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Weickert TW, Ji E, Galletly C, Boerrigter D, Morishima Y, Bruggemann J, Balzan R, O’Donnell M, Liu D, Lenroot R, Weickert CS, Kindler J. Toll-Like Receptor mRNA Levels in Schizophrenia: Association With Complement Factors and Cingulate Gyrus Cortical Thinning. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:403-417. [PMID: 38102721 PMCID: PMC10919782 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Previous studies revealed innate immune system activation in people with schizophrenia (SZ), potentially mediated by endogenous pathogen recognition receptors, notably Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLRs are activated by pathogenic molecules like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (TLR1 and TLR4), viral RNA (TLR3), or both (TLR8). Furthermore, the complement system, another key component of innate immunity, has previously been linked to SZ. STUDY DESIGN Peripheral mRNA levels of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR8 were compared between SZ and healthy controls (HC). We investigated their relationship with immune activation through complement expression and cortical thickness of the cingulate gyrus, a region susceptible to immunological hits. TLR mRNA levels and peripheral complement receptor mRNA were extracted from 86 SZ and 77 HC white blood cells; structural MRI scans were conducted on a subset. STUDY RESULTS We found significantly higher TLR4 and TLR8 mRNA levels and lower TLR3 mRNA levels in SZ compared to HC. TLRs and complemental factors were significantly associated in SZ and HC, with the strongest deviations of TLR mRNA levels in the SZ subgroup having elevated complement expression. Cortical thickness of the cingulate gyrus was inversely associated with TLR8 mRNA levels in SZ, and with TLR4 and TLR8 levels in HC. CONCLUSIONS The study underscores the role of innate immune activation in schizophrenia, indicating a coordinated immune response of TLRs and the complement system. Our results suggest there could be more bacterial influence (based on TLR 4 levels) as opposed to viral influence (based on TLR3 levels) in schizophrenia. Specific TLRs were associated with brain cortical thickness reductions of limbic brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Ellen Ji
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Danny Boerrigter
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Yosuke Morishima
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- Speciality of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ryan Balzan
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maryanne O’Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- Kiloh Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jochen Kindler
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
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Saavedra JL, Crisanti A, Lardier DT, Tohen M, Lenroot R, Bustillo J, Halperin D, Friedman B, Loewy R, Murray-Krezan C, McIver S. The Cascade of Care for Early Psychosis Detection in a College Counseling Center. Psychiatr Serv 2024; 75:161-166. [PMID: 37554003 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programs for early detection of psychosis help identify individuals experiencing emerging psychosis and link them with appropriate services, thereby reducing the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). The authors used the cascade-of-care framework to identify various care stages between screening and enrollment in coordinated specialty care (CSC) and to determine attrition at each stage, with the goal of identifying points in the referral process that may affect DUP. METHODS Project partners included a college counseling center and CSC program. All college students seeking mental health services at a counseling center between 2020 and 2022 (N=1,945) completed the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B) at intake. Students who met the distress cutoff score were referred for a phone screening. Those who met criteria on the basis of this screening were referred for assessment and possible enrollment into CSC. RESULTS Six stages in the cascade of care for early detection were identified. Of the students who completed the PQ-B as part of intake (stage 1), 547 (28%) met the PQ-B cutoff score (stage 2). Counselors referred 428 (78%) students who met the PQ-B cutoff score (stage 3), and 212 (50%) of these students completed the phone screening (stage 4). Seventy-two (34%) students completed a CSC eligibility assessment (stage 5), 21 (29%) of whom were enrolled in CSC (stage 6). CONCLUSIONS The cascade-of-care framework helped conceptualize the flow within a program for early psychosis detection in order to identify stages that may contribute to lengthier DUP. Future research is warranted to better understand the factors that contribute to DUP at these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine L Saavedra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Annette Crisanti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - David T Lardier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Dawn Halperin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Bess Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Rachel Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Cristina Murray-Krezan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
| | - Stephanie McIver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Saavedra, Crisanti, Lardier, Tohen, Lenroot, Bustillo, Halperin, Friedman) and Student Health and Counseling (McIver), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Loewy); Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (Murray-Krezan)
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Weickert TW, Jacomb I, Lenroot R, Lappin J, Weinberg D, Brooks WS, Brown D, Pellen D, Kindler J, Mohan A, Wakefield D, Lloyd AR, Stanton C, O'Donnell M, Liu D, Galletly C, Shannon Weickert C. Adjunctive canakinumab reduces peripheral inflammation markers and improves positive symptoms in people with schizophrenia and inflammation: A randomized control trial. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:191-200. [PMID: 37848096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials of anti-inflammatories in schizophrenia do not show clear and replicable benefits, possibly because patients were not recruited based on elevated inflammation status. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) mRNA and protein levels are increased in serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain of some chronically ill patients with schizophrenia, first episode psychosis, and clinical high-risk individuals. Canakinumab, an approved anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody, interferes with the bioactivity of IL-1β and interrupts downstream signaling. However, the extent to which canakinumab reduces peripheral inflammation markers, such as, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and symptom severity in schizophrenia patients with inflammation is unknown. TRIAL DESIGN We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel groups, 8-week trial of canakinumab in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia who had elevated peripheral inflammation. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and elevated peripheral inflammation markers (IL-1β, IL-6, hsCRP and/or neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: NLR) were randomized to a one-time, subcutaneous injection of canakinumab (150 mg) or placebo (normal saline) as an adjunctive antipsychotic treatment. Peripheral blood hsCRP, NLR, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 levels were measured at baseline (pre injection) and at 1-, 4- and 8-weeks post injection. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline and 4- and 8-weeks post injection. RESULTS Canakinumab significantly reduced peripheral hsCRP over time, F(3, 75) = 5.16, p = 0.003. Significant hsCRP reductions relative to baseline were detected only in the canakinumab group at weeks 1, 4 and 8 (p's = 0.0003, 0.000002, and 0.004, respectively). There were no significant hsCRP changes in the placebo group. Positive symptom severity scores were significantly reduced at week 8 (p = 0.02) in the canakinumab group and week 4 (p = 0.02) in the placebo group. The change in CRP between week 8 and baseline (b = 1.9, p = 0.0002) and between week 4 and baseline (b = 6.0, p = 0.001) were highly significant predictors of week 8 change in PANSS Positive Symptom severity scores. There were no significant changes in negative symptoms, general psychopathology or cognition in either group. Canakinumab was well tolerated and only 7 % discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Canakinumab quickly reduces peripheral hsCRP serum levels in patients with schizophrenia and inflammation; after 8 weeks of canakinumab treatment, the reductions in hsCRP are related to reduced positive symptom severity. Future studies should consider increased doses or longer-term treatment to confirm the potential benefits of adjunctive canakinumab in schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN12615000635561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Isabella Jacomb
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Lappin
- School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - William S Brooks
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Brown
- NSW Health Pathology-ICPMR, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Pellen
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jochen Kindler
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adith Mohan
- School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denis Wakefield
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clive Stanton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Locah Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Locah Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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MacDonald DN, Bedford SA, Olafson E, Park MTM, Devenyi GA, Tullo S, Patel R, Anagnostou E, Baron-Cohen S, Bullmore ET, Chura LR, Craig MC, Ecker C, Floris DL, Holt RJ, Lenroot R, Lerch JP, Lombardo MV, Murphy DGM, Raznahan A, Ruigrok ANV, Smith E, Shinohara RT, Spencer MD, Suckling J, Taylor MJ, Thurm A, Lai MC, Chakravarty MM. Characterizing Subcortical Structural Heterogeneity in Autism. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.28.554882. [PMID: 37693556 PMCID: PMC10491091 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.554882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Autism presents with significant phenotypic and neuroanatomical heterogeneity, and neuroimaging studies of the thalamus, globus pallidus and striatum in autism have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. These structures are critical mediators of functions known to be atypical in autism, including sensory gating and motor function. We examined both volumetric and fine-grained localized shape differences in autism using a large (n=3145, 1045-1318 after strict quality control), cross-sectional dataset of T1-weighted structural MRI scans from 32 sites, including both males and females (assigned-at-birth). We investigated three potentially important sources of neuroanatomical heterogeneity: sex, age, and intelligence quotient (IQ), using a meta-analytic technique after strict quality control to minimize non-biological sources of variation. We observed no volumetric differences in the thalamus, globus pallidus, or striatum in autism. Rather, we identified a variety of localized shape differences in all three structures. Including age, but not sex or IQ, in the statistical model improved the fit for both the pallidum and striatum, but not for the thalamus. Age-centered shape analysis indicated a variety of age-dependent regional differences. Overall, our findings help confirm that the neurodevelopment of the striatum, globus pallidus and thalamus are atypical in autism, in a subtle location-dependent manner that is not reflected in overall structure volumes, and that is highly non-uniform across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. MacDonald
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
| | - Saashi A. Bedford
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | - Emily Olafson
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Department of Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Min Tae M. Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Gabriel A. Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University
| | - Stephanie Tullo
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University
| | | | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | | | - Lindsay R. Chura
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | - Michael C. Craig
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, GoetheUniversity
| | - Dorothea L. Floris
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich,Switzerland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rosemary J. Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Dept.of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | | | - Armin Raznahan
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of MentalHealth
| | - Amber N. V. Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
| | - Russell T. Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D. Spencer
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | - John Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | - Margot J. Taylor
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Section on Behavioral Pediatrics, National Institute of Mental Health
| | | | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children
- The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University
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5
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Hocking DR, Ardalan A, Abu-Rayya HM, Farhat H, Andoni A, Lenroot R, Kachnowski S. Correction to: Feasibility of a virtual reality-based exercise intervention and low-cost motion tracking method for estimation of motor proficiency in youth with autism spectrum disorder. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:62. [PMID: 35751104 PMCID: PMC9229499 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Hocking
- Developmental Neuromotor and Cognition Lab, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Adel Ardalan
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hisham M Abu-Rayya
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hassan Farhat
- Developmental Neuromotor and Cognition Lab, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Andoni
- HITLAB, Healthcare Innovation & Technology Lab, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stan Kachnowski
- HITLAB, Healthcare Innovation & Technology Lab, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Roberts G, Perry A, Ridgway K, Leung V, Campbell M, Lenroot R, Mitchell PB, Breakspear M. Longitudinal Changes in Structural Connectivity in Young People at High Genetic Risk for Bipolar Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:350-361. [PMID: 35343756 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies of patients with bipolar disorder or at high genetic risk reveal structural dysconnections among key brain networks supporting cognitive and affective processes. Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of these networks across the peak age range of bipolar disorder onset could inform mechanisms of illness onset or resilience. METHODS Longitudinal diffusion-weighted MRI and phenotypic data were acquired at baseline and after 2 years in 183 individuals ages 12-30 years in two cohorts: 97 unaffected individuals with a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder (the high-risk group) and 86 individuals with no family history of mental illness (the control group). Whole-brain structural networks were derived using tractography, and longitudinal changes in these networks were studied using network-based statistics and mixed linear models. RESULTS Both groups showed widespread longitudinal changes, comprising both increases and decreases in structural connectivity, consistent with a shared neurodevelopmental process. On top of these shared changes, high-risk participants showed weakening of connectivity in a network encompassing the left inferior and middle frontal areas, left striatal and thalamic structures, the left fusiform, and right parietal and occipital regions. Connections among these regions strengthened in the control group, whereas they weakened in the high-risk group, shifting toward a cohort with established bipolar disorder. There was marginal evidence for even greater network weakening in those who had their first manic or hypomanic episode before follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Neurodevelopment from adolescence into early adulthood is associated with a substantial reorganization of structural brain networks. Differences in these maturational processes occur in a multisystem network in individuals at high genetic risk of bipolar disorder. This may represent a novel candidate to understand resilience and predict conversion to bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Alistair Perry
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Kate Ridgway
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Vivian Leung
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Megan Campbell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
| | - Michael Breakspear
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia (Roberts, Ridgway, Leung, Mitchell); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Perry); QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia (Perry, Breakspear); School of Psychology, College of Science, and Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia (Campbell, Breakspear); Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Lenroot); University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (Lenroot)
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7
