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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Yang YP, Hsiao YJ, Chang KJ, Foustine S, Ko YL, Tsai YC, Tai HY, Ko YC, Chiou SH, Lin TC, Chen SJ, Chien Y, Hwang DK. Pluripotent Stem Cells in Clinical Cell Transplantation: Focusing on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived RPE Cell Therapy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213794. [PMID: 36430270 PMCID: PMC9696562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), represent valuable cell sources to replace diseased or injured tissues in regenerative medicine. iPSCs exhibit the potential for indefinite self-renewal and differentiation into various cell types and can be reprogrammed from somatic tissue that can be easily obtained, paving the way for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine. Cell therapies using various iPSC-derived cell types are now evolving rapidly for the treatment of clinical diseases, including Parkinson's disease, hematological diseases, cardiomyopathy, osteoarthritis, and retinal diseases. Since the first interventional clinical trial with autologous iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was accomplished in Japan, several preclinical trials using iPSC suspensions or monolayers have been launched, or are ongoing or completed. The evolution and generation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-universal iPSCs may facilitate the clinical application of iPSC-based therapies. Thus, iPSCs hold great promise in the treatment of multiple retinal diseases. The efficacy and adverse effects of iPSC-based retinal therapies should be carefully assessed in ongoing and further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shania Foustine
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Ko
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Tai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chi Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (D.-K.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2875-2121 (D.-K.H.)
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (D.-K.H.); Tel.: +886-2-2875-2121 (D.-K.H.)
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Slack RJ, Macdonald SJF, Roper JA, Jenkins RG, Hatley RJD. Emerging therapeutic opportunities for integrin inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:60-78. [PMID: 34535788 PMCID: PMC8446727 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell adhesion and signalling proteins crucial to a wide range of biological functions. Effective marketed treatments have successfully targeted integrins αIIbβ3, α4β7/α4β1 and αLβ2 for cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel disease/multiple sclerosis and dry eye disease, respectively. Yet, clinical development of others, notably within the RGD-binding subfamily of αv integrins, including αvβ3, have faced significant challenges in the fields of cancer, ophthalmology and osteoporosis. New inhibitors of the related integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 have recently come to the fore and are being investigated clinically for the treatment of fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The design of integrin drugs may now be at a turning point, with opportunities to learn from previous clinical trials, to explore new modalities and to incorporate new findings in pharmacological and structural biology. This Review intertwines research from biological, clinical and medicinal chemistry disciplines to discuss historical and current RGD-binding integrin drug discovery, with an emphasis on small-molecule inhibitors of the αv integrins. Integrins are key signalling molecules that are present on the surface of subsets of cells and are therefore good potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, Hatley and colleagues discuss the development of integrin inhibitors, particularly the challenges in developing inhibitors for integrins that contain an αv-subunit, and suggest how these challenges could be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R G Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Targeting RGD-binding integrins as an integrative therapy for diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100966. [PMID: 33775825 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a class of transmembrane receptors that are involved in a wide range of biological functions. Dysregulation of integrins has been implicated in many pathological processes and consequently, they are attractive therapeutic targets. In the ophthalmology arena, there is extensive evidence suggesting that integrins play an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, dry eye disease and retinal vein occlusion. For example, there is extensive evidence that arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp; RGD)-binding integrins are involved in key disease hallmarks of DR and neovascular AMD (nvAMD), specifically inflammation, vascular leakage, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Based on such evidence, drugs that engage integrin-linked pathways have received attention for their potential to block all these vision-threatening pathways. This review focuses on the pathophysiological role that RGD-binding integrins can have in complex multifactorial retinal disorders like DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) and nvAMD, which are leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Special emphasis will be given on how RGD-binding integrins can modulate the intricate molecular pathways and regulate the underlying pathological mechanisms. For instance, the interplay between integrins and key molecular players such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes will be summarized. In addition, recent clinical advances linked to targeting RGD-binding integrins in the context of DME and nvAMD will be discussed alongside future potential for limiting progression of these diseases.
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Wang Y, Fang Q, Zhang C, Chen Y, Gou T, Cai Q, Yin H, Gao Y, Feng Y, Qiu S, Zhang M, Cen X, Zhang H, Chen D. Multimodal imaging and electroretinography highlights the role of VEGF in the laser-induced subretinal fibrosis of monkey. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108417. [PMID: 33358768 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Laser-induced nonhuman primate choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a widely used animal model of neovascular AMD. Subretinal fibrosis (SFb) is the major limiting factor of effective anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD, yet SFb has never been systematically analyzed in the primate CNV model and if VEGF directly affect SFb is unknown. We recruited a large cohort of rhesus macaques to study the occurrence, multimodal imaging and electroretinography (ERG) features, and related cytokines of SFb. Here we show that among 33 rhesus macaques, 88% CNV eyes developed SFb. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) identified four types of subretinal hyper-reflective material (SHRM) of SFb in primate. Multimodal imaging is reliable for monitoring SFb and matches the histological results well. Reduced amplitude of oscillatory potentials correlates with the thinning of inner retina layers and is a possible SFb indicator. Iba1+ microglia/macrophage cells infiltrated in the fibrotic lesions, and aqueous cytokine analysis identified four fibrosis-related factors (GM-CSF, IL-10, TGFβ2 and VEGF). Unexpectedly, we found sustained expression of VEGF may be an important inducer of SFb, and anti-VEGF therapy actually partially suppresses SFb. Taken together, our data suggest the laser-induced primate SFb model, coupled with multimodal imaging and ERG recording, is a useful system to dissect the pathogenesis and explore the rationale of treatment for SFb; and combined therapy with anti-VEGF and anti-fibrosis agents is necessary for AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiyao Fang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chaomao Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tao Gou
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qinglin Cai
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongyu Yin
