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Pálffy Z, Farkas K, Csukly G, Kéri S, Polner B. Cross-modal auditory priors drive the perception of bistable visual stimuli with reliable differences between individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16943. [PMID: 34417496 PMCID: PMC8379237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a widely held assumption that the brain performs perceptual inference by combining sensory information with prior expectations, weighted by their uncertainty. A distinction can be made between higher- and lower-level priors, which can be manipulated with associative learning and sensory priming, respectively. Here, we simultaneously investigate priming and the differential effect of auditory vs. visual associative cues on visual perception, and we also examine the reliability of individual differences. Healthy individuals (N = 29) performed a perceptual inference task twice with a one-week delay. They reported the perceived direction of motion of dot pairs, which were preceded by a probabilistic visuo-acoustic cue. In 30% of the trials, motion direction was ambiguous, and in half of these trials, the auditory versus the visual cue predicted opposing directions. Cue-stimulus contingency could change every 40 trials. On ambiguous trials where the visual and the auditory cue predicted conflicting directions of motion, participants made more decisions consistent with the prediction of the acoustic cue. Increased predictive processing under stimulus uncertainty was indicated by slower responses to ambiguous (vs. non-ambiguous) stimuli. Furthermore, priming effects were also observed in that perception of ambiguous stimuli was influenced by perceptual decisions on the previous ambiguous and unambiguous trials as well. Critically, behavioural effects had substantial inter-individual variability which showed high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.78). Overall, higher-level priors based on auditory (vs. visual) information had greater influence on visual perception, and lower-level priors were also in action. Importantly, we observed large and stable differences in various aspects of task performance. Computational modelling combined with neuroimaging could allow testing hypotheses regarding the potential mechanisms causing these behavioral effects. The reliability of the behavioural differences implicates that such perceptual inference tasks could be valuable tools during large-scale biomarker and neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Pálffy
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1 Egry József utca, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Farkas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Csukly
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1 Egry József utca, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1 Egry József utca, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
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Jung YS, Kim YE, Go DS, Yoon SJ. The prevalence, incidence, and admission rate of diagnosed schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Korea, 2008-2017: A nationwide population-based study using claims big data analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256221. [PMID: 34383865 PMCID: PMC8360527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study estimated the prevalence and incidence rate of schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders (SSDD) in Korea from 2008 to 2017 and analyzed the hospital admission rate, re-admission rate, and hospitalization period. It used the Korean nationwide National Health Insurance Service claims database. SSDD patients who had at least one visit to Korea's primary, secondary, or tertiary referral hospitals with a diagnosis of SSDD, according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), were identified as SSDD cases if coded as F20-F29. Data were analyzed using frequency statistics. Results showed that the 12-month prevalence rate of SSDD increased steadily from 0.40% in 2008 to 0.45% in 2017. Analysis of the three-year cumulative prevalence rate of SSDD showed an increase from 0.51% in 2011 to 0.54% in 2017. In 2017, the five-year cumulative prevalence rate was 0.61%, and the 10-year cumulative prevalence rate was 0.75%. The hospital admission rate among SSDD patients decreased from 2008 (30.04%) to 2017 (28.53%). The incidence of SSDD was 0.05% and no yearly change was observed. The proportion of SSDD inpatients whose first hospital visit resulted in immediate hospitalization was 22.4% in 2017. Epidemiological indicators such as prevalence, incidence, and hospitalization rate play an important role in planning social and financial resource allocation. Therefore, efforts to produce more accurate epidemiological indicators are very important and this study's findings could have a significant social impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Sun Jung
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Dun-Sol Go
- Department of Health Care Policy Research, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
We have previously argued that the current borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis is over-inclusive and clinically and conceptually impossible to distinguish from the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study involves 30 patients clinically diagnosed with BPD as their main diagnosis by three BPD dedicated outpatient treatment facilities in Denmark. The patients underwent a careful and time-consuming psychiatric evaluation involving several senior level clinical psychiatrists and researchers and a comprehensive battery of psychopathological scales. The study found that the vast majority of patients (67% in DSM-5 and 77% in ICD-10) in fact met the criteria for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, i.e., schizophrenia (20%) or schizotypal (personality) disorder (SPD). The schizophrenia spectrum group scored significantly higher on the level of disorders of core self as measured by the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experiences Scale (EASE). The BPD criterion of "identity disturbance" was significantly correlated with the mean total score of EASE. These findings are discussed in the light of changes from prototypical to polythetic diagnostic systems. We argue that the original prototypes/gestalts informing the creation of BPD and SPD have gone into oblivion during the evolution of polythetic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zandersen
- Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Broendbyoestervej 160, 2605, Broendby, Denmark.
| | - Josef Parnas
- Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Broendbyoestervej 160, 2605, Broendby, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pelizza L, Poletti M, Azzali S, Paterlini F, Garlassi S, Scazza I, Chiri LR, Pupo S, Gebhardt E, Raballo A. Anhedonia in adolescents at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis: findings from a 1-year longitudinal study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:337-350. [PMID: 31055617 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings suggested deficits in pleasure experience in schizophrenia, but little is known in psychosis risk prodrome, especially in adolescence. Aim of this study was (1) to assess anhedonia in distinct help-seeking subgroups of adolescents identified through the ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria, (2) to explore any association of anhedonia with other psychopathological aspects in the UHR group, and (3) to monitor longitudinally the stability of anhedonia in UHR individuals across 1-year follow-up period. 123 participants (13-18 years) completed the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief version, the Brief-O-LIFE questionnaire (BOL), and the Brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Two different indexes of anhedonia were used: CAARMS "Anhedonia" item 4.3 and BOL "Introvertive Anhedonia" subscale scores. No difference in anhedonia levels between UHR and First Episode Psychosis (FEP) groups was found. UHR adolescents showed higher CAARMS and BOL anhedonia scores than non-UHR/FEP. After 1-year follow-up period, UHR adolescents had a significant decrease in severity only in CAARMS anhedonia subscores. In UHR subgroup, CAARMS anhedonia measures showed significant correlations with impaired role functioning and negative symptoms, while BOL anhedonia was significantly correlated with specific schizotypal personality traits concerning interpersonal deficits. Anhedonia is prominent in the psychosis prodrome, also in adolescence. Its severity is not statistically different from that of FEP adolescents and is related to more severe functioning impairment and a worse quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pelizza
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy.
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiciton, Azienda USL di Parma, Strada del Quartiere n.2, c/o Centro "Santi", Via Vasari n.13, 43100, Parma, PR, Italy.
| | - Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Silvia Azzali
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Federica Paterlini
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Sara Garlassi
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scazza
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola n.2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Luigi R Chiri
- Department of Primary Care, Azienda USL di Parma, Strada del Quartiere n.2, 43100, Parma, PR, Italy
| | - Simona Pupo
- Anesthesia and Resuscitation Service, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci n.14, 43100, Parma, PR, Italy
| | - Eva Gebhardt
- Melograno Medical Psychotherapy Centre, Via Saturnia n.4/a, 00183, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Università n.1, 06123, Perugia, PG, Italy
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Pan DN, Hoid D, Wang ZH, Wang Y, Li X. Using questionnaires and task-related EEG signals to reveal hindered reappraisal and biased suppression in individuals with high schizotypal traits. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5529. [PMID: 32218454 PMCID: PMC7099017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although impaired ability to regulate emotion is commonly reported in schizophrenic patients, the exact pattern of regulation of negative emotions in high-risk individuals remains unclear. In the current study, 26 high-schizotypy individuals paired with 26 controls completed an emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) and a laboratory emotion regulation task with electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Two emotion regulation strategies, namely, reappraisal and expression suppression, were concurrently examined. The late positive potential (LPP) and frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) were selected as two independent neural indicators of the emotion regulation effect. In the ERQ questionnaire, individuals in the high schizotypy group reported higher habitual use of suppression than the controls. During the emotion regulation task, the high schizotypy group showed no early LPP reduction in reappraisal compared with the control group and exhibited a general negative FAA pattern (left-biased alpha). In conclusion, we found that individuals with high schizotypy exhibited maladaptive regulation of negative emotions, manifested in hindered reappraisal and biased suppression; this may exacerbate the negative affect of such emotions and further serve as a risk factor for psychosis conversion. Early interventions targeting the regulation of negative emotions may be beneficial for individuals with high schizotypal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ni Pan
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Delhii Hoid
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Wang
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
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Abstract
Schizotypy is associated with poor emotion regulation that is thought to contribute to the development of psychotic symptoms and to indicate a predisposition to schizophrenia. Having focused primarily on the relationship between schizotypy and explicit emotion regulation, existing studies have, until now, neglected to acknowledge the potentially important role of implicit emotion regulation. Our aim in the current study was to investigate implicit emotion regulation deficits in schizotypy. To this end, we used a newly developed Priming-Identification (PI) ERP paradigm, consisting of a priming phase and an emotion identification phase, to test 30 individuals with schizotypy and 30 healthy controls while also acquiring EEG data. During the priming phase, we aimed to manipulate emotion regulation goals (i.e., to bring about an intended emotional state) by presenting a category of words related to emotion regulation alongside a category of control words. Associated brain responses occurring during the subsequent stage were indexed according to three ERP components: N170, early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP). Results showed that, in the control group, priming words associated with emotion regulation led to enhancements in the early N170 amplitude and the middle EPN during expression identification. The same pattern was not observed in the schizotypy group. In summary, our results suggest the presence of deficits in the early and middle stages of the implicit emotion regulation process among individuals with high schizotypal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delhii Hoid
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Dong-Ni Pan
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Key laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
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Ford TC, Woods W, Enticott PG, Crewther DP. Cortical excitation-inhibition ratio mediates the effect of pre-attentive auditory processing deficits on interpersonal difficulties. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109769. [PMID: 31676468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence identify aberrant excitatory-inhibitory neural processes across autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, particularly within the psychosocial domain. Such neural processes include increased excitatory glutamate and reduced inhibitory GABA concentrations, which may affect auditory pre-attentive processing as indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN); thus, an excitation-inhibition imbalance might lead to aberrant MMN, which might in turn drive the relationship between the MMN and psychosocial difficulties. This research has the potential to enhance the neurochemical understanding of the relationship between electrophysiology (MMN) and behavioural/clinical measures (psychosocial difficulties). Thirty-eight adults (18 male, 18-40 years) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Glutamate and GABA concentrations in bilateral superior temporal cortex (STC) were quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) while auditory MMN to a duration deviant was measured with magnetoencephalography. Spearman correlations probed the relationships between STC glutamate/GABA ratios, MMN amplitude and latency, and AQ and SPQ dimensions. Mediation effects of glutamate/GABA ratios on the relationship between MMN and AQ-SPQ dimensions were probed using causal mediation analysis. Only SPQ-interpersonal and AQ-communication were significantly correlated with right hemisphere glutamate/GABA ratios and MMN latency (ps < 0.05), which were themselves correlated (p = .035). Two mediation models were investigated, with right MMN latency as predictor and SPQ-interpersonal and AQ-communication as outcome variables. Right STC glutamate/GABA ratios significantly mediated the relationship between MMN latency and SPQ-interpersonal scores, but only partially mediated the relationship between MMN latency and AQ-communication scores. These findings support the growing body of literature pointing toward an excitation-inhibition imbalance that is central to psychosocial functioning across multi-dimensional spectrum disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, and provides neurochemical indicators of the processes that underlie psychosocial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C Ford
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Will Woods
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Visser KF, Chapman HC, Ruiz I, Raugh IM, Strauss GP. A meta-analysis of self-reported anticipatory and consummatory pleasure in the schizophrenia-spectrum. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 121:68-81. [PMID: 31783235 PMCID: PMC6939125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent conceptual frameworks propose anhedonia reflects abnormalities in the temporal dynamics of positive emotion in schizophrenia, characterized by intact consummatory and impaired anticipatory pleasure. A comprehensive meta-analysis can directly test this theory using self-report data. METHOD A meta-analysis was performed on studies reporting Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) data from healthy controls and schizophrenia or schizotypy groups. The TEPS was examined as it contains subscales to measure both consummatory and anticipatory pleasure separately. Statistical heterogeneity and study bias were examined. Meta-regressions evaluated moderators. RESULTS 53 studies were retrieved (7,797 participants). Results revealed small effect sizes for comparisons of combined schizophrenia/schizotypy and control groups for both consummatory and anticipatory pleasure. Within-group comparisons of pleasure conditions were nonsignificant. The percentage of male schizophrenia/schizotypy participants significantly moderated anticipatory and consummatory pleasure for the combined sample and schizotypy alone; male participants were found to report reduced pleasure. There was only minor evidence of bias; sensitivity analysis confirmed result robustness. Exploratory outlier removal for schizophrenia within-group pleasure comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference between reported anticipatory and consummatory pleasure, with consummatory pleasure reduced relative to anticipatory (i.e., in the opposite direction of the majority of experimental research findings). CONCLUSIONS These findings provided only modest support for the temporal dynamics of positive emotion conceptualization because they revealed no evidence for: 1) specific anticipatory pleasure deficits in schizophrenia-spectrum participants compared to controls; 2) significant reductions in anticipatory pleasure relative to consummatory pleasure in schizophrenia-spectrum participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah C Chapman
- University of Georgia, Department of Psychology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ivan Ruiz
- University of Georgia, Department of Psychology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ian M Raugh
- University of Georgia, Department of Psychology, Athens, GA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are historical and theoretical indications of a difference in subjective experience between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the schizophrenia spectrum. However, this difference has not been empirically explored. Therefore, to explore potential differences in subjective experience between the 2 spectra, we examined the presence/absence of self-disorders in Asperger syndrome/autism spectrum disorder (As/ASD) compared to schizotypal disorder (Sd). Self-disorders represent changes in basic self-awareness which have been found to accumulate within the schizophrenia spectrum. METHODS All participants were recruited from clinical units and interviewed with a focus on the exploration of presence/absence of self-disorders, with the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) scale, and a general assessment of present psychopathology, with Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). RESULTS A total of 51 participants (As/ASD, n = 22; Sd, n = 29) were included in the statistical analyses. When controlling for age, gender, years of education, mental problems before the age of 16, and special needs school attendance, there was a clear difference in presence/absence of self-disorders between the 2 groups, with significantly higher levels in the Sd group. Further, there was an overlap in SCAN-rated symptoms between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a significant difference between As/ASD and Sd at the level of the basic self, which, in turn, indicates that an exploration of anomalous self-experience is a valuable supplement in the clinical differentiation between As/ASD and Sd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nilsson
- Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sidse Arnfred
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Services - Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Nylander
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Department of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Deficits in the ability to encode small differences in contrast between adjacent parts of an image (contrast sensitivity) are well documented in schizophrenic patients. In the present study, we sought to determine whether contrast sensitivity deficits reported in schizophrenic patients are also evident in those who exhibit high schizotypy scores in a typical (i.e., non-schizophrenic) population. Using the O-Life Questionnaire, we determined the effects of schizotypy on spatial (0.5, 2 and 8 c/deg) and spatiotemporal (0.5 and 8 c/deg at 0.5 and 8 Hz) contrast sensitivity in 73 young (18-26 years), majority female (n = 68) participants. We found differences in contrast sensitivity that were spatial, spatiotemporal and O-Life subscale specific. Spatial contrast sensitivity was significantly lower in high, compared to low schizotypes at low spatial frequencies (0.5 c/deg) in those who scored highly on the Unusual Experiences and Cognitive Disorganisation O-Life subscales. For moving stimuli, individuals with high scores on the Unusual Experiences subscale exhibited lower spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity for 0.5 and 8 c/deg patterns drifting at 8 Hz. Although the effects reported here were relatively small, this is the first report of reduced contrast sensitivity in schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Harper
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Emily Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Colin Davidson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Claire V Hutchinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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11
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Schmitz J, Fraenz C, Schlüter C, Friedrich P, Kumsta R, Moser D, Güntürkün O, Genç E, Ocklenburg S. Schizotypy and altered hemispheric asymmetries: The role of cilia genes. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 294:110991. [PMID: 31683112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients have a higher probability of altered structural and functional differences between the left and right hemisphere. Schizotypy as its nonclinical manifestation has been related to a higher incidence of non-right-handedness and atypical right-hemispheric language dominance. It has been suggested that genes involved in cilia function might link brain asymmetry and neurodevelopmental disorders. We assessed DNA methylation in the promoter regions of seven candidate genes involved in cilia function and psychiatric disorders from buccal cells and investigated their association with schizotypy and language lateralization in 60 healthy adults. Moreover, we determined microstructural properties of the planum temporale in a subsample of 52 subjects using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). We found a significant association between schizotypy and DNA methylation in the AHI1 promoter region. Moreover, AHI1 DNA methylation significantly predicted language lateralization and asymmetry in estimated planum temporale neurite density. Finally, stronger leftward asymmetry in estimated neurite density was associated with a more pronounced right ear advantage (left hemisphere dominance) in the forced-right condition of the dichotic listening task, measuring attentional modulation of language lateralization. Our results are in line with a shared molecular basis of schizotypy and functional hemispheric asymmetries that is based on cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schmitz
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christoph Fraenz
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Schlüter
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Friedrich
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory (BCBLab), Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle (GIN), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robert Kumsta
- Genetic Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Moser
- Genetic Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erhan Genç
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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Laycock R, Cutajar E, Crewther SG. High schizotypy traits associated with atypical processing of negative emotions with low spatial frequencies. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:294-295. [PMID: 30630707 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Laycock
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Cutajar
- School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
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Flückiger R, Michel C, Grant P, Ruhrmann S, Vogeley K, Hubl D, Schimmelmann BG, Klosterkötter J, Schmidt SJ, Schultze-Lutter F. The interrelationship between schizotypy, clinical high risk for psychosis and related symptoms: Cognitive disturbances matter. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:188-196. [PMID: 30683524 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizotypy and clinical high risk (CHR) criteria can identify individuals who are at increased risk for developing psychosis in community and patient samples. However, both approaches have rarely been combined, and very little is known about their associations. Therefore, we examined the factorial structure of CHR and related symptoms and schizotypy features as well as their interrelationship for the first time in a comprehensive approach. In a sample of 277 patients (22 ± 6 years) from two early detection services, structural equation modeling including confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test a theory-driven model using four Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales, 14 predictive basic symptoms (BS) of the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, and positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms from the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes. The data fitted well to the six hypothesized latent factors consisting of negative schizotypy, positive schizotypy including perceptual BS, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, disorganized symptoms and cognitive disturbances. As postulated, schizotypy features were significantly associated with positive, negative and disorganized symptoms through cognitive disturbances. Additionally, positive and negative schizotypy also had a direct association with the respective symptom-domain. While the identified factorial structure corresponds well to dimensional models of schizotypy and psychoses, our model extends earlier models by indicating that schizotypy features are associated with positive, negative and disorganized symptoms directly or indirectly via subjective cognitive disturbances. This calls for more attention to subjective cognitive deficits in combination with heightened schizotypy in the early detection and intervention of psychoses - or even of an Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Flückiger
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
| | - Chantal Michel
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
| | - Phillip Grant
- Psychology School, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Marienburgstr. 6, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Faculty of Life Science Engineering, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.
| | - Daniela Hubl
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland.
| | - Benno G Schimmelmann
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Klosterkötter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.
| | - Stefanie J Schmidt
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629 Dusseldorf, Germany.