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Roberts G, Lenroot R, Overs B, Fullerton J, Leung V, Ridgway K, Stuart A, Frankland A, Levy F, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Breakspear M, Mitchell PB. Accelerated cortical thinning and volume reduction over time in young people at high genetic risk for bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1344-1355. [PMID: 32892764 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a familial psychiatric disorder associated with frontotemporal and subcortical brain abnormalities. It is unclear whether such abnormalities are present in relatives without BD, and little is known about structural brain trajectories in those at risk. METHOD Neuroimaging was conducted at baseline and at 2-year follow-up interval in 90 high-risk individuals with a first-degree BD relative (HR), and 56 participants with no family history of mental illness who could have non-BD diagnoses. All 146 subjects were aged 12-30 years at baseline. We examined longitudinal change in gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness, and surface area in the frontotemporal cortex and subcortical regions. RESULTS Compared to controls, HR participants showed accelerated cortical thinning and volume reduction in right lateralised frontal regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, frontal pole and rostral middle frontal gyrus. Independent of time, the HR group had greater cortical thickness in the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex, larger volume in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex and greater area of right accumbens, compared to controls. This pattern was evident even in those without the new onset of psychopathology during the inter-scan interval. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that differences previously observed in BD are developing prior to the onset of the disorder. The pattern of pathological acceleration of cortical thinning is likely consistent with a disturbance of molecular mechanisms responsible for normal cortical thinning. We also demonstrate that neuroanatomical differences in HR individuals may be progressive in some regions and stable in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - B Overs
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V Leung
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - K Ridgway
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - A Stuart
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - A Frankland
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - F Levy
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - D Hadzi-Pavlovic
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - M Breakspear
- School of psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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8
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Ji E, Boerrigter D, Cai HQ, Lloyd D, Bruggemann J, O'Donnell M, Galletly C, Lloyd A, Liu D, Lenroot R, Weickert TW, Shannon Weickert C. Peripheral complement is increased in schizophrenia and inversely related to cortical thickness. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:423-434. [PMID: 34808287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for complement system involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, although the extent and magnitude of complement factor disturbances has not been fully reported. It also remains unclear whether complement abnormalities are characteristic of all patients with schizophrenia or whether they are representative of a subgroup of patients who show signs of heightened inflammation. The aim of the present study was to quantify and compare the levels of a range of complement factors, receptors and regulators in healthy controls and people with schizophrenia and to determine the extent to which the levels of these peripheral molecules relate to measures of brain structure, particularly cortical thickness. METHOD Seventy-five healthy controls and 90 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included in the study. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants and mRNA expression was quantified in 20 complement related genes, four complement proteins, as well as for four cytokines. T1-weighted structural MRI scans were acquired and analysed to determine cortical thickness measures. RESULTS There were significant increases in peripheral mRNA encoding receptors (C5ar1, CR1, CR3a), regulators (CD55, C59) and protein concentrations (C3, C3b, C4) in people with schizophrenia relative to healthy controls. C4a expression was significantly increased in a subgroup of patients displaying elevated peripheral cytokine levels. A higher inflammation index score derived from mRNA expression patterns predicted reductions in cortical thickness in the temporal lobe (superior temporal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, insula) in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of all three major complement pathways supports increased complement activity in schizophrenia and also shows that peripheral C4a up-regulation is related to increased peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines in healthy controls. Our region-specific, neuroimaging findings linked to an increased peripheral complement mRNA expression pattern suggests a role for complement in cortical thinning. Further studies are required to further clarify clinical and neurobiological consequences of aberrant complement levels in schizophrenia and related psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ji
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Helen Q Cai
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs & Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, Australia; Speciality of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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9
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Hocking DR, Ardalan A, Abu-Rayya HM, Farhat H, Andoni A, Lenroot R, Kachnowski S. Feasibility of a virtual reality-based exercise intervention and low-cost motion tracking method for estimation of motor proficiency in youth with autism spectrum disorder. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:1. [PMID: 34996473 PMCID: PMC8742363 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor impairment is widely acknowledged as a core feature in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which can affect adaptive behavior and increase severity of symptoms. Low-cost motion capture and virtual reality (VR) game technologies hold a great deal of promise for providing personalized approaches to motor intervention in ASD. The present study explored the feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy of a custom-designed VR game-based intervention (GaitWayXR™) for improving gross motor skills in youth with ASD. Methods Ten children and adolescents (10–17 years) completed six, 20-min VR-based motor training sessions over 2 weeks while whole-body movement was tracked with a low-cost motion capture system. We developed a methodology for using motion tracking data to quantify whole-body movement in terms of efficiency, synchrony and symmetry. We then studied the relationships of the above quantities with standardized measures of motor skill and cognitive flexibility. Results Our results supported our presumption that the VR intervention is safe, with no adverse events and very few minor to moderate side-effects, while a large proportion of parents said they would use the VR game at home, the most prohibitive reasons for adopting the system for home therapy were cost and space. Although there was little evidence of any benefits of the GaitWayXR™ intervention in improving gross motor skills, we showed several positive correlations between the standardized measures of gross motor skills in ASD and our measures of efficiency, symmetry and synchrony from low-cost motion capture. Conclusions These findings, though preliminary and limited by small sample size, suggest that low-cost motion capture of children with ASD is feasible with movement exercises in a VR-based game environment. Based on these preliminary findings, we recommend conducting larger-scale studies with methods for improving adherence to VR gaming interventions over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Hocking
- Developmental Neuromotor and Cognition Lab, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Adel Ardalan
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hisham M Abu-Rayya
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hassan Farhat
- Developmental Neuromotor and Cognition Lab, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Andoni
- HITLAB, Healthcare Innovation & Technology Lab, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stan Kachnowski
- HITLAB, Healthcare Innovation & Technology Lab, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Olafson E, Bedford SA, Devenyi GA, Patel R, Tullo S, Park MTM, Parent O, Anagnostou E, Baron-Cohen S, Bullmore ET, Chura LR, Craig MC, Ecker C, Floris DL, Holt RJ, Lenroot R, Lerch JP, Lombardo MV, Murphy DGM, Raznahan A, Ruigrok ANV, Spencer MD, Suckling J, Taylor MJ, Lai MC, Chakravarty MM. Examining the Boundary Sharpness Coefficient as an Index of Cortical Microstructure in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3338-3352. [PMID: 33693614 PMCID: PMC8196259 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with atypical brain development. However, the phenotype of regionally specific increased cortical thickness observed in ASD may be driven by several independent biological processes that influence the gray/white matter boundary, such as synaptic pruning, myelination, or atypical migration. Here, we propose to use the boundary sharpness coefficient (BSC), a proxy for alterations in microstructure at the cortical gray/white matter boundary, to investigate brain differences in individuals with ASD, including factors that may influence ASD-related heterogeneity (age, sex, and intelligence quotient). Using a vertex-based meta-analysis and a large multicenter structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset, with a total of 1136 individuals, 415 with ASD (112 female; 303 male), and 721 controls (283 female; 438 male), we observed that individuals with ASD had significantly greater BSC in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus indicating an abrupt transition (high contrast) between white matter and cortical intensities. Individuals with ASD under 18 had significantly greater BSC in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and right postcentral gyrus; individuals with ASD over 18 had significantly increased BSC in the bilateral precuneus and superior temporal gyrus. Increases were observed in different brain regions in males and females, with larger effect sizes in females. BSC correlated with ADOS-2 Calibrated Severity Score in individuals with ASD in the right medial temporal pole. Importantly, there was a significant spatial overlap between maps of the effect of diagnosis on BSC when compared with cortical thickness. These results invite studies to use BSC as a possible new measure of cortical development in ASD and to further examine the microstructural underpinnings of BSC-related differences and their impact on measures of cortical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Olafson
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York City, NY 10021, USA
| | - Saashi A Bedford
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tullo
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Min Tae M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London N6A 3K7, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Parent
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Departement de Psychologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto M4G 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Lindsay R Chura
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Michael C Craig
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6525 HR, The Netherlands
- Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen 02.275, The Netherlands
| | - Rosemary J Holt
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663, USA
| | - Amber N V Ruigrok
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Michael D Spencer
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100229, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
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11
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Bustillo JR, Mayer EG, Upston J, Jones T, Garcia C, Sheriff S, Maudsley A, Tohen M, Gasparovic C, Lenroot R. Increased Glutamate Plus Glutamine in the Right Middle Cingulate in Early Schizophrenia but Not in Bipolar Psychosis: A Whole Brain 1H-MRS Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:660850. [PMID: 34163382 PMCID: PMC8215955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies have examined glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar-I disorders, mostly in single voxels. Though the critical nodes remain unknown, schizophrenia and bipolar-I involve brain networks with broad abnormalities. To provide insight on the biochemical differences that may underlie these networks, the combined glutamine and glutamate signal (Glx) and other metabolites were examined in patients in early psychosis with whole brain 1H-MRS imaging (1H-MRSI). Data were acquired in young schizophrenia subjects (N = 48), bipolar-I subjects (N = 21) and healthy controls (N = 51). Group contrasts for Glx, as well as for N-acetyl aspartate, choline, myo-inositol and creatine, from all voxels that met spectral quality criteria were analyzed in standardized brain space, followed by cluster-corrected level alpha-value (CCLAV ≤ 0.05) analysis. Schizophrenia subjects had higher Glx in the right middle cingulate gyrus (19 voxels, CCLAV = 0.05) than bipolar-I subjects. Healthy controls had intermediate Glx values, though not significant. Schizophrenia subjects also had higher N-acetyl aspartate (three clusters, left occipital, left frontal, right frontal), choline (two clusters, left and right frontal) and myo-inositol (one cluster, left frontal) than bipolar-I, with healthy controls having intermediate values. These increases were likely accounted for by antipsychotic medication effects in the schizophrenia subgroup for N-acetyl aspartate and choline. Likewise, creatine was increased in two clusters in treated vs. antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia, supporting a medication effect. Conversely, the increments in Glx in right cingulate were not driven by antipsychotic medication exposure. We conclude that increments in Glx in the cingulate may be critical to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and are consistent with the NMDA hypo-function model. This model however may be more specific to schizophrenia than to psychosis in general. Postmortem and neuromodulation schizophrenia studies focusing on right cingulate, may provide critical mechanistic and therapeutic advancements, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joel Upston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Thomas Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Crystal Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Maudsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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12
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Knickmeyer RC, Nguyen CT, Young JT, Haunton A, Kosorok MR, Gilmore JH, Styner M, Rothmond DA, Noble PL, Lenroot R, Weickert CS. Impact of gonadectomy on maturational changes in brain volume in adolescent macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 124:105068. [PMID: 33260081 PMCID: PMC8121100 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood characterized by significant changes in global and regional brain tissue volumes. It is also a period of increasing vulnerability to psychiatric illness. The relationship between these patterns and increased levels of circulating sex steroids during adolescence remains unclear. The objective of the current study was to determine whether gonadectomy, prior to puberty, alters adolescent brain development in male rhesus macaques. Ninety-six structural MRI scans were acquired from 12 male rhesus macaques (8 time points per animal over a two-year period). Six animals underwent gonadectomy and 6 animals underwent a sham operation at 29 months of age. Mixed-effects models were used to determine whether gonadectomy altered developmental trajectories of global and regional brain tissue volumes. We observed a significant effect of gonadectomy on the developmental trajectory of prefrontal gray matter (GM), with intact males showing peak volumes around 3.5 years of age with a subsequent decline. In contrast, prefrontal GM volumes continued to increase in gonadectomized males until the end of the study. We did not observe a significant effect of gonadectomy on prefrontal white matter or on any other global or regional brain tissue volumes, though we cannot rule out that effects might be detected in a larger sample. Results suggest that the prefrontal cortex is more vulnerable to gonadectomy than other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Knickmeyer
- Michigan State University, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Room 2114, Bio Engineering Facility, 775 Woodlot Dr., East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Crystal T. Nguyen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biostatistics, Campus Box #7420, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7420, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Young
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Anne Haunton
- North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, 1219 Broad St, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Michael R. Kosorok
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biostatistics, Campus Box #7420, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7420, USA
| | - John H. Gilmore
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Computer Science, Campus Box #3175, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3175, USA.
