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Kohler CG, Wolf DH, Abi-Dargham A, Anticevic A, Cho YT, Fonteneau C, Gil R, Girgis RR, Gray DL, Grinband J, Javitch JA, Kantrowitz JT, Krystal JH, Lieberman JA, Murray JD, Ranganathan M, Santamauro N, Van Snellenberg JX, Tamayo Z, Gur RC, Gur RE, Calkins ME. Illness Phase as a Key Assessment and Intervention Window for Psychosis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:340-350. [PMID: 37519466 PMCID: PMC10382701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of schizophrenia, regardless of etiology, represents the most studied psychotic disorder with respect to neurobiology and distinct phases of illness. The early phase of illness represents a unique opportunity to provide effective and individualized interventions that can alter illness trajectories. Developmental age and illness stage, including temporal variation in neurobiology, can be targeted to develop phase-specific clinical assessment, biomarkers, and interventions. We review an earlier model whereby an initial glutamate signaling deficit progresses through different phases of allostatic adaptation, moving from potentially reversible functional abnormalities associated with early psychosis and working memory dysfunction, and ending with difficult-to-reverse structural changes after chronic illness. We integrate this model with evidence of dopaminergic abnormalities, including cortical D1 dysfunction, which develop during adolescence. We discuss how this model and a focus on a potential critical window of intervention in the early stages of schizophrenia impact the approach to research design and clinical care. This impact includes stage-specific considerations for symptom assessment as well as genetic, cognitive, and neurophysiological biomarkers. We examine how phase-specific biomarkers of illness phase and brain development can be incorporated into current strategies for large-scale research and clinical programs implementing coordinated specialty care. We highlight working memory and D1 dysfunction as early treatment targets that can substantially affect functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Kohler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel H. Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Youngsun T. Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clara Fonteneau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roberto Gil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook
| | - Ragy R. Girgis
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - David L. Gray
- Cerevel Therapeutics Research and Development, East Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jack Grinband
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Joshua T. Kantrowitz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
| | - John H. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey A. Lieberman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - John D. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nicole Santamauro
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jared X. Van Snellenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook
| | - Zailyn Tamayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zheng Y, Liu C, Lai NYG, Wang Q, Xia Q, Sun X, Zhang S. Current development of biosensing technologies towards diagnosis of mental diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1190211. [PMID: 37456720 PMCID: PMC10342212 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1190211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosensor is an instrument that converts the concentration of biomarkers into electrical signals for detection. Biosensing technology is non-invasive, lightweight, automated, and biocompatible in nature. These features have significantly advanced medical diagnosis, particularly in the diagnosis of mental disorder in recent years. The traditional method of diagnosing mental disorders is time-intensive, expensive, and subject to individual interpretation. It involves a combination of the clinical experience by the psychiatrist and the physical symptoms and self-reported scales provided by the patient. Biosensors on the other hand can objectively and continually detect disease states by monitoring abnormal data in biomarkers. Hence, this paper reviews the application of biosensors in the detection of mental diseases, and the diagnostic methods are divided into five sub-themes of biosensors based on vision, EEG signal, EOG signal, and multi-signal. A prospective application in clinical diagnosis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Center, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- Robotics Institute, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Center, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Nai Yeen Gavin Lai
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Ningbo Research Center, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Center, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Gershon ES, Lee SH, Zhou X, Sweeney JA, Tamminga C, Pearlson GA, Clementz BA, Keshavan MS, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Hudgens-Haney M, Keedy SK, Glahn DC, Asif H, Lencer R, Hill SK. An opportunity for primary prevention research in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:433-439. [PMID: 34315649 PMCID: PMC8784565 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An opportunity has opened for research into primary prevention of psychotic disorders, based on progress in endophenotypes, genetics, and genomics. Primary prevention requires reliable prediction of susceptibility before any symptoms are present. We studied a battery of measures where published data supports abnormalities of these measurements prior to appearance of initial psychosis symptoms. These neurobiological and behavioral measurements included cognition, eye movement tracking, Event Related Potentials, and polygenic risk scores. They generated an acceptably precise separation of healthy controls from outpatients with a psychotic disorder. METHODS: The Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) measured this battery in an ancestry-diverse series of consecutively recruited adult outpatients with a psychotic disorder and healthy controls. Participants include all genders, 16 to 50 years of age, 261 with psychotic disorders (Schizophrenia (SZ) 109, Bipolar with psychosis (BPP) 92, Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) 60), 110 healthy controls. Logistic Regression, and an extension of the Linear Mixed Model to include analysis of pairwise interactions between measures (Environmental kernel Relationship Matrices (ERM)) with multiple iterations, were performed to predict case-control status. Each regression analysis was validated with four-fold cross-validation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity, specificity, and Area Under the Curve of Receiver Operating Characteristic of 85%, 62%, and 86%, respectively, were obtained for both analytic methods. These prediction metrics demonstrate a promising diagnostic distinction based on premorbid risk variables. There were also statistically significant pairwise interactions between measures in the ERM model. The strong prediction metrics of both types of analytic model provide proof-of-principle for biologically-based laboratory tests as a first step toward primary prevention studies. Prospective studies of adolescents at elevated risk, vs. healthy adolescent controls, would be a next step toward development of primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot S Gershon
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America; University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, United States of America.
| | - S Hong Lee
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; UniSA: Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; UniSA: Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - John A Sweeney
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry United States of America, Sichuan University, Hauxi Center for MR Research, China.
| | - Carol Tamminga
- University of Texas Southwestern, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David C Glahn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, United States of America.
| | - Huma Asif
- University of Chicago, United States of America.
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - S Kristian Hill
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, United States of America.
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Gooding DC. Brave New World: Harnessing the promise of biomarkers to help solve the epigenetic puzzle. Schizophr Res 2022; 242:35-41. [PMID: 35101327 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Gooding
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
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5
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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6
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Akinyelu AA, Blignaut P. Convolutional Neural Network-Based Technique for Gaze Estimation on Mobile Devices. Front Artif Intell 2022; 4:796825. [PMID: 35156012 PMCID: PMC8826079 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2021.796825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye tracking is becoming a very popular, useful, and important technology. Many eye tracking technologies are currently expensive and only available to large corporations. Some of them necessitate explicit personal calibration, which makes them unsuitable for use in real-world or uncontrolled environments. Explicit personal calibration can also be cumbersome and degrades the user experience. To address these issues, this study proposes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based calibration-free technique for improved gaze estimation in unconstrained environments. The proposed technique consists of two components, namely a face component and a 39-point facial landmark component. The face component is used to extract the gaze estimation features from the eyes, while the 39-point facial landmark component is used to encode the shape and location of the eyes (within the face) into the network. Adding this information can make the network learn free-head and eye movements. Another CNN model was designed in this study primarily for the sake of comparison. The CNN model accepts only the face images as input. Different experiments were performed, and the experimental result reveals that the proposed technique outperforms the second model. Fine-tuning was also performed using the VGG16 pre-trained model. Experimental results show that the fine-tuned results of the proposed technique perform better than the fine-tuned results of the second model. Overall, the results show that 39-point facial landmarks can be used to improve the performance of CNN-based gaze estimation models.