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14
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Hua JPY, Karcher NR, Merrill AM, O'Brien KJ, Straub KT, Trull TJ, Kerns JG. Psychosis risk is associated with decreased resting-state functional connectivity between the striatum and the default mode network. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2019; 19:998-1011. [PMID: 30756347 PMCID: PMC6690819 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis is linked to aberrant salience or to viewing neutral stimuli as self-relevant, suggesting a possible impairment in self-relevance processing. Psychosis is also associated with increased dopamine in the dorsal striatum, especially the anterior caudate (Kegeles et al., 2010). Critically, the anterior caudate is especially connected to (a) the cortical default mode network (DMN), centrally involved in self-relevance processing, and (b) to a lesser extent, the cortical frontoparietal network (FPN; Choi, Yeo, & Buckner, 2012). However, no previous study has directly examined striatal-cortical DMN connectivity in psychosis risk. In Study 1, we examined resting-state functional connectivity in psychosis risk (n = 18) and control (n = 19) groups between (a) striatal DMN and FPN subregions and (b) cortical DMN and FPN. The psychosis risk group exhibited decreased connectivity between the striatal subregions and the cortical DMN. In contrast, the psychosis risk group exhibited intact connectivity between the striatal subregions and the cortical FPN. Additionally, recent distress was also associated with decreased striatal-cortical DMN connectivity. In Study 2, to determine whether the decreased striatal-cortical DMN connectivity was specific to psychosis risk or was related to recent distress more generally, we examined the relationship between connectivity and distress in individuals diagnosed with nonpsychotic emotional distress disorders (N = 25). In contrast to Study 1, here we found that distress was associated with evidence of increased striatal-cortical DMN connectivity. Overall, the present results suggest that decreased striatal-cortical DMN connectivity is associated with psychosis risk and could contribute to aberrant salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Y Hua
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nicole R Karcher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Merrill
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen J O'Brien
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelsey T Straub
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John G Kerns
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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15
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Türközer HB, Hasoğlu T, Chen Y, Norris LA, Brown M, Delaney-Busch N, Kale EH, Pamir Z, Boyacı H, Kuperberg G, Lewandowski KE, Topçuoğlu V, Öngür D. Integrated assessment of visual perception abnormalities in psychotic disorders and relationship with clinical characteristics. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1740-1748. [PMID: 30178729 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The visual system is recognized as an important site of pathology and dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this study, we evaluated different visual perceptual functions in patients with psychotic disorders using a potentially clinically applicable task battery and assessed their relationship with symptom severity in patients, and with schizotypal features in healthy participants. METHODS Five different areas of visual functioning were evaluated in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (n = 28) and healthy control subjects (n = 31) using a battery that included visuospatial working memory (VSWM), velocity discrimination (VD), contour integration, visual context processing, and backward masking tasks. RESULTS The patient group demonstrated significantly lower performance in VD, contour integration, and VSWM tasks. Performance did not differ between the two groups on the visual context processing task and did not differ across levels of interstimulus intervals in the backward masking task. Performances on VSWM, VD, and contour integration tasks were correlated with negative symptom severity but not with other symptom dimensions in the patient group. VSWM and VD performances were also correlated with negative sychizotypal features in healthy controls. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results demonstrate significant abnormalities in multiple visual processing tasks in patients with psychotic disorders, adding to the literature implicating visual abnormalities in these conditions. Furthermore, our results show that visual processing impairments are associated with the negative symptom dimension in patients as well as healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuna Hasoğlu
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, and Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA,USA
| | - Yue Chen
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, and Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA,USA
| | | | - Meredith Brown
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University,Medford, MA,USA
| | | | - Emre H Kale
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University,Ankara,Turkey
| | - Zahide Pamir
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University,Ankara,Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Boyacı
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University,Ankara,Turkey
| | - Gina Kuperberg
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University,Medford, MA,USA
| | | | - Volkan Topçuoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry,Marmara University School of Medicine,Istanbul,Turkey
| | - Dost Öngür
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, and Harvard Medical School,Boston, MA,USA
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16
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Hunt BAE, Liddle EB, Gascoyne LE, Magazzini L, Routley BC, Singh KD, Morris PG, Brookes MJ, Liddle PF. Attenuated Post-Movement Beta Rebound Associated With Schizotypal Features in Healthy People. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:883-891. [PMID: 30239878 PMCID: PMC6581139 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) lie on a single spectrum of mental illness and converging evidence suggests similarities in the etiology of the 2 conditions. However, schizotypy is a heterogeneous facet of personality in the healthy population and so may be seen as a bridge between health and mental illness. Neural evidence for such a continuity would have implications for the characterization and treatment of schizophrenia. Based on our previous work identifying a relationship between symptomology in schizophrenia and abnormal movement-induced electrophysiological response (the post-movement beta rebound [PMBR]), we predicted that if subclinical schizotypy arises from similar neural mechanisms to schizophrenia, schizotypy in healthy individuals would be associated with reduced PMBR. METHODS One-hundred sixteen participants completed a visuomotor task while their neural activity was recorded by magnetoencephalography. Partial correlations were computed between a measure of PMBR extracted from left primary motor cortex and scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), a self-report measure of schizotypal personality. Correlations between PMBR and SPQ factor scores measuring cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal and disorganization dimensions of schizotypy were also computed. Effects of site, age, and sex were controlled for. RESULTS We found a significant negative correlation between total SPQ score and PMBR. This was most strongly mediated by variance shared between interpersonal and disorganization factor scores. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a continuum of neural deficit between schizotypy and schizophrenia, with diminution of PMBR, previously reported in schizophrenia, also measurable in individuals with schizotypal features, particularly disorganization and impaired interpersonal relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A E Hunt
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Liddle
- The Institute for Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lauren E Gascoyne
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Magazzini
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bethany C Routley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter G Morris
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J Brookes
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter F Liddle
- The Institute for Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Waltmann M, O'Daly O, Egerton A, McMullen K, Kumari V, Barker GJ, Williams SCR, Modinos G. Multi-echo fMRI, resting-state connectivity, and high psychometric schizotypy. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 21:101603. [PMID: 30503214 PMCID: PMC6413302 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted striatal functional connectivity is proposed to play a critical role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Previous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies typically reported disrupted striatal connectivity in patients with psychosis and in individuals at clinical and genetic high risk of the disorder relative to healthy controls. This has not been widely studied in healthy individuals with subclinical psychotic-like experiences (schizotypy). Here we applied the emerging technology of multi-echo rs-fMRI to examine corticostriatal connectivity in this group, which is thought to drastically maximize physiological noise removal and increase BOLD contrast-to-noise ratio. Multi-echo rs-fMRI data (echo times, 12, 28, 44, 60 ms) were acquired from healthy individuals with low (LS, n = 20) and high (HS, n = 19) positive schizotypy as determined with the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). After preprocessing to ensure optimal contrast and removal of non-BOLD signal components, whole-brain functional connectivity from six striatal seeds was compared between the HS and LS groups. Effects were considered significant at cluster-level p < .05 family-wise error correction. Compared to LS, HS subjects showed lower rs-fMRI connectivity between ventromedial prefrontal regions and ventral striatal regions. Lower connectivity was also observed between the dorsal putamen and the hippocampus, occipital regions, as well as the cerebellum. These results demonstrate that subclinical positive psychotic-like experiences in healthy individuals are associated with striatal hypoconnectivity as detected using multi-echo rs-fMRI. Further application of this approach may aid in characterizing functional connectivity abnormalities across the extended psychosis phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Waltmann
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Katrina McMullen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Steve C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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18
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Fonseca-Pedrero E, Ortuño J, Debbané M, Chan RCK, Cicero D, Zhang LC, Brenner C, Barkus E, Linscott RJ, Kwapil T, Barrantes-Vidal N, Cohen A, Raine A, Compton MT, Tone EB, Suhr J, Inchausti F, Bobes J, Fumero A, Giakoumaki S, Tsaousis I, Preti A, Chmielewski M, Laloyaux J, Mechri A, Aymen Lahmar M, Wuthrich V, Larøi F, Badcock JC, Jablensky A, Isvoranu AM, Epskamp S, Fried EI. The Network Structure of Schizotypal Personality Traits. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:S468-S479. [PMID: 29684178 PMCID: PMC6188518 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating schizotypal traits is important if we are to understand the various manifestations of psychosis spectrum liability and to reliably identify individuals at high risk for psychosis. The present study examined the network structures of (1) 9 schizotypal personality domains and (2) 74 individual schizotypal items, and (3) explored whether networks differed across gender and culture (North America vs China). The study was conducted in a sample of 27001 participants from 12 countries and 21 sites (M age = 22.12; SD = 6.28; 37.5% males). The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) was used to assess 74 self-report items aggregated in 9 domains. We used network models to estimate conditional dependence relations among variables. In the domain-level network, schizotypal traits were strongly interconnected. Predictability (explained variance of each node) ranged from 31% (odd/magical beliefs) to 55% (constricted affect), with a mean of 43.7%. In the item-level network, variables showed relations both within and across domains, although within-domain associations were generally stronger. The average predictability of SPQ items was 27.8%. The network structures of men and women were similar (r = .74), node centrality was similar across networks (r = .90), as was connectivity (195.59 and 199.70, respectively). North American and Chinese participants networks showed lower similarity in terms of structure (r = 0.44), node centrality (r = 0.56), and connectivity (180.35 and 153.97, respectively). In sum, the present article points to the value of conceptualizing schizotypal personality as a complex system of interacting cognitive, emotional, and affective characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Ortuño
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Martin Debbané
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David Cicero
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa
| | - Lisa C Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colleen Brenner
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, LA
| | - Adrian Raine
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Erin B Tone
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Julie Suhr
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University Athens, OH
| | - Felix Inchausti
- Department of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Axit Fumero
- Department of Psychology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Julien Laloyaux
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT—Norwegian Center of Excellence for Mental Disorders Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anwar Mechri