| | - Debora A. Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Pamela L. Noble
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute for Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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13
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Ji E, Weickert CS, Purves-Tyson T, White C, Handelsman DJ, Desai R, O'Donnell M, Liu D, Galletly C, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone ratios are inversely associated with hippocampal and prefrontal brain volume in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 123:104916. [PMID: 33169678 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While high levels of glucocorticoids are generally neuro-damaging, a related adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has anti-glucocorticoid and neuroprotective properties. Previous work has shown increased circulating levels of DHEA and abnormal cortisol/DHEA ratios in people with schizophrenia, however reports are limited and their relationship to neuropathology is unclear. We performed the largest study to date to compare levels of serum DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios in people with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and investigated the extent to which cortisol/DHEA ratios predict brain volume. Serum cortisol and DHEA were assayed in 94 people with schizophrenia and 81 healthy controls. T1-weighted high-resolution anatomical scans were obtained using a 3 T Achieva scanner on a subset of 59 people with schizophrenia and 60 healthy controls. Imaging data were preprocessed and analyzed using SPM12. People with schizophrenia had significantly increased serum DHEA levels (p = 0.002), decreased cortisol/DHEA ratios (p = 0.02) and no difference in cortisol levels compared to healthy controls. Cortisol/DHEA ratios were inversely correlated with hippocampal (r = -0.33 p = 0.01) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r = -0.30, p = 0.02) volumes in patients. Our findings suggest that the cortisol/DHEA ratio may be a molecular blood signature of hippocampal and cortical damage. These results further implicate the role of DHEA and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ji
- University of Zurich Psychiatric Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, New York, USA
| | - Tertia Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher White
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, New York, USA
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14
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Radua J, Vieta E, Shinohara R, Kochunov P, Quidé Y, Green MJ, Weickert CS, Weickert T, Bruggemann J, Kircher T, Nenadić I, Cairns MJ, Seal M, Schall U, Henskens F, Fullerton JM, Mowry B, Pantelis C, Lenroot R, Cropley V, Loughland C, Scott R, Wolf D, Satterthwaite TD, Tan Y, Sim K, Piras F, Spalletta G, Banaj N, Pomarol-Clotet E, Solanes A, Albajes-Eizagirre A, Canales-Rodríguez EJ, Sarro S, Di Giorgio A, Bertolino A, Stäblein M, Oertel V, Knöchel C, Borgwardt S, du Plessis S, Yun JY, Kwon JS, Dannlowski U, Hahn T, Grotegerd D, Alloza C, Arango C, Janssen J, Díaz-Caneja C, Jiang W, Calhoun V, Ehrlich S, Yang K, Cascella NG, Takayanagi Y, Sawa A, Tomyshev A, Lebedeva I, Kaleda V, Kirschner M, Hoschl C, Tomecek D, Skoch A, van Amelsvoort T, Bakker G, James A, Preda A, Weideman A, Stein DJ, Howells F, Uhlmann A, Temmingh H, López-Jaramillo C, Díaz-Zuluaga A, Fortea L, Martinez-Heras E, Solana E, Llufriu S, Jahanshad N, Thompson P, Turner J, van Erp T. Increased power by harmonizing structural MRI site differences with the ComBat batch adjustment method in ENIGMA. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116956. [PMID: 32470572 PMCID: PMC7524039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A common limitation of neuroimaging studies is their small sample sizes. To overcome this hurdle, the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium combines neuroimaging data from many institutions worldwide. However, this introduces heterogeneity due to different scanning devices and sequences. ENIGMA projects commonly address this heterogeneity with random-effects meta-analysis or mixed-effects mega-analysis. Here we tested whether the batch adjustment method, ComBat, can further reduce site-related heterogeneity and thus increase statistical power. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses, mixed-effects mega-analyses and ComBat mega-analyses to compare cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volumes between 2897 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 3141 healthy controls from 33 sites. Specifically, we compared the imaging data between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, covarying for age and sex. The use of ComBat substantially increased the statistical significance of the findings as compared to random-effects meta-analyses. The findings were more similar when comparing ComBat with mixed-effects mega-analysis, although ComBat still slightly increased the statistical significance. ComBat also showed increased statistical power when we repeated the analyses with fewer sites. Results were nearly identical when we applied the ComBat harmonization separately for cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes. Therefore, we recommend applying the ComBat function to attenuate potential effects of site in ENIGMA projects and other multi-site structural imaging work. We provide easy-to-use functions in R that work even if imaging data are partially missing in some brain regions, and they can be trained with one data set and then applied to another (a requirement for some analyses such as machine learning).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Radua
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eduard Vieta
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Bipolar and depressive disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Russell Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia S Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Newyork, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Murray J Cairns
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Seal
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Frans Henskens
- Health Behaviour Research Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vanessa Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Rodney Scott
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Yunlong Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region and Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Solanes
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anton Albajes-Eizagirre
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erick J Canales-Rodríguez
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Signal Processing Lab (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Sarro
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Stäblein
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Knöchel
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan du Plessis
- University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Clara Alloza
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Díaz-Caneja
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kun Yang
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicola G Cascella
- Departments of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoichiro Takayanagi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Kirschner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Tomecek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Skoch
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony James
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Weideman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Fleur Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henk Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Valkenburg Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Research Group in Psychiatry GIPSI, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia; Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ana Díaz-Zuluaga
- Research Group in Psychiatry GIPSI, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Lydia Fortea
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Martinez-Heras
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Neuroimmunology. Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases. Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Neuroimmunology. Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases. Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Neuroimmunology. Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases. Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Theo van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, 309 Qureshey Research Lab, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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15
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Son J, Debono D, Leitner R, Lenroot R, Johnson J. Pass the parcel: Service provider views on bridging gaps for youth with dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and mental health disorders in regional areas. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:666-672. [PMID: 30311314 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Youth with both intellectual disability (ID) and mental health (MH) disorders (dual diagnosis) have complex physical and MH needs that can make providing integrated care for this complex group challenging. We conducted a mixed methods needs assessment to identify gaps and challenges in care delivery, identify bridges for these and identify what works well in existing services. METHODS Our research team recruited service providers (n = 126) caring for youth aged 14-24 years with a dual diagnosis in the Illawarra Shoalhaven region of New South Wales, Australia, to participate in focus group interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed thematically. RESULTS We identified six themes related to caring for youth with dual diagnosis in regional areas: access to services and information about services, communication between service providers and with clients and carers, the divide between MH and ID, early intervention and health promotion, capacity building of service providers and capacity building of clients and carers. Across these themes, service providers highlighted the transition from child to adult services as a particularly challenging time for clients, families and carers. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest several approaches to break down silos and to facilitate collaboration between current services for youth with a dual diagnosis, including increasing specialised ID/MH services and building the capacity of current disability and MH service providers. Our results provide important information to provide quality and integrated care for youth with complex health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Son
- Kogarah Developmental Assessment Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Childen's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Debono
- Centre for Health Services Management, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Leitner
- Kogarah Developmental Assessment Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Julie Johnson
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg Schools of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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16
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Stain HJ, Baker AL, Jackson C, Lenroot R, Paulik G, Attia J, Wolfenden L, Stoyanov SR, Devir H, Hides L. Study protocol: a randomised controlled trial of a telephone delivered social wellbeing and engaged living (SWEL) psychological intervention for disengaged youth. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:136. [PMID: 31060528 PMCID: PMC6501393 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internationally, from 12.2-23.4% of youth (aged 16-24 years) are not in employment, education or training (NEET). These disengaged youth are more likely to experience social exclusion, increased psychological distress and poor quality of life. Youth at risk of disengagement are less likely to access traditional support services, requiring development of innovative interventions. METHODS The trial is a single blind, three arm, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a telephone delivered psychological intervention for disengaged youth (12-25 years). Participants will be randomised to receive either (i) SWEL, (ii) Befriending, or (iii) Single Session Psycho-Education. Therapy will be over an 8 week period with a minimum of four and maximum of eight sessions for the SWEL or Befriending conditions, or a single session for the Psycho-Education condition. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 2, 8 and 14-month follow-up with the primary outcome being re-engagement in education, training or employment. DISCUSSION This large, multi-site, randomised controlled trial will inform the delivery of services for young people at risk of disengaging from education or training. The provision of psychological therapy by telephone increases access by youth - especially those in rural and remote areas - both to the trial and the treatment, if adopted by services. The outcomes of this trial could have meaningful societal impact for a vulnerable population. It is expected that recruitment, intervention and retention will present challenges for the trial given the focus on disengaged youth. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR, ACTRN12614001212640 , Registered 18 Nov 2014. Retrospectively registered. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been obtained from the participating institutions. Results of the trial will be submitted for publication in peer reviewed journals and findings presented at scientific conferences and to key service providers and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Stain
- grid.417900.bSchool of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK ,0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Amanda L. Baker
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham and Solihull NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgie Paulik
- 0000 0004 0436 6763grid.1025.6School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia ,Perth Voices Clinic, Perth, Australia
| | - John Attia
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,grid.413648.cHunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Stoyan R. Stoyanov
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ,0000000089150953grid.1024.7School of Psychology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Holly Devir
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,School of Psychology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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17
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Jacomb I, Stanton C, Vasudevan R, Powell H, O'Donnell M, Lenroot R, Bruggemann J, Balzan R, Galletly C, Liu D, Weickert CS, Weickert TW. C-Reactive Protein: Higher During Acute Psychotic Episodes and Related to Cortical Thickness in Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2230. [PMID: 30364161 PMCID: PMC6192380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the role of inflammation in schizophrenia, yet the stability of increased peripheral inflammation in acute psychosis and the degree to which peripheral inflammation relates to cortical thickness, a measure of the degree of neuropathology, are unknown. In independent samples, we assessed the peripheral inflammation marker C-reactive protein (CRP) to determine the extent to which: (1) CRP was elevated and stable across admissions for acute psychosis, (2) cognition, daily function and symptom severity are characteristic of chronically ill patients with schizophrenia displaying elevated CRP, and (3) CRP levels predict cortical thickness. Study 1 assessed peripheral CRP (primary outcome) and other blood measures in 174/280 people with acute psychosis while Study 2 assessed peripheral CRP, cognition and cortical thickness (primary outcomes), symptoms, and daily function in 85/97 chronically ill patients with schizophrenia and 71/87 healthy controls. In acute psychosis, CRP and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly elevated relative to a normal cutoff (with 59.8% of patients having elevated CRP) which remained elevated across admissions. CRP was significantly elevated in 43% of chronically ill patients with schizophrenia compared to 20% in controls. Elevated CRP patients displayed significantly worse working memory and CRP was inversely correlated with cortical thickness in frontal, insula, and temporal brain regions. This work supports the role of inflammation in psychotic illnesses and suggests that use of peripheral markers (e.g., CRP) in conjunction with diagnosis could be used to identify patients with more cortical neuropathology and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Jacomb
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Clive Stanton
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hugh Powell
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Balzan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cynthia S Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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18