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7
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Hills PJ, Vasilev MR, Ford P, Snell L, Whitworth E, Parsons T, Morisson R, Silveira A, Angele B. Sensory gating is related to positive and disorganised schizotypy in contrast to smooth pursuit eye movements and latent inhibition. Neuropsychologia 2021; 161:107989. [PMID: 34419489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the characteristics and symptoms of both schizophrenia and schizotypy are manifested heterogeneously, it is possible that different endophenotypes and neurophysiological measures (sensory gating and smooth pursuit eye movement errors) represent different clusters of symptoms. Participants (N = 205) underwent a standard conditioned-pairing paradigm to establish their sensory gating ratio, a smooth-pursuit eye-movement task, a latent inhibition task, and completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. A Multidimensional Scaling analysis revealed that sensory gating was related to positive and disorganised dimensions of schizotypy. Latent inhibition and prepulse inhibition were not related to any dimension of schizotypy. Smooth pursuit eye movement error was unrelated to sensory gating and latent inhibition, but was related to negative dimensions of schizotypy. Our findings suggest that the symptom clusters associated with two main endophenotypes are largely independent. To fully understand symptomology and outcomes of schizotypal traits, the different subtypes of schizotypy (and potentially, schizophrenia) ought to be considered separately rather than together.
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8
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Wolf A, Ueda K. Contribution of Eye-Tracking to Study Cognitive Impairments Among Clinical Populations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:590986. [PMID: 34163391 PMCID: PMC8215550 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of psychology, the merge of decision-theory and neuroscientific methods produces an array of scientifically recognized paradigms. For example, by exploring consumer’s eye-movement behavior, researchers aim to deepen the understanding of how patterns of retinal activation are being meaningfully transformed into visual experiences and connected with specific reactions (e.g., purchase). Notably, eye-movements provide knowledge of one’s homeostatic balance and gatekeep information that shape decisions. Hence, vision science investigates the quality of observed environments determined under various experimental conditions. Moreover, it answers questions on how human process visual stimuli and use gained information for a successful strategy to achieve certain goals. While capturing cognitive states with the support of the eye-trackers progresses at a relatively fast pace in decision-making research, measuring the visual performance of real-life tasks, which require complex cognitive skills, is tentatively translated into clinical experiments. Nevertheless, the potential of the human eye as a highly valuable source of biomarkers has been underlined. In this article, we aim to draw readers attention to decision-making experimental paradigms supported with eye-tracking technology among clinical populations. Such interdisciplinary approach may become an important component that will (i) help in objectively illustrating patient’s models of beliefs and values, (ii) support clinical interventions, and (iii) contribute to health services. It is possible that shortly, eye-movement data from decision-making experiments will grant the scientific community a greater understanding of mechanisms underlining mental states and consumption practices that medical professionals consider as obsessions, disorders or addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- JSPS International Research Fellow, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Unit of Perceptual Psychology, Dept. Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Division of Auditory and Visual Perception Research, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Sami MB, Annibale L, O'Neill A, Collier T, Onyejiaka C, Eranti S, Das D, Kelbrick M, McGuire P, Williams SCR, Rana A, Ettinger U, Bhattacharyya S. Eye movements in patients in early psychosis with and without a history of cannabis use. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33980870 PMCID: PMC8115050 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether early psychosis in the context of cannabis use is different from psychosis without cannabis. We investigated this issue by examining whether abnormalities in oculomotor control differ between patients with psychosis with and without a history of cannabis use. We studied four groups: patients in the early phase of psychosis with a history of cannabis use (EPC; n = 28); patients in the early phase of psychosis without (EPNC; n = 25); controls with a history of cannabis use (HCC; n = 16); and controls without (HCNC; n = 22). We studied smooth pursuit eye movements using a stimulus with sinusoidal waveform at three target frequencies (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 Hz). Participants also performed 40 antisaccade trials. There were no differences between the EPC and EPNC groups in diagnosis, symptom severity or level of functioning. We found evidence for a cannabis effect (χ2 = 23.14, p < 0.001), patient effect (χ2 = 4.84, p = 0.028) and patient × cannabis effect (χ2 = 4.20, p = 0.04) for smooth pursuit velocity gain. There was a large difference between EPC and EPNC (g = 0.76-0.86) with impairment in the non cannabis using group. We found no significant effect for antisaccade error whereas patients had fewer valid trials compared to controls. These data indicate that impairment of smooth pursuit in psychosis is more severe in patients without a history of cannabis use. This is consistent with the notion that the severity of neurobiological alterations in psychosis is lower in patients whose illness developed in the context of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Basseer Sami
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham University, Nottingham, England.
| | - Luciano Annibale
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aisling O'Neill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tracy Collier
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chidimma Onyejiaka
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Debasis Das
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Philip McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anas Rana
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Wolf A, Ueda K, Hirano Y. Recent updates of eye movement abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia: A scoping review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:82-100. [PMID: 33314465 PMCID: PMC7986125 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although eye-tracking technology expands beyond capturing eye data just for the sole purpose of ensuring participants maintain their gaze at the presented fixation cross, gaze technology remains of less importance in clinical research. Recently, impairments in visual information encoding processes indexed by novel gaze metrics have been frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia. This work undertakes a scoping review of research on saccadic dysfunctions and exploratory eye movement deficits among patients with schizophrenia. It gathers promising pieces of evidence of eye movement abnormalities in attention-demanding tasks on the schizophrenia spectrum that have mounted in recent years and their outcomes as potential biological markers. METHODS The protocol was drafted based on PRISMA for scoping review guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify articles published between 2010 and 2020 that examined visual processing in patients with schizophrenia and reported eye movement characteristics as potential biomarkers for this mental illness. RESULTS The use of modern eye-tracking instrumentation has been reported by numerous neuroscientific studies to successfully and non-invasively improve the detection of visual information processing impairments among the screened population at risk of and identified with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Eye-tracking technology has the potential to contribute to the process of early intervention and more apparent separation of the diagnostic entities, being put together by the syndrome-based approach to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, context-processing paradigms should be conducted and reported in equally accessible publications to build comprehensive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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A hidden Markov model for analyzing eye-tracking of moving objects : Case study in a sustained attention paradigm. Behav Res Methods 2020; 52:1225-1243. [PMID: 31898297 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eye-tracking provides an opportunity to generate and analyze high-density data relevant to understanding cognition. However, while events in the real world are often dynamic, eye-tracking paradigms are typically limited to assessing gaze toward static objects. In this study, we propose a generative framework, based on a hidden Markov model (HMM), for using eye-tracking data to analyze behavior in the context of multiple moving objects of interest. We apply this framework to analyze data from a recent visual object tracking task paradigm, TrackIt, for studying selective sustained attention in children. Within this paradigm, we present two validation experiments to show that the HMM provides a viable approach to studying eye-tracking data with moving stimuli, and to illustrate the benefits of the HMM approach over some more naive possible approaches. The first experiment utilizes a novel 'supervised' variant of TrackIt, while the second compares directly with judgments made by human coders using data from the original TrackIt task. Our results suggest that the HMM-based method provides a robust analysis of eye-tracking data with moving stimuli, both for adults and for children as young as 3.5-6 years old.
