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Snow NJ, Landine J, Chaves AR, Ploughman M. Age and asymmetry of corticospinal excitability, but not cardiorespiratory fitness, predict cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:131-142. [PMID: 37577407 PMCID: PMC10412844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment is a disabling and underestimated consequence of multiple sclerosis (MS), with multiple determinants that are poorly understood. Objectives We explored predictors of MS-related processing speed impairment (PSI) and age-related mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and hypothesized that cardiorespiratory fitness and corticospinal excitability would predict these impairments. Methods We screened 73 adults with MS (53 females; median [range]: Age 48 [21-70] years, EDSS 2.0 [0.0-6.5]) for PSI and MCI using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Montréal Cognitive Assessment, respectively. We identified six persons with PSI (No PSI, n = 67) and 13 with MCI (No MCI, n = 60). We obtained clinical data from medical records and self-reports; used transcranial magnetic stimulation to test corticospinal excitability; and assessed cardiorespiratory fitness using a graded maximal exercise test. We used receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to discern predictors of PSI and MCI. Results Interhemispheric asymmetry of corticospinal excitability was specific for PSI, while age was both sensitive and specific for MCI. MS-related PSI was also associated with statin prescriptions, while age-related MCI was related to progressive MS and GABA agonist prescriptions. Cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with neither PSI nor MCI. Discussion Corticospinal excitability is a potential marker of neurodegeneration in MS-related PSI, independent of age-related effects on global cognitive function. Age is a key predictor of mild global cognitive impairment. Cardiorespiratory fitness did not predict cognitive impairments in this clinic-based sample of persons with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Snow
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Josef Landine
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Arthur R. Chaves
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Vucic S, Stanley Chen KH, Kiernan MC, Hallett M, Benninger DH, Di Lazzaro V, Rossini PM, Benussi A, Berardelli A, Currà A, Krieg SM, Lefaucheur JP, Long Lo Y, Macdonell RA, Massimini M, Rosanova M, Picht T, Stinear CM, Paulus W, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U, Chen R. Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 150:131-175. [PMID: 37068329 PMCID: PMC10192339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119(3):504-32) on clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neurological diseases. Most TMS measures rely on stimulation of motor cortex and recording of motor evoked potentials. Paired-pulse TMS techniques, incorporating conventional amplitude-based and threshold tracking, have established clinical utility in neurodegenerative, movement, episodic (epilepsy, migraines), chronic pain and functional diseases. Cortical hyperexcitability has emerged as a diagnostic aid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Single-pulse TMS measures are of utility in stroke, and myelopathy even in the absence of radiological changes. Short-latency afferent inhibition, related to central cholinergic transmission, is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. The triple stimulation technique (TST) may enhance diagnostic utility of conventional TMS measures to detect upper motor neuron involvement. The recording of motor evoked potentials can be used to perform functional mapping of the motor cortex or in preoperative assessment of eloquent brain regions before surgical resection of brain tumors. TMS exhibits utility in assessing lumbosacral/cervical nerve root function, especially in demyelinating neuropathies, and may be of utility in localizing the site of facial nerve palsies. TMS measures also have high sensitivity in detecting subclinical corticospinal lesions in multiple sclerosis. Abnormalities in central motor conduction time or TST correlate with motor impairment and disability in MS. Cerebellar stimulation may detect lesions in the cerebellum or cerebello-dentato-thalamo-motor cortical pathways. Combining TMS with electroencephalography, provides a novel method to measure parameters altered in neurological disorders, including cortical excitability, effective connectivity, and response complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Vucic
- Brain, Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney; and Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David H Benninger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Department of Neurosci & Neurorehab IRCCS San Raffaele-Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Alfredo Fiorini Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Terracina, LT, Italy
| | - Sandro M Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, Créteil, France; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Yew Long Lo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Marcello Massimini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Picht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Cluster of Excellence: "Matters of Activity. Image Space Material," Humboldt University, Berlin Simulation and Training Center (BeST), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathy M Stinear
- Department of Medicine Waipapa Taumata Rau, University of Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Chen
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology-University of Toronto, Toronto Canada
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3
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TMS Does Not Increase BOLD Activity at the Site of Stimulation: A Review of All Concurrent TMS-fMRI Studies. eNeuro 2022; 9:9/4/ENEURO.0163-22.2022. [PMID: 35981879 PMCID: PMC9410768 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0163-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used for understanding brain function in neurologically intact subjects and for the treatment of various disorders. However, the precise neurophysiological effects of TMS at the site of stimulation remain poorly understood. The local effects of TMS can be studied using concurrent TMS-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a technique where TMS is delivered during fMRI scanning. However, although concurrent TMS-fMRI was developed over 20 years ago and dozens of studies have used this technique, there is still no consensus on whether TMS increases blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity at the site of stimulation. To address this question, here we review all previous concurrent TMS-fMRI studies that reported analyses of BOLD activity at the target location. We find evidence that TMS increases local BOLD activity when stimulating the primary motor (M1) and visual (V1) cortices but that these effects are likely driven by the downstream consequences of TMS (finger twitches and phosphenes). However, TMS does not appear to increase BOLD activity at the site of stimulation for areas outside of the M1 and V1 when conducted at rest. We examine the possible reasons for such lack of BOLD signal increase based on recent work in nonhuman animals. We argue that the current evidence points to TMS inducing periods of increased and decreased neuronal firing that mostly cancel each other out and therefore lead to no change in the overall BOLD signal.