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Viviana Wuthrich
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Larøi
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT—Norwegian Center of Excellence for Mental Disorders Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Adela M Isvoranu
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sacha Epskamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eiko I Fried
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Armando M, Sandini C, Chambaz M, Schaer M, Schneider M, Eliez S. Coping Strategies Mediate the Effect of Stressful Life Events on Schizotypal Traits and Psychotic Symptoms in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:S525-S535. [PMID: 29548017 PMCID: PMC6188528 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that psychosis emerges from the complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Stressful life events (SLEs) play a prominent role in combination with coping strategies and with a dysfunctional hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). It has been proposed that the framework of schizotypy might help disentangle the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of psychosis. Similarly, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is considered as a genetic model of psychosis vulnerability. However, SLE and coping strategies remain largely unexplored in 22q11DS. Moreover, the HPAA has not been systematically investigated in this population. Here, we explored the correlation between SLE, emotional coping strategies, schizotypal personality traits, subthreshold psychotic symptoms in a sample of 43 healthy controls (HCs) compared with 59 individuals with 22q11DS. In the latter, we also explored the correlation with pituitary volume as estimated from structural magnetic resonance imaging. We found that SLE and negative coping strategies were correlated with schizotypal personality traits in both HCs and 22q11DS, and with psychotic symptoms in the 22q11DS group only, whereas reduced pituitary volume correlated with general psychopathology. Moreover, dysfunctional coping mediated the effect of SLE on schizotypal personality traits and psychotic symptoms in 22q11DS. Our findings recapitulate evidence in nonsyndromic patients and confirm the central role of stress and coping in the pathogenesis of psychosis. More broadly, they highlight the importance of environmental factors in the pathway to psychosis in 22q11DS, suggesting a strong rationale for the implementation of stress and particularly coping-oriented interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, David Dufour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, David Dufour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maelle Chambaz
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, David Dufour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, David Dufour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, David Dufour, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, David Dufour, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
The association of music with madness is very longstanding. But is it more than myth, and if so what is the nature of this relationship? We tested the hypotheses that musicians possess greater schizotypy and symptoms of bipolar disorder. A total of 102 musicians were found to have greater positive and negative schizotypal traits when compared to matched norms on the shortened Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. Based on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, 10.8% of musicians also met criteria for lifetime bipolar disorder. Rock musicians appeared to have greater symptoms than those performing in other musical genres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Mason
- School of Psychology,University of Surrey,Stag Hill,Guildford,Surrey
| | - Heidi Daniels
- School of Psychology,University of Surrey,Stag Hill,Guildford,Surrey
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21
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Xie DJ, Lui SSY, Geng FL, Yang ZY, Zou YM, Li Y, Yeung HKH, Cheung EFC, Heerey EA, Chan RCK. Dissociation between affective experience and motivated behaviour in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives and schizotypal individuals. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1474-1483. [PMID: 29017618 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropsychological origins of negative syndrome of schizophrenia remain elusive. Evidence from behavioural studies, which utilised emotion-inducing pictures to elicit motivated behaviour generally reported that that schizophrenia patients experienced similar affective experience as healthy individuals but failed to translate emotional salience to motivated behaviour, a phenomenon called emotion-behaviour decoupling. However, a few studies have examined emotion-behaviour decoupling in non-psychotic high-risk populations, who are relatively unaffected by medication effects. METHODS In this study, we examined the nature and extent of emotion-behaviour decoupling in in three independent samples (65 schizophrenia patients v. 63 controls; 40 unaffected relatives v. 45 controls; and 32 individuals with social anhedonia v. 32 controls). We administered an experimental task to examine their affective experience and its coupling with behaviour, using emotion-inducing slides, and allowed participants to alter stimulus exposure using button-pressing to seek pleasure or avoid aversion. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients reported similar affective experiences as their controls, while their unaffected relatives and individuals with high levels of social anhedonia exhibited attenuated affective experiences, in particular in the arousal aspect. Compared with their respective control groups, all of the three groups showed emotion-behaviour decoupling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that both genetically and behaviourally high-risk groups exhibit emotion-behaviour decoupling. The familial association apparently supports its role as a putative trait marker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jie Xie
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
| | - Fu-Lei Geng
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
| | - Ying-Min Zou
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
| | - Ying Li
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
| | - Hera K H Yeung
- Castle Peak Hospital,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China
| | - Erin A Heerey
- Department of Psychology,Western University,London, Ontario,Canada
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Beijing,China
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22
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McCarthy NS, Badcock JC, Clark ML, Knowles EEM, Cadby G, Melton PE, Morgan VA, Blangero J, Moses EK, Glahn DC, Jablensky A. Assessment of Cognition and Personality as Potential Endophenotypes in the Western Australian Family Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:908-921. [PMID: 29040798 PMCID: PMC6007328 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity is a major barrier to understanding the genetic architecture underlying schizophrenia. Incorporating endophenotypes is one way to reduce heterogeneity and facilitate more powerful genetic analysis. Candidate endophenotypes require systematic assessment against endophenotype criteria, and a ranking of their potential utility for genetic analysis. In this study we assess 20 cognitive and personality measures in a sample of 127 families with at least 2 cases of schizophrenia per family (n = 535) plus a set of 30 control families (n = 121) against 4 endophenotype criteria: (a) be associated with the illness but not be a part of its diagnosis, (b) be heritable, (c) co-segregate with the illness in families, and (d) be found in unaffected relatives at a higher rate than in the general population. The endophenotype ranking score (endophenotype ranking variable [ERV]) was used to rank candidate endophenotypes based on their heritability and genetic correlation with schizophrenia. Finally, we used factor analysis to explore latent factors underlying the cognitive and personality measures. Evidence for personality measures as endophenotypes was at least equivalent to that of the cognitive measures. Factor analysis indicated that personality and cognitive traits contribute to independent latent dimensions. The results suggest for this first time that a number of cognitive and personality measures are independent and informative endophenotypes. Use of these endophenotypes in genetic studies will likely improve power and facilitate novel aetiological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S McCarthy
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia and Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Melanie L Clark
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia and Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Phillip E Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia and Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Vera A Morgan
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Eric K Moses
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia and Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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23
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Murphy J, McBride O, Fried E, Shevlin M. Distress, Impairment and the Extended Psychosis Phenotype: A Network Analysis of Psychotic Experiences in an US General Population Sample. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:768-777. [PMID: 29036519 PMCID: PMC6007708 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that subclinical psychotic experiences (PEs) may causally impact on each other over time and engage with one another in patterns of mutual reinforcement and feedback. This subclinical network of experiences in turn may facilitate the onset of psychotic disorder. PEs, however, are not inherently distressing, nor do they inevitably lead to impairment. The question arises therefore, whether nondistressing PEs, distressing PEs, or both, meaningfully inform an extended psychosis phenotype. The current study first aimed to exploit valuable ordinal data that captured the absence, occurrence and associated impairment of PEs in the general population to construct a general population based severity network of PEs. The study then aimed to partition the available ordinal data into 2 sets of binary data to test whether an occurrence network comprised of PE data denoting absence (coded 0) and occurrence/impairment (coded 1) was comparable to an impairment network comprised of binary PE data denoting absence/occurrence (coded 0) and impairment (coded 1). Networks were constructed using state-of-the-art regularized pairwise Markov Random Fields (PMRF). The severity network revealed strong interconnectivity between PEs and nodes denoting paranoia were among the most central in the network. The binary PMRF impairment network structure was similar to the occurrence network, however, the impairment network was characterized by significantly stronger PE interconnectivity. The findings may help researchers and clinicians to consider and determine how, when, and why an individual might transition from experiences that are nondistressing to experiences that are more commonly characteristic of psychosis symptomology in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Murphy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - Orla McBride
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - Eiko Fried
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Derry, UK
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24
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Karvelis P, Seitz AR, Lawrie SM, Seriès P. Autistic traits, but not schizotypy, predict increased weighting of sensory information in Bayesian visual integration. eLife 2018; 7:e34115. [PMID: 29757142 PMCID: PMC5966274 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theories propose that schizophrenia/schizotypy and autistic spectrum disorder are related to impairments in Bayesian inference that is, how the brain integrates sensory information (likelihoods) with prior knowledge. However existing accounts fail to clarify: (i) how proposed theories differ in accounts of ASD vs. schizophrenia and (ii) whether the impairments result from weaker priors or enhanced likelihoods. Here, we directly address these issues by characterizing how 91 healthy participants, scored for autistic and schizotypal traits, implicitly learned and combined priors with sensory information. This was accomplished through a visual statistical learning paradigm designed to quantitatively assess variations in individuals' likelihoods and priors. The acquisition of the priors was found to be intact along both traits spectra. However, autistic traits were associated with more veridical perception and weaker influence of expectations. Bayesian modeling revealed that this was due, not to weaker prior expectations, but to more precise sensory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Karvelis
- IANC, School of InformaticsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of PsychologyUC RiversideRiversideUnited States
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Patrick Wild CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Peggy Seriès
- IANC, School of InformaticsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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25