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12
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Huang L, Wei W, Liu Z, Zhang T, Wang J, Xu L, Chen W, Le Meur O. Effective schizophrenia recognition using discriminative eye movement features and model-metric based features. Pattern Recognit Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Almonte MT, Capellàn P, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF. Retinal correlates of psychiatric disorders. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320905215. [PMID: 32215197 PMCID: PMC7065291 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320905215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and monitoring of psychiatric disorders rely heavily on subjective self-reports of clinical symptoms, which are complicated by the varying consistency of accounts reported by patients with an impaired mental state. Hence, more objective and quantifiable measures have been sought to provide clinicians with more robust methods to evaluate symptomology and track progression of disease in response to treatments. Owing to the shared origins of the retina and the brain, it has been suggested that changes in the retina may correlate with structural and functional changes in the brain. Vast improvements in retinal imaging, namely optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electrodiagnostic technology, have made it possible to investigate the eye at a microscopic level, allowing for the investigation of potential biomarkers in vivo. This review provides a summary of retinal biomarkers associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, demonstrating how retinal biomarkers may be used to complement existing methods and provide structural markers of pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin brain dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie T. Almonte
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Timothy E. Yap
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, UK
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14
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Mothi SS, Sudarshan M, Tandon N, Tamminga C, Pearlson G, Sweeney J, Clementz B, Keshavan MS. Machine learning improved classification of psychoses using clinical and biological stratification: Update from the bipolar-schizophrenia network for intermediate phenotypes (B-SNIP). Schizophr Res 2019; 214:60-69. [PMID: 29807804 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Sarvode Mothi
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett Clementz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Psychology, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Doroshenko AA, Guseva MA, Postelga AE, Usanov DA, Barylnik YB. The use of videooculography in schizophrenia. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:39-42. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911903139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Kogata T, Iidaka T. A review of impaired visual processing and the daily visual world in patients with schizophrenia. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2018; 80:317-328. [PMID: 30214081 PMCID: PMC6125648 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.80.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated perceptual processes in patients with schizophrenia. Research confirms that visual impairments are one of the most important features of schizophrenia. Many studies, using behavioral and psychological experiments, confirm that visual impairments can be used to determine illness severity, state, and best treatments. Herein, we review recent research pertaining to visual function in patients with schizophrenia and highlight the relationship between laboratory findings and subjective, real-life reports from patients themselves. The purpose of this review is to 1) describe visual impairments that manifest in patients with schizophrenia, 2) examine the relationship between visual dysfunction, assessed by laboratory tests, and the experiences of patients themselves, and 3) describe real-life experiences related to visual function in this population. In this review, the impairments of motion and color perception, perceptual organization, and scan paths are summarized, along with the relationship between laboratory findings and patients' real-world subjective experiences related to visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kogata
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iidaka
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Brain & Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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John YJ, Zikopoulos B, Bullock D, Barbas H. Visual Attention Deficits in Schizophrenia Can Arise From Inhibitory Dysfunction in Thalamus or Cortex. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2018; 2:223-257. [PMID: 30627672 PMCID: PMC6317791 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with diverse cognitive deficits, including disorders of attention-related oculomotor behavior. At the structural level, schizophrenia is associated with abnormal inhibitory control in the circuit linking cortex and thalamus. We developed a spiking neural network model that demonstrates how dysfunctional inhibition can degrade attentive gaze control. Our model revealed that perturbations of two functionally distinct classes of cortical inhibitory neurons, or of the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus, disrupted processing vital for sustained attention to a stimulus, leading to distractibility. Because perturbation at each circuit node led to comparable but qualitatively distinct disruptions in attentive tracking or fixation, our findings support the search for new eye movement metrics that may index distinct underlying neural defects. Moreover, because the cortico-thalamic circuit is a common motif across sensory, association, and motor systems, the model and extensions can be broadly applied to study normal function and the neural bases of other cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan J. John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, and School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Bullock
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, and School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, and School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Association of DISC1, BDNF, and COMT polymorphisms with exploratory eye movement of schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 26:258-265. [PMID: 27285059 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested that exploratory eye movement (EEM) dysfunction appears to be a biological marker specific to schizophrenia, with an unknown molecular mechanism. Genetic studies indicate that disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) genes might be implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia, but not in all populations. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to explore associations between these candidate genes and EEM endophenotypes for schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. METHODS EEM recordings were examined in 139 patients with schizophrenia and 143 healthy control participants. RESULTS All five EEM parameters, responsive search score, cognitive search score, number of eye fixations, total eye scanning length, and mean eye scanning length, of schizophrenic patients differed significantly from those of healthy controls (P<0.001). The DISC1 SerCys, BDNF ValMet, and COMT ValMet were genotyped in a total sample of 818 schizophrenic patients and 827 healthy control participants, including the above EEM samples. We found that DISC1 Cys and BDNF Met were associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia (P<0.001). Furthermore, responsive search score scores of BDNF Met/Met carriers were significantly lower than those of Val allele carriers (P=0.022), which remained modest after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSION The BDNF MetMet polymorphism might be associated with the EEM dysfunction of schizophrenia.
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Matsumoto Y, Takahashi H, Miyata J, Sugihara G, Murai T, Takahashi H. Neural basis of altered earlier attention and higher order biological motion processing in schizophrenia. Soc Neurosci 2017; 13:594-601. [PMID: 28805504 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1366363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients have impairments of biological motion (BM) perception, which provides critical information about social cognition. Because social cognition is underpinned by attention, the impairments of BM perception in schizophrenia could be partially attributable to altered attention. To elucidate the impairments in attention and social perception in schizophrenia, we investigated the neural basis of impaired BM processing using MRI in respect to attention deficits by eye tracker. Voxel-based morphometry was performed to evaluate the relationship between BM perception and gray matter (GM) volume. The temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and anterior superior temporal sulcus (aSTS) were related to task accuracy. However, when the effect of attention (i.e., eye movement) was controlled, the relationship in TPJ became non-significant, while aSTS showed a significant relationship with BM perception. Alteration in TPJ might be associated with inefficient attentional strategy, whereas dysfunctional aSTS might be correlated with deficit in higher order BM processing per se. Several cognitive levels as well as corresponding brain areas are possibly involved in the manifestation of social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsumoto
- a Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- b Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate school of Engineering science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- a Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- a Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- a Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- a Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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20
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Demily C, Louchart-de-la-Chapelle S, Nkam I, Ramoz N, Denise P, Nicolas A, Savalle C, Thibaut F. Does COMT val158met polymorphism influence P50 sensory gating, eye tracking or saccadic inhibition dysfunctions in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:738-744. [PMID: 27825784 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Three electrophysiological endophenotypes are routinely studied in schizophrenia (SCZ): smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) dysfunction, deficits in P50 auditory-evoked potential inhibition, and saccadic inhibition deficits. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between the COMT val158met polymorphism and these three endophenotypes. One hundred four SCZ patients (DSM-IV-R criteria) and 89 healthy controls were included in this study. P50 auditory-evoked potential inhibition, antisaccade paradigm and SPEM were analyzed. All individuals were genotyped for the COMT val158met. SCZ patients showed a higher rate of deficits measured by the SPEM, antisaccade and P50 inhibition paradigms without association with COMT val158met. However, in our control group, we have found an association between the Val polymorphism and the smoking status. More importantly, we have found a higher accuracy of saccades during the predictive pursuit task associated to the Met polymorphism in controls but not in SCZ patients who were receiving antidopaminergic medications. This result is in line with the hypothesis of the relationship between the Met polymorphism of the COMT gene, a higher level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and the role of the fronto-cerebellar loop in smooth predictive pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Demily
- GénoPsy - Centre for the Detection and Management of Psychiatric Genetic Disorders Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, UMR 5229 (CNRS & Lyon 1 University), France.
| | - Sandrine Louchart-de-la-Chapelle
- Service de Gérontologie Clinique & Centre de la Mémoire, Centre de Gérontologie Clinique Rainier III, Principauté de Monaco, France.
| | - Irène Nkam
- Centre Hospitalier Roger Prévost, Secteur 92 G 01, Moisselles, France.