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Mizutani-Tiebel Y, Tik M, Chang KY, Padberg F, Soldini A, Wilkinson Z, Voon CC, Bulubas L, Windischberger C, Keeser D. Concurrent TMS-fMRI: Technical Challenges, Developments, and Overview of Previous Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:825205. [PMID: 35530029 PMCID: PMC9069063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising treatment modality for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) is widely used for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as depression, motor stroke, and neuropathic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms of rTMS-mediated neuronal modulation are not fully understood. In this respect, concurrent or simultaneous TMS-fMRI, in which TMS is applied during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is a viable tool to gain insights, as it enables an investigation of the immediate effects of TMS. Concurrent application of TMS during neuroimaging usually causes severe artifacts due to magnetic field inhomogeneities induced by TMS. However, by carefully interleaving the TMS pulses with MR signal acquisition in the way that these are far enough apart, we can avoid any image distortions. While the very first feasibility studies date back to the 1990s, recent developments in coil hardware and acquisition techniques have boosted the number of TMS-fMRI applications. As such, a concurrent application requires expertise in both TMS and MRI mechanisms and sequencing, and the hurdle of initial technical set up and maintenance remains high. This review gives a comprehensive overview of concurrent TMS-fMRI techniques by collecting (1) basic information, (2) technical challenges and developments, (3) an overview of findings reported so far using concurrent TMS-fMRI, and (4) current limitations and our suggestions for improvement. By sharing this review, we hope to attract the interest of researchers from various backgrounds and create an educational knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Tik
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai-Yen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Soldini
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Zane Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Cui Ci Voon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Windischberger
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Neuroimaging Core Unit Munich - NICUM, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
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5
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Baliga SP, Mehta UM. A Review of Studies Leveraging Multimodal TMS-fMRI Applications in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:662976. [PMID: 34421559 PMCID: PMC8372850 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.662976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review provides an overview of the existing literature on multimodal transcranial magnetic stimulation, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (TMS/fMRI) studies in individuals with schizophrenia and discusses potential future avenues related to the same. Multimodal studies investigating pathophysiology have explored the role of abnormal thalamic reactivity and have provided further evidence supporting the hypothesis of schizophrenia as a disorder of aberrant connectivity and cortical plasticity. Among studies examining treatment, low-frequency rTMS for the management of persistent auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) was the most studied. While multimodal TMS/fMRI studies have provided evidence of involvement of local speech-related and distal networks on stimulation of the left temporoparietal cortex, current evidence does not suggest the superiority of fMRI based neuronavigation over conventional methods or of active rTMS over sham for treatment of AVH. Apart from these, preliminary findings suggest a role of rTMS in treating deficits in neurocognition, social cognition, and self-agency. However, most of these studies have only examined medication-resistant symptoms and have methodological concerns arising from small sample sizes and short treatment protocols. That being said, combining TMS with fMRI appears to be a promising approach toward elucidating the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and could also open up a possibility toward developing personalized treatment for its persistent and debilitating symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Pradeep Baliga
- Department of Psychiatry, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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6
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Bergmann TO, Varatheeswaran R, Hanlon CA, Madsen KH, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Concurrent TMS-fMRI for causal network perturbation and proof of target engagement. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118093. [PMID: 33940146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental manipulation of neural activity by neurostimulation techniques overcomes the inherent limitations of correlative recordings, enabling the researcher to investigate causal brain-behavior relationships. But only when stimulation and recordings are combined, the direct impact of the stimulation on neural activity can be evaluated. In humans, this can be achieved non-invasively through the concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Concurrent TMS-fMRI allows the assessment of the neurovascular responses evoked by TMS with excellent spatial resolution and full-brain coverage. This enables the functional mapping of both local and remote network effects of TMS in cortical as well as deep subcortical structures, offering unique opportunities for basic research and clinical applications. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to this powerful tool. We will introduce the technical challenges and state-of-the art solutions and provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature and the available experimental approaches. We will highlight the unique insights that can be gained from concurrent TMS-fMRI, including the state-dependent assessment of neural responsiveness and inter-regional effective connectivity, the demonstration of functional target engagement, and the systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters. We will also discuss how concurrent TMS-fMRI during a behavioral task can help to link behavioral TMS effects to changes in neural network activity and to identify peripheral co-stimulation confounds. Finally, we will review the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI for developing TMS treatments of psychiatric and neurological disorders and suggest future improvements for further advancing the application of concurrent TMS-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Til Ole Bergmann
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rathiga Varatheeswaran
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7-9, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kristoffer H Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 København NV, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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7
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Zhang Y, Geyfman A, Coffman B, Gill K, Ferrarelli F. Distinct alterations in resting-state electroencephalogram during eyes closed and eyes open and between morning and evening are present in first-episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:36-42. [PMID: 33434730 PMCID: PMC7987764 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in resting-state electroencephalogram (rs-EEG) activity have been previously reported in schizophrenia. While most rs-EEG recordings were performed in patients with chronic schizophrenia during eyes closed (EC), only a handful of studies have investigated rs-EEG activity during both EC and eyes open (EO) conditions. It is also unknown whether EC and EO rs-EEG alterations are present at illness onset, and whether they change during the day. Here, we performed EC and EO rs-EEG recordings in the morning (AM) and evening (PM) in twenty-six first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and seventeen matched healthy controls (HC). In AM/EC rs-EEG, a widespread reduction was found in low alpha power in FEP relative to HC. In PM/EC, the FEP group demonstrated a trend toward decreased theta power in parietal regions, while decreased high alpha power in frontal and left parietal regions was present during PM/EO. Moreover, reduced low alpha power during AM/EC was associated with worse positive symptoms. Altogether, those findings indicate that rs-EEG alterations are present in FEP patients at illness onset, that they are linked to the severity of their psychosis, and that distinct RS abnormalities can be detected in different conditions of visual alertness and time of the day. Future work should therefore account for those factors, which will help reduce variability of rs-EEG findings across studies and may serve as monitoring biomarkers of illness severity in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alexandra Geyfman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Brian Coffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kathryn Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