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Itaguchi Y, Sugimori E, Fukuzawa K. Schizotypal traits and forearm motor control against self-other produced action in a bimanual unloading task. Neuropsychologia 2018; 113:43-51. [PMID: 29601887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relation between schizotypy and motor control against self- or other-produced action. We used an unloading task to focus on the timing component of anticipatory motor control. In the task, a weight was removed from a participants' hand by the participants themselves or by an experimenter (voluntary versus imposed unloading). Postural disturbance at the removal timing was measured as an index of predictive function in motor control. We hypothesized that the postural disturbance in the voluntary unloading would be positively related to schizotypal traits; however, the results did not support this theory. The results showed almost zero correlation between the schizotypy scores and the postural disturbance in the voluntary unloading condition. In contrast, the schizotypy scores positively correlated with the postural disturbance in the imposed unloading condition. These findings were replicated across two participant groups and two schizotypy scales. Further analyses on subscales of the schizotypy questionnaire found moderate levels of positive correlation between each subscale for Cognitive-Perceptual and Disorganization factors and the disturbance. Accordingly, the present study did not support the idea that non-pathological individuals with high schizotypal traits have deficits in prediction of self-produced actions, at least for a temporal domain. Instead, the results suggested that individuals with high schizotypal traits, particularly for the positive and disorganization symptoms, are not good at responding to others-produced actions. The schizophrenic symptoms were discussed in terms of the failure in the processes executed after calculating prediction of sensory consequences and dysfunction in internal models for "other people".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Itaguchi
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Eriko Sugimori
- Department of Human Informatics and Cognitive Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Fukuzawa
- Department of Psychology, Waseda University, 1-24-1, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan
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26
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Corcoran AW, Groot C, Bruno A, Johnston A, Cropper SJ. Individual differences in first- and second-order temporal judgment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191422. [PMID: 29401520 PMCID: PMC5798768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of subjects to identify and reproduce brief temporal intervals is influenced by many factors whether they be stimulus-based, task-based or subject-based. The current study examines the role individual differences play in subsecond and suprasecond timing judgments, using the schizoptypy personality scale as a test-case approach for quantifying a broad range of individual differences. In two experiments, 129 (Experiment 1) and 141 (Experiment 2) subjects completed the O-LIFE personality questionnaire prior to performing a modified temporal-bisection task. In the bisection task, subjects responded to two identical instantiations of a luminance grating presented in a 4deg window, 4deg above fixation for 1.5 s (Experiment 1) or 3 s (Experiment 2). Subjects initiated presentation with a button-press, and released the button when they considered the stimulus to be half-way through (750/1500 ms). Subjects were then asked to indicate their 'most accurate estimate' of the two intervals. In this way we measure both performance on the task (a first-order measure) and the subjects' knowledge of their performance (a second-order measure). In Experiment 1 the effect of grating-drift and feedback on performance was also examined. Experiment 2 focused on the static/no-feedback condition. For the group data, Experiment 1 showed a significant effect of presentation order in the baseline condition (no feedback), which disappeared when feedback was provided. Moving the stimulus had no effect on perceived duration. Experiment 2 showed no effect of stimulus presentation order. This elimination of the subsecond order-effect was at the expense of accuracy, as the mid-point of the suprasecond interval was generally underestimated. Response precision increased as a proportion of total duration, reducing the variance below that predicted by Weber's law. This result is consistent with a breakdown of the scalar properties of time perception in the early suprasecond range. All subjects showed good insight into their own performance, though that insight did not necessarily correlate with the veridical bisection point. In terms of personality, we found evidence of significant differences in performance along the Unusual Experiences subscale, of most theoretical interest here, in the subsecond condition only. There was also significant correlation with Impulsive Nonconformity and Cognitive Disorganisation in the sub- and suprasecond conditions, respectively. Overall, these data support a partial dissociation of timing mechanisms at very short and slightly longer intervals. Further, these results suggest that perception is not the only critical mitigator of confidence in temporal experience, since individuals can effectively compensate for differences in perception at the level of metacognition in early suprasecond time. Though there are individual differences in performance, these are perhaps less than expected from previous reports and indicate an effective timing mechanism dealing with brief durations independent of the influence of significant personality trait differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Corcoran
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Groot
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aurelio Bruno
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Johnston
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Cropper
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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27
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Stanfield AC, Philip RCM, Whalley H, Romaniuk L, Hall J, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Dissociation of Brain Activation in Autism and Schizotypal Personality Disorder During Social Judgments. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1220-1228. [PMID: 29088456 PMCID: PMC5737648 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background There are overlaps between autism and schizophrenia but these are particularly pronounced, especially in social domains, for higher functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). It is not known whether these overlapping social deficits result from shared or distinct brain mechanisms. We therefore compared social cognition in ASD and SPD using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Twenty-one individuals with SPD, 28 with ASD and 33 controls were compared with respect to clinical symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; social cognition, using a social judgment task and Ekman 60 faces task; and brain activation using an fMRI task of social judgment. Results The ASD and SPD groups showed few differences in symptoms or social cognition. However, fMRI showed that, compared to ASD, the SPD group showed significantly greater activation during social compared to gender judgments in the amygdala and 3 clusters: right posterior cerebellum, extending into fusiform and inferior temporal gyri; left posterior cerebellum; and left intraparietal sulcus extending through medial portions of the temporal gyri into the fusiform gyrus (all P < .05 family-wise error corrected). Control activations lay between the ASD and SPD groups. Conclusions Although social cognitive deficits in ASD and SPD appear superficially similar they are the result of different brain mechanisms. These findings have implications for therapeutic interventions targeted at social dysfunction in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Stanfield
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth C M Philip
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Tailor Ed Foundation, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liana Romaniuk
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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28
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Pries LK, Guloksuz S, Menne-Lothmann C, Decoster J, van Winkel R, Collip D, Delespaul P, De Hert M, Derom C, Thiery E, Jacobs N, Wichers M, Simons CJP, Rutten BPF, van Os J. White noise speech illusion and psychosis expression: An experimental investigation of psychosis liability. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183695. [PMID: 28832672 PMCID: PMC5567924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An association between white noise speech illusion and psychotic symptoms has been reported in patients and their relatives. This supports the theory that bottom-up and top-down perceptual processes are involved in the mechanisms underlying perceptual abnormalities. However, findings in nonclinical populations have been conflicting. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the association between white noise speech illusion and subclinical expression of psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Findings were compared to previous results to investigate potential methodology dependent differences. Methods In a general population adolescent and young adult twin sample (n = 704), the association between white noise speech illusion and subclinical psychotic experiences, using the Structured Interview for Schizotypy—Revised (SIS-R) and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), was analyzed using multilevel logistic regression analyses. Results Perception of any white noise speech illusion was not associated with either positive or negative schizotypy in the general population twin sample, using the method by Galdos et al. (2011) (positive: ORadjusted: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.6–1.12, p = 0.217; negative: ORadjusted: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56–1.02, p = 0.065) and the method by Catalan et al. (2014) (positive: ORadjusted: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.79–1.57, p = 0.557). No association was found between CAPE scores and speech illusion (ORadjusted: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.88–1.79, p = 0.220). For the Catalan et al. (2014) but not the Galdos et al. (2011) method, a negative association was apparent between positive schizotypy and speech illusion with positive or negative affective valence (ORadjusted: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.24–0.81, p = 0.008). Conclusion Contrary to findings in clinical populations, white noise speech illusion may not be associated with psychosis proneness in nonclinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta-Katrin Pries
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Claudia Menne-Lothmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Decoster
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dina Collip
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc De Hert
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Derom
- Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evert Thiery
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J. P. Simons
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GGzE, Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven and De Kempen, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P. F. Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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29
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Shi LJ, Liu WH, Shi HS, Yan C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK. Co-occurrence of autistic and schizotypal traits and its association with emotional and psychosocial function in Chinese college students. Psychiatry Res 2017; 248:64-70. [PMID: 28024179 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Empirical findings suggest an overlap between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Co-occurring autistic and positive schizotypal traits may have a moderating effect on behaviour and cognition. This study attempted to examine the co-occurrence rate of autistic and schizotypal traits in otherwise healthy college students and to test the moderating effect of co-occurring autistic and schizotypal traits on executive function, emotion processing and social function. Eight hundred and sixty-four participants took part in the present study. The results showed that the co-occurrence rate of autistic and schizotypal trait was 3.4% at baseline and 2.4% at one-year follow-up. The interaction between autistic traits and schizotypal traits was associated with better executive functioning and social functioning but poorer emotional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Shi
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Hua Liu
- Faculty of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Song Shi
- North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE and STCSM), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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30
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Verbeke L, De Clercq B, Van der Heijden P, Hutsebaut J, van Aken MAG. The relevance of schizotypal traits for understanding interpersonal functioning in adolescents with psychiatric problems. Personal Disord 2017; 8:54-63. [PMID: 26642230 DOI: 10.1037/per0000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lize Verbeke
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology
| | | | - Paul Van der Heijden
- Centre for Adolescent Psychiatry, Reinier van Arkel Mental Health Institute, 's-Hertogenbosch
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Pronina MV, Ponomarev VA, Poliakov YI, Mitrofanov AY, Kropotov JD. [Event-Related Potentials in Schizotypal Personality Disorder and Schizophrenia.]. Fiziol Cheloveka 2016; 42:27-36. [PMID: 29932525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The article presents an analysis of event-related potentials in Go/NoGo test from patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder relative to healthy subjects. Identified differences in the group of patients with schizophrenia are consistent with previous studies and indicate a violation of the processes associated with different stages of visual information processing and executive functions. Special features of the brain activity from patients with schizotypal personality disorder were significantly less pronounced, and, presumably, pointed on the changes in the processes of attention redistribution and action monitoring. The results agree well with the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder that allows us to consider this technique as a possible additional diagnostic criterion of these disorders.