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- INSERM U 894, Centre Psychiatry and neurosciences, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Denise
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Centre Cycéron, CNRS/CEA/Université de Caen/Université Paris V, UMR 6095, Bd H. Becquerel, Caen, France.
| | - Alain Nicolas
- Unité Michel Jouvet, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France.
| | | | - Florence Thibaut
- Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (Site Tarnier), University Sorbonne-Paris Cité(Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes), INSERM U 894, CPN, Paris, France.
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21
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Abstract
Several areas of research are reviewed in which associations between eye movements and the nature of mental processes have been attributed to hypothesized third factors. It is suggested that a simpler hypothesis—that eye movements are related in some fundamental manner to cognitive functioning—deserves consideration. A metaphor is presented to show that the quality of information processing need not exclusively reflect processes deep inside the brain but could also be affected by peripheral motor mechanisms.
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22
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Thibaut F, Boutros NN, Jarema M, Oranje B, Hasan A, Daskalakis ZJ, Wichniak A, Schmitt A, Riederer P, Falkai P. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: Criteria for biomarkers and endophenotypes of schizophrenia part I: Neurophysiology. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016. [PMID: 26213111 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurophysiological components that have been proposed as biomarkers or as endophenotypes for schizophrenia can be measured through electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), polysomnography (PSG), registration of event-related potentials (ERPs), assessment of smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) and antisaccade paradigms. Most of them demonstrate deficits in schizophrenia, show at least moderate stability over time and do not depend on clinical status, which means that they fulfil the criteria as valid endophenotypes for genetic studies. Deficits in cortical inhibition and plasticity measured using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques seem promising markers of outcome and prognosis. However the utility of these markers as biomarkers for predicting conversion to psychosis, response to treatments, or for tracking disease progression needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes, INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , Paris , France
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23
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Dowiasch S, Backasch B, Einhäuser W, Leube D, Kircher T, Bremmer F. Eye movements of patients with schizophrenia in a natural environment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:43-54. [PMID: 25472882 PMCID: PMC4723634 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of eye movements in schizophrenia patients have been widely described for laboratory settings. For example, gain during smooth tracking is reduced, and fixation patterns differ between patients and healthy controls. The question remains, whether such results are related to the specifics of the experimental environment, or whether they transfer to natural settings. Twenty ICD-10 diagnosed schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy age-matched controls participated in the study, each performing four different oculomotor tasks corresponding to natural everyday behavior in an indoor environment: (I) fixating stationary targets, (II) sitting in a hallway with free gaze, (III) walking down the hallway, and (IV) visually tracking a target on the floor while walking straight-ahead. In all conditions, eye movements were continuously recorded binocularly by a mobile lightweight eye tracker (EyeSeeCam). When patients looked at predefined targets, they showed more fixations with reduced durations than controls. The opposite was true when participants were sitting in a hallway with free gaze. During visual tracking, patients showed a significantly greater root-mean-square error (representing the mean deviation from optimal) of retinal target velocity. Different from previous results on smooth-pursuit eye movements obtained in laboratory settings, no such difference was found for velocity gain. Taken together, we have identified significant differences in fundamental oculomotor parameters between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls during natural behavior in a real environment. Moreover, our data provide evidence that in natural settings, patients overcome some impairments, which might be present only in laboratory studies, by as of now unknown compensatory mechanisms or strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dowiasch
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8a, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Bianca Backasch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Einhäuser
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8a, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Leube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany ,AWO Centre of Psychiatry Halle, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zscherbener Str. 11, 06124 Halle, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bremmer
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8a, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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24
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Revisiting visual dysfunctions in schizophrenia from the retina to the cortical cells: A manifestation of defective neurodevelopment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 62:29-34. [PMID: 25934388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights morphological and functional anomalies found along the entire visual pathway in schizophrenia, from the retina to the cortex. Based on the evidence of widespread anatomical and functional visual abnormalities, we posited that a neurodevelopmental anomaly occurring early in life was likely to explain those. Incidentally, support to the neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia is strongly emerging from many neurobiological domains. In vertebrates, the first visual structures migrate toward the orbit position at the end of the fourth week of gestation. A neurodevelopmental defect around that time on these embryonic structures could account for the visual anomalies in schizophrenia. Retinol activity might be involved in the process. Future research in schizophrenia should focus on early visual testing, on trials combining multiple visual anomaly assessments and a closer look to retinol activity during the pregnancy.
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25
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Weinberg A, Liu H, Hajcak G, Shankman SA. Blunted neural response to rewards as a vulnerability factor for depression: Results from a family study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26214708 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders are associated with significant economic and public health burdens as well as increased morbidity. Yet, perhaps due to the heterogeneous nature of the disease, prevention and intervention efforts are only moderately efficacious. A better understanding of core mechanisms of depressive disorders might aid in the development of more targeted intervention, and perhaps help identify individuals at risk. One mechanism that may be particularly important to depressive phenotypes is reward insensitivity. Examination of neurobiological correlates of reward-processing, which should relate more directly to the neuropathology of depression, may be helpful in identifying liability for the disorder. To that end, we used a family study design to examine whether a neural response to rewards is a familial risk factor for depression in a sample of probands with a wide range of internalizing psychopathology, as well as their biological siblings. Event-related potentials were recorded during a simple forced-choice gambling paradigm, in which participants could either win or lose small amounts of money. Lower levels of positive affect in probands predicted a reduced neural response to rewards in siblings, even over and above the sibling's own level of positive and negative affect. Additionally, the neural response to rewards was familial (i.e., correlated among siblings). Combined, these analyses suggest that a blunted neural response to rewards may be useful in identifying individuals vulnerable to depressive illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Huiting Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
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26