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Hur J, Smith JF, DeYoung KA, Anderson AS, Kuang J, Kim HC, Tillman RM, Kuhn M, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Anxiety and the Neurobiology of Temporally Uncertain Threat Anticipation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7949-7964. [PMID: 32958570 PMCID: PMC7548695 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0704-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety-a state of distress and arousal prototypically evoked by uncertain danger-can be debilitating. Uncertain anticipation is a shared feature of situations that elicit signs and symptoms of anxiety across psychiatric disorders, species, and assays. Despite the profound significance of anxiety for human health and wellbeing, the neurobiology of uncertain-threat anticipation remains unsettled. Leveraging a paradigm adapted from animal research and optimized for fMRI signal decomposition, we examined the neural circuits engaged during the anticipation of temporally uncertain and certain threat in 99 men and women. Results revealed that the neural systems recruited by uncertain and certain threat anticipation are anatomically colocalized in frontocortical regions, extended amygdala, and periaqueductal gray. Comparison of the threat conditions demonstrated that this circuitry can be fractionated, with frontocortical regions showing relatively stronger engagement during the anticipation of uncertain threat, and the extended amygdala showing the reverse pattern. Although there is widespread agreement that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and dorsal amygdala-the two major subdivisions of the extended amygdala-play a critical role in orchestrating adaptive responses to potential danger, their precise contributions to human anxiety have remained contentious. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these regions show statistically indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat anticipation. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing anxiety and fear, for understanding the functional neuroanatomy of threat anticipation in humans, and for accelerating the development of more effective intervention strategies for pathological anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Anxiety-an emotion prototypically associated with the anticipation of uncertain harm-has profound significance for public health, yet the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. Leveraging a novel neuroimaging paradigm in a relatively large sample, we identify a core circuit responsive to both uncertain and certain threat anticipation, and show that this circuitry can be fractionated into subdivisions with a bias for one kind of threat or the other. The extended amygdala occupies center stage in neuropsychiatric models of anxiety, but its functional architecture has remained contentious. Here we demonstrate that its major subdivisions show statistically indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat. Collectively, these observations indicate the need to revise how we think about the neurobiology of anxiety and fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Allegra S Anderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Jinyi Kuang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hyung Cho Kim
- Departments of Psychology
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program
| | | | - Manuel Kuhn
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Departments of Psychology
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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9
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Neuromodulation in Schizophrenia: Relevance of Neuroimaging. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-020-00209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This current review summarizes the investigational and therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Fairly consistent findings of an impaired cortical excitation-inhibition balance, cortical plasticity, and motor resonance have been reported in schizophrenia. Cortical connectivity impairments have also been demonstrated in motor and prefrontal brain regions. In terms of treatment, the best support is for 1-Hz TMS to the left temporoparietal cortex for the short-term treatment of persistent auditory hallucinations. High-frequency TMS to the left prefrontal cortex improves negative and cognitive symptoms, but with inconsistent and small effects. TMS combined with diverse brain mapping techniques and clinical evaluation can unravel critical brain-behavior relationships relevant to schizophrenia. These provide critical support to the conceptualization of schizophrenia as a connectopathy with anomalous cortical plasticity. Adaptive modulation of these aberrant brain networks in a neuroscience-informed manner drives short-term therapeutic gains in difficult-to-treat symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Huang AS, Rogers BP, Woodward ND. Disrupted modulation of thalamus activation and thalamocortical connectivity during dual task performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:270-277. [PMID: 30630706 PMCID: PMC6612476 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable evidence showing thalamus anatomy and connectivity abnormalities in schizophrenia, how these abnormalities are reflected in thalamus function during cognition is relatively understudied. Modulation of thalamic connectivity with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is required for higher-order cognitive processes, which are often impaired in schizophrenia. To address this gap, we investigated how thalamus function and thalamus-PFC connectivity under different levels of cognitive demand may be disrupted in schizophrenia. Participants underwent fMRI scanning while performing an event-related two-alternative forced choice task under Single and Dual task conditions. In the Single task condition, participants responded either to a visual cue with a well-learned motor response, or an audio cue with a well-learned vocal response. In the Dual task condition, participants performed both tasks. Thalamic connectivity with task relevant regions of the PFC for each condition was measured using beta-series correlation. Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated less modulation of both mediodorsal thalamus activation and thalamus-PFC connectivity with increased cognitive demand. In contrast, their ability to modulate PFC function during task performance was maintained. These results suggest that the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is associated with thalamus-PFC circuitry and suggests that the thalamus, along with the PFC, should be a focus of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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12
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Kaskie RE, Graziano B, Ferrarelli F. Topographic deficits in sleep spindle density and duration point to frontal thalamo-cortical dysfunctions in first-episode psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 113:39-44. [PMID: 30878791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep spindles are NREM sleep EEG oscillations, which are initiated within the thalamus and are regulated by thalamo-cortical circuits. Previous work from our and other research groups has shown marked spindle deficits in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the presence of spindle impairments at illness onset, including which parameters are most affected, their topographic characteristics, and their relationships with clinical symptoms have yet to be characterized. In this study we performed sleep high density (hd)-EEG recordings in twenty-seven first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and twenty-three healthy controls (HC). Several spindle parameters-amplitude, duration, and density-were calculated and compared across groups. FEP patients showed reduced spindle duration and density, but not in spindle amplitude relative to HC. These spindles reductions were localized in a frontal area and predicted the severity of FEP patients' negative symptoms. Altogether, these findings indicate that spindle deficits are present at the beginning of psychosis, contribute to clinical symptomatology, and point to frontal thalamo-cortical dysfunctions, thus providing a potential treatment target for early interventions in SCZ and related psychotic disorders.
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13
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Targeted neural network interventions for auditory hallucinations: Can TMS inform DBS? Schizophr Res 2018; 195:455-462. [PMID: 28969932 PMCID: PMC8141945 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The debilitating and refractory nature of auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders has stimulated investigations into neuromodulatory interventions that target the aberrant neural networks associated with them. Internal or invasive forms of brain stimulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) are currently being explored for treatment-refractory schizophrenia. The process of developing and implementing DBS is limited by symptom clustering within psychiatric constructs as well as a scarcity of causal tools with which to predict response, refine targeting or guide clinical decisions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), an external or non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has shown some promise as a therapeutic intervention for AH but remains relatively underutilized as an investigational probe of clinically relevant neural networks. In this editorial, we propose that TMS has the potential to inform DBS by adding individualized causal evidence to an evaluation processes otherwise devoid of it in patients. Although there are significant limitations and safety concerns regarding DBS, the combination of TMS with computational modeling of neuroimaging and neurophysiological data could provide critical insights into more robust and adaptable network modulation.