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Dean K, Green MJ, Laurens KR, Kariuki M, Tzoumakis S, Sprague T, Lenroot R, Carr VJ. The impact of parental mental illness across the full diagnostic spectrum on externalising and internalising vulnerabilities in young offspring. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2257-2263. [PMID: 29331151 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intergenerational risk for mental illness is well established within diagnostic categories, but the risk is unlikely to respect diagnostic boundaries and may be reflected more broadly in early life vulnerabilities. We aimed to establish patterns of association between externalising and internalising vulnerabilities in early childhood and parental mental disorder across the full spectrum of diagnoses. METHODS A cohort of Australian children (n = 69 116) entering the first year of school in 2009 were assessed using the Australian Early Development Census, providing measures of externalising and internalising vulnerability. Parental psychiatric diagnostic status was determined utilising record-linkage to administrative health datasets. RESULTS Parental mental illness, across diagnostic categories, was associated with all child externalising and internalising domains of vulnerability. There was little evidence to support interaction by parental or offspring sex. CONCLUSIONS These findings have important implications for informing early identification and intervention strategies in high-risk offspring and for research into the causes of mental illness. There may be benefits to focusing less on diagnostic categories in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | | | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | | | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
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19
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Frankland A, Roberts G, Holmes-Preston E, Perich T, Levy F, Lenroot R, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Breakspear M, Mitchell PB. Clinical predictors of conversion to bipolar disorder in a prospective longitudinal familial high-risk sample: focus on depressive features. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1713-1721. [PMID: 29108524 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying clinical features that predict conversion to bipolar disorder (BD) in those at high familial risk (HR) would assist in identifying a more focused population for early intervention. METHOD In total 287 participants aged 12-30 (163 HR with a first-degree relative with BD and 124 controls (CONs)) were followed annually for a median of 5 years. We used the baseline presence of DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, behavioural and substance use disorders, as well as a constellation of specific depressive symptoms (as identified by the Probabilistic Approach to Bipolar Depression) to predict the subsequent development of hypo/manic episodes. RESULTS At baseline, HR participants were significantly more likely to report ⩾4 Probabilistic features (40.4%) when depressed than CONs (6.7%; p < .05). Nineteen HR subjects later developed either threshold (n = 8; 4.9%) or subthreshold (n = 11; 6.7%) hypo/mania. The presence of ⩾4 Probabilistic features was associated with a seven-fold increase in the risk of 'conversion' to threshold BD (hazard ratio = 6.9, p < .05) above and beyond the fourteen-fold increase in risk related to major depressive episodes (MDEs) per se (hazard ratio = 13.9, p < .05). Individual depressive features predicting conversion were psychomotor retardation and ⩾5 MDEs. Behavioural disorders only predicted conversion to subthreshold BD (hazard ratio = 5.23, p < .01), while anxiety and substance disorders did not predict either threshold or subthreshold hypo/mania. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that specific depressive characteristics substantially increase the risk of young people at familial risk of BD going on to develop future hypo/manic episodes and may identify a more targeted HR population for the development of early intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Frankland
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | | | - Tania Perich
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - Florence Levy
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
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20
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Bousman CA, Cropley V, Klauser P, Hess JL, Pereira A, Idrizi R, Bruggemann J, Mostaid MS, Lenroot R, Weickert TW, Glatt SJ, Everall IP, Sundram S, Zalesky A, Weickert CS, Pantelis C. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) polymorphisms linked with psychosis transition are associated with enlarged lateral ventricles and white matter disruption in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2018; 48:801-809. [PMID: 28826413 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4281084 and rs12155594) within the neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene have been associated with psychosis transition. However, the neurobiological changes associated with these SNPs remain unclear. We aimed to determine what relationship these two SNPs have on lateral ventricular volume and white matter integrity, as abnormalities in these brain structures are some of the most consistent in schizophrenia. METHODS Structural (n = 370) and diffusion (n = 465) magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from affected and unaffected individuals predominantly of European descent. The SNPs rs4281084, rs12155594, and their combined allelic load were examined for their effects on lateral ventricular volume, fractional anisotropy (FA) as well as axial (AD) and radial (RD) diffusivity. Additional exploratory analyses assessed NRG1 effects on gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and surface area throughout the brain. RESULTS Individuals with a schizophrenia age of onset ⩽25 and a combined allelic load ⩾3 NRG1 risk alleles had significantly larger right (up to 50%, p adj = 0.01) and left (up to 45%, p adj = 0.05) lateral ventricle volumes compared with those with allelic loads of less than three. Furthermore, carriers of three or more risk alleles, regardless of age of onset and case status, had significantly reduced FA and elevated RD but stable AD in the frontal cortex compared with those carrying fewer than three risk alleles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings build on a growing body of research supporting the functional importance of genetic variation within the NRG1 gene and complement previous findings implicating the rs4281084 and rs12155594 SNPs as markers for psychosis transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bousman
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
| | - V Cropley
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
| | - P Klauser
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
| | - J L Hess
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience and Physiology,SUNY Upstate Medical University,Syracuse, New York
| | - A Pereira
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, VIC,Australia
| | - R Idrizi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, VIC,Australia
| | - J Bruggemann
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,Sydney,Australia
| | - M S Mostaid
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,Sydney,Australia
| | - T W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,Sydney,Australia
| | - S J Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience and Physiology,SUNY Upstate Medical University,Syracuse, New York
| | - I P Everall
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
| | - S Sundram
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, VIC,Australia
| | - A Zalesky
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
| | - C S Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,Sydney,Australia
| | - C Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health,Carlton South, VIC,Australia
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21
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Hibar DP, Westlye LT, Doan NT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, Ching CRK, Versace A, Bilderbeck AC, Uhlmann A, Mwangi B, Krämer B, Overs B, Hartberg CB, Abé C, Dima D, Grotegerd D, Sprooten E, Bøen E, Jimenez E, Howells FM, Delvecchio G, Temmingh H, Starke J, Almeida JRC, Goikolea JM, Houenou J, Beard LM, Rauer L, Abramovic L, Bonnin M, Ponteduro MF, Keil M, Rive MM, Yao N, Yalin N, Najt P, Rosa PG, Redlich R, Trost S, Hagenaars S, Fears SC, Alonso-Lana S, van Erp TGM, Nickson T, Chaim-Avancini TM, Meier TB, Elvsåshagen T, Haukvik UK, Lee WH, Schene AH, Lloyd AJ, Young AH, Nugent A, Dale AM, Pfennig A, McIntosh AM, Lafer B, Baune BT, Ekman CJ, Zarate CA, Bearden CE, Henry C, Simhandl C, McDonald C, Bourne C, Stein DJ, Wolf DH, Cannon DM, Glahn DC, Veltman DJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Vieta E, Canales-Rodriguez EJ, Nery FG, Duran FLS, Busatto GF, Roberts G, Pearlson GD, Goodwin GM, Kugel H, Whalley HC, Ruhe HG, Soares JC, Fullerton JM, Rybakowski JK, Savitz J, Chaim KT, Fatjó-Vilas M, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Boks MP, Zanetti MV, Otaduy MCG, Schaufelberger MS, Alda M, Ingvar M, Phillips ML, Kempton MJ, Bauer M, Landén M, Lawrence NS, van Haren NEM, Horn NR, Freimer NB, Gruber O, Schofield PR, Mitchell PB, Kahn RS, Lenroot R, Machado-Vieira R, Ophoff RA, Sarró S, Frangou S, Satterthwaite TD, Hajek T, Dannlowski U, Malt UF, Arolt V, Gattaz WF, Drevets WC, Caseras X, Agartz I, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:932-942. [PMID: 28461699 PMCID: PMC5668195 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is still not well understood. Structural brain differences have been associated with BD, but results from neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent. To address this, we performed the largest study to date of cortical gray matter thickness and surface area measures from brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of 6503 individuals including 1837 unrelated adults with BD and 2582 unrelated healthy controls for group differences while also examining the effects of commonly prescribed medications, age of illness onset, history of psychosis, mood state, age and sex differences on cortical regions. In BD, cortical gray matter was thinner in frontal, temporal and parietal regions of both brain hemispheres. BD had the strongest effects on left pars opercularis (Cohen's d=-0.293; P=1.71 × 10-21), left fusiform gyrus (d=-0.288; P=8.25 × 10-21) and left rostral middle frontal cortex (d=-0.276; P=2.99 × 10-19). Longer duration of illness (after accounting for age at the time of scanning) was associated with reduced cortical thickness in frontal, medial parietal and occipital regions. We found that several commonly prescribed medications, including lithium, antiepileptic and antipsychotic treatment showed significant associations with cortical thickness and surface area, even after accounting for patients who received multiple medications. We found evidence of reduced cortical surface area associated with a history of psychosis but no associations with mood state at the time of scanning. Our analysis revealed previously undetected associations and provides an extensive analysis of potential confounding variables in neuroimaging studies of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - N T Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - J W Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - C R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A C Bilderbeck
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Overs
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C B Hartberg
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Dima
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - E Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Jimenez
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Delvecchio
- IRCCS "E. Medea" Scientific Institute, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - H Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Starke
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J R C Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J M Goikolea
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Houenou
- INSERM U955 Team 15 ‘Translational Psychiatry’, University Paris East, APHP, CHU Mondor, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - L M Beard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Rauer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Abramovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Bonnin
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F Ponteduro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Keil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M M Rive
- Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - N Yalin
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - P Najt
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - P G Rosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S Trost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S C Fears
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,West Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Alonso-Lana
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - T Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T M Chaim-Avancini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T B Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - T Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - U K Haukvik
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - W H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Lloyd
- Academic Psychiatry and Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Newcastle University/Northumberland Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - A H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - A Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Dale
- MMIL, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Cognitive Science, Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Lafer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C J Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Henry
- INSERM U955 Team 15 ‘Translational Psychiatry’, University Paris East, APHP, CHU Mondor, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, Paris, France
| | - C Simhandl
- Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - C McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - C Bourne
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Psychology & Counselling, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E J Canales-Rodriguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - F G Nery
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - F L S Duran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Busatto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Roberts
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - G M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H G Ruhe
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA,Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - K T Chaim
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,LIM44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M G Soeiro-de-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M V Zanetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C G Otaduy
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,LIM44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Schaufelberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M J Kempton
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Landén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - N S Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - N E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N R Horn
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - O Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - U F Malt
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W F Gattaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W C Drevets
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - X Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research—TOP Study, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Building 49, Kirkeveien 166, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. E-mail:
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22