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Varlet M, Bucci C, Richardson MJ, Schmidt RC. Informational constraints on spontaneous visuomotor entrainment. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 41:265-81. [PMID: 25866944 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Past research has revealed that an individual's rhythmic limb movements become spontaneously entrained to an environmental rhythm if visual information about the rhythm is available and its frequency is near that of the individual's movements. Research has also demonstrated that if the eyes track an environmental stimulus, the spontaneous entrainment to the rhythm is strengthened. One hypothesis explaining this enhancement of spontaneous entrainment is that the limb movements and eye movements are linked through a neuromuscular coupling or synergy. Another is that eye-tracking facilitates the pick up of important coordinating information. Experiment 1 investigated the first hypothesis by evaluating whether any rhythmic movement of the eyes would facilitate spontaneous entrainment. Experiments 2 and 3 (respectively) explored whether eye-tracking strengthens spontaneous entrainment by allowing the pickup of trajectory direction change information or allowing an increase in the amount of information to be picked-up. Results suggest that the eye-tracking enhancement of spontaneous entrainment is a consequence of increasing the amount of information available to be picked-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Varlet
- The MARCS Institute, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Colleen Bucci
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Richardson
- Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R C Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA
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27
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Schwab S, Jost M, Altorfer A. Impaired top-down modulation of saccadic latencies in patients with schizophrenia but not in first-degree relatives. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:44. [PMID: 25759644 PMCID: PMC4338814 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired eye movements have a long history in schizophrenia research and meet the criteria of a reliable biomarker. However, the effects of cognitive load and task difficulty on saccadic latencies (SL) are less understood. Recent studies showed that SL are strongly task dependent: SL are decreased in tasks with higher cognitive demand, and increased in tasks with lower cognitive demand. The present study investigates SL modulation in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. A group of 13 patients suffering from ICD-10 schizophrenia, 10 first-degree relatives, and 24 control subjects performed two different types of visual tasks: a color task and a Landolt ring orientation task. We used video-based oculography to measure SL. We found that patients exhibited a similar unspecific SL pattern in the two different tasks, whereas controls and relatives exhibited 20–26% shorter average latencies in the orientation task (higher cognitive demand) compared to the color task (lower cognitive demand). Also, classification performance using support vector machines suggests that relatives should be assigned to the healthy controls and not to the patient group. Therefore, visual processing of different content does not modulate SL in patients with schizophrenia, but modulates SL in the relatives and healthy controls. The results reflect a specific oculomotor attentional dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia that is a potential state marker, possibly caused by impaired top-down disinhibition of the superior colliculus by frontal/prefrontal areas such as the frontal eye fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schwab
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Miriam Jost
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Altorfer
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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28
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Dowiasch S, Marx S, Einhäuser W, Bremmer F. Effects of aging on eye movements in the real world. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:46. [PMID: 25713524 PMCID: PMC4322726 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of aging on eye movements are well studied in the laboratory. Increased saccade latencies or decreased smooth-pursuit gain are well established findings. The question remains whether these findings are influenced by the rather untypical environment of a laboratory; that is, whether or not they transfer to the real world. We measured 34 healthy participants between the age of 25 and 85 during two everyday tasks in the real world: (I) walking down a hallway with free gaze, (II) visual tracking of an earth-fixed object while walking straight-ahead. Eye movements were recorded with a mobile light-weight eye tracker, the EyeSeeCam (ESC). We find that age significantly influences saccade parameters. With increasing age, saccade frequency, amplitude, peak velocity, and mean velocity are reduced and the velocity/amplitude distribution as well as the velocity profile become less skewed. In contrast to laboratory results on smooth pursuit, we did not find a significant effect of age on tracking eye-movements in the real world. Taken together, age-related eye-movement changes as measured in the laboratory only partly resemble those in the real world. It is well-conceivable that in the real world additional sensory cues, such as head-movement or vestibular signals, may partially compensate for age-related effects, which, according to this view, would be specific to early motion processing. In any case, our results highlight the importance of validity for natural situations when studying the impact of aging on real-life performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dowiasch
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Marx
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Einhäuser
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bremmer
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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29
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Matsumoto Y, Takahashi H, Murai T, Takahashi H. Visual processing and social cognition in schizophrenia: relationships among eye movements, biological motion perception, and empathy. Neurosci Res 2014; 90:95-100. [PMID: 25449145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients have impairments at several levels of cognition including visual attention (eye movements), perception, and social cognition. However, it remains unclear how lower-level cognitive deficits influence higher-level cognition. To elucidate the hierarchical path linking deficient cognitions, we focused on biological motion perception, which is involved in both the early stage of visual perception (attention) and higher social cognition, and is impaired in schizophrenia. Seventeen schizophrenia patients and 18 healthy controls participated in the study. Using point-light walker stimuli, we examined eye movements during biological motion perception in schizophrenia. We assessed relationships among eye movements, biological motion perception and empathy. In the biological motion detection task, schizophrenia patients showed lower accuracy and fixated longer than healthy controls. As opposed to controls, patients exhibiting longer fixation durations and fewer numbers of fixations demonstrated higher accuracy. Additionally, in the patient group, the correlations between accuracy and affective empathy index and between eye movement index and affective empathy index were significant. The altered gaze patterns in patients indicate that top-down attention compensates for impaired bottom-up attention. Furthermore, aberrant eye movements might lead to deficits in biological motion perception and finally link to social cognitive impairments. The current findings merit further investigation for understanding the mechanism of social cognitive training and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Franco JG, de Pablo J, Gaviria AM, Sepúlveda E, Vilella E. Smooth pursuit eye movements and schizophrenia: literature review. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2014; 89:361-367. [PMID: 24954020 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the scientific literature about the relationship between impairment on smooth pursuit eye movements and schizophrenia. METHODS Narrative review that includes historical articles, reports about basic and clinical investigation, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis on the topic. RESULTS Up to 80% of schizophrenic patients have impairment of smooth pursuit eye movements. Despite the diversity of test protocols, 65% of patients and controls are correctly classified by their overall performance during this pursuit. The smooth pursuit eye movements depend on the ability to anticipate the target's velocity and the visual feedback, as well as on learning and attention. The neuroanatomy implicated in smooth pursuit overlaps to some extent with certain frontal cortex zones associated with some clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of the schizophrenia, therefore some specific components of smooth pursuit anomalies could serve as biomarkers of the disease. Due to their sedative effect, antipsychotics have a deleterious effect on smooth pursuit eye movements, thus these movements cannot be used to evaluate the efficacy of the currently available treatments. CONCLUSION Standardized evaluation of smooth pursuit eye movements on schizophrenia will allow to use specific aspects of that pursuit as biomarkers for the study of its genetics, psychopathology, or neuropsychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Franco
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, España.
