor synapse differing from its central counterparts through the ECM included at the synaptic cleft. Such synaptic basal lamina (BL) is specialized to support NMJ establishment, differentiation, maturation, stabilization, and function and diverges in molecular composition from the extrasynaptic ECM. Mutations, toxins, and autoantibodies may compromise NMJ integrity and function, thereby leading to congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs), poisoning, and autoimmune diseases, respectively, and all these conditions may involve synaptic ECM molecules. With neurotransmission degraded or blocked, muscle function is impaired or even prevented. At worst, this can be fatal. The article reviews the synaptic BL composition required for assembly and function of the NMJ molecular machinery through the lens of studies primarily with mouse models but also with human patients. In-depth focus is given to collagen XIII, a postsynaptic-membrane-spanning but also shed ECM protein that in recent years has been revealed to be a significant component for the NMJ. Its deficiency in humans causes CMS, and autoantibodies against it have been recognized in autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Mouse models have exposed numerous details that appear to recapitulate human NMJ phenotypes relatively faithfully and thereby can be readily used to generate information necessary for understanding and ultimately treating human diseases. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Heikkinen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Härönen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Oula Norman
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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447
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Seo JY, Kim JH, Kong YY. Unraveling the Paradoxical Action of Androgens on Muscle Stem Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:97-103. [PMID: 30759971 PMCID: PMC6399011 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens act in almost all tissues throughout the lifetime and have important roles in skeletal muscles. The levels of androgens increase during puberty and remain sustained at high levels in adulthood. Because androgens have an anabolic effect on skeletal muscles and muscle stem cells, these increased levels of androgens after puberty should lead to spontaneous muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia in adulthood. However, the maintenance of muscle volume, myonuclei number per myofiber, and quiescent state of satellite cells in adulthood despite the high levels of androgens produces paradoxical outcomes. Our recent study revealed that the physiological increase of androgens at puberty initiates the transition of muscle stem cells from proliferation to quiescence by the androgen-Mindbomb1-Notch signaling axis. This newly discovered androgen action on skeletal muscles underscores the physiological importance of androgens on muscle homeostasis throughout life. This review will provide an overview of the new androgen action on skeletal muscles and discuss the paradoxical effects of androgens suggested in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Seo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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448
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449
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Si Y, Wen H, Du S. Genetic Mutations in jamb, jamc, and myomaker Revealed Different Roles on Myoblast Fusion and Muscle Growth. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:111-123. [PMID: 30467785 PMCID: PMC6467518 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is a vital step for skeletal muscle development, growth, and regeneration. Loss of Jamb, Jamc, or Myomaker (Mymk) function impaired myoblast fusion in zebrafish embryos. In addition, mymk mutation hampered fish muscle growth. However, the effect of Jamb and Jamc deficiency on fish muscle growth is not clear. Moreover, whether jamb;jamc and jamb;mymk double mutations have stronger effects on myoblast fusion and muscle growth remains to be investigated. Here, we characterized the muscle development and growth in jamb, jamc, and mymk single and double mutants in zebrafish. We found that although myoblast fusion was compromised in jamb and jamc single or jamb;jamc double mutants, these mutant fish showed no defect in muscle cell fusion during muscle growth. The mutant fish were able to grow into adults that were indistinguishable from the wild-type sibling. In contrast, the jamb;mymk double mutants exhibited a stronger muscle phenotype compared to the jamb and jamc single and double mutants. The jamb;mymk double mutant showed reduced growth and partial lethality, similar to a mymk single mutant. Single fiber analysis of adult skeletal myofibers revealed that jamb, jamc, or jamb;jamc mutants contained mainly multinucleated myofibers, whereas jamb;mymk double mutants contained mostly mononucleated fibers. Significant intramuscular adipocyte infiltration was found in skeletal muscles of the jamb;mymk mutant. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that although Jamb, Jamc, and Mymk are all involved in myoblast fusion during early myogenesis, they have distinct roles in myoblast fusion during muscle growth. While Mymk is essential for myoblast fusion during both muscle development and growth, Jamb and Jamc are dispensable for myoblast fusion during muscle growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Cell Communication
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Fusion
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/deficiency
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/deficiency
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Mutation
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/deficiency
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Si
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haishen Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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Loss of SMYD1 Results in Perinatal Lethality via Selective Defects within Myotonic Muscle Descendants. Diseases 2018; 7:diseases7010001. [PMID: 30577454 PMCID: PMC6473627 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND Domain 1 (SMYD1) is a cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific, histone methyl transferase that is critical for both embryonic and adult heart development and function in both mice and men. We report here that skeletal muscle-specific, myogenin (myoG)-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (CKO) of Smyd1 results in perinatal death. As early as embryonic day 12.5, Smyd1 CKOs exhibit multiple skeletal muscle defects in proliferation, morphology, and gene expression. However, all myotonic descendants are not afflicted equally. Trunk muscles are virtually ablated with excessive accumulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), forelimb muscles are disorganized and improperly differentiated, but other muscles, such as the masseter, are normal. While expression of major myogenic regulators went unscathed, adaptive and innate immune transcription factors critical for BAT development/physiology were downregulated. Whereas classical mitochondrial BAT accumulation went unscathed following loss of SMYD1, key transcription factors, including PRDM16, UCP-1, and CIDE-a that control skeletal muscle vs. adipose fate, were downregulated. Finally, in rare adults that survive perinatal lethality, SMYD1 controls specification of some, but not all, skeletal muscle fiber-types.
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