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32
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Golimbet VE, Garakh ZV, Korovaitseva GI, Lezheiko TV, Zaytsevac YS, Shmukler AB, Rodionov GI, Strelets VB. [The Association of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Serotonin Transporter Genes with the Parameters of Early Event-Related Potentials During the Passive Perception of Words]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 2016; 66:556-564. [PMID: 30695401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We explored the association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin transporter genes with neurophysiological characteristics of the early stages of verbal information processing in the brain in the groups of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy people. It has been shown that Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms are associated with P100 and N170 during the passive reading of single words written in Russian presented with different occurrence frequency. The healthy carriers of the ValVal genotype (BDN F Val66Met) allele or the SS (5-HTTLPR) genotype performed the task better compared to those with an Met or an L allele. The differences were significant in healthy people and observed as a trend in thepatients.
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33
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Broyd SJ, Michie PT, Bruggemann J, van Hell HH, Greenwood LM, Croft RJ, Todd J, Lenroot R, Solowij N. Schizotypy and auditory mismatch negativity in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 254:83-91. [PMID: 27388803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia may be conceptualised using a dimensional approach to examine trait-like expression such as schizotypy within non-clinical populations to better understand pathophysiology. A candidate psychosis-risk marker, the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to index the functionality of glutamatergic NMDA receptor mediated neurotransmission. Although the MMN is robustly reduced in patients with schizophrenia, the association between MMN and schizotypy in the general population is under-investigated. Thirty-five healthy participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and a multi-feature MMN paradigm (standards 82%, 50ms, 1000Hz, 80dB) with duration (100ms), frequency (1200Hz) and intensity (90dB) deviants (6% each). Spearman's correlations were used to explore the association between schizotypal personality traits and MMN amplitude. Few associations were identified between schizotypal traits and MMN. Higher Suspiciousness subscale scores tended to be correlated with larger frequency MMN amplitude. A median-split comparison of the sample on Suspiciousness scores showed larger MMN (irrespective of deviant condition) in the High compared to the Low Suspiciousness group. The trend-level association between MMN and Suspiciousness is in contrast to the robustly attenuated MMN amplitude observed in schizophrenia. Reductions in MMN may reflect a schizophrenia-disease state, whereas non-clinical schizotypy may not be subserved by similar neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Broyd
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology and Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hendrika H van Hell
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa-Marie Greenwood
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodney J Croft
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Juanita Todd
- School of Psychology and Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Yan C, Wang Y, Su L, Xu T, Yin DZ, Fan MX, Deng CP, Wang ZX, Lui SSY, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK. Differential mesolimbic and prefrontal alterations during reward anticipation and consummation in positive and negative schizotypy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 254:127-136. [PMID: 27419380 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizotypy is associated with anhedonia. However, previous findings on the neural substrates of anhedonia in schizotypy are mixed. In the present study, we measured the neural substrates associated with reward anticipation and consummation in positive and negative schizotypy using functional MRI. The Monetary Incentive Delay task was administered to 33 individuals with schizotypy (18 positive schizotypy (PS),15 negative schizotypy (NS)) and 22 healthy controls. Comparison between schizotypy individuals and controls were performed using two-sample T tests for contrast images involving gain versus non-gain anticipation condition and gain versus non-gain consummation condition. Multiple comparisons were corrected using Monte Carlo Simulation correction of p<.05. The results showed no significant difference in brain activity between controls and schizotypy individuals as a whole during gain anticipation or consummation. However, during the consummatory phase, NS individuals rather than PS individuals showed diminished left amygdala and left putamen activity compared with controls. We observed significantly weaker activation at the left ventral striatum during gain anticipation in NS individuals compared with controls. PS individuals, however, exhibited enhanced right ventral lateral prefrontal activity. These findings suggest that different dimensions of schizotypy may be underlied by different neural dysfunctions in reward anticipation and consummation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ting Xu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Zhi Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of MRI, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ci-Ping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Lemaitre AL, Luyat M, Lafargue G. Individuals with pronounced schizotypal traits are particularly successful in tickling themselves. Conscious Cogn 2016; 41:64-71. [PMID: 26891191 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed self-tickling sensations in a group of participants high in schizotypal traits (n=27) and group of participants low in schizotypal traits (n=27). The groups were formed by screening a pool of 397 students for extreme scores in the French version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. As observed in a previous study involving psychiatric people with auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences our results showed that self-applied tactile stimulations are felt to be more ticklish by healthy individuals high in schizotypal traits. In contrast, there were no significant intergroup differences in the mean tickle rating in the externally-produced tickling condition. Furthermore, more successful self-tickling was associated with more frequent self-reports of unusual perceptual experiences (such as supernatural experiences) and passivity experiences in particular (such as a feeling of being under the control of an outside force or power).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Lemaitre
- Univ. Lille, EA 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Émotions, Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Luyat
- Univ. Lille, EA 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Émotions, Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gilles Lafargue
- Univ. Lille, EA 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Émotions, Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Sheinbaum T, Bifulco A, Ballespí S, Mitjavila M, Kwapil TR, Barrantes-Vidal N. Interview Investigation of Insecure Attachment Styles as Mediators between Poor Childhood Care and Schizophrenia-Spectrum Phenomenology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135150. [PMID: 26247601 PMCID: PMC4527722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecure attachment styles have received theoretical attention and some initial empirical support as mediators between childhood adverse experiences and psychotic phenomena; however, further specificity needs investigating. The present interview study aimed to examine (i) whether two forms of poor childhood care, namely parental antipathy and role reversal, were associated with subclinical positive and negative symptoms and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder (PD) traits, and (ii) whether such associations were mediated by specific insecure attachment styles. Method A total of 214 nonclinical young adults were interviewed for subclinical symptoms (Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States), schizophrenia-spectrum PDs (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders), poor childhood care (Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Interview), and attachment style (Attachment Style Interview). Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II and all the analyses were conducted partialling out the effects of depressive symptoms. Results Both parental antipathy and role reversal were associated with subclinical positive symptoms and with paranoid and schizotypal PD traits. Role reversal was also associated with subclinical negative symptoms. Angry-dismissive attachment mediated associations between antipathy and subclinical positive symptoms and both angry-dismissive and enmeshed attachment mediated associations of antipathy with paranoid and schizotypal PD traits. Enmeshed attachment mediated associations of role reversal with paranoid and schizotypal PD traits. Conclusions Attachment theory can inform lifespan models of how adverse developmental environments may increase the risk for psychosis. Insecure attachment provides a promising mechanism for understanding the development of schizophrenia-spectrum phenomenology and may offer a useful target for prophylactic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Bifulco
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergi Ballespí
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Mitjavila
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R. Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
- Sant Pere Claver–Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Shen J, Wu J, Yu X, Lou W, Fan H, Shi L, Wang D. Altered default mode network functional connectivity in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 160:51-6. [PMID: 25458858 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) has been identified to play a critical role in many mental disorders, but such abnormalities have not yet been determined in patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). The purpose of this study was to analyze the alteration of the DMN functional connectivity in subjects with (SPD) and compared it to healthy control subjects. Eighteen DSM-IV diagnosed SPD subjects (all male, average age: 19.7±0.9) from a pool of 3000 first year college students, and eighteen age and gender matched healthy control subjects were recruited (all male, average age: 20.3±0.9). Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to analyze the DMN functional connectivity alteration. Compared to the healthy control group, SPD subjects had significantly decreased functional connectivity in the frontal areas, including the superior and medial frontal gyrus, and greater functional connectivity in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and sub-lobar regions, including the bilateral putamen and caudate. Compared to subjects with SPD, the healthy control group showed decreased functional connectivity in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, but showed greater functional connectivity in the right transverse temporal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus. The healthy control group also showed greater activation in the cerebellum compared to the SPD group. These findings suggest that DMN functional connectivity, particularly that involving cognitive or emotional regulation, is altered in SPD subjects, and thus may be helpful in studying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China; Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Wutao Lou