| | - J de Pablo
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - A M Gaviria
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - E Sepúlveda
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, España
| | - E Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Tarragona, España
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Krishna N, O’Neill H, Sánchez-Morla EM, Thaker GK. Long range frontal/posterior phase synchronization during remembered pursuit task is impaired in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 157:198-203. [PMID: 24951402 PMCID: PMC4127487 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) is a reliable endophenotype of schizophrenia, exact underlying cognitive and neural substrates remain unknown. A simple mechanistic model of SPEM assumes an efficient interaction in integrating sensory input from the medial temporal (MT)/medial superior temporal (MST) brain regions and subsequent motor response through the frontal eye field (FEF). Poor functional connectivity between these two regions could explain impaired motion perception and SPEM maintenance in schizophrenia. In the present study, we combined an eye tracking paradigm with electroencephalography (EEG) recordings to investigate the putative functional connectivity among frontal/posterior brain regions in mediating the modulation of SPEM. Twenty four schizophrenic (SZ) and 22 healthy control (HC) participants performed remembered pursuit tasks with EEG recordings. Behaviorally, HC subjects showed significant improvement in SPEM response on repeated presentations of target compared to SZ subjects. Neurophysiologically HC subjects showed higher frontal/posterior phase synchronization in the beta to low gamma range frequency bands during all target presentations. In addition there was a significant increase in phase synchronization in the beta-2 frequency band in HC subjects during late compared to early target presentation. In contrast, higher frontal/posterior phase synchronization in the beta-2 frequency predicted better performance during late target presentation and lower enduring psychosis in SZ subjects. These data suggest a pathologically perturbed connectivity between frontal and posterior cortical regions during SPEM in SZ. The integrative eye tracking-EEG approach used in this study to dissect the endophenotype may reveal novel targets for studying schizophrenia psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Krishna
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Cui H, Liu XH, Wang KY, Zhu CY, Wang C, Xie XH. Association of saccade duration and saccade acceleration/deceleration asymmetry during visually guided saccade in schizophrenia patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97308. [PMID: 24837253 PMCID: PMC4023985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the difference between schizophrenia patients and normal controls on velocity and acceleration of saccade, by using the basic visually guided saccade (VGS) paradigm. Methods Eighteen schizophrenia outpatients and fourteen normal controls participated in the VGS task. Multiple indicators, including amplitude, duration, velocity, latency, accuracy rate, acceleration, and deceleration were analyzed. Asymmetric acceleration index (AAI) was introduced to describe the difference between peak acceleration and peak deceleration. The correlation coefficient (RAD) of AAI and duration was computed to examine the difference between schizophrenia patients and normal controls. Results No significant difference between patients and normal controls was found on amplitude, duration, latency, and accuracy rate. However, RAD values of schizophrenia patients were significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion Compared to normal controls, association of saccade duration and saccade acceleration/deceleration asymmetry during visually guided saccade was lower in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cui
- Division of Medical Psychology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-hui Liu
- Division of Medical Psychology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-yong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chun-yan Zhu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-hui Xie
- Division of Medical Psychology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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Schwab S, Würmle O, Razavi N, Müri RM, Altorfer A. Eye-head coordination abnormalities in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74845. [PMID: 24040351 PMCID: PMC3769305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye-movement abnormalities in schizophrenia are a well-established phenomenon that has been observed in many studies. In such studies, visual targets are usually presented in the center of the visual field, and the subject's head remains fixed. However, in every-day life, targets may also appear in the periphery. This study is among the first to investigate eye and head movements in schizophrenia by presenting targets in the periphery of the visual field. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two different visual recognition tasks, color recognition and Landolt orientation tasks, were presented at the periphery (at a visual angle of 55° from the center of the field of view). Each subject viewed 96 trials, and all eye and head movements were simultaneously recorded using video-based oculography and magnetic motion tracking of the head. Data from 14 patients with schizophrenia and 14 controls were considered. The patients had similar saccadic latencies in both tasks, whereas controls had shorter saccadic latencies in the Landolt task. Patients performed more head movements, and had increased eye-head offsets during combined eye-head shifts than controls. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Patients with schizophrenia may not be able to adapt to the two different tasks to the same extent as controls, as seen by the former's task-specific saccadic latency pattern. This can be interpreted as a specific oculomotoric attentional dysfunction and may support the hypothesis that schizophrenia patients have difficulties determining the relevance of stimuli. Patients may also show an uneconomic over-performance of head-movements, which is possibly caused by alterations in frontal executive function that impair the inhibition of head shifts. In addition, a model was created explaining 93% of the variance of the response times as a function of eye and head amplitude, which was only observed in the controls, indicating abnormal eye-head coordination in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schwab
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Othmar Würmle
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Razavi
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M. Müri
- Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Altorfer
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:716-24. [PMID: 22621999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have investigated which eye-movement tests alone and combined can best discriminate schizophrenia cases from control subjects and their predictive validity. METHODS A training set of 88 schizophrenia cases and 88 controls had a range of eye movements recorded; the predictive validity of the tests was then examined on eye-movement data from 34 9-month retest cases and controls, and from 36 novel schizophrenia cases and 52 control subjects. Eye movements were recorded during smooth pursuit, fixation stability, and free-viewing tasks. Group differences on performance measures were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Model fitting was used to compare regression, boosted tree, and probabilistic neural network approaches. RESULTS As a group, schizophrenia cases differed from control subjects on almost all eye-movement tests, including horizontal and Lissajous pursuit, visual scanpath, and fixation stability; fixation dispersal during free viewing was the best single discriminator. Effects were stable over time, and independent of sex, medication, or cigarette smoking. A boosted tree model achieved perfect separation of the 88 training cases from 88 control subjects; its predictive validity on retest assessments and novel cases and control subjects was 87.8%. However, when we examined the whole data set of 298 assessments, a cross-validated probabilistic neural network model was superior and could discriminate all cases from controls with near perfect accuracy at 98.3%. CONCLUSIONS Simple viewing patterns can detect eye-movement abnormalities that can discriminate schizophrenia cases from control subjects with exceptional accuracy.
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Nagel M, Sprenger A, Steinlechner S, Binkofski F, Lencer R. Altered velocity processing in schizophrenia during pursuit eye tracking. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38494. [PMID: 22693639 PMCID: PMC3367930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are needed to keep the retinal image of slowly moving objects within the fovea. Depending on the task, about 50%-80% of patients with schizophrenia have difficulties in maintaining SPEM. We designed a study that comprised different target velocities as well as testing for internal (extraretinal) guidance of SPEM in the absence of a visual target. We applied event-related fMRI by presenting four velocities (5, 10, 15, 20°/s) both with and without intervals of target blanking. 17 patients and 16 healthy participants were included. Eye movements were registered during scanning sessions. Statistical analysis included mixed ANOVAs and regression analyses of the target velocity on the Blood Oxygen Level Dependency (BOLD) signal. The main effect group and the interaction of velocity×group revealed reduced activation in V5 and putamen but increased activation of cerebellar regions in patients. Regression analysis showed that activation in supplementary eye field, putamen, and cerebellum was not correlated to target velocity in patients in contrast to controls. Furthermore, activation in V5 and in intraparietal sulcus (putative LIP) bilaterally was less strongly correlated to target velocity in patients than controls. Altered correlation of target velocity and neural activation in the cortical network supporting SPEM (V5, SEF, LIP, putamen) implies impaired transformation of the visual motion signal into an adequate motor command in patients. Cerebellar regions seem to be involved in compensatory mechanisms although cerebellar activity in patients was not related to target velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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Kattoulas E, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN, Smyrnis N. Predictive smooth eye pursuit in a population of young men: II. Effects of schizotypy, anxiety and depression. Exp Brain Res 2011; 215:219-26. [PMID: 21986671 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunction is considered to be a valid schizophrenia endophenotype. Recent studies have tried to refine the phenotype in order to identify the specific neurophysiological deficits associated with schizophrenia. We used a variation of the smooth eye pursuit paradigm, during which the moving target is occluded for a short period of time and subjects are asked to continue tracking. This is designed to isolate the predictive processes that drive the extraretinal signal, a process previously reported to be defective in schizophrenia patients as well as their healthy relatives. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between predictive pursuit performance indices and age, education, non-verbal IQ, schizotypy and state anxiety, depression in 795 young Greek military conscripts. State anxiety was related to better predictive pursuit performance (increase in residual pursuit gain), while disorganized schizotypy was related to deficient predictive pursuit performance (decreased residual gain). This effect was independent of the effect of disorganized schizotypy on other oculomotor functions supporting the hypothesis that predictive pursuit might be specifically affected in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and could be considered as a distinct oculomotor endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Kattoulas
- Cognition and Action Group, Neurology Department, Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Babin SL, Hood AJ, Wassef AA, Williams NG, Patel SS, Sereno AB. Effects of haloperidol on cognition in schizophrenia patients depend on baseline performance: a saccadic eye movement study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1753-64. [PMID: 21689713 PMCID: PMC3169101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients are heterogeneous with respect to voluntary eye movement performance, with some showing impairment (e.g., high antisaccade error rates) and others having intact performance. To investigate how this heterogeneity may correlate with different cognitive outcomes after treatment, we used a prosaccade and antisaccade task to investigate the effects of haloperidol in schizophrenic subjects at three time points: baseline (before medication), 3-5 days post-medication, and 12-14 days post-medication. We also investigated changes on the Stroop Task and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in these same subjects. Results were compared to matched controls. When considered as a single patient group, haloperidol had no effects across sessions on reflexive and voluntary saccadic eye movements of schizophrenic patients. In contrast, the performance of the Control group improved slightly but significantly across sessions on the voluntary eye movement task. When each subject was considered separately, interestingly, for schizophrenic patients change in voluntary eye movement performance across sessions depended on the baseline performance in a non-monotonic manner. That is, there was maximal worsening of voluntary eye movement performance at an intermediate level of baseline performance and the worsening decreased on either side of this intermediate baseline level. When patients were divided into categorical subgroups (nonimpaired and impaired), consistent with the non-monotonic relationship, haloperidol worsened voluntary eye movement performance in the nonimpaired patients and improved performance in the impaired patients. These results were only partially reflected in the Stroop Test. Both patient subgroups showed clinically significant improvement over time as measured by the PANSS. These findings suggest that haloperidol has different effects on cognitive performance in impaired and nonimpaired schizophrenic patients that are not evident in clinical ratings based on the PANSS. Given that good cognitive function is important for long-term prognosis and that there is heterogeneity in schizophrenia, these findings are critical for optimal evaluation and treatment of schizophrenic patients.