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunxia Gao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Sani S, Messe M, Fuchs Q, Pierrevelcin M, Laquerriere P, Entz-Werle N, Reita D, Etienne-Selloum N, Bruban V, Choulier L, Martin S, Dontenwill M. Biological Relevance of RGD-Integrin Subtype-Specific Ligands in Cancer. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1151-1160. [PMID: 33140906 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins able to connect cells with the micro-environment. They represent a family of receptors involved in almost all the hallmarks of cancer. Integrins recognizing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide in their natural extracellular matrix ligands have been particularly investigated as tumoral therapeutic targets. In the last 30 years, intense research has been dedicated to designing specific RGD-like ligands able to discriminate selectively the different RGD-recognizing integrins. Chemists' efforts have led to the proposition of modified peptide or peptidomimetic libraries to be used for tumor targeting and/or tumor imaging. Here we review, from the biological point of view, the rationale underlying the need to clearly delineate each RGD-integrin subtype by selective tools. We describe the complex roles of RGD-integrins (mainly the most studied αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins) in tumors, the steps towards selective ligands and the current usefulness of such ligands. Although the impact of integrins in cancer is well acknowledged, the biological characteristics of each integrin subtype in a specific tumor are far from being completely resolved. Selective ligands might help us to reconsider integrins as therapeutic targets in specific clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidu Sani
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Cancer and Diabetic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, P.M.B, 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Mélissa Messe
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR CNRS 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Fuchs
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Marina Pierrevelcin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Laquerriere
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR CNRS 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Natacha Entz-Werle
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology Department, Pediatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Reita
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Department of Oncobiology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
- Institut du Cancer Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Service de Pharmacie, 17 rue Albert Calmette, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Bruban
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Choulier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies (LBP), UMR CNRS 7021, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire InnoVec, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du, Rhin, CS 60024, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France
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Bhatwadekar AD, Kansara V, Luo Q, Ciulla T. Anti-integrin therapy for retinovascular diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:935-945. [PMID: 32657172 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1795639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integrins are a family of multi-functional cell-adhesion molecules, heterodimeric receptors that connect extracellular matrix (ECM) to actin cytoskeleton in the cell cortex, thus regulating cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, invasion, survival, and apoptosis. Consequently, integrins play a role in inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. AREAS COVERED This review examines individual anti-integrin agents in terms of their chemical nature, route of administration, and anti-integrin action. It also provides a summary of preclinical and clinical studies. Current clinical candidates include risuteganib, THR-687, and SF-0166, which have shown promise in treating diabetic macular edema (DME) and/or age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in early clinical studies. Preclinical candidates include SB-267268, AXT-107, JNJ-26076713, Cilengitide and Lebecetin, which exhibit a decrease in retinal permeability, angiogenesis and/or choroidal neovascularization (CNV). EXPERT OPINION Anti-integrin therapies show potential in treating retinal diseases. Anti-integrin agents tackle the multi-factorial nature of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and AMD and show promise as injectable and topical agents in preclinical and early clinical studies. Integrin inhibition has potential to serve as primary therapy, adjunctive therapy to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, or secondary therapy in refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashay D Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Viral Kansara
- Preclinical Development Department, Clearside Biomedical, Inc , Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - Qianyi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Preclinical Development Department, Clearside Biomedical, Inc , Alpharetta, GA, USA.,Retina Department, Midwest Eye Institute , Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Lv Y, Xu WQ, Dong WG, Li MH, Chang TF, Sun JX, Sun LJ, Pan XY, Li H, Dou GR, Wang YS. Integrin α5β1 promotes BMCs mobilization and differentiation to exacerbate choroidal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107991. [PMID: 32142723 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is an acknowledged pathogenic mechanism of various ocular diseases, and in situ cells and mobilized bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) are thought to participate in this process. We aimed to evaluate the roles of integrin α5 in BMCs and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in the CNV process mediated by SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling. Adult wild-type mice were engrafted with whole BMCs obtained from GFP transgenic mice and then laser injured to induce CNV. BMCs and RF/6A cells were cultured to discover the mechanism of CNV in vitro. BMCs were mobilized to CNV areas, which expressed elevated SDF-1 and CXCR4. When SDF-1 was intravitreally injected, the number of BMCs was profoundly increased. In the SDF-1-treated group, the levels of integrin α5 expressed on BMCs and VECs were significantly higher than those on the cells in the control group. SDF-1 significantly increased the expression and positive ratio of integrin α5, which was involved in the recruitment and differentiation of BMCs into BMC-derived VECs, and these effects were suppressed by the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100. The PI3K/AKT pathway rather than the ERK pathway mediated SDF-1/CXCR4 induction of integrin α5. Integrin α5 suppression efficiently prevented the production of TGF-β and bFGF but not VEGF. Inhibiting the SDF-1/CXCR4-PI3K/AKT-integrin α5 axis reduced CNV severity. Integrin α5 participates in BMC recruitment and differentiation in SDF-1/CXCR4-induced CNV and inhibition of this pathway may be a new approach to inhibit CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Wen-Qin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Gang Dong
- Department of Trauma Medical Center, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Man-Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tian-Fang Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jia-Xing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Guo-Rui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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10
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Morshed A, Abbas AB, Hu J, Xu H. Shedding New Light on The Role of ανβ3 and α5β1 Integrins in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Molecules 2019; 24:E1537. [PMID: 31003546 PMCID: PMC6515208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ανβ3 and α5β1 are essential glycoproteins involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Understanding of the role these integrins play in disease have been analyzed via description of cells-expressing ανβ3 and α5β1 and their mediators to trigger inflammation. ανβ3 and α5β1 facilitate cells-ECM and cell-cell communication, producing pro-inflammatory factors. Pro-inflammatory factors are essential for the building of undesirable new blood vessels termed angiogenesis which can further lead to destruction of bones and joints. Despite many attempts to target these glycoproteins, there are still some problems, therefore, there is still interest in understanding the synergistic role these integrins play in the pathogenesis of RA. The purpose of this review is to gain insights into the biological effects of ανβ3 and α5β1 in synovial tissues that are relevant to pathogenesis and therapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Morshed
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Abdul Baset Abbas
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jialiang Hu
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Nanjing Anji Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210046, China.