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hongyu Fan
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Defeng Wang
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Rabin SJ, Hasson-Ohayon I, Avidan M, Rozencwaig S, Shalev H, Kravetz S. Metacognition in schizophrenia and schizotypy: relation to symptoms of schizophrenia, traits of schizotypy and Social Quality of Life. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2014; 51:44-53. [PMID: 24858634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined a mediation model in which symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypy traits mediate the positive relations between metacognition and Social Quality of Life (SQoL) among persons with schizophrenia and persons without mental illness. METHOD 39 persons diagnosed with schizophrenia and 60 persons without a severe mental illness diagnosis participated in this study. Instruments included the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A), the SQoL scale of the QLI-MH, the PANSS scale and the O-LIFE self-report questionnaire that assesses schizotypy traits. RESULTS Persons with schizophrenia exhibit lower SQoL and metacognitive abilities than persons without mental illness. For persons with schizophrenia, negative symptoms mediate the positive relation between the ability to understand other persons' minds and SQoL. However, although for persons without mental illness, understanding other minds was found to correlate negatively with introvertive anhedonia and SQoL, a mediation model was not confirmed. DISCUSSION Understanding of others' minds seems relevant to the SQoL for both samples. In addition, negative symptoms of schizophrenia and introvertive anedonia traits are also related to SQoL among persons with schizophrenia and among persons without mental illness respectively. The lack of support for a mediation model for persons without mental illness is consistent with the theories that claim schizotypy is not a mirror image of schizophrenia and, therefore, may not necessarily lead to schizophrenia. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moran Avidan
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Silvio Rozencwaig
- Day Care and Rehabilitation Unit, Beer Yaakov Mental Health Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel
| | - Hadar Shalev
- Psychiatric Department, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomo Kravetz
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Ortuño-Sierra J, Badoud D, Knecht F, Paino M, Eliez S, Fonseca-Pedrero E, Debbané M. Testing measurement invariance of the schizotypal personality questionnaire-brief scores across Spanish and Swiss adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82041. [PMID: 24349180 PMCID: PMC3861321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypy is a complex construct intimately related to psychosis. Empirical evidence indicates that participants with high scores on schizotypal self-report are at a heightened risk for the later development of psychotic disorders. Schizotypal experiences represent the behavioural expression of liability for psychotic disorders. Previous factorial studies have shown that schizotypy is a multidimensional construct similar to that found in patients with schizophrenia. Specifically, using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), the three-dimensional model has been widely replicated. However, there has been no in-depth investigation of whether the dimensional structure underlying the SPQ-B scores is invariant across countries. METHODS The main goal of this study was to examine the measurement invariance of the SPQ-B scores across Spanish and Swiss adolescents. The final sample was made up of 261 Spanish participants (51.7% men; M = 16.04 years) and 241 Swiss participants (52.3% men; M = 15.94 years). RESULTS The results indicated that Raine et al.'s three-factor model presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices. Moreover, the results supported the measurement invariance (configural and partial strong invariance) of the SPQ-B scores across the two samples. Spanish participants scored higher on Interpersonal dimension than Swiss when latent means were compared. DISCUSSION The study of measurement equivalence across countries provides preliminary evidence for the Raine et al.'s three-factor model and of the cross-cultural validity of the SPQ-B scores in adolescent population. Future studies should continue to examine the measurement invariance of the schizotypy and psychosis-risk syndromes across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Badoud
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Knecht
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Paino
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Debbané
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Early phenomenological descriptions of schizophrenia have acknowledged the existence of milder schizophrenia spectrum disorders characterized by the presence of attenuated symptoms typically present in chronic schizophrenia. The investigation of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders offers an opportunity to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms giving rise to schizophrenia. Differences and similarities between subjects with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), the prototypical schizophrenia personality disorder, and chronic schizophrenia have been investigated with genetic, neurochemical, imaging, and pharmacological techniques. Patients with SPD and the more severely ill patients with chronic schizophrenia share cognitive, social, and attentional deficits hypothesized to result from common neurodevelopmentally based cortical temporal and prefrontal pathology. However, these deficits are milder in SPD patients due to their capacity to recruit other related brain regions to compensate for dysfunctional areas. Individuals with SPD are also less vulnerable to psychosis due to the presence of protective factors mitigating subcortical DA hyperactivity. Given the documented close relationship to other schizophrenic disorders, SPD will be included in the psychosis section of DSM-5 as a schizophrenia spectrum disorder as well as in the personality disorder section.
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Bolinskey PK, Iati CA, Hunter HK, Novi JH. Season of birth, mixed-handedness, and psychometric schizotypy: preliminary results from a prospective study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 208:210-4. [PMID: 23321461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Season of birth and hand preference were examined in a sample of 42 (7 males, 35 females) individuals who were identified as schizotypic based on their scores on selected scales of the Chapman Psychosis Proneness Scales (CPPS) and a matched comparison sample of 42 individuals with non-deviant CPPS scores. Presence or absence of schizotypy was analyzed using chi square tests of independence with the presence or absence of each risk factor serving as the independent variable. Further analyses incorporated independent means t tests to examine mean scores on the CPPS with the presence or absence of each risk factor again serving as the independent variable. Results supported the hypothesis that winter/early-spring birth would be associated with psychometric schizotypy, although the results for mixed-handedness fell just short of statistical significance. However, mixed hand preference was associated with higher scores on MagId and PerAb scales of the CPPS, but not the RSA scale, which suggests that mixed laterality is associated with the more cognitive-perceptual aspects of schizotypy. Results are discussed in relation to previous literature and their relevance to the prediction of schizophrenia-related psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kevin Bolinskey
- Department of Psychology, B-214 Root Hall, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
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Pluzhnikov IV, Omelchenko MA, Krylova ES, Kaleda VG. [Neuropsychological syndromes of non-psychotic mental disorders of youthful age]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2013; 113:19-25. [PMID: 24430030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Seventy male patients with non-psychotic mental disorders of youthful age (mean age 19.2±3.7), were studied using A.R. Luria neuropsychological syndrome analysis. Patients were stratified into 3 groups by diagnosis: cyclothymia (20 patients), pubertal decompensation of schizoid personality disorder (30 patients) and schizotypal personality disorder (20 patients). It has been shown that the neuropsychological changes indicate the dysfunction of the amygdale/temporal region in patients of the first group and frontal/thalamic/parietal connections in the patients of two other groups. There were interhemispheric differences between patients with personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder: left hemisphere dysfunction was characteristic of schizotypal disorder and right hemisphere deficit (neurocognitive deficit) was found in patients with personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Pluzhnikov
- FGBU "Nauchnyĭ tsentr psikhicheskogo zdorov'ia" RAMN, Moskva; FGBOU VPO "Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M.V. Lomonosova", Moskva
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrusions are common symptoms of both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and schizophrenia. It has been suggested that an information processing style characterized by weak trait contextual integration renders psychotic individuals vulnerable to intrusive experiences. This 'contextual integration hypothesis' was tested in individuals reporting anomalous experiences in the absence of a need for care. METHOD Twenty-six low schizotypes and 23 individuals reporting anomalous experiences were shown a traumatic film with and without a concurrent visuospatial task (VST). Participants rated post-traumatic intrusions for frequency and form, and completed self-report measures of information processing style. It was predicted that, because of their weaker trait contextual integration, the anomalous experiences (AE) group would (1) exhibit more intrusions following exposure to the trauma film, (2) display intrusions characterized by more PTSD qualities and (3) show a greater reduction of intrusions with the concurrent VST. RESULTS As predicted, the AE group reported a lower level of trait contextual integration and more intrusions than the low schizotypes, both immediately after watching the film and during the following 7 days. Their post-traumatic intrusive memories were more PTSD-like (more intrusive, vivid and associated with emotion). The VST had no effect on the number of intrusions in either group. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide some support for the proposal that weak trait contextual integration underlies the development of intrusions within both PTSD and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Marks
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, UK
| | - C Steel
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, UK
| | - E R Peters
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, UK