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Chen YC, Lu YC, Lung FW. Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Dimensions of Schizophrenia. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:528-35. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.582239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mitropoulou V, Friedman L, Zegarelli G, Wajnberg S, Meshberg J, Silverman JM, Siever LJ. Eye tracking performance and the boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186:18-22. [PMID: 20826004 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the nature of the eye tracking impairment in schizophrenia spectrum we measured pursuit gain with a constant velocity target using a quantitative (RMS error in pursuit gain) and, on an exploratory basis, a qualitative (quality of tracking) measure. We utilized a sample consisting of three clinically characterized groups: patients with schizophrenia (SZ), their first degree non-psychotic relatives, subjects with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), and healthy volunteers (HV). Thirty three SZ patients, 19 SPD subjects, 66 non-psychotic relatives (all clinically assessed for schizophrenia spectrum psychopathology--DSM-IIIR) and 18 HV were evaluated using an infrared eye tracking system. Targets were constant velocity trapezoids at 5°/s (slow) and 16°/s (fast). The quality of the eye tracking was independently evaluated by at least two raters (ICC: 0.92). The RMS measures at the two velocities (quantitative measure) and the quality of the tracking obtained for each velocity were entered separately into a two factor repeated measures ANOVA, with velocity and diagnosis as the independent measures. For the quantitative ratings (RMS error), a significant effect for velocity was found, with all subjects performing worse at the higher velocity, but there was no significant velocity by diagnosis interaction. In addition, an overall significant effect for diagnosis was found in the four-group ANOVA. In post hoc multiple comparison tests, SZ subjects performed significantly worse from the HV and the relatives. SPD subjects were not different from patients with schizophrenia (or from any group--and their performance was intermediate between the HV and the SZ). Relatives of the patients with schizophrenia were different from SZ subjects, but not different from SPD or HV subjects. Similar results were obtained in the exploratory qualitative ratings. Clinical symptoms did not correlate significantly with quantitative or qualitative performance in any group. We have found that the performance of SPD subjects is intermediate between that of patients with schizophrenia and the healthy volunteers in both qualitative and quantitative (exploratory) measures. Indeed, SPD subjects comprise the only group not statistically different from schizophrenic patients in quantitative or qualitative ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Mitropoulou
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine-Dept of Psychiatry, The James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and VISN 3 MIRECC, NY, USA.
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Schmechtig A, Vassos E, Kumari V, Hutton SB, Collier DA, Morris RG, Williams SCR, Ettinger U. Association of Neuregulin 1 rs3924999 genotype with antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye movements. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 9:621-7. [PMID: 20497232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) has been identified as one of the leading candidate genes for schizophrenia. However, its functional mechanisms and its effects on neurocognition remain unclear. In this study, we used two well-established oculomotor endophenotypes, the antisaccade (AS) and smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) tasks, to investigate the functional mechanisms of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in NRG1 (rs3924999) at the neurocognitive level in a healthy volunteer sample. A total of 114 healthy Caucasian volunteers completed genotyping for NRG1 rs3924999 and infrared oculographic assessment of AS and SPEM (at target velocities of 12 degrees , 24 degrees and 36 degrees per second). Additionally, self-report questionnaires of schizotypy, neuroticism, attention deficit hyperactivity and obsessive-compulsive traits were included. A significant effect of rs3924999 genotype, with gender as a covariate, was found for AS amplitude gain (P < 0.01), with an increasing number of A alleles being associated with increasingly hypermetric performance. No statistically significant associations were found for other AS and SPEM variables or questionnaire scores. These findings indicate that NRG1 rs3924999 affects spatial accuracy on the AS task, suggesting an influence of the gene on the neural mechanisms underlying visuospatial sensorimotor transformations, a mechanism that has been previously found to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmechtig
- Department of Neuroimaging, King's College Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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Rubenzer SJ, Stevenson SB. Horizontal gaze nystagmus: a review of vision science and application issues. J Forensic Sci 2010; 55:394-409. [PMID: 20102467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test is one component of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test battery. This article reviews the literature on smooth pursuit eye movement and gaze nystagmus with a focus on normative responses, the influence of alcohol on these behaviors, and stimulus conditions similar to those used in the HGN sobriety test. Factors such as age, stimulus and background conditions, medical conditions, prescription medications, and psychiatric disorder were found to affect the smooth pursuit phase of HGN. Much less literature is available for gaze nystagmus, but onset of nystagmus may occur in some sober subjects at 45 degrees or less. We conclude that HGN is limited by large variability in the underlying normative behavior, from methods and testing environments that are often poorly controlled, and from a lack of rigorous validation in laboratory settings.