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14
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Noda Y, Barr MS, Zomorrodi R, Cash RFH, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. Evaluation of short interval cortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17106. [PMID: 29213090 PMCID: PMC5719013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic and glutamatergic dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are thought to be the core pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia. Recently, we have established a method to index these functions from the DLPFC using the paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms of short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (ICF) combined with electroencephalography (EEG). In this study, we aimed to evaluate neurophysiological indicators related to GABAA and glutamate receptor-mediated functions respectively from the DLPFC in patients with schizophrenia using these paradigms, compared to healthy controls. Given that these activities contribute to cognitive functions, the relationship between the TMS-evoked potential (TEP) modulations by SICI/ICF and cognitive/clinical measures were explored. Compared to controls, patients showed reduced inhibition in P60 (t22 = −4.961, p < 0.0001) by SICI and reduced facilitation in P60 (t22 = 5.174, p < 0.0001) and N100 (t22 = 3.273, p = 0.003) by ICF. In patients, the modulation of P60 by SICI was correlated with the longest span of the Letter-Number Span Test (r = −0.775, p = 0.003), while the modulation of N100 by ICF was correlated with the total score of the Positive and Negative. Syndrome Scale (r = 0.817, p = 0.002). These findings may represent the pathophysiology, which may be associated with prefrontal GABAA and glutamatergic dysfunctions, in the expression of symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Noda
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Mera S Barr
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Robin F H Cash
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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15
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Hallett M, Di Iorio R, Rossini PM, Park JE, Chen R, Celnik P, Strafella AP, Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y. Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assessment of brain connectivity and networks. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2125-2139. [PMID: 28938143 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to show how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques can make a contribution to the study of brain networks. Brain networks are fundamental in understanding how the brain operates. Effects on remote areas can be directly observed or identified after a period of stimulation, and each section of this review will discuss one method. EEG analyzed following TMS is called TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs). A conditioning TMS can influence the effect of a test TMS given over the motor cortex. A disynaptic connection can be tested also by assessing the effect of a pre-conditioning stimulus on the conditioning-test pair. Basal ganglia-cortical relationships can be assessed using electrodes placed in the process of deep brain stimulation therapy. Cerebellar-cortical relationships can be determined using TMS over the cerebellum. Remote effects of TMS on the brain can be found as well using neuroimaging, including both positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The methods complement each other since they give different views of brain networks, and it is often valuable to use more than one technique to achieve converging evidence. The final product of this type of work is to show how information is processed and transmitted in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Riccardo Di Iorio
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Neurology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Neurology, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation, Rome, Italy; Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Jung E Park
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pablo Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan; Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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16
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Magdaleno-Madrigal VM, Contreras-Murillo G, Camacho-Abrego I, Negrete-Díaz JV, Valdés-Cruz A, Fernández-Mas R, Almazán-Alvarado S, Flores G. Short-term deep brain stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus modifies aberrant oscillatory activity in a neurodevelopment model of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2017; 357:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Is Neuroscience Compatible with a Belief in God? A Perspective from the Thalamus. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.57105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Li T, Wang Q, Zhang J, Rolls ET, Yang W, Palaniyappan L, Zhang L, Cheng W, Yao Y, Liu Z, Gong X, Luo Q, Tang Y, Crow TJ, Broome MR, Xu K, Li C, Wang J, Liu Z, Lu G, Wang F, Feng J. Brain-Wide Analysis of Functional Connectivity in First-Episode and Chronic Stages of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:436-448. [PMID: 27445261 PMCID: PMC5605268 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Published reports of functional abnormalities in schizophrenia remain divergent due to lack of staging point-of-view and whole-brain analysis. To identify key functional-connectivity differences of first-episode (FE) and chronic patients from controls using resting-state functional MRI, and determine changes that are specifically associated with disease onset, a clinical staging model is adopted. We analyze functional-connectivity differences in prodromal, FE (mostly drug naïve), and chronic patients from their matched controls from 6 independent datasets involving a total of 789 participants (343 patients). Brain-wide functional-connectivity analysis was performed in different datasets and the results from the datasets of the same stage were then integrated by meta-analysis, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Prodromal patients differed from controls in their pattern of functional-connectivity involving the inferior frontal gyri (Broca's area). In FE patients, 90% of the functional-connectivity changes involved the frontal lobes, mostly the inferior frontal gyrus including Broca's area, and these changes were correlated with delusions/blunted affect. For chronic patients, functional-connectivity differences extended to wider areas of the brain, including reduced thalamo-frontal connectivity, and increased thalamo-temporal and thalamo-sensorimoter connectivity that were correlated with the positive, negative, and general symptoms, respectively. Thalamic changes became prominent at the chronic stage. These results provide evidence for distinct patterns of functional-dysconnectivity across FE and chronic stages of schizophrenia. Importantly, abnormalities in the frontal language networks appear early, at the time of disease onset. The identification of stage-specific pathological processes may help to understand the disease course of schizophrenia and identify neurobiological markers crucial for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Wei Yang
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Centre for Translational Neuroimaging, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK and Penticton Regional Hospital, Penticton, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ye Yao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Liu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Gong
- School of life science department, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- School of life science department, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Psychiatry department, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Timothy J Crow
- SANE POWIC, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew R Broome
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ke Xu
- Psychiatry department, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders (No. 13dz2260500), Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders (No. 13dz2260500), Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Mental Health Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Psychiatry department, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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19
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Li B, Cui LB, Xi YB, Friston KJ, Guo F, Wang HN, Zhang LC, Bai YH, Tan QR, Yin H, Lu H. Abnormal Effective Connectivity in the Brain is Involved in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:281-291. [PMID: 28224285 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia (SZ) remains unclear. In this study, we used stochastic dynamic causal modeling (sDCM) to quantify connections among the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (inner speech monitoring), auditory cortex (auditory processing), hippocampus (memory retrieval), thalamus (information filtering), and Broca's area (language production) in 17 first-episode drug-naïve SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms. sDCM revealed an increased sensitivity of auditory cortex to its thalamic afferents and a decrease in hippocampal sensitivity to auditory inputs in SZ patients with AVHs. The area under the ROC curve showed the diagnostic value of these two connections to distinguish SZ patients with AVHs from those without AVHs. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the strength of the connectivity from Broca's area to the auditory cortex and the severity of AVHs. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, augmented AVH-specific excitatory afferents from the thalamus to the auditory cortex in SZ patients, resulting in auditory perception without external auditory stimuli. Our results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying AVHs in SZ. This thalamic-auditory cortical-hippocampal dysconnectivity may also serve as a diagnostic biomarker of AVHs in SZ and a therapeutic target based on direct in vivo evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojuan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi-Bin Xi
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lin-Chuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuan-Han Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qing-Rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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20
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Cobia DJ, Smith MJ, Salinas I, Ng C, Gado M, Csernansky JG, Wang L. Progressive deterioration of thalamic nuclei relates to cortical network decline in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 180:21-27. [PMID: 27613507 PMCID: PMC5263051 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thalamic abnormalities are considered part of the complex pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly the involvement of specific thalamic nuclei. The goals of this study were to: introduce a novel atlas-based parcellation scheme for defining various thalamic nuclei; compare their integrity in a schizophrenia sample against healthy individuals at baseline and follow-up time points, as well as rates of change over time; examine relationships between the nuclei and abnormalities in known connected cortical regions; and finally, to determine if schizophrenia-related thalamic nuclei changes relate to cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms. Subjects were from a larger longitudinal 2-year follow-up study, schizophrenia (n=20) and healthy individuals (n=20) were group-matched for age, gender, and recent-alcohol use. We used high-dimensional brain mapping to obtain thalamic morphology, and applied a novel atlas-based method for delineating anterior, mediodorsal, and pulvinar nuclei. Results from cross sectional GLMs revealed group differences in bilateral mediodorsal and anterior nuclei, while longitudinal models revealed significant group-by-time interactions for the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei. Cortical correlations were the strongest for the pulvinar in frontal, temporal and parietal regions, followed by the mediodorsal nucleus in frontal regions, but none in the anterior nucleus. Thalamic measures did not correlate with cognitive and clinical scores at any time point or longitudinally. Overall, findings revealed a pattern of persistent progressive abnormalities in thalamic nuclei that relate to advancing cortical decline in schizophrenia, but not with measures of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin J. Cobia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Matthew J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Ilse Salinas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Charlene Ng
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Chesterfield Family Practice Center, 2500 Pocoshock Place, Suite 202, Richmond, VA 23235 USA
| | - Mohktar Gado
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - John G. Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611 USA,Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 E. Ontario, Suite 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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21
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The cognitive-emotional brain: Opportunities [corrected] and challenges for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Sci 2016; 38:e86. [PMID: 26786470 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders are marked by prominent disturbances of cognition and emotion. Characterizing the complex neural circuitry underlying the interplay of cognition and emotion is critically important, not just for clarifying the nature of the mind, but also for discovering the root causes of a broad spectrum of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, and chronic pain.