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Perich T, Frankland A, Roberts G, Levy F, Lenroot R, Mitchell PB. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, severe mood dysregulation and chronic irritability in youth at high familial risk of bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:1220-1226. [PMID: 27742912 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416672727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is a newly proposed childhood disorder included in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition to describe children ⩽18 years of age with chronic irritability/temper outbursts. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, severe mood dysregulation and chronic irritability in an Australian study of young people at increased familial risk of developing bipolar disorder ('HR' group) and controls ('CON' group). METHODS A total of 242 12- to 30-year-old HR or CON subjects were administered the severe mood dysregulation module. Of these, 42 were aged ⩽18 years at the time of assessment, with 29 subjects in the HR group and 13 in the CON group. RESULTS No subjects ⩽18 years - in either group - fulfilled current or lifetime criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder or severe mood dysregulation, the precursor to disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Similarly, no subjects in either group endorsed the severe mood dysregulation/disruptive mood dysregulation disorder criteria for irritable mood or marked excessive reactivity. One HR participant endorsed three severe mood dysregulation criteria (distractibility, physical restlessness and intrusiveness), while none of the comparison subjects endorsed any criteria. Exploratory studies of the broader 12- to 30-year-old sample similarly found no subjects with severe mood dysregulation/disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in either the HR or CON group and no increased rates of chronic irritability, although significantly more HR subjects reported at least one severe mood dysregulation/disruptive mood dysregulation disorder criterion (likelihood ratio = 6.17; p = 0.013); most of the reported criteria were severe mood dysregulation 'chronic hyper-arousal' symptoms. CONCLUSION This study comprises one of the few non-US reports on the prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and severe mood dysregulation and is the first non-US study of the prevalence of these conditions in a high-risk bipolar disorder sample. The failure to replicate the finding of higher rates of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and chronic irritability in high-risk offspring suggests that these are not robust precursors of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Perich
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Clinical and Health Psychology Research Initiative (CaHPRI), School of Social Sciences & Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Frankland
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Black Dog Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Gloria Roberts
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Black Dog Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Florence Levy
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Clinical and Health Psychology Research Initiative (CaHPRI), School of Social Sciences & Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,5 Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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23
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Boerrigter D, Weickert TW, Lenroot R, O'Donnell M, Galletly C, Liu D, Burgess M, Cadiz R, Jacomb I, Catts VS, Fillman SG, Weickert CS. Using blood cytokine measures to define high inflammatory biotype of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:188. [PMID: 28923068 PMCID: PMC5604300 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines are found in the brain and blood of people with schizophrenia. However, increased cytokines are not evident in all people with schizophrenia, but are found in a subset. The cytokine changes that best define this subset, termed the “elevated inflammatory biotype”, are still being identified. Methods Using quantitative RT-PCR, we measured five cytokine mRNAs (IL-1β, IL-2 IL-6, IL-8 and IL-18) from peripheral blood of healthy controls and of people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 165). We used a cluster analysis of the transcript levels to define those with low and those with elevated levels of cytokine expression. From the same cohort, eight cytokine proteins (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ and TNFα) were measured in serum and plasma using a Luminex Magpix-based assay. We compared peripheral mRNA and protein levels across diagnostic groups and between those with low and elevated levels of cytokine expression according to our transcription-based cluster analysis. Results We found an overall decrease in the anti-inflammatory IL-2 mRNA (p = 0.006) and an increase in three serum cytokines, IL-6 (p = 0.010), IL-8 (p = 0.024) and TNFα (p < 0.001) in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. A greater percentage of people with schizophrenia (48%) were categorised into the elevated inflammatory biotype compared to healthy controls (33%). The magnitude of increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNAs in people in the elevated inflammation biotype ranged from 100 to 220% of those in the non-elevated inflammatory biotype and was comparable between control and schizophrenia groups. Blood cytokine protein levels did not correlate with cytokine mRNA levels, and plasma levels of only two cytokines distinguished the elevated and low inflammatory biotypes, with IL-1β significantly increased in the elevated cytokine control group and IL-8 significantly increased in the elevated cytokine schizophrenia group. Conclusions Our results confirm that individuals with schizophrenia are more likely to have elevated levels of inflammation compared to controls. We suggest that efforts to define inflammatory status based on peripheral measures need to consider both mRNA and protein measures as each have distinct advantages and disadvantages and can yield different results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0962-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Boerrigter
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Burgess
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Roxanne Cadiz
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Isabella Jacomb
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Vibeke S Catts
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stu G Fillman
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
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24
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Glass LJ, Sinclair D, Boerrigter D, Naude K, Fung SJ, Brown D, Catts VS, Tooney P, O'Donnell M, Lenroot R, Galletly C, Liu D, Weickert TW, Shannon Weickert C. Brain antibodies in the cortex and blood of people with schizophrenia and controls. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1192. [PMID: 28786974 PMCID: PMC5611715 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, with elevated proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs found in the brains of ~40% of individuals with the disorder. However, it is not clear if antibodies (specifically immunoglobulin-γ (IgG)) can be found in the brain of people with schizophrenia and if their abundance relates to brain inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels. Therefore, we investigated the localization and abundance of IgG in the frontal cortex of people with schizophrenia and controls, and the impact of proinflammatory cytokine status on IgG abundance in these groups. Brain IgGs were detected surrounding blood vessels in the human and non-human primate frontal cortex by immunohistochemistry. IgG levels did not differ significantly between schizophrenia cases and controls, or between schizophrenia cases in 'high' and 'low' proinflammatory cytokine subgroups. Consistent with the existence of IgG in the parenchyma of human brain, mRNA and protein of the IgG transporter (FcGRT) were present in the brain, and did not differ according to diagnosis or inflammatory status. Finally, brain-reactive antibody presence and abundance was investigated in the blood of living people. The plasma of living schizophrenia patients and healthy controls contained antibodies that displayed positive binding to Rhesus macaque cerebellar tissue, and the abundance of these antibodies was significantly lower in patients than controls. These findings suggest that antibodies in the brain and brain-reactive antibodies in the blood are present under normal circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Glass
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Sinclair
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Boerrigter
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Naude
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S J Fung
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Brown
- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia,ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - V S Catts
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - M O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Ramsay Health Care, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - T W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia. E-mail:
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25
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Piotrowska PJ, Tully LA, Lenroot R, Kimonis E, Hawes D, Moul C, Frick PJ, Anderson V, Dadds MR. Mothers, Fathers, and Parental Systems: A Conceptual Model of Parental Engagement in Programmes for Child Mental Health-Connect, Attend, Participate, Enact (CAPE). Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2017; 20:146-161. [PMID: 27914017 PMCID: PMC5487721 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-016-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parenting programmes are one of the best researched and most effective interventions for reducing child mental health problems. The success of such programmes, however, is largely dependent on their reach and parental engagement. Rates of parental enrolment and attendance are highly variable, and in many cases very low; this is especially true of father involvement in parenting programmes. This paper proposes a conceptual model of parental engagement in parenting programmes-the CAPE model (Connect, Attend, Participate, Enact) that builds on recent models by elaborating on the interdependent stages of engagement, and its interparental or systemic context. That is, we argue that a comprehensive model of parental engagement will best entail a process from connection to enactment of learned strategies in the child's environment, and involve consideration of individual parents (both mothers and fathers) as well as the dynamics of the parenting team. The model provides a framework for considering parent engagement as well as associated facilitators and mechanisms of parenting change such as parenting skills, self-efficacy, attributions, and the implementation context. Empirical investigation of the CAPE model could be used to further our understanding of parental engagement, its importance for programme outcomes, and mechanisms of change. This will guide future intervention refinement and developments as well as change in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L A Tully
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - E Kimonis
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - D Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - C Moul
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - P J Frick
- Learning Sciences Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - V Anderson
- Departments of Psychology and Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - M R Dadds
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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26
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Klauser P, Baker ST, Cropley VL, Bousman C, Fornito A, Cocchi L, Fullerton JM, Rasser P, Schall U, Henskens F, Michie PT, Loughland C, Catts SV, Mowry B, Weickert TW, Shannon Weickert C, Carr V, Lenroot R, Pantelis C, Zalesky A. White Matter Disruptions in Schizophrenia Are Spatially Widespread and Topologically Converge on Brain Network Hubs. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:425-435. [PMID: 27535082 PMCID: PMC5605265 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities associated with schizophrenia have been widely reported, although the consistency of findings across studies is moderate. In this study, neuroimaging was used to investigate white matter pathology and its impact on whole-brain white matter connectivity in one of the largest samples of patients with schizophrenia. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were compared between patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 326) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 197). Between-group differences in FA and MD were assessed using voxel-based analysis and permutation testing. Automated whole-brain white matter fiber tracking and the network-based statistic were used to characterize the impact of white matter pathology on the connectome and its rich club. Significant reductions in FA associated with schizophrenia were widespread, encompassing more than 40% (234ml) of cerebral white matter by volume and involving all cerebral lobes. Significant increases in MD were also widespread and distributed similarly. The corpus callosum, cingulum, and thalamic radiations exhibited the most extensive pathology according to effect size. More than 50% of cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical white matter fiber bundles comprising the connectome were disrupted in schizophrenia. Connections between hub regions comprising the rich club were disproportionately affected. Pathology did not differ between patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder and was not mediated by medication. In conclusion, although connectivity between cerebral hubs is most extensively disturbed in schizophrenia, white matter pathology is widespread, affecting all cerebral lobes and the cerebellum, leading to disruptions in the majority of the brain's fiber bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klauser
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia;,Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;,Lausanne University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Simon T. Baker
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa L. Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chad Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia;,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia;,Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Rasser
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia;,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia;,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frans Henskens
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia;,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carmel Loughland
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stanley V. Catts
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qeensland, Australia
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas W. Weickert
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia;,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia;,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan Carr
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia;,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;,Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
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Kindler J, Weickert CS, Schofield PR, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Raloxifene increases prefrontal activity during emotional inhibition in schizophrenia based on estrogen receptor genotype. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1930-1940. [PMID: 27842943 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia show decreased prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during emotional response inhibition, a cognitive process sensitive to hormonal influences. Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, binds estrogen receptor alpha (ESR-α), improves memory, attention and normalizes cortical and hippocampal activity during learning and emotional face recognition in schizophrenia. Here, we tested the extent to which raloxifene restores neuronal activity during emotional response inhibition in schizophrenia. Since genetic variation in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR-1) determines cortical ESR-α production and correlates with cognition, we also predicted that genetic ESR-1 variation would differentially relate to increased cortical activity by raloxifene administration. Thirty people with schizophrenia participated in a thirteen-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over adjunctive treatment trial of raloxifene administered at 120mg/day. Effects of raloxifene on brain activation were assessed based on ESR-1 genotype using functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotional word inhibition. Raloxifene increased PFC activity during inhibition of response to negative words and the raloxifene related increased PFC activity was greater in patients homozygous for ESR-1 rs9340799 AA relative to G carriers. Comparison to 23 healthy controls demonstrated that PFC activity of people with schizophrenia receiving raloxifene was more similar to controls than to their own brain activity during placebo. Estrogen receptor modulation by raloxifene restores PFC activity during emotional response inhibition in schizophrenia and ESR-1 genotype predicts degree of increased neural activity in response to raloxifene. While these preliminary results require replication, they suggest the potential for personalized pharmacotherapy using ESR-1 and estrogen receptor targeting compounds in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kindler
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia.