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11
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The potent small molecule integrin antagonist THR-687 is a promising next-generation therapy for retinal vascular disorders. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:43-52. [PMID: 30472075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are associated with various eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and implicated in main pathologic disease hallmarks like neovascularization, inflammation, fibrosis and vascular leakage. Targeting integrins has the potential to attenuate these vision-threatening processes, independent of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) responsiveness. The current investigation characterized THR-687 as a novel pan RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) integrin receptor antagonist able to compete for binding with the natural ligand with nanomolar potency (e.g. αvβ3 (IC50 of 4.4 ± 2.7 nM), αvβ5 (IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.5 nM) and α5β1 (IC50 of 6.8 ± 3.2 nM)). THR-687 prevented the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into a cell-free area (IC50 of 258 ± 113 nM) as well as vessel sprouting in an ex vivo mouse choroidal explant model (IC50 of 236 ± 173 nM), and was able to induce the regression of pre-existing vascular sprouts. Moreover, combined intravitreal and intraperitoneal administration of THR-687 potently inhibited VEGF-induced leakage in the mouse retina. In addition, THR-687 injected intravitreally at 3 different dose levels (0.45 mg, 2.25 mg or 4.5 mg/eye) potently inhibited neovascularization-induced leakage in the cynomolgus laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. These data suggest that THR-687 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of vision-threatening retinal vascular eye diseases such as DR and wet AMD.
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12
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Hatley RJD, Macdonald SJF, Slack RJ, Le J, Ludbrook SB, Lukey PT. An αv-RGD Integrin Inhibitor Toolbox: Drug Discovery Insight, Challenges and Opportunities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3298-3321. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. D. Hatley
- Fibrosis DPU; Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Fibrosis DPU; Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Robert J. Slack
- Fibrosis DPU; Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Joelle Le
- Fibrosis DPU; Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Steven B. Ludbrook
- Fibrosis DPU; Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Pauline T. Lukey
- Fibrosis DPU; Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
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13
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Hatley RJD, Macdonald SJF, Slack RJ, Le J, Ludbrook SB, Lukey PT. Ein Instrumentarium von αv-RGD-Integrin-Inhibitoren: Wirkstoffsuche, Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. D. Hatley
- Fibrosis and Lung Injury DPU, Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY Großbritannien
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Fibrosis and Lung Injury DPU, Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY Großbritannien
| | - Robert J. Slack
- Fibrosis and Lung Injury DPU, Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY Großbritannien
| | - Joelle Le
- Fibrosis and Lung Injury DPU, Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY Großbritannien
| | - Steven B. Ludbrook
- Fibrosis and Lung Injury DPU, Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY Großbritannien
| | - Pauline T. Lukey
- Fibrosis and Lung Injury DPU, Respiratory Therapeutic Area; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY Großbritannien
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14
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Zhang X, Bohner A, Bhuvanagiri S, Uehara H, Upadhyay AK, Emerson LL, Bondalapati S, Muddana SK, Fang D, Li M, Sandhu Z, Hussain A, Carroll LS, Tiem M, Archer B, Kompella U, Patil R, Ambati BK. Targeted Intraceptor Nanoparticle for Neovascular Macular Degeneration: Preclinical Dose Optimization and Toxicology Assessment. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1606-1615. [PMID: 28236576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections, which can cause geographic atrophy, infection, and retinal fibrosis. To minimize these toxicities, we developed a nanoparticle delivery system for recombinant Flt23k intraceptor plasmid (RGD.Flt23k.NP) to suppress VEGF intracellularly within choroidal neovascular (CNV) lesions in a laser-induced CNV mouse model through intravenous administration. In the current study, we examined the efficacy and safety of RGD.Flt23k.NP in mice. The effect of various doses was determined using fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography to evaluate CNV leakage and volume. Efficacy was determined by the rate of inhibition of CNV volume at 2 weeks post-treatment. RGD.Flt23k.NP had peak efficacy at a dose range of 30-60 μg pFlt23k/mouse. Using the lower dose (30 μg pFlt23k/mouse), RGD.Flt23k.NP safety was determined both in single-dose groups and in repeat-dose (three times) groups by measuring body weight, organ weight, hemoglobin levels, complement C3 levels, and histological changes in vital organs. Neither toxicity nor inflammation from RGD.Flt23k.NP was detected. No side effect was detected on visual function. Thus, systemic RGD.Flt23k.NP may be an alternative to standard intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for the treatment of neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Austin Bohner
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sai Bhuvanagiri
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Hironori Uehara
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Arun Kumar Upadhyay
- University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Mail Stop C238, 12850 E. Montview Blvd. V20-4129, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lyska L Emerson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Sailaja Bondalapati
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Muddana
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Daniel Fang
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Miaoling Li
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zoya Sandhu
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Alya Hussain
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Lara S Carroll
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Michelle Tiem
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Bonnie Archer
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Uday Kompella
- University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Mail Stop C238, 12850 E. Montview Blvd. V20-4129, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajkumar Patil
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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15
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Schultheiss M, Schnichels S, Konrad EM, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Zahn G, Caldirola P, Fsadni MG, Caram-Lelham N, Spitzer MS. α5β1-Integrin inhibitor (CLT-28643) effective in rabbit trabeculectomy model. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e1-e9. [PMID: 27576860 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) fails due to fibrosis. The α5β1-integrin plays a pivotal role in fibrosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. This is the first experiment evaluating the prevention of fibrosis after GFS by a specific small molecule α5β1-integrin inhibitor (CLT-28643). METHODS Twenty-four rabbits received trabeculectomy on their right eyes. The rabbits were randomized into three groups of eight eyes each. CLT-28643 was given as a single subconjunctival injection intraoperatively to two of the right eye groups followed by postoperative vehicle eye drops (CLT+ group) or CLT-28643 eye drops 4 times daily (CLT++ group). A third group received mitomycin-C (MMC) intraoperatively (sponge application, 0.04%, 2 min) followed by vehicle eye drops postoperatively. The control-surgery group consisted of 12 left eyes having trabeculectomy with no adjunctive therapy. The remaining 12 left eyes formed the untreated group. Clinical assessment included intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, slit-lamp examination (including bleb survival and morphology) and bleb photography. The rabbits were killed after four weeks for histology. RESULTS Both CLT-28643-treated groups showed significantly prolonged bleb survival, and better bleb score compared to the control-surgery group. At end of the study, most functioning blebs were found in the MMC group (MMC group 75%; CLT+ group 12.5%, CLT++ group 25%; CLT+ group 12.5%, control-surgery group 0%). CLT-28643 was non-toxic and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS This rabbit GFS study indicates that inhibition of α5β1-integrin by the novel α5β1-integrin antagonist CLT-28643 significantly improved the outcome. The effect of a single intro-operative application of CLT-28643 seems to be inferior to 0.04% MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre of Ophthalmology; University Eye Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Konrad