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Haraldsson HM, Ettinger U, Magnusdottir BB, Ingason A, Hutton SB, Sigmundsson T, Sigurdsson E, Petursson H. Neuregulin-1 genotypes and eye movements in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260:77-85. [PMID: 19575259 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a putative susceptibility gene for schizophrenia but the neurocognitive processes that may involve NRG-1 in schizophrenia are unknown. Deficits in antisaccade (AS) and smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are promising endophenotypes, which may be associated with brain dysfunctions underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of NRG-1 genotypes with AS and SPEM in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Patients (N = 113) and controls (N = 106) were genotyped for two NRG-1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); SNP8NRG222662, a surrogate marker for the originally described Icelandic NRG-1 risk haplotype, and SNP8NRG243177, which has recently been associated with individual differences in brain function. Subjects underwent infrared oculographic assessment of AS and SPEM. The study replicates previous findings of impaired AS and SPEM performance in schizophrenia patients (all P < 0.005; all d = 0.5-1.5). SNP8NRG243177 risk allele carriers had marginally increased variability of AS spatial error (P = 0.050, d = 0.3), but there were no significant genotype effects on other eye movement variables and no significant diagnosis-by-genotype interactions. Generally, risk allele carriers (G allele for SNP8NRG222662 and T allele for SNP8NRG243177) had numerically worse performance than non-carriers on most AS and SPEM variables. The results do not suggest that NRG-1 genotype significantly affects AS and SPEM task performance. However, the power of the sample to identify small effects is limited and the possibility of a type II error must be kept in mind. Larger samples may be needed to reliably investigate such gene effects on oculomotor endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Magnus Haraldsson
- Division of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Levy DL, Sereno AB, Gooding DC, O'Driscoll GA. Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: characterization and pathophysiology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:311-47. [PMID: 21312405 PMCID: PMC3212396 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) is one of the most widely replicated behavioral deficits in schizophrenia and is over-represented in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. Here, we provide an overview of research relevant to the characterization and pathophysiology of this impairment. Deficits are most robust in the maintenance phase of pursuit, particularly during the tracking of predictable target movement. Impairments are also found in pursuit initiation and correlate with performance on tests of motion processing, implicating early sensory processing of motion signals. Taken together, the evidence suggests that ETD involves higher-order structures, including the frontal eye fields, which adjust the gain of the pursuit response to visual and anticipated target movement, as well as early parts of the pursuit pathway, including motion areas (the middle temporal area and the adjacent medial superior temporal area). Broader application of localizing behavioral paradigms in patient and family studies would be advantageous for refining the eye tracking phenotype for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Levy
- Psychology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Carpenter WT, Bustillo JR, Thaker GK, van Os J, Krueger RF, Green MJ. The psychoses: cluster 3 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychol Med 2009; 39:2025-2042. [PMID: 19796428 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709990286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of etiology, five clusters have been proposed. Here we consider the validity of the cluster comprising selected psychotic and related disorders. METHOD A group of diagnostic entities classified under schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in DSM-IV-TR were assigned to this cluster and the bordering disorders, bipolar (BD) and schizotypal personality disorders (SPD), were included. We then reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by the DSM-V Task Force Study Group. RESULTS Relevant comparisons on the 11 spectrum criteria are rare for the included disorders except for schizophrenia and the two border conditions, BD and SPD. The core psychosis group is congruent at the level of shared psychotic psychopathology and response to antipsychotic medication. BD and SPD are exceptions in that psychosis is not typical in BD-II disorder and frank psychosis is excluded in SPD. There is modest similarity between schizophrenia and BD relating to risk factors, neural substrates, cognition and endophenotypes, but key differences are noted. There is greater support for a spectrum relationship of SPD and schizophrenia. Antecedent temperament, an important validator for other groupings, has received little empirical study in the various psychotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS The DSM-IV-TR grouping of psychotic disorders is supported by tradition and shared psychopathology, but few data exist across these diagnoses relating to the 11 spectrum criteria. The case for including BD is modest, and the relationship of BD to other mood disorders is addressed elsewhere. Evidence is stronger for inclusion of SPD, but the relationship with other personality disorders along the 11 criteria is not addressed and the absence of psychosis presents a conceptual problem. There are no data along the 11 spectrum criteria that are decisive for a cluster based on etiology, and inclusion of BD and SPD is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Carpenter
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Nolte A, Moser A, Arolt V, Kömpf D. The effect of distraction on smooth pursuit eye movements: comparison of normal subjects with schizophrenic patients. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1076/noph.21.3.147.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Langenegger T, Meienberg O. Slow conjugate eye movements: Normative data for routine diagnosis of ophthalmo-neurological disorders. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01658108808996024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Whicker L, Abel LA, Dell'osso LF. Smooth pursuit eye movements in the parents of schizophrenics. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01658108509071452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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van Kampen D, Deijen JB. SPEM dysfunction and general schizotypy as measured by the SSQ: a controlled study. BMC Neurol 2009; 9:27. [PMID: 19563649 PMCID: PMC2713195 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SPEM dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon in schizophrenia. The principal aim of the present study was to examine whether SPEM dysfunction is already observable in subjects scoring high on a specific measure of schizotypy (SSQ General Schizotypy) that was selected because of its intimate relationship with schizophrenic prodromal unfolding. Methods Applying ANOVAs, we determined the relationship of subjects' scores on SSQ General Schizotypy and eye movements elicited by targets of different speed. We also examined whether there exists an association between our schizotypy measure and pupil size. Results We found more SPEM dysfunction in subjects scoring high on SSQ General Schizotypy than in subjects scoring average on that factor, irrespective of the speed of the target. No relationship was found between baseline pupil size and General Schizotypy. Conclusion The present study provides additional evidence that SPEM dysfunction is associated with schizotypic features that precede the onset of schizophrenia and is already observable in general population subjects that show these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van Kampen
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Wynn JK, Green MF, Engel S, Korb A, Lee J, Glahn D, Nuechterlein KH, Cohen MS. Increased extent of object-selective cortex in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2008; 164:97-105. [PMID: 18938066 PMCID: PMC2683746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in various stages of visual information processing. Despite recent informative efforts to examine visual processing in schizophrenia with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), much remains unknown about the basic function, structure, and organization of key early visual processing areas in schizophrenia. This study examined magnitude and topography of regional brain activity in three early visual processing areas: early retinotopically organized areas (V1-V4), motion-sensitive areas (human area MT, hMT+), and object-recognition areas (lateral occipital complex, LO). Using visual stimuli that are known to preferentially activate each respective region, we compared responses in these areas in 22 schizophrenia patients and 19 normal controls. Activity in all three regions was of similar amplitude in schizophrenia patients and normal controls. Activity in retinotopically organized areas and hMT+ showed good spatial overlap between groups. However, activation of LO was more widely distributed in patients compared with normal controls. The findings of abnormal spatial organization of LO in schizophrenia patients may converge with behavioral evidence of deficits in schizophrenia patients for object-recognition tasks that are believed to be mediated by LO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Jonathan K. Wynn, Ph.D., VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, MIRECC, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA, Phone: (310) 478-3711 x44957, Fax: (310) 268-4056,
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Korb
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark S. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Calkins ME, Iacono WG, Ones DS. Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:436-61. [PMID: 18930572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several forms of eye movement dysfunction (EMD) are regarded as promising candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Discrepancies in individual study results have led to inconsistent conclusions regarding particular aspects of EMD in relatives of schizophrenia patients. To quantitatively evaluate and compare the candidacy of smooth pursuit, saccade and fixation deficits in first-degree biological relatives, we conducted a set of meta-analytic investigations. Among 18 measures of EMD, memory-guided saccade accuracy and error rate, global smooth pursuit dysfunction, intrusive saccades during fixation, antisaccade error rate and smooth pursuit closed-loop gain emerged as best differentiating relatives from controls (standardized mean differences ranged from .46 to .66), with no significant differences among these measures. Anticipatory saccades, but no other smooth pursuit component measures were also increased in relatives. Visually-guided reflexive saccades were largely normal. Moderator analyses examining design characteristics revealed few variables affecting the magnitude of the meta-analytically observed effects. Moderate effect sizes of relatives v. controls in selective aspects of EMD supports their endophenotype potential. Future work should focus on facilitating endophenotype utility through attention to heterogeneity of EMD performance, relationships among forms of EMD, and application in molecular genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Neuropsychiatry Section, Schizophrenia Research Center and Brain Behavior Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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