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22
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McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM, Drummond JB, Benesh FS, Simmons M, Roberts R, Lauriat T, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Cell-specific abnormalities of glutamate transporters in schizophrenia: sick astrocytes and compensating relay neurons? Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:823-30. [PMID: 26416546 PMCID: PMC7584379 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs) bind and transport glutamate, limiting spillover from synapses due to their dense perisynaptic expression primarily on astroglia. Converging evidence suggests that abnormalities in the astroglial glutamate transporter localization and function may underlie a disease mechanism with pathological glutamate spillover as well as alterations in the kinetics of perisynaptic glutamate buffering and uptake contributing to dysfunction of thalamo-cortical circuits in schizophrenia. We explored this hypothesis by performing cell- and region-level studies of EAAT1 and EAAT2 expression in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in an elderly cohort of subjects with schizophrenia. We found decreased protein expression for the typically astroglial-localized glutamate transporters in the mediodorsal and ventral tier nuclei. We next used laser-capture microdissection and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess cell-level expression of the transporters and their splice variants. In the mediodorsal nucleus, we found lower expression of transporter transcripts in a population of cells enriched for astrocytes, and higher expression of transporter transcripts in a population of cells enriched for relay neurons. We confirmed expression of transporter protein in neurons in schizophrenia using dual-label immunofluorescence. Finally, the pattern of transporter mRNA and protein expression in rodents treated for 9 months with antipsychotic medication suggests that our findings are not due to the effects of antipsychotic treatment. We found a compensatory increase in transporter expression in neurons that might be secondary to a loss of transporter expression in astrocytes. These changes suggest a profound abnormality in astrocyte functions that support, nourish and maintain neuronal fidelity and synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- RE McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - SM O’Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - JB Drummond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - FS Benesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T Lauriat
- Department of Psychiatry, Steward St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Brighton, MA, USA
| | - V Haroutunian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Bronx, NY, USA
| | - JH Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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23
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The Clinical Applicability of Functional Connectivity in Depression: Pathways Toward More Targeted Intervention. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:262-270. [PMID: 29560882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging provides a noninvasive method to rapidly map large-scale brain networks affected in depression and other psychiatric disorders. Dysfunctional connectivity in large-scale brain networks has been consistently implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although advances have been made in identifying neural circuitry implicated in MDD, this information has yet to be translated into improved diagnostic or treatment interventions. In the first section of this review, we discuss dysfunctional connectivity in affective salience, cognitive control, and default mode networks observed in MDD in association with characteristic symptoms of the disorder. In the second section, we address neurostimulation focusing on transcranial magnetic stimulation and evidence that this approach may directly modulate circuit abnormalities. Finally, we discuss possible avenues of future research to develop more precise diagnoses and targeted interventions within the heterogeneous diagnostic category of MDD as well as the methodological limitations to clinical implementation. We conclude by proposing, with cautious optimism, the future incorporation of neuroimaging into clinical practice as a tool to aid in more targeted diagnosis and treatment guided by circuit-level connectivity dysfunction in patients with depression.
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Cohen SM, Tsien RW, Goff DC, Halassa MM. The impact of NMDA receptor hypofunction on GABAergic neurons in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:98-107. [PMID: 25583246 PMCID: PMC4724170 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the dopamine hypothesis has dominated schizophrenia research for several decades, more recent studies have highlighted the role of fast synaptic transmitters and their receptors in schizophrenia etiology. Here we review evidence that schizophrenia is associated with a reduction in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function. By highlighting postmortem, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies, we provide evidence for preferential disruption of GABAergic circuits in the context of NMDAR hypo-activity states. The functional relationship between NMDARs and GABAergic neurons is realized at the molecular, cellular, microcircuit and systems levels. A synthesis of findings across these levels explains how NMDA-mediated inhibitory dysfunction may lead to aberrant interactions among brain regions, accounting for key clinical features of schizophrenia. This synthesis of schizophrenia unifies observations from diverse fields and may help chart pathways for developing novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Cohen
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard W. Tsien
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York City, NY 10016, USA
,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Michael M. Halassa
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York City, NY 10016, USA
,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Ferrarelli F, Riedner BA, Peterson MJ, Tononi G. Altered prefrontal activity and connectivity predict different cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4539-52. [PMID: 26288380 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is considered a core feature of schizophrenia, and impaired performances in episodic memory (EM) and executive function (EF) tasks are consistently reported in schizophrenia patients. Traditional fMRI and EEG studies have helped identifying brain areas, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), involved in these tasks. However, it is unclear whether intrinsic defects in prefrontal function per se contribute to poor performance in schizophrenia, given the presence of confounds like reduced motivation and psychotic symptoms. TMS/hd-EEG measurements are obtained without cognitive effort, and can be calculated in any cortical area. METHODS We performed TMS/hd-EEG recordings in parietal, motor, premotor, and PFC in healthy individuals (N=20) and schizophrenia patients (N=20). Source modeling of TMS-evoked responses was performed, and measures of cortical activity (significant current density, SCD) and connectivity (significant current scattering, SCS) were computed. Patients with schizophrenia also performed Penn Word memory delayed (CPWd) and Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET). CPWd evaluates EM and involves primarily PFC, whereas PCET reflects EF and implicates PFC with other brain regions. FINDINGS We found no difference in SCD and SCS after TMS of parietal/motor cortices, whereas those parameters were reduced in premotor/prefrontal areas in schizophrenia patients. In PFC, where these measures were most defective, SCD was negatively correlated with performance in CPWd whereas higher SCS values were associated with more errors in PCET. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that schizophrenia patients have intrinsic defects in both activity and connectivity of PFC, and that these defects are specifically associated with impairments in cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brady A Riedner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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The role of the thalamus in schizophrenia from a neuroimaging perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 54:57-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cheng W, Palaniyappan L, Li M, Kendrick KM, Zhang J, Luo Q, Liu Z, Yu R, Deng W, Wang Q, Ma X, Guo W, Francis S, Liddle P, Mayer AR, Schumann G, Li T, Feng J. Voxel-based, brain-wide association study of aberrant functional connectivity in schizophrenia implicates thalamocortical circuitry. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2015; 1:15016. [PMID: 27336032 PMCID: PMC4849447 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Wernicke’s concept of ‘sejunction’ or aberrant associations among specialized brain regions is one of the earliest hypotheses attempting to explain the myriad of symptoms in psychotic disorders. Unbiased data mining of all possible brain-wide connections in large data sets is an essential first step in localizing these aberrant circuits. Methods: We analyzed functional connectivity using the largest resting-state neuroimaging data set reported to date in the schizophrenia literature (415 patients vs. 405 controls from UK, USA, Taiwan, and China). An exhaustive brain-wide association study at both regional and voxel-based levels enabled a continuous data-driven discovery of the key aberrant circuits in schizophrenia. Results: Results identify the thalamus as the key hub for altered functional networks in patients. Increased thalamus–primary somatosensory cortex connectivity was the most significant aberration in schizophrenia (P=10−18). Overall, a number of thalamic links with motor and sensory cortical regions showed increased connectivity in schizophrenia, whereas thalamo–frontal connectivity was weakened. Network changes were correlated with symptom severity and illness duration, and support vector machine analysis revealed discrimination accuracies of 73.53–80.92%. Conclusions: Widespread alterations in resting-state thalamocortical functional connectivity is likely to be a core feature of schizophrenia that contributes to the extensive sensory, motor, cognitive, and emotional impairments in this disorder. Changes in this schizophrenia-associated network could be a reliable mechanistic index to discriminate patients from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Centre for Translational Neuroimaging, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, UK
| | - Mingli Li
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Zening Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Deng
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield MR Centre, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Liddle
- Centre for Translational Neuroimaging, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council-Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park , London, UK
| | - Tao Li
- The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Pratt JA, Morris BJ. The thalamic reticular nucleus: a functional hub for thalamocortical network dysfunction in schizophrenia and a target for drug discovery. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:127-37. [PMID: 25586397 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114565805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus (comprising many distinct nuclei) plays a key role in facilitating sensory discrimination and cognitive processes through connections with the cortex. Impaired thalamocortical processing has long been considered to be involved in schizophrenia. In this review we focus on the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) providing evidence for it being an important communication hub between the thalamus and cortex and how it may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We first highlight the functional neuroanatomy, neurotransmitter localisation and physiology of the TRN. We then present evidence of the physiological roles of the TRN in relation to oscillatory activity, cognition and behaviour. Next we discuss the role of the TRN in rodent models of risk factors for schizophrenia (genetic and pharmacological) and provide evidence for TRN deficits in schizophrenia. Finally we discuss new drug targets for schizophrenia in relation to restoring TRN circuitry dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Pratt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Psychiatric Research Institute of Neuroscience in Glasgow (PsyRING), University of Glasgow and University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Psychiatric Research Institute of Neuroscience in Glasgow (PsyRING), University of Glasgow and University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Vukadinovic Z. Elevated striatal dopamine attenuates nigrothalamic inputs and impairs transthalamic cortico-cortical communication in schizophrenia: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Schizophrenia and Psychosis. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Buchmann A, Dentico D, Peterson MJ, Riedner BA, Sarasso S, Massimini M, Tononi G, Ferrarelli F. Reduced mediodorsal thalamic volume and prefrontal cortical spindle activity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:540-7. [PMID: 25139002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently found marked deficits in sleep spindles, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep oscillations that are generated within the thalamus and then amplified and sustained in the cortex, in patients with schizophrenia compared to both healthy and psychiatric controls. Here, we investigated the thalamic and cortical contributions to these sleep spindle deficits. METHODS Anatomical volume of interest analysis (i.e., thalamic volumes) and electroencephalogram (EEG) source modeling (i.e., spindle-related cortical currents) were performed in patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects. FINDINGS Schizophrenia patients had reduced mediodorsal (MD) thalamic volumes, especially on the left side, compared to healthy controls, whereas whole thalami and lateral geniculate nuclei did not differ between groups. Furthermore, left MD volumes were strongly correlated with the number of scalp-recorded spindles in an anterior frontal region, and cortical currents underlying these anterior frontal spindles were localized in the prefrontal cortex, in Brodmann area (BA) 10. Finally, prefrontal currents at the peak of spindle activity were significantly reduced in schizophrenia patients and correlated with their performance in an abstraction/working memory task. CONCLUSION Altogether, these findings point to deficits in a specific thalamo-cortical circuitry in schizophrenia, which is associated with some cognitive deficits commonly reported in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simone Sarasso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of WI-Madison, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Massimini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of WI-Madison, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of WI-Madison, USA
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of WI-Madison, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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32
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Birn RM, Shackman AJ, Oler JA, Williams LE, McFarlin DR, Rogers GM, Shelton SE, Alexander AL, Pine DS, Slattery MJ, Davidson RJ, Fox AS, Kalin NH. Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:915-22. [PMID: 24863147 PMCID: PMC4111803 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals are endowed with a biology that renders them more reactive to novelty and potential threat. When extreme, this anxious temperament (AT) confers elevated risk for the development of anxiety, depression and substance abuse. These disorders are highly prevalent, debilitating and can be challenging to treat. The high-risk AT phenotype is expressed similarly in children and young monkeys and mechanistic work demonstrates that the central (Ce) nucleus of the amygdala is an important substrate. Although it is widely believed that the flow of information across the structural network connecting the Ce nucleus to other brain regions underlies primates' capacity for flexibly regulating anxiety, the functional architecture of this network has remained poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in anesthetized young monkeys and quietly resting children with anxiety disorders to identify an evolutionarily conserved pattern of functional connectivity relevant to early-life anxiety. Across primate species and levels of awareness, reduced functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region thought to play a central role in the control of cognition and emotion, and the Ce nucleus was associated with increased anxiety assessed outside the scanner. Importantly, high-resolution 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provided evidence that elevated Ce nucleus metabolism statistically mediates the association between prefrontal-amygdalar connectivity and elevated anxiety. These results provide new clues about the brain network underlying extreme early-life anxiety and set the stage for mechanistic work aimed at developing improved interventions for pediatric anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M. Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA,Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Lisa E. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Daniel R. McFarlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Gregory M. Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Steven E. Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Marcia J. Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | - Ned H. Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Lane Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719 USA