- Centre of Ophthalmology; University Eye Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mario G. Fsadni
- Clanotech AB; Stockholm Sweden
- International Pharm-Med Ltd; St. Albans UK
| | | | - Martin S. Spitzer
- Centre of Ophthalmology; University Eye Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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16
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Montassar F, Darche M, Blaizot A, Augustin S, Conart JB, Millet A, Elayeb M, Sahel JA, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Sennlaub F, Marrakchi N, Messadi E, Guillonneau X. Lebecetin, a C-type lectin, inhibits choroidal and retinal neovascularization. FASEB J 2016; 31:1107-1119. [PMID: 27974593 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a cause of visual impairment and blindness in the wet form of age-related macular degeneration and in ischemic retinopathies. Current therapies include use of anti-VEGF agents to reduce choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and edema. These treatments are effective in most cases, but spontaneous or acquired resistance to anti-VEGF and possible adverse effects of long-term VEGF inhibition in the retina and choroid highlight a need for additional alternative therapies. Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5, which regulate endothelial cell proliferation and stabilization, have been implicated in ocular angiogenesis. Lebecetin (LCT) is a 30-kDa heterodimeric C-type lectin that is isolated from Macrovipera lebetina venom and interacts with α5β1- and αv-containing integrins. We previously showed that LCT inhibits human brain microvascular endothelial cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and tubulogenesis. To evaluate the inhibitory effect of LCT on ocular angiogenesis, we cultured aortic and choroidal explants in the presence of LCT and analyzed the effect of LCT on CNV in the mouse CNV model and on retinal neovascularization in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Our data demonstrate that a single injection of LCT efficiently reduced CNV and retinal neovascularization in these models.-Montassar, F., Darche, M., Blaizot, A., Augustin, S., Conart, J.-B., Millet, A., Elayeb, M., Sahel, J.-A., Réaux-Le Goazigo, A., Sennlaub, F., Marrakchi, N., Messadi, E., Guillonneau, X. Lebecetin, a C-type lectin, inhibits choroidal and retinal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadoua Montassar
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Marie Darche
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Blaizot
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Conart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Millet
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Elayeb
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Naziha Marrakchi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Erij Messadi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France;
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17
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Wong CG, Taban M, Osann K, Ross-Cisneros FN, Bruice TC, Zahn G, You T. Subchoroidal Release of VEGF and bFGF Produces Choroidal Neovascularization in Rabbit. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:237-243. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1227448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehran Taban
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Osann
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - T. C. Bruice
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Timothy You
- Orange County Retina Group, Santa Ana, CA, USA
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18
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Mas-Moruno C, Fraioli R, Rechenmacher F, Neubauer S, Kapp TG, Kessler H. αvβ3- or α5β1-Integrin-Selective Peptidomimetics for Surface Coating. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7048-67. [PMID: 27258759 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Engineering biomaterials with integrin-binding activity is a very powerful approach to promote cell adhesion, modulate cell behavior, and induce specific biological responses at the surface level. The aim of this Review is to illustrate the evolution of surface-coating molecules in this field: from peptides and proteins with relatively low integrin-binding activity and receptor selectivity to highly active and selective peptidomimetic ligands. In particular, we will bring into focus the difficult challenge of achieving selectivity between the two closely related integrin subtypes αvβ3 and α5β1. The functionalization of surfaces with such peptidomimetics opens the way for a new generation of highly specific cell-instructive surfaces to dissect the biological role of integrin subtypes and for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberta Fraioli
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias G Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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19
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Mas-Moruno C, Fraioli R, Rechenmacher F, Neubauer S, Kapp TG, Kessler H. αvβ3- oder α5β1-Integrin-selektive Peptidmimetika für die Oberflächenbeschichtung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Roberta Fraioli
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Tobias G. Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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20
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Wang WQ, Wang FH, Qin WX, Liu HY, Lu B, Chung C, Zhu J, Gu Q, Shi W, Wen C, Wu F, Zhang K, Sun XD. Joint Antiangiogenic Effect of ATN-161 and Anti-VEGF Antibody in a Rat Model of Early Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2881-90. [PMID: 27089240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness among elderly Americans and is characterized by abnormal vessel growth, termed choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Integrin α5β1 is a transmembrane receptor that binds matrix macromolecules and proteinases to stimulate angiogenesis. We recently demonstrated that integrin α5β1 plays a critical role in the development of choroidal neovascularization. In this study, we determined the role and underlying mechanisms of integrin α5β1 in angiogenesis in human choroidal endothelial cells and evaluated the antiangiogenic effects of delivering a combination therapy of ATN-161, an integrin α5β1 inhibitor, and an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody to rats with laser-induced CNV. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signaling protein that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through a pathway that is distinct from the integrin α5β1 signaling pathway. Our results indicate that fibronectin binds to integrin α5β1 and synergizes VEGF-induced angiogenesis via two independent signaling pathways, FN/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 and FN/integrin α5β1/FAK/AKT. Integrin α5 knockdown by shRNA inhibits endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and proliferation, while ATN-161 only partially decreases integrin α5 function. Treatment with ATN-161 combined with anti-VEGF antibody showed joint effects in attenuating angiogenesis. In summary, our results provide the first evidence for the mechanisms by which integrin α5β1 is involved in ocular pathological neovascularization in vivo, suggesting that dual inhibition of integrin α5β1 and VEGF may be a promising novel therapeutic strategy for CNV in wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Wen-Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Yun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease and Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai 200080, China