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28
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Weinberg D, Lenroot R, Jacomb I, Allen K, Bruggemann J, Wells R, Balzan R, Liu D, Galletly C, Catts SV, Weickert CS, Weickert TW. Cognitive Subtypes of Schizophrenia Characterized by Differential Brain Volumetric Reductions and Cognitive Decline. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:1251-1259. [PMID: 27829096 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cognitively distinct subgroups of schizophrenia have been defined based on premorbid and current IQ, but little is known about the neuroanatomical differences among these cognitive subgroups. OBJECTIVES To confirm previous findings related to IQ-based subgroups of patients with schizophrenia in an independent sample and extend those findings to determine the extent to which brain volumetric differences correspond to the IQ-based subgroups. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 183 participants were assessed at the outpatient settings of Neuroscience Research Australia and Lyell McEwin Hospital from September 22, 2009, to August 1, 2012. Patients were classified using cluster analysis on the basis of current and premorbid IQ differences. Regional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain volumes were compared among the IQ-based subgroups using analysis of covariance with intracranial volume and age as covariates. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition, scores; Wechsler Test of Adult Reading scores; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores; and MRI brain volumes. RESULTS Ninety-six outpatients (mean [SD] age, 35.7 [8.4] years; age range, 18-51 years; 59 men) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 87 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 31.9 [8.4] years; age range, 20-50 years; 46 men) were studied. Sixty-two patients and 67 healthy controls underwent structural MRI of the brain. Cluster analyses revealed 25 putatively preserved patients (26%), 33 moderately deteriorated patients (34%), 27 severely deteriorated patients (28%), and 11 compromised patients (12%). Negative symptom scores were significantly worse in the severely deteriorated group relative to the putatively preserved group (F2,82 = 13.8, P < .001, effect size [ES] = 1.40). Patient subgroups analyzed revealed significantly reduced inferior parietal volume relative to controls (F3,113 = 9.7, P < .001, ES = 0.85-1.24). The severely deteriorated group had significantly reduced total hippocampal (mean [SEM], 8309.6 [175.0] vs 9024.0 [145.5]; P = .01), lingual gyrus (mean [SEM], 11 996.0 [531.5] vs 13 838.1 [441.9]; P = .05), and superior temporal sulcus (mean [SEM], 4697.8 [192.0] vs 5446.0 [159.6]; P = .05) gray matter volumes relative to the putatively preserved group (ES = 0.91-1.10). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using an independent sample, we obtained proportions in each IQ-based subgroup that were similar to our previous work. Inferior parietal volume reduction was characteristic of schizophrenia relative to controls, and the severely deteriorated IQ group had widespread volumetric reductions. Classifying cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia provides a platform to better characterize the neurobiological underpinnings of the illness and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Weinberg
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia2School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia3Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabella Jacomb
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Allen
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia2School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia3Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia2School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Wells
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia2School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan Balzan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia5School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia6Adult Mental Health Services, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia6Adult Mental Health Services, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stanley V Catts
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia7School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia2School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia3Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia2School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia3Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Jolly TAD, Cooper PS, Rennie JL, Levi CR, Lenroot R, Parsons MW, Michie PT, Karayanidis F. Age-related decline in task switching is linked to both global and tract-specific changes in white matter microstructure. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:1588-1603. [PMID: 27879030 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-switching performance relies on a broadly distributed frontoparietal network and declines in older adults. In this study, they investigated whether this age-related decline in task switching performance was mediated by variability in global or regional white matter microstructural health. Seventy cognitively intact adults (43-87 years) completed a cued-trials task switching paradigm. Microstructural white matter measures were derived using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses on the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Task switching performance decreased with increasing age and radial diffusivity (RaD), a measure of white matter microstructure that is sensitive to myelin structure. RaD mediated the relationship between age and task switching performance. However, the relationship between RaD and task switching performance remained significant when controlling for age and was stronger in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Variability in error and RT mixing cost were associated with RaD in global white matter and in frontoparietal white matter tracts, respectively. These findings suggest that age-related increase in mixing cost may result from both global and tract-specific disruption of cerebral white matter linked to the increased incidence of cardiovascular risks in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1588-1603, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A D Jolly
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Patrick S Cooper
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jaime L Rennie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Christopher R Levi
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W Parsons
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
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Broyd SJ, Michie PT, Bruggemann J, van Hell HH, Greenwood LM, Croft RJ, Todd J, Lenroot R, Solowij N. Schizotypy and auditory mismatch negativity in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 254:83-91. [PMID: 27388803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia may be conceptualised using a dimensional approach to examine trait-like expression such as schizotypy within non-clinical populations to better understand pathophysiology. A candidate psychosis-risk marker, the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to index the functionality of glutamatergic NMDA receptor mediated neurotransmission. Although the MMN is robustly reduced in patients with schizophrenia, the association between MMN and schizotypy in the general population is under-investigated. Thirty-five healthy participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and a multi-feature MMN paradigm (standards 82%, 50ms, 1000Hz, 80dB) with duration (100ms), frequency (1200Hz) and intensity (90dB) deviants (6% each). Spearman's correlations were used to explore the association between schizotypal personality traits and MMN amplitude. Few associations were identified between schizotypal traits and MMN. Higher Suspiciousness subscale scores tended to be correlated with larger frequency MMN amplitude. A median-split comparison of the sample on Suspiciousness scores showed larger MMN (irrespective of deviant condition) in the High compared to the Low Suspiciousness group. The trend-level association between MMN and Suspiciousness is in contrast to the robustly attenuated MMN amplitude observed in schizophrenia. Reductions in MMN may reflect a schizophrenia-disease state, whereas non-clinical schizotypy may not be subserved by similar neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Broyd
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology and Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Bruggemann
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hendrika H van Hell
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa-Marie Greenwood
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodney J Croft
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Juanita Todd
- School of Psychology and Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, Centre for Health Initiatives and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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31
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Roberts G, Lenroot R, Frankland A, Yeung PK, Gale N, Wright A, Lau P, Levy F, Wen W, Mitchell PB. Abnormalities in left inferior frontal gyral thickness and parahippocampal gyral volume in young people at high genetic risk for bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2083-2096. [PMID: 27067698 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fronto-limbic structural brain abnormalities have been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but findings in individuals at increased genetic risk of developing BD have been inconsistent. We conducted a study in adolescents and young adults (12-30 years) comparing measures of fronto-limbic cortical and subcortical brain structure between individuals at increased familial risk of BD (at risk; AR), subjects with BD and controls (CON). We separately examined cortical volume, thickness and surface area as these have distinct neurodevelopmental origins and thus may reflect differential effects of genetic risk. METHOD We compared fronto-limbic measures of grey and white matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area in 72 unaffected-risk individuals with at least one first-degree relative with bipolar disorder (AR), 38 BD subjects and 72 participants with no family history of mental illness (CON). RESULTS The AR group had significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared with the CON group, and significantly increased left parahippocampal gyral volume compared with those with BD. CONCLUSIONS The finding of reduced cortical thickness of the left pars orbitalis in AR subjects is consistent with other evidence supporting the IFG as a key region associated with genetic liability for BD. The greater volume of the left parahippocampal gyrus in those at high risk is in line with some prior reports of regional increases in grey matter volume in at-risk subjects. Assessing multiple complementary morphometric measures may assist in the better understanding of abnormal developmental processes in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - A Frankland
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - P K Yeung
- Neuroscience Research Australia,Sydney,Australia
| | - N Gale
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - A Wright
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - P Lau
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - F Levy
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - W Wen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
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32
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Carr VJ, Harris F, Raudino A, Luo L, Kariuki M, Liu E, Tzoumakis S, Smith M, Holbrook A, Bore M, Brinkman S, Lenroot R, Dix K, Dean K, Laurens KR, Green MJ. New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS): an Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009023. [PMID: 26868941 PMCID: PMC4762073 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The initial aim of this multiagency, multigenerational record linkage study is to identify childhood profiles of developmental vulnerability and resilience, and to identify the determinants of these profiles. The eventual aim is to identify risk and protective factors for later childhood-onset and adolescent-onset mental health problems, and other adverse social outcomes, using subsequent waves of record linkage. The research will assist in informing the development of public policy and intervention guidelines to help prevent or mitigate adverse long-term health and social outcomes. PARTICIPANTS The study comprises a population cohort of 87,026 children in the Australian State of New South Wales (NSW). The cohort was defined by entry into the first year of full-time schooling in NSW in 2009, at which time class teachers completed the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) on each child (with 99.7% coverage in NSW). The AEDC data have been linked to the children's birth, health, school and child protection records for the period from birth to school entry, and to the health and criminal records of their parents, as well as mortality databases. FINDINGS TO DATE Descriptive data summarising sex, geographic and socioeconomic distributions, and linkage rates for the various administrative databases are presented. Child data are summarised, and the mental health and criminal records data of the children's parents are provided. FUTURE PLANS In 2015, at age 11 years, a self-report mental health survey was administered to the cohort in collaboration with government, independent and Catholic primary school sectors. A second record linkage, spanning birth to age 11 years, will be undertaken to link this survey data with the aforementioned administrative databases. This will enable a further identification of putative risk and protective factors for adverse mental health and other outcomes in adolescence, which can then be tested in subsequent record linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandra Raudino
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luming Luo
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enwu Liu
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maxwell Smith
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allyson Holbrook
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miles Bore
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally Brinkman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Australia Institute for Social Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Dix
- Principals Australia Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Morris RW, Purves-Tyson TD, Weickert CS, Rothmond D, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Testosterone and reward prediction-errors in healthy men and men with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:649-60. [PMID: 26232868 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones impact reward processing, which is dysfunctional in schizophrenia; however, the degree to which testosterone levels relate to reward-related brain activity in healthy men and the extent to which this relationship may be altered in men with schizophrenia has not been determined. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural responses in the striatum during reward prediction-errors and hormone assays to measure testosterone and prolactin in serum. To determine if testosterone can have a direct effect on dopamine neurons, we also localized and measured androgen receptors in human midbrain with immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. We found correlations between testosterone and prediction-error related activity in the ventral striatum of healthy men, but not in men with schizophrenia, such that testosterone increased the size of positive and negative prediction-error related activity in a valence-specific manner. We also identified midbrain dopamine neurons that were androgen receptor immunoreactive, and found that androgen receptor (AR) mRNA was positively correlated with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in human male substantia nigra. The results suggest that sex steroid receptors can potentially influence midbrain dopamine biosynthesis, and higher levels of serum testosterone are linked to better discrimination of motivationally-relevant signals in the ventral striatum, putatively by modulation of the dopamine biosynthesis pathway via AR ligand binding. However, the normal relationship between serum testosterone and ventral striatum activity during reward learning appears to be disrupted in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Morris
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Rd, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - T D Purves-Tyson
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - C Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Rd, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - D Rothmond
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Rd, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Rd, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - T W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Liverpool St, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Rd, New South Wales 2031, Australia.