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Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition, excitation, and connectivity in schizophrenia: a review of insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:685-96. [PMID: 23722199 PMCID: PMC3984517 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental illness with an elusive pathophysiology. Over the last decade, theories emphasizing cortical dysfunction have received increasing attention to explain the heterogeneous symptoms experienced in SCZ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation that is particularly suited to probing the fidelity of specific excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations in conscious humans. In this study, we review the contribution of TMS in assessing inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations and their long-range connections in SCZ. In addition, we discuss insights from combined TMS and electroencephalography into the functional consequences of impaired excitation/inhibition on cortical oscillations in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C. Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Level 4, 607 Street, Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; tel: +61-3-9076-6593, fax: +61-3-9076-6588, e-mail:
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Gardner RJ, Kersanté F, Jones MW, Bartsch U. Neural oscillations during non-rapid eye movement sleep as biomarkers of circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1091-106. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Gardner
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Bristol; Medical Sciences Building University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Flavie Kersanté
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Bristol; Medical Sciences Building University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Matthew W. Jones
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Bristol; Medical Sciences Building University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Ullrich Bartsch
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Bristol; Medical Sciences Building University Walk Bristol BS8 1TD UK
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Boutros NN, Mucci A, Vignapiano A, Galderisi S. Electrophysiological aberrations associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 21:129-156. [PMID: 24671702 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical heterogeneity is a confound common to all of schizophrenia research. Deficit schizophrenia has been proposed as a homogeneous disease entity within the schizophrenia syndrome. The use of the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) has allowed the definition of a subgroup dominated by persistent and primary negative symptoms. While a number of studies have appeared over the years examining the electrophysiological correlates of the cluster of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, only a few studies have actually focused on the Deficit Syndrome (DS). In this chapter, electrophysiological investigations utilizing EEG, Evoked Potentials (EPs), polysomnography (PSG), or magnetoencephalography (MEG) to probe "negative symptoms," or "Deficit Syndrome" are reviewed. While this line of research is evidently in its infancy, two significant trends emerge. First, spectral EEG studies link increased slow wave activity during wakefulness to the prevalence of negative symptoms. Second, sleep studies point to an association between decrease in slow wave sleep and prevalence of negative symptoms. Several studies also indicate a relationship of negative symptoms with reduced alpha activity. A host of other abnormalities including sensory gating and P300 attenuation are less consistently reported. Three studies specifically addressed electrophysiology of the DS. Two of the three studies provided evidence suggesting that the DS may be a separate disease entity and not simply a severe form of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nash N Boutros
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of Missouri Kansas City (UMKC), 1000 East 24th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA,
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36
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Palaniyappan L, Simmonite M, White TP, Liddle EB, Liddle PF. Neural primacy of the salience processing system in schizophrenia. Neuron 2013; 79:814-28. [PMID: 23972602 PMCID: PMC3752973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For effective information processing, two large-scale distributed neural networks appear to be critical: a multimodal executive system anchored on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and a salience system anchored on the anterior insula. Aberrant interaction among distributed networks is a feature of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. We used whole-brain Granger causal modeling using resting fMRI and observed a significant failure of both the feedforward and reciprocal influence between the insula and the DLPFC in schizophrenia. Further, a significant failure of directed influence from bilateral visual cortices to the insula was also seen in patients. These findings provide compelling evidence for a breakdown of the salience-execution loop in the clinical expression of psychosis. In addition, this offers a parsimonious explanation for the often-observed “frontal inefficiency,” the failure to recruit prefrontal system when salient or novel information becomes available in patients with schizophrenia. A salience-executive loop emerges on fMRI whole-brain Granger causal analysis At rest, DLPFC has inhibitory Granger influence on the salience network In schizophrenia, the salience-executive interaction is diminished Visual cortex fails to influence the salience network in schizophrenia
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Centre for Translational Neuroimaging in Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK.
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Anticevic A, Cole MW, Repovs G, Murray JD, Brumbaugh MS, Winkler AM, Savic A, Krystal JH, Pearlson GD, Glahn DC. Characterizing thalamo-cortical disturbances in schizophrenia and bipolar illness. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:3116-30. [PMID: 23825317 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with distributed brain dysconnectivity that may involve large-scale thalamo-cortical systems. Incomplete characterization of thalamic connectivity in schizophrenia limits our understanding of its relationship to symptoms and to diagnoses with shared clinical presentation, such as bipolar illness, which may exist on a spectrum. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we characterized thalamic connectivity in 90 schizophrenia patients versus 90 matched controls via: (1) Subject-specific anatomically defined thalamic seeds; (2) anatomical and data-driven clustering to assay within-thalamus dysconnectivity; and (3) machine learning to classify diagnostic membership via thalamic connectivity for schizophrenia and for 47 bipolar patients and 47 matched controls. Schizophrenia analyses revealed functionally related disturbances: Thalamic over-connectivity with bilateral sensory-motor cortices, which predicted symptoms, but thalamic under-connectivity with prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar regions relative to controls, possibly reflective of sensory gating and top-down control disturbances. Clustering revealed that this dysconnectivity was prominent for thalamic nuclei densely connected with the prefrontal cortex. Classification and cross-diagnostic results suggest that thalamic dysconnectivity may be a neural marker for disturbances across diagnoses. Present findings, using one of the largest schizophrenia and bipolar neuroimaging samples to date, inform basic understanding of large-scale thalamo-cortical systems and provide vital clues about the complex nature of its disturbances in severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, CT 06519, USA Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Michael W Cole
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Grega Repovs
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John D Murray
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Margaret S Brumbaugh
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT 06106, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT 06106, USA Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK and
| | - Aleksandar Savic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, CT 06519, USA Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Department of Neurobiology, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT 06106, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, CT 06106, USA
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Ethics of the electrified mind: defining issues and perspectives on the principled use of brain stimulation in medical research and clinical care. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:33-45. [PMID: 23733209 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, non-pharmacologic approaches to modifying human neural activity have gained increasing attention. One of these approaches is brain stimulation, which involves either the direct application of electrical current to structures in the nervous system or the indirect application of current by means of electromagnetic induction. Interventions that manipulate the brain have generally been regarded as having both the potential to alleviate devastating brain-related conditions and the capacity to create unforeseen and unwanted consequences. Hence, although brain stimulation techniques offer considerable benefits to society, they also raise a number of ethical concerns. In this paper we will address various dilemmas related to brain stimulation in the context of clinical practice and biomedical research. We will survey current work involving deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. We will reflect upon relevant similarities and differences between them, and consider some potentially problematic issues that may arise within the framework of established principles of medical ethics: nonmaleficence and beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