| | - William Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cindy Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Frances Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Center, Institute of Engineering in Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041, China.,Veterans Administration Healthcare System , San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai, 20080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease and Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University , Shanghai 200080, China
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21
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Pharmacology of the cell/matrix form of adhesion. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:430-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Zhao T, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Huang J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yuan Y, Xiao K, Li H, Zhong Z. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Antibody, BC001, Attenuates Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31:611-6. [PMID: 26334588 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhao
- Shandong Buchang Pharmaceutical Company, Heze, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotech Co., Inc., Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotech Co., Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Shandong Buchang Pharmaceutical Company, Heze, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotech Co., Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Zhong
- Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Kangcheng Biotech Co., Inc., Chengdu, China
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23
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The genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)--Novel targets for designing treatment options? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:194-202. [PMID: 25986585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease of the central retina and the main cause of legal blindness in industrialized countries. Risk to develop the disease is conferred by both individual as well as genetic factors with the latter being increasingly deciphered over the last decade. Therapeutically, striking advances have been made for the treatment of the neovascular form of late stage AMD while for the late stage atrophic form of the disease, which accounts for almost half of the visually impaired, there is currently no effective therapy on the market. This review highlights our current knowledge on the genetic architecture of early and late stage AMD and explores its potential for the discovery of novel, target-guided treatment options. We reflect on current clinical and experimental therapies for all forms of AMD and specifically note a persisting lack of efficacy for treatment in atrophic AMD. We further explore the current insight in AMD-associated genes and pathways and critically question whether this knowledge is suited to design novel treatment options. Specifically, we point out that known genetic factors associated with AMD govern the risk to develop disease and thus may not play a role in its severity or progression. Treatments based on such knowledge appear appropriate rather for prevention than treatment of manifest disease. As a consequence, future research in AMD needs to be greatly focused on approaches relevant to the patients and their medical needs.
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24
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Chen S, Popp NA, Chan CC. Animal models of age-related macular degeneration and their translatability into the clinic. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 9:285-295. [PMID: 35600070 PMCID: PMC9119377 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2014.939171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 55. Despite its common nature, the etiology of the disease involves both genetic and environmental factors, the interaction of which is not fully understood. Animal models, including the mouse, rat, rabbit, pig and non-human primate, have been developed to study various aspects of the disease and to evaluate novel therapies; however, no single model has been developed to emulate all aspects of the disease. This review will discuss the various existing models of AMD, their strengths and limitations and examples of their use in current AMD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Chen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nicholas A Popp
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Kapp TG, Rechenmacher F, Sobahi TR, Kessler H. Integrin modulators: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 23:1273-95. [PMID: 24050747 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.818133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors, which enable adhesion, proliferation, and migration of cells by recognizing binding motifs in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. As transmembrane linkers between the cytoskeleton and the ECM, they are able to recruit a huge variety of proteins and to influence signaling pathways bidirectionally, thereby regulating gene expression and cell survival. Hence, integrins play a key role in various physiological as well as pathological processes, which has turned them into an attractive target for pharmaceutical research. AREAS COVERED In this review, the latest therapeutic developments of drug candidates and recently patented integrin ligands are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Integrins have been proven to be valuable therapeutic targets in the treatment of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, where leukocyte adhesion processes are regulated by them. Furthermore, they play an important role in pathological angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, being a promising target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching , Germany
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26
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Reynolds AL, Kent D, Kennedy BN. Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Neovascularisation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:797-804. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Cui J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Yan H. An experimental study on choroidal neovascularization induced by Krypton laser in rat model. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 32:30-6. [PMID: 24328846 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to study the efficacy and safety of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) formation induced by Krypton laser in Brown Norway (BN) rats, and observe the trend of the change of CNV after laser photocoagulation. METHODS Twenty-five male BN rats were involved in this study. Two eyes of one rat without any laser photocoagulation were randomly selected as the control group, and the other 48 eyes of 24 rats were selected as the experimental group. Eight eyes of four rats were randomly selected to receive the examinations of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), histopathology, and transmission electron microscopy 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days after laser photocoagulation. RESULTS After laser photocoagulation, the leakage appeared in burns on day 7 (59%), reached the peak on day 21 (84%), (p<0.01), and remained stable after day 21, proven by FFA and histopathology (p>0.05). The thickness of CNV increased from day 7 to day 21 (p<0.01), and remained stable after day 21 (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The experimental model of CNV can be successfully induced by Krypton laser in rats with a stable, long-lasting, and high success rate. After laser photocoagulation, the leakages appear on day 7, reach the peak on day 21, and remain stable after day 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China
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28
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Microvascular complications and diabetic retinopathy: recent advances and future implications. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:301-14. [PMID: 23464520 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal microvascular alterations have been observed during diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to the retinal susceptibility towards subtle pathological alterations. Therefore, retinal microvascular pathology is essential to understand the nature of retinal degenerations during DR. In this review, the role of retinal microvasculature complications during progression of DR, along with recent efforts to normalize such alterations for better therapeutic outcome, will be underlined. In addition, current therapeutics and future directions for advancement of standard treatment for DR patients will be discussed.