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34
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Breakspear M, Roberts G, Green MJ, Nguyen VT, Frankland A, Levy F, Lenroot R, Mitchell PB. Network dysfunction of emotional and cognitive processes in those at genetic risk of bipolar disorder. Brain 2015; 138:3427-39. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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35
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Kindler J, Weickert CS, Skilleter AJ, Catts SV, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation Increases Hippocampal Activity during Probabilistic Association Learning in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2388-97. [PMID: 25829142 PMCID: PMC4538353 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia show probabilistic association learning impairment in conjunction with abnormal neural activity. The selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene preserves neural activity during memory in healthy older men and improves memory in schizophrenia. Here, we tested the extent to which raloxifene modifies neural activity during learning in schizophrenia. Nineteen people with schizophrenia participated in a twelve-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over adjunctive treatment trial of the SERM raloxifene administered orally at 120 mg daily to assess brain activity during probabilistic association learning using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Raloxifene improved probabilistic association learning and significantly increased fMRI BOLD activity in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus relative to placebo. A separate region of interest confirmatory analysis in 21 patients vs 36 healthy controls showed a positive association between parahippocampal neural activity and learning in patients, but no such relationship in the parahippocampal gyrus of healthy controls. Thus, selective estrogen receptor modulation by raloxifene concurrently increases activity in the parahippocampal gyrus and improves probabilistic association learning in schizophrenia. These results support a role for estrogen receptor modulation of mesial temporal lobe neural activity in the remediation of learning disabilities in both men and women with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kindler
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashley J Skilleter
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Stanley V Catts
- School of Medical Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia, Tel: +61 2 9399 1730, Fax: +61 2 9399 1034, E-mail:
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Weickert TW, Weinberg D, Lenroot R, Catts SV, Wells R, Vercammen A, O'Donnell M, Galletly C, Liu D, Balzan R, Short B, Pellen D, Curtis J, Carr VJ, Kulkarni J, Schofield PR, Weickert CS. Adjunctive raloxifene treatment improves attention and memory in men and women with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:685-94. [PMID: 25980345 PMCID: PMC4444978 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing clinical and molecular evidence for the role of hormones and specifically estrogen and its receptor in schizophrenia. A selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, stimulates estrogen-like activity in brain and can improve cognition in older adults. The present study tested the extent to which adjunctive raloxifene treatment improved cognition and reduced symptoms in young to middle-age men and women with schizophrenia. Ninety-eight patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited into a dual-site, thirteen-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of adjunctive raloxifene treatment in addition to their usual antipsychotic medications. Symptom severity and cognition in the domains of working memory, attention/processing speed, language and verbal memory were assessed at baseline, 6 and 13 weeks. Analyses of the initial 6-week phase of the study using a parallel groups design (with 39 patients receiving placebo and 40 receiving raloxifene) revealed that participants receiving adjunctive raloxifene treatment showed significant improvement relative to placebo in memory and attention/processing speed. There was no reduction in symptom severity with treatment compared with placebo. There were significant carryover effects, suggesting some cognitive benefits are sustained even after raloxifene withdrawal. Analysis of the 13-week crossover data revealed significant improvement with raloxifene only in attention/processing speed. This is the first study to show that daily, oral adjunctive raloxifene treatment at 120 mg per day has beneficial effects on attention/processing speed and memory for both men and women with schizophrenia. Thus, raloxifene may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia,School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Neuroscience Research Australia Barker Street, Randwick 2031, New South Wales Australia. E-mail:
| | - D Weinberg
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S V Catts
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Wells
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Vercammen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia,School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Balzan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - B Short
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Pellen
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Curtis
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Kulkarni
- Alfred Psychiatric Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C S Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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37
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Ji E, Weickert CS, Lenroot R, Catts SV, Vercammen A, White C, Gur RE, Weickert TW. Endogenous testosterone levels are associated with neural activity in men with schizophrenia during facial emotion processing. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:338-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Perich T, Lau P, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Roberts G, Frankland A, Wright A, Green M, Breakspear M, Corry J, Radlinska B, McCormack C, Joslyn C, Levy F, Lenroot R, Nurnberger Jnr JI, Mitchell PB. What clinical features precede the onset of bipolar disorder? J Psychiatr Res 2015; 62:71-7. [PMID: 25700556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of reports, there is still limited knowledge of the clinical features that precede the onset of bipolar disorder (BD). To explore this, we investigated baseline data from a prospectively evaluated longitudinal cohort of subjects aged 12-30 years to compare: first, lifetime rates of clinical features between a) subjects at increased genetic risk for developing BD ('AR'), b) participants from families without mental illness ('controls'), and c) those with established BD; and, second, prior clinical features that predict the later onset of affective disorders in these same three groups. This is the first study to report such comparisons between these three groups (though certainly not the first to compare AR and control samples). 118 AR participants with a parent or sibling with BD (including 102 with a BD parent), 110 controls, and 44 BD subjects were assessed using semi-structured interviews. AR subjects had significantly increased lifetime risks for depressive, anxiety and behavioural disorders compared to controls. Unlike prior reports, preceding anxiety and behavioural disorders were not found to increase risk for later onset of affective disorders in the AR sample, perhaps due to limited sample size. However, preceding behavioural disorders did predict later onset of affective disorders in the BD sample. The findings that i) AR subjects had higher rates of depressive, anxiety and behavioural disorders compared to controls, and ii) prior behavioural disorders increased the risk to later development of affective disorders in the BD group, suggest the possibility of therapeutic targeting for these disorders in those at high genetic risk for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Perich
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Phoebe Lau
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Andrew Frankland
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Adam Wright
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Melissa Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Breakspear
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia; Division of Mental Health Research, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justine Corry
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Basia Radlinska
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Clare McCormack
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Cassandra Joslyn
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia
| | - Florence Levy
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John I Nurnberger Jnr
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
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Skilleter AJ, Weickert CS, Vercammen A, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Peripheral BDNF: a candidate biomarker of healthy neural activity during learning is disrupted in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2015; 45:841-854. [PMID: 25162472 PMCID: PMC4413857 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important regulator of synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity underlying learning. However, a relationship between circulating BDNF levels and brain activity during learning has not been demonstrated in humans. Reduced brain BDNF levels are found in schizophrenia and functional neuroimaging studies of probabilistic association learning in schizophrenia have demonstrated reduced activity in a neural network that includes the prefrontal and parietal cortices and the caudate nucleus. We predicted that brain activity would correlate positively with peripheral BDNF levels during probabilistic association learning in healthy adults and that this relationship would be altered in schizophrenia. METHOD Twenty-five healthy adults and 17 people with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder performed a probabilistic association learning test during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Plasma BDNF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We found a positive correlation between circulating plasma BDNF levels and brain activity in the parietal cortex in healthy adults. There was no relationship between plasma BDNF levels and task-related activity in the prefrontal, parietal or caudate regions in schizophrenia. A direct comparison of these relationships between groups revealed a significant diagnostic difference. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show a relationship between peripheral BDNF levels and cortical activity during learning, suggesting that plasma BDNF levels may reflect learning-related brain activity in healthy humans. The lack of relationship between plasma BDNF and task-related brain activity in patients suggests that circulating blood BDNF may not be indicative of learning-dependent brain activity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Skilleter
- School of Psychiatry,
University of New South Wales, Kensington,
NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia,
Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - C. S. Weickert
- School of Psychiatry,
University of New South Wales, Kensington,
NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia,
Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - A. Vercammen
- School of Psychiatry,
University of New South Wales, Kensington,
NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia,
Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - R. Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry,
University of New South Wales, Kensington,
NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia,
Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - T. W. Weickert
- School of Psychiatry,
University of New South Wales, Kensington,
NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia,
Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute,
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Raznahan A, Wallace GL, Antezana L, Greenstein D, Lenroot R, Thurm A, Gozzi M, Spence S, Martin A, Swedo SE, Giedd JN. Compared to what? Early brain overgrowth in autism and the perils of population norms. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:563-75. [PMID: 23706681 PMCID: PMC4837958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early brain overgrowth (EBO) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the best replicated biological associations in psychiatry. Most positive reports have compared head circumference (HC) in ASD (an excellent proxy for early brain size) with well-known reference norms. We sought to reappraise evidence for the EBO hypothesis given 1) the recent proliferation of longitudinal HC studies in ASD, and 2) emerging reports that several of the reference norms used to define EBO in ASD may be biased toward detecting HC overgrowth in contemporary samples of healthy children. METHODS Systematic review of all published HC studies in children with ASD. Comparison of 330 longitudinally gathered HC measures between birth and 18 months from male children with autism (n = 35) and typically developing control subjects (n = 22). RESULTS In systematic review, comparisons with locally recruited control subjects were significantly less likely to identify EBO in ASD than norm-based studies (p < .001). Through systematic review and analysis of new data, we replicate seminal reports of EBO in ASD relative to classical HC norms but show that this overgrowth relative to norms is mimicked by patterns of HC growth age in a large contemporary community-based sample of US children (n ~ 75,000). Controlling for known HC norm biases leaves inconsistent support for a subtle, later emerging and subgroup specific pattern of EBO in clinically ascertained ASD versus community control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The best-replicated aspects of EBO reflect generalizable HC norm biases rather than disease-specific biomarkers. The potential HC norm biases we detail are not specific to ASD research but apply throughout clinical and academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Raznahan
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | - Ligia Antezana
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Pediatric Developmental Neurosciences Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Gozzi
- Pediatric Developmental Neurosciences Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Spence
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan E Swedo
- Pediatric Developmental Neurosciences Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay N Giedd
- Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Moore L, Kyaw M, Vercammen A, Lenroot R, Kulkarni J, Curtis J, O'Donnell M, Carr VJ, Shannon Weickert C, Weickert TW. Serum testosterone levels are related to cognitive function in men with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1717-28. [PMID: 23490072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex steroids such as oestrogen and testosterone are potent neurodevelopmental hormones that also play a role in neuromodulation and neuroprotection of the mature brain. Sex steroid hormones may also be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia as reduced circulating sex steroid levels and changes in brain sex steroid receptors are found in people with schizophrenia compared to controls. In men with schizophrenia, recent studies have documented an inverse correlation between serum testosterone and negative symptoms. Our study sought to confirm whether men with schizophrenia had lower levels of testosterone relative to controls and to determine whether lower testosterone levels were related to higher symptom severity and impaired cognition. METHOD Circulating serum hormone levels (testosterone, oestrogen, and prolactin), cognitive function and symptoms were assessed in 29 chronically ill men with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Twenty healthy men were recruited as a comparison group. A series of regression analyses were performed to determine the extent to which circulating sex steroid hormone levels predict cognition and symptoms in men with schizophrenia. RESULTS We did not find a significant difference in serum testosterone levels between groups. However, circulating testosterone levels significantly predicted performance on verbal memory, processing speed, and working memory in men with schizophrenia. With the exception of an effect of oestrogen on verbal memory, circulating sex steroid levels did not predict cognitive function in healthy men. Testosterone levels were not related to positive or negative symptom severity, but testosterone influenced excitement/hostility levels in our schizophrenia sample. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that circulating sex steroids may modulate cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moore
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Walker L, Gozzi M, Lenroot R, Thurm A, Behseta B, Swedo S, Pierpaoli C. Diffusion tensor imaging in young children with autism: biological effects and potential confounds. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:1043-51. [PMID: 22906515 PMCID: PMC3500414 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used over the past decade to study structural differences in the brains of children with autism compared with typically developing children. These studies generally find reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased mean diffusivity (MD) in children with autism; however, the regional pattern of findings varies greatly. METHODS We used DTI to investigate the brains of sedated children with autism (n = 39) and naturally asleep typically developing children (n = 39) between 2 and 8 years of age. Tract based spatial statistics and whole brain voxel-wise analysis were performed to investigate the regional distribution of differences between groups. RESULTS In children with autism, we found significantly reduced FA in widespread regions and increased MD only in posterior brain regions. Significant age × group interaction was found, indicating a difference in developmental trends of FA and MD between children with autism and typically developing children. The magnitude of the measured differences between groups was small, on the order of approximately 1%-2%. Subjects and control subjects showed distinct regional differences in imaging artifacts that can affect DTI measures. CONCLUSIONS We found statistically significant differences in DTI metrics between children with autism and typically developing children, including different developmental trends of these metrics. However, this study indicates that between-group differences in DTI studies of autism should be interpreted with caution, because their small magnitude make these measurements particularly vulnerable to the effects of artifacts and confounds, which might lead to false positive and/or false negative biological inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Walker
- Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Vercammen A, Morris R, Green MJ, Lenroot R, Kulkarni J, Carr VJ, Weickert CS, Weickert TW. Reduced neural activity of the prefrontal cognitive control circuitry during response inhibition to negative words in people with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:379-88. [PMID: 22617625 PMCID: PMC3493093 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in executive control and impairments in emotion processing. This study assessed the nature and extent of potential alterations in the neural substrates supporting the interaction between cognitive control mechanisms and emotion attribution processes in people with schizophrenia. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed during a verbal emotional go/no-go task. People with schizophrenia and healthy controls responded to word stimuli of a prespecified emotional valence (positive, negative or neutral) while inhibiting responses to stimuli of a different valence. RESULTS We enrolled 20 people with schizophrenia and 23 controls in the study. Healthy controls activated an extensive dorsal prefrontal-parietal network while inhibiting responses to negative words compared to neutral words, but showed deactivation of the midcingulate cortex while inhibiting responses to positive words compared to neutral words. People with schizophrenia failed to activate this network during response inhibition to negative words, whereas during response inhibition to positive words they did not deactivate the cingulate, but showed increased responsivity in the frontal cortex. LIMITATIONS Sample heterogeneity is characteristic of studies of schizophrenia and may have contributed to more variable neural responses in the patient sample despite the care taken to control for potentially confounding variables. CONCLUSION Our results showed that schizophrenia is associated with aberrant modulation of neural responses during the interaction between cognitive control and emotion processing. Failure of the frontal circuitry to regulate goal-directed behaviour based on emotion attributions may contribute to deficits in psychosocial functioning in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Vercammen
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
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Raznahan A, Lenroot R, Thurm A, Gozzi M, Hanley A, Spence SJ, Swedo SE, Giedd JN. Mapping cortical anatomy in preschool aged children with autism using surface-based morphometry. Neuroimage Clin 2012; 2:111-9. [PMID: 24179764 PMCID: PMC3777762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The challenges of gathering in-vivo measures of brain anatomy from young children have limited the number of independent studies examining neuroanatomical differences between children with autism and typically developing controls (TDCs) during early life, and almost all studies in this critical developmental window focus on global or lobar measures of brain volume. Using a novel cohort of young males with Autistic Disorder and TDCs aged 2 to 5 years, we (i) tested for group differences in traditional measures of global anatomy (total brain, total white, total gray and total cortical volume), and (ii) employed surface-based methods for cortical morphometry to directly measure the two biologically distinct sub-components of cortical volume (CV) at high spatial resolution—cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA). While measures of global brain anatomy did not show statistically significant group differences, children with autism showed focal, and CT-specific anatomical disruptions compared to TDCs, consisting of relative cortical thickening in regions with central roles in behavioral regulation, and the processing of language, biological movement and social information. Our findings demonstrate the focal nature of brain involvement in early autism, and provide more spatially and morphometrically specific anatomical phenotypes for subsequent translational study.
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Alexander-Bloch AF, Gogtay N, Meunier D, Birn R, Clasen L, Lalonde F, Lenroot R, Giedd J, Bullmore ET. Disrupted modularity and local connectivity of brain functional networks in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Front Syst Neurosci 2010; 4:147. [PMID: 21031030 PMCID: PMC2965020 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2010.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Modularity is a fundamental concept in systems neuroscience, referring to the formation of local cliques or modules of densely intra-connected nodes that are sparsely inter-connected with nodes in other modules. Topological modularity of brain functional networks can quantify theoretically anticipated abnormality of brain network community structure – so-called dysmodularity – in developmental disorders such as childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). We used graph theory to investigate topology of networks derived from resting-state fMRI data on 13 COS patients and 19 healthy volunteers. We measured functional connectivity between each pair of 100 regional nodes, focusing on wavelet correlation in the frequency interval 0.05–0.1 Hz, then applied global and local thresholding rules to construct graphs from each individual association matrix over the full range of possible connection densities. We show how local thresholding based on the minimum spanning tree facilitates group comparisons of networks by forcing the connectedness of sparse graphs. Threshold-dependent graph theoretical results are compatible with the results of a k-means unsupervised learning algorithm and a multi-resolution (spin glass) approach to modularity, both of which also find community structure but do not require thresholding of the association matrix. In general modularity of brain functional networks was significantly reduced in COS, due to a relatively reduced density of intra-modular connections between neighboring regions. Other network measures of local organization such as clustering were also decreased, while complementary measures of global efficiency and robustness were increased, in the COS group. The group differences in complex network properties were mirrored by differences in simpler statistical properties of the data, such as the variability of the global time series and the internal homogeneity of the time series within anatomical regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Mackie S, Shaw P, Lenroot R, Pierson R, Greenstein DK, Nugent TF, Sharp WS, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Cerebellar development and clinical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:647-55. [PMID: 17403979 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have detected smaller cerebellar volumes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than in comparison subjects. However, the regional specificity and longitudinal progression of these differences remain to be determined. The authors compared the volumes of each lobe of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis in children with ADHD and comparison subjects and used a new regional cerebellar volume measurement to characterize the developmental trajectory of these differences. METHOD In a longitudinal case-control study, 36 children with ADHD were divided into a group of 18 with better outcomes and a group of 18 with worse outcomes and were compared with 36 matched healthy comparison subjects. The volumes of six cerebellar hemispheric lobes, the central white matter, and three vermal subdivisions were determined from MR images acquired at baseline and two or more follow-up scans conducted at 2-year intervals. A measure of global clinical outcome and DSM-IV criteria were used to define clinical outcome. RESULTS In the ADHD groups, a nonprogressive loss of volume was observed in the superior cerebellar vermis; the volume loss persisted regardless of clinical outcome. ADHD subjects with a worse clinical outcome exhibited a downward trajectory in volumes of the right and left inferior-posterior cerebellar lobes, which became progressively smaller during adolescence relative to both comparison subjects and ADHD subjects with a better outcome. CONCLUSIONS Decreased volume of the superior cerebellar vermis appears to represent an important substrate of the fixed, nonprogressive anatomical changes that underlie ADHD. The cerebellar hemispheres constitute a more plastic, state-specific marker that may prove to be a target for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mackie
- Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Schmitt JE, Wallace GL, Rosenthal MA, Molloy EA, Ordaz S, Lenroot R, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, Kendler KS, Neale MC, Giedd JN. A multivariate analysis of neuroanatomic relationships in a genetically informative pediatric sample. Neuroimage 2007; 35:70-82. [PMID: 17208460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An important component of brain mapping is an understanding of the relationships between neuroanatomic structures, as well as the nature of shared causal factors. Prior twin studies have demonstrated that much of individual differences in human anatomy are caused by genetic differences, but information is limited on whether different structures share common genetic factors. We performed a multivariate statistical genetic analysis on volumetric MRI measures (cerebrum, cerebellum, lateral ventricles, corpus callosum, thalamus, and basal ganglia) from a pediatric sample of 326 twins and 158 singletons. Our results suggest that the great majority of variability in cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia is determined by a single genetic factor. Though most (75%) of the variability in corpus callosum was explained by additive genetic effects these were largely independent of other structures. We also observed relatively small but significant environmental effects common to multiple neuroanatomic regions, particularly between thalamus, basal ganglia, and lateral ventricles. These findings are concordant with prior volumetric twin studies and support radial models of brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eric Schmitt
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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48
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Wallace GL, Eric Schmitt J, Lenroot R, Viding E, Ordaz S, Rosenthal MA, Molloy EA, Clasen LS, Kendler KS, Neale MC, Giedd JN. A pediatric twin study of brain morphometry. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006; 47:987-93. [PMID: 17073977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging studies have demonstrated increasing volumes of white matter and regionally-specific inverted U shaped developmental trajectories of gray matter volumes during childhood and adolescence. Studies of monozygotic and dyzygotic twins during this developmental period allow exploration of genetic and non-genetic influences on these developmental trajectories. METHOD Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were acquired on a pediatric sample of 90 monozygotic twin pairs, 38 same-sex dyzygotic twin pairs, and 158 unrelated typically developing singletons. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the additive genetic, common environment, and unique environment effects, as well as age by heritability interactions, on measures of brain volumes from these images. RESULTS Consistent with previous adult studies, additive genetic effects accounted for a substantial portion of variability in nearly all brain regions with the notable exception of the cerebellum. Significant age by heritability interactions were observed with gray matter volumes showing a reduction in heritability with increasing age, while white matter volume heritability increased with greater age. CONCLUSION Understanding the relative contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors on developmental brain trajectories may have implications for better understanding brain-based disorders and typical cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Wallace
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Giedd JN, Clasen LS, Lenroot R, Greenstein D, Wallace GL, Ordaz S, Molloy EA, Blumenthal JD, Tossell JW, Stayer C, Samango-Sprouse CA, Shen D, Davatzikos C, Merke D, Chrousos GP. Puberty-related influences on brain development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 254-255:154-62. [PMID: 16765510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a time of striking changes in cognition and behavior. To indirectly