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Steinisch M, Sulpizio V, Iorio AA, Di Naccio A, Haueisen J, Committeri G, Comani S. A virtual environment for egocentric and allocentric mental transformations: a study on a nonclinical population of adults with distinct levels of schizotypy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:291-9. [PMID: 21988160 DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2011.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We benefited from the flexibility provided by virtual reality to enhance a classical paradigm on array and self mental rotations and related questions on a set of items. We used this paradigm to investigate how the Level of Schizotypy in nonclinical subjects might influence their behavior in egocentric and allocentric mental transformations. Three elements of novelty were introduced: (i) we separated the phases of mental transformation (Imagined Rotation Phase) and task performance (Task Phase), (ii) we measured the time required for Imagined Rotation Phase and Task Phase separately, and (iii) we cued self-rotations with a virtual human being (self-avatar) or an inanimate object (self-chair). Twenty-four nonclinical participants were categorized in low- and high-schizotypal subjects (Low-S, High-S). A mixed-design analysis of variance showed that High-S were significantly faster than Low-S during the Imagined Rotation Phase (array and self-chair rotations) and during the Task Phase (self-chair). High-S were also faster in the self-chair than in the self-avatar rotation, supporting the existence of a dissociation between perspective changing and perspective taking in High-S. In line with the literature, we found that participant performances decreased with increasing angular difference between the initial and the imagined perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinisch
- BIND--Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
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Hommes J, Krabbendam L, Versmissen D, Kircher T, van Os J, van Winkel R. Self-monitoring as a familial vulnerability marker for psychosis: an analysis of patients, unaffected siblings and healthy controls. Psychol Med 2012; 42:235-245. [PMID: 21733290 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in self-monitoring have been reported in patients with psychotic disorders, but it remains unclear to what degree they represent true indicators of familial vulnerability for psychosis. METHOD An error-correction action-monitoring task was used to examine self-monitoring in 42 patients with schizophrenia, 32 of their unaffected siblings and 41 healthy controls. RESULTS Significant between-group differences in self-monitoring accuracy were found (χ2=29.3, p<0.0001), patients performing worst and unaffected siblings performing at an intermediate level compared to controls (all between-group differences p<0.05). In the combined group of healthy controls and unaffected siblings, detection accuracy was associated with positive schizotypy as measured by the Structured Interview for Schizotypy - Revised (SIS-R) (β=-0.16, s.e.=0.07, p=0.026), but not with negative schizotypy (β=-0.05, s.e.=0.12, p=0.694). In patients, psychotic symptoms were not robustly associated with detection accuracy (β=-0.01, s.e.=0.01, p=0.094), although stratified analysis revealed suggestive evidence for association in patients not currently using antipsychotic medication (β=-0.03, s.e.=0.01, p=0.052), whereas no association was found in patients on antipsychotic medication (β=-0.01, s.e.=0.01, p=0.426). A similar pattern of associations was found for negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in self-monitoring may be associated with familial risk and expression of psychosis. The association between psychotic symptoms and self-monitoring in patients may be affected by antipsychotic medication, which may explain previous inconsistencies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hommes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - L Krabbendam
- Department of Psychology and Education, VU University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Versmissen
- Foundation for Equal Opportunities, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - J van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - R van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Kattoulas E, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN, Smyrnis N. Predictive smooth eye pursuit in a population of young men: II. Effects of schizotypy, anxiety and depression. Exp Brain Res 2011; 215:219-26. [PMID: 21986671 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunction is considered to be a valid schizophrenia endophenotype. Recent studies have tried to refine the phenotype in order to identify the specific neurophysiological deficits associated with schizophrenia. We used a variation of the smooth eye pursuit paradigm, during which the moving target is occluded for a short period of time and subjects are asked to continue tracking. This is designed to isolate the predictive processes that drive the extraretinal signal, a process previously reported to be defective in schizophrenia patients as well as their healthy relatives. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between predictive pursuit performance indices and age, education, non-verbal IQ, schizotypy and state anxiety, depression in 795 young Greek military conscripts. State anxiety was related to better predictive pursuit performance (increase in residual pursuit gain), while disorganized schizotypy was related to deficient predictive pursuit performance (decreased residual gain). This effect was independent of the effect of disorganized schizotypy on other oculomotor functions supporting the hypothesis that predictive pursuit might be specifically affected in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and could be considered as a distinct oculomotor endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Kattoulas
- Cognition and Action Group, Neurology Department, Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Goldstein KE, Hazlett EA, Savage KR, Berlin HA, Hamilton HK, Zelmanova Y, Look AE, Koenigsberg HW, Mitsis EM, Tang CY, McNamara M, Siever LJ, Cohen BH, New AS. Dorso- and ventro-lateral prefrontal volume and spatial working memory in schizotypal personality disorder. Behav Brain Res 2010; 218:335-40. [PMID: 21115066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) individuals and borderline personality disorder (BPD) individuals have been reported to show neuropsychological impairments and abnormalities in brain structure. However, relationships between neuropsychological function and brain structure in these groups are not well understood. This study compared visual-spatial working memory (SWM) and its associations with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) gray matter volume in 18 unmedicated SPD patients with no BPD traits, 18 unmedicated BPD patients with no SPD traits, and 16 healthy controls (HC). Results showed impaired SWM in SPD but not BPD, compared with HC. Moreover, among the HC group, but not SPD patients, better SWM performance was associated with larger VLPFC (BA44/45) gray matter volume (Fisher's Z p-values <0.05). Findings suggest spatial working memory impairments may be a core neuropsychological deficit specific to SPD patients and highlight the role of VLPFC subcomponents in normal and dysfunctional memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Kaczorowski JA, Barrantes-Vidal N, Kwapil TR. Neurological soft signs in psychometrically identified schizotypy. Schizophr Res 2009; 115:293-302. [PMID: 19651490 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia often exhibit structural brain abnormalities, as well as neurological soft signs (NSS), consistent with its conceptualization as a neurodevelopmental disorder. NSS are mild, presumably nonlocalizing, neurological impairments that are inferred from performance deficits in domains such as sensory integration, motor coordination, and motor sequencing. The vulnerability for schizophrenia is presumed to be expressed across a broad continuum of impairment referred to as schizotypy. It is hypothesized that nondisordered people along the schizotypy continuum should exhibit elevated rates of NSS. The present study examined the relation of psychometrically identified positive and negative schizotypy with NSS using the Neurological Evaluation Scale in a nonclinically ascertained sample of young adults (n=177). As hypothesized, negative, but not positive, schizotypy was related to increased NSS in tasks that assessed fine and gross motor coordination, motor sequencing, eye movement abnormalities, and memory recall. However, positive schizotypy was associated with increased NSS in tasks related to sensory integration dysfunction. In general, the positivexnegative schizotypy interaction term was unrelated to individual NSS tasks. The findings support: a) the theory that the vulnerability for schizophrenia is expressed across a broad continuum of subclinical and clinical impairment referred to as schizotypy; b) the multidimensional structure of schizotypy; and c) the notion that schizotypy is an appropriate construct for understanding the etiology and development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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Margetić BA, Jakovljević M, Brataljenović T, Sumić M. Personality and schizophrenia: psychobiological model and its relationship with comorbidity. Psychiatr Danub 2009; 21:356-360. [PMID: 19794356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Personality interacts with psychosocial variables, psychopathology and coping strategies of patients with schizophrenia. Psychobiological model of personality is important for schizophrenia as temperament dimensions, except dimension Persistence, have been associated with different neurotransmitter systems. Comorbidity of psychiatric and somatic disorders and syndromes is generally associated with dimensions high Harm avoidance and low Self-directedness. Variations in other dimensions may also be important. High Harm Avoidance may represent state vulnerability marker for various psychiatric disorders and is associated with appearance of comorbidity in schizophrenia. High Self-directedness may be protective factor for development of various psychiatric as well somatic comorbidity states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Aukst Margetić
- University Psychiatric Clinic Rebro, Clinical Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Agius M, Hockings H, Wilson C, Lane D. Is oestrogen neuroprotective? Psychiatr Danub 2009; 21 Suppl 1:120-127. [PMID: 19789496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-protection in this context is an important concept in the treatment of patients in the early, prodromal phase of psychosis, otherwise known as the 'At Ultra High Risk Mental State'. Neuro-protection as described here refers to the use of agents to control the process of apoptosis, which occurs more rapidly in the earliest phases of schizophrenia. There is a need to identify medications with fewer side effects than anti-psychotics in order to treat at risk mental states, or prodromal psychosis. Studies have shown that schizophrenia occurs in males at an earlier age than females. Later, at about the time of the menopause, there is a second peak in the incidence of psychosis (schizophrenia) in women. Hence it has been suggested that Oestrogen may be neuroprotective. Studies have shown that the addition of oestradiol to anti-psychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in females increased the efficacy of the treatment, which suggests that oestrogen does indeed have a neuroprotective action. However oestrogen has never been used in 'at ultra high risk mental states', perhaps because of concern regarding side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agius
- Academic Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge, Bedfordshire and Luton Partnership Trust, UK.
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