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29
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Luo L, Zhang X, Hirano Y, Tyagi P, Barabás P, Uehara H, Miya TR, Singh N, Archer B, Qazi Y, Jackman K, Das SK, Olsen T, Chennamaneni SR, Stagg BC, Ahmed F, Emerson L, Zygmunt K, Whitaker R, Mamalis C, Huang W, Gao G, Srinivas SP, Krizaj D, Baffi J, Ambati J, Kompella UB, Ambati BK. Targeted intraceptor nanoparticle therapy reduces angiogenesis and fibrosis in primate and murine macular degeneration. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3264-75. [PMID: 23464925 PMCID: PMC3634882 DOI: 10.1021/nn305958y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Monthly intraocular injections are widely used to deliver protein-based drugs that cannot cross the blood-retina barrier for the treatment of leading blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This invasive treatment carries significant risks, including bleeding, pain, infection, and retinal detachment. Further, current therapies are associated with a rate of retinal fibrosis and geographic atrophy significantly higher than that which occurs in the described natural history of AMD. A novel therapeutic strategy which improves outcomes in a less invasive manner, reduces risk, and provides long-term inhibition of angiogenesis and fibrosis is a felt medical need. Here we show that a single intravenous injection of targeted, biodegradable nanoparticles delivering a recombinant Flt23k intraceptor plasmid homes to neovascular lesions in the retina and regresses CNV in primate and murine AMD models. Moreover, this treatment suppressed subretinal fibrosis, which is currently not addressed by clinical therapies. Murine vision, as tested by OptoMotry, significantly improved with nearly 40% restoration of visual loss induced by CNV. We found no evidence of ocular or systemic toxicity from nanoparticle treatment. These findings offer a nanoparticle-based platform for targeted, vitreous-sparing, extended-release, nonviral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Luo
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China, 10010
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | | | - Puneet Tyagi
- University of Colorado-Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO, USA, 80262
| | - Péter Barabás
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Hironori Uehara
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Tadashi R. Miya
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Nirbhai Singh
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Bonnie Archer
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Yureeda Qazi
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Kyle Jackman
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Subrata K. Das
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | | | - Brian C. Stagg
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Lyska Emerson
- University of Utah, Dept. of Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 84132
| | - Kristen Zygmunt
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 84132
| | - Ross Whitaker
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 84132
| | | | - Wei Huang
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Guangping Gao
- University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA, 01605
| | | | - David Krizaj
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,UT,USA, 84132
| | - Judit Baffi
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, 40536
| | | | - Uday B. Kompella
- University of Colorado-Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO, USA, 80262
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Kornienko A, Mathieu V, Rastogi SK, Lefranc F, Kiss R. Therapeutic Agents Triggering Nonapoptotic Cancer Cell Death. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4823-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400136m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, Texas 78666,
United States
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Laboratoire
de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus de la Plaine, CP205/1,
Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shiva K. Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, Texas 78666,
United States
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Erasme, ULB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratoire
de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus de la Plaine, CP205/1,
Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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MicroRNA 9-3p targets β1 integrin to sensitize claudin-low breast cancer cells to MEK inhibition. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2260-74. [PMID: 23530058 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00269-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MEK1/2 inhibitors such as AZD6244 are in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Targeted kinase inhibition can induce compensatory kinome changes, rendering single therapeutic agents ineffective. To identify target proteins to be used in a combinatorial approach to inhibit tumor cell growth, we used a novel strategy that identified microRNAs (miRNAs) that synergized with AZD6244 to inhibit the viability of the claudin-low breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Screening of a miRNA mimic library revealed the ability of miR-9-3p to significantly enhance AZD6244-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition and growth arrest, while miR-9-3p had little effect on growth alone. Promoter methylation of mir-9 genes correlated with low expression of miR-9-3p in different breast cancer cell lines. Consistent with miR-9-3p having synthetic enhancer tumor suppressor characteristics, miR-9-3p expression in combination with MEK inhibitor caused a sustained loss of c-MYC expression and growth inhibition. The β1 integrin gene (ITGB1) was identified as a new miR-9-3p target, and the growth inhibition seen with small interfering RNA knockdown or antibody blocking of ITGB1 in combination with MEK inhibitor phenocopied the growth inhibition seen with miR-9-3p plus AZD6244. The miRNA screen led to identification of a druggable protein, ITGB1, whose functional inhibition synergizes with MEK inhibitor.