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Cannabis, psychosis and the thalamus: A theoretical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:658-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nejad AB, Ebdrup BH, Glenthøj BY, Siebner HR. Brain connectivity studies in schizophrenia: unravelling the effects of antipsychotics. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:219-30. [PMID: 23449679 PMCID: PMC3468876 DOI: 10.2174/157015912803217305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired brain connectivity is a hallmark of schizophrenia brain dysfunction. However, the effect of drug treatment and challenges on the dysconnectivity of functional networks in schizophrenia is an understudied area. In this review, we provide an overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies examining dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and discuss the few studies which have also attempted to probe connectivity changes with antipsychotic drug treatment. We conclude with a discussion of possible avenues for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayna B Nejad
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark ; Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research & Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Denmark
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Ahmed AO, Buckley PF, Hanna M. Neuroimaging schizophrenia: a picture is worth a thousand words, but is it saying anything important? Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15:345. [PMID: 23397252 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by neurostructural and neurofunctional aberrations that have now been demonstrated through neuroimaging research. The article reviews recent studies that have attempted to use neuroimaging to understand the relation between neurological abnormalities and aspects of the phenomenology of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show that neurostructural and neurofunctional abnormalities are present in people with schizophrenia and their close relatives and may represent putative endophenotypes. Neuroimaging phenotypes predict the emergence of psychosis in individuals classified as high-risk. Neuroimaging studies have linked structural and functional abnormalities to symptoms; and progressive structural changes to clinical course and functional outcome. Neuroimaging has successfully indexed the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of schizophrenia treatments. Pictures can inform about aspects of the phenomenology of schizophrenia including etiology, onset, symptoms, clinical course, and treatment effects but this assertion is tempered by the scientific and practical limitations of neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Georgia Health Sciences University, 997 Saint Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Nagalski A, Irimia M, Szewczyk L, Ferran JL, Misztal K, Kuznicki J, Wisniewska MB. Postnatal isoform switch and protein localization of LEF1 and TCF7L2 transcription factors in cortical, thalamic, and mesencephalic regions of the adult mouse brain. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:1531-49. [PMID: 23152144 PMCID: PMC3825142 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Catenin signaling, leading to the activation of lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1/T cell factor (LEF1/TCF) transcription factors, plays a well-established role in transcription regulation during development and tissue homeostasis. In the adult organism, the activity of this pathway has been found in stem cell niches and postmitotic thalamic neurons. Recently, studies show that mutations in components of β-catenin signaling networks have been associated with several psychiatric disorders, indicating the involvement of β-catenin and LEF1/TCF proteins in the proper functioning of the brain. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of LEF1/TCF protein localization and the expression profile of their isoforms in cortical, thalamic, and midbrain regions in mice. We detected LEF1 and TCF7L2 proteins in neurons of the thalamus and dorsal midbrain, i.e., subcortical regions specialized in the integration of diverse sources of sensory information. These neurons also exhibited nuclear localization of β-catenin, suggesting the involvement of β-catenin/LEF1/TCF7L2 in the regulation of gene expression in these regions. Analysis of alternative splicing and promoter usage identified brain-specific TCF7L2 isoforms and revealed a developmentally coordinated transition in the composition of LEF1 and TCF7L2 isoforms. In the case of TCF7L2, the typical brain isoforms lack the so-called C clamp; in addition, the dominant-negative isoforms are predominant in the embryonic thalamus but disappear postnatally. The present study provides a necessary framework to understand the role of LEF1/TCF factors in thalamic and midbrain development until adulthood and predicts that the regulatory role of these proteins in the adult brain is significantly different from their role in the embryonic brain or other non-neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagalski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
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Guller Y, Tononi G, Postle BR. Conserved functional connectivity but impaired effective connectivity of thalamocortical circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Connect 2012; 2:311-9. [PMID: 23020103 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2012.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness with neurobiological bases that remain elusive. One hypothesis emphasizes disordered thalamic function. We previously used concurrent single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show that individuals with schizophrenia have a decreased spTMS-evoked response in the thalamus, and decreased effective connectivity between thalamus and insula and thalamus and superior frontal gyrus. To better understand the factors that may accompany or account for these findings, we investigated, in the same participants, resting state functional connectivity, white matter structural connectivity, and grey matter integrity. Patients with schizophrenia did not differ from healthy control subjects in resting state functional- or white matter structural connectivity, although they did show decreased measures of grey matter integrity in the insula. However, in this region, the spTMS-evoked response did not differ between groups. In a region of the thalamus that also had grey matter intensity abnormalities, although not at a level that survived correction for multiple comparisons, the spTMS-evoked response in patients was deficient. These results suggest that measures of structure and function are not necessarily complementary. Further, given its sensitivity for identifying deficits not evident with traditional imaging methods, these results highlight the utility of spTMS-fMRI, a method that directly and causally probes effective connectivity, as a tool for studying brain-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Guller
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractSchizophrenia is a disorder characterized by a variety of symptoms, which among others include hallucinations, delusions and passivity experiences. It has been found that individuals with schizophrenia misattribute their own thoughts and actions to an outside agency (source monitoring deficits), which could account for psychotic experiences such as that of hearing voices. In order to explain the source-monitoring deficits as well as psychosis, it has been proposed that mechanisms that enable anticipation and recognition of sensory consequences of one’s own actions are impaired in schizophrenia. Importantly, such mechanisms may require accurate cortical sensory representations such as in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The establishment and maintenance of cortical sensory representations has been found to utilize a sleep-related brain rhythm known as spindling. Namely, in the perinatal period in humans and animals, and possibly also thereafter, spontaneous activity in the sensory periphery drives spindle activity in the developing cortical sensory areas, which then contributes to the formation of sensory representations that match bodily features. For example, muscle twitch-spindle sequences during sleep facilitate the formation and maintenance of S1 in accordance with the layout of musculature. This process has been proposed to continue throughout the lifespan and may be particularly important during periods of bodily changes (adolescence, menopause). In schizophrenia, the amount of sleep spindle activity is markedly reduced, which would be expected to result in insufficient cortical sensory representations and have relevance for the relative inability of individuals with schizophrenia to accurately recognize self-initiated actions.
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