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32
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Schaffner F, Ray AM, Dontenwill M. Integrin α5β1, the Fibronectin Receptor, as a Pertinent Therapeutic Target in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:27-47. [PMID: 24216697 PMCID: PMC3730317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric proteins sensing the cell microenvironment and modulating numerous signalling pathways. Changes in integrin expression between normal and tumoral cells support involvement of specific integrins in tumor progression and aggressiveness. This review highlights the current knowledge about α5β1 integrin, also called the fibronectin receptor, in solid tumors. We summarize data showing that α5β1 integrin is a pertinent therapeutic target expressed by tumoral neovessels and tumoral cells. Although mainly evaluated in preclinical models, α5β1 integrin merits interest in particular in colon, breast, ovarian, lung and brain tumors where its overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. Specific α5β1 integrin antagonists will be listed that may represent new potential therapeutic agents to fight defined subpopulations of particularly aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Schaffner
- UMR 7213 CNRS, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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33
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Recent Progress in Small-Molecule Agents Against Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Girmens JF, Sahel JA, Marazova K. Dry age-related macular degeneration: A currently unmet clinical need. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2012; 1:103-14. [PMID: 25343081 PMCID: PMC4204600 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2012.v1.3.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual impairment and disability in older people worldwide. Although considerable advances in the management of the neovascular form of AMD have been made in the last decade, no therapy is yet available for the advanced dry form of AMD (geographic atrophy). This review focuses on current trends in the development of new therapies targeting specific pathophysiological pathways of dry AMD. Increased understanding of the complex mechanisms that underlie dry AMD will help to address this largely unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Girmens
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jean-François Girmens, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, 28 rue de Charenton, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France. E-mail:
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
- French Academy of Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Katia Marazova
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
- National Center for Scientific Research, Paris, France
- Dr. Katia Marazova, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France. E-mail:
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35
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Zhang K, Zhang L, Weinreb RN. Ophthalmic drug discovery: novel targets and mechanisms for retinal diseases and glaucoma. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:541-59. [PMID: 22699774 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Blindness affects 60 million people worldwide. The leading causes of irreversible blindness include age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular diseases and glaucoma. The unique features of the eye provide both benefits and challenges for drug discovery and delivery. During the past decade, the landscape for ocular drug therapy has substantially changed and our knowledge of the pathogenesis of ophthalmic diseases has grown considerably. Anti-angiogenic drugs have emerged as the most effective form of therapy for age-related macular degeneration and retinal vascular diseases. Lowering intraocular pressure is still the mainstay for glaucoma treatment but neuroprotective drugs represent a promising next-generation therapy. This Review discusses the current state of ocular drug therapy and highlights future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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36
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Pennesi ME, Neuringer M, Courtney RJ. Animal models of age related macular degeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:487-509. [PMID: 22705444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss of those over the age of 65 in the industrialized world. The prevalence and need to develop effective treatments for AMD has lead to the development of multiple animal models. AMD is a complex and heterogeneous disease that involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors with the unique anatomy of the human macula. Models in mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates have recreated many of the histological features of AMD and provided much insight into the underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease. In spite of the large number of models developed, no one model yet recapitulates all of the features of human AMD. However, these models have helped reveal the roles of chronic oxidative damage, inflammation and immune dysregulation, and lipid metabolism in the development of AMD. Models for induced choroidal neovascularization have served as the backbone for testing new therapies. This article will review the diversity of animal models that exist for AMD as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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37
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Kinnunen K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Vascular endothelial growth factors in retinal and choroidal neovascular diseases. Ann Med 2012; 44:1-17. [PMID: 21284527 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.532150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, or neovascularization, refers to development of new vessels from pre-existing vasculature. Retinal and choroidal neovascularization leads to oedema, haemorrhages, and fibrosis, causing visual impairment and blindness. In multiple studies, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be the most important factor in ocular angiogenesis. Recently discovered anti-VEGF treatments have revolutionized the therapy of neovascular diseases in the eye. These agents have been shown not just to stop the angiogenic process and maintain visual acuity but also improve vision in a great proportion of patients at least during a 2-year follow-up. However, there are also problems with these agents and their delivery regimens, and new therapeutic strategies are needed. This review summarizes the most important growth factors participating in the angiogenic process in the retina and the choroid, diseases where angiogenesis plays the most devastating part causing visual impairment, as well as current antiangiogenic treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
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38
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Yuan A, Kaiser PK. Emerging therapies for the treatment of neovascular age related macular degeneration. Semin Ophthalmol 2011; 26:149-55. [PMID: 21609228 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2011.570846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous drugs that show promise in the treatment of neovascular age related macular degeneration are currently being evaluated in early clinical trials. Some of these drugs target the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway while others act on different targets along the angiogenesis cascade. The mechanism of action of these novel therapeutics and the results of early clinical trials will be discussed along with a review of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Yuan
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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39
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Schiffelers RM, van der Vaart TK, Storm G. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: opportunities for development of first-in-class biopharmaceuticals. BioDrugs 2011; 25:171-89. [PMID: 21627341 DOI: 10.2165/11589330-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition that may cause blindness. The prevalence of the disease in the Western world is estimated at 1-2% of the population. Over the past decade, treatment of neovascular AMD has been shifting from destruction of newly formed blood vessels towards inhibitors that silence the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Such agents are often first-in-class biopharmaceuticals that benefit from the fact that they can be locally administered in an immune-privileged environment with slow clearance. These new VEGF pathway inhibitors have improved therapeutic effects over conventional treatment and have promoted the identification of novel targets for inhibition of AMD angiogenesis. This review describes the rationale behind the shift from conventional to current treatment options and discusses investigational, most notably biopharmaceutical, drugs that are in clinical trials. It also provides possible points for improvement of these treatments, specifically regarding their delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Schiffelers
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
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Fabricius EM, Wildner GP, Kruse-Boitschenko U, Hoffmeister B, Goodman SL, Raguse JD. Immunohistochemical analysis of integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1, and their ligands, fibrinogen, fibronectin, osteopontin and vitronectin, in frozen sections of human oral head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Exp Ther Med 2010; 2:9-19. [PMID: 22977464 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix and are believed to be involved in tumor cell survival and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis. We used immunohistochemistry of fresh-frozen human tumor tissues to analyze the presence of integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1, which are believed to be involved in tumor growth and migration, together with integrin ligands, vitronectin, osteopontin, fibronectin and fibrinogen, in human oral squamous cell carcinomas. Samples of squamous cell carcinomas and control tissues from patients without cancer undergoing oral or maxillofacial surgery were frozen in liquid nitrogen within 30 min of removal. Frozen sections were prepared, and the presence of integrins or ligands was visualized using standard immunohistochemistry (APAAP) with a blinded evaluation. Comparison of samples from the 40 oral cancer patients and the 20 controls revealed increased staining in tumors compared with the controls, and staining was demonstrated for αvβ3 in endothelia. αvβ5 staining was increased in the tumor samples, but this was associated with increased expression in stroma rather than in endothelia. Modestly increased expression of α5β1 was observed in the tumor samples, and this was associated with tumor cells, endothelia and stroma. Expression of ligands for the integrins varied between tissue types, with increased fibrinogen and fibronectin expression in tumor endothelia. Confirmation of the presence of these integrins and their association with tumor cells, endothelia or stroma suggests their potential for these integrins in human oral tumors. Overall, the increased expression of integrins within tumors, particularly expression associated with endothelial cells, supports the principle of selective integrin blockade as a novel anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Fabricius
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Virchow Hospital Charité-Universitätsmedizin
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Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim JH. How to overcome retinal neuropathy: the fight against angiogenesis-related blindness. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1557-65. [PMID: 21052933 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The retina consists of neuronal cells of high metabolic activity that are supplied by an abundant vasculature. It is a main theme of ophthalmologic research, because retinopathies are common causes of blindness in all age groups: age-related macular degeneration in the elderly, diabetic retinopathy in the middle aged, and retinopathy of prematurity and retinoblastoma in children. Interestingly, angiogenesis underlies the pathogenesis of all these diseases, and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier is also thought to play an important role before and throughout the process of new vessel formation. However, so far, most treatments have targeted angiogenesis only, especially vascular endothelial growth factor. Consideration of the restoration of the blood-retinal barrier should be required. In this review, we discuss the clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for angiogenesis-related blindness. In addition, because of the recent introduction of novel strategies, we describe pathogenesis-based treatment options to treat angiogenesis-related blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Grossniklaus HE, Kang SJ, Berglin L. Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:500-19. [PMID: 20488255 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There have been numerous types of animal models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal neovascularization (RNV). Understanding the pathobiology of CNV and RNV is important when evaluating and utilizing these models. Both CNV and RNV are dynamic processes. A break or defect in Bruchs' membrane is necessary for CNV to develop. This may be induced with a laser, mechanically via surgery, or in the setting of transgenic mice. Some of the transgenic mouse models spontaneously develop RNV and/or retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP)-like lesions. The pathogenesis of RNV is well-known and is generally related to ischemic retinopathy. Models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) closely resemble retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The streptozotocin (STZ) rat model develops features similar to diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes general categories and specific examples of animal models of CNV and RNV. There are no perfect models of CNV or RNV and individual investigators are encouraged to choose the model that best suits their needs.
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El Sanharawi M, Kowalczuk L, Touchard E, Omri S, de Kozak Y, Behar-Cohen F. Protein delivery for retinal diseases: from basic considerations to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:443-65. [PMID: 20398784 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Because the eye is protected by ocular barriers but is also easily accessible, direct intravitreous injections of therapeutic proteins allow for specific and targeted treatment of retinal diseases. Low doses of proteins are required in this confined environment and a long time of residency in the vitreous is expected, making the eye the ideal organ for local proteic therapies. Monthly intravitreous injection of Ranibizumab, an anti-VEGF Fab has become the standard of care for patients presenting wet AMD. It has brought the proof of concept that administering proteins into the physiologically low proteic concentration vitreous can be performed safely. Other antibodies, Fab, peptides and growth factors have been shown to exert beneficial effects on animal models when administered within the therapeutic and safe window. To extend the use of such biomolecules in the ophthalmology practice, optimization of treatment regimens and efficacy is required. Basic knowledge remains to be increased on how different proteins/peptides penetrate into the eye and the ocular tissues, distribute in the vitreous, penetrate into the retinal layers and/or cells, are eliminated from the eye or metabolized. This should serve as a basis for designing novel drug delivery systems. The later should be non-or minimally invasive and should allow for a controlled, scalable and sustained release of the therapeutic proteins in the ocular media. This paper reviews the actual knowledge regarding protein delivery for eye diseases and describes novel non-viral gene therapy technologies particularly adapted for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El Sanharawi
- Inserm, UMRS 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Mould AP, Koper E, Byron A, Zahn G, Humphries MJ. Mapping the ligand-binding pocket of integrin alpha5beta1 using a gain-of-function approach. Biochem J 2009; 424:179-89. [PMID: 19747169 PMCID: PMC3329623 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Integrin alpha5beta1 is a key receptor for the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. Antagonists of human integrin alpha5beta1 have therapeutic potential as anti-angiogenic agents in cancer and diseases of the eye. However, the structure of the integrin is unsolved and the atomic basis of fibronectin and antagonist binding by integrin alpha5beta1 is poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that zebrafish alpha5beta1 integrins do not interact with human fibronectin or the human alpha5beta1 antagonists JSM6427 and cyclic peptide CRRETAWAC. Zebrafish alpha5beta1 integrins do bind zebrafish fibronectin-1, and mutagenesis of residues on the upper surface and side of the zebrafish alpha5 subunit beta-propeller domain shows that these residues are important for the recognition of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif and the synergy sequence [Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN)] in fibronectin. Using a gain-of-function analysis involving swapping regions of the zebrafish integrin alpha5 subunit with the corresponding regions of human alpha5 we show that blades 1-4 of the beta-propeller are required for human fibronectin recognition, suggesting that fibronectin binding involves a broad interface on the side and upper face of the beta-propeller domain. We find that the loop connecting blades 2 and 3 of the beta-propeller, the D3-A3 loop, contains residues critical for antagonist recognition, with a minor role played by residues in neighbouring loops. A new homology model of human integrin alpha5beta1 supports an important function for D3-A3 loop residues Trp157 and Ala158 in the binding of antagonists. These results will aid the development of reagents that block integrin alpha5beta1 functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paul Mould
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ewa Koper
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Adam Byron
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Martin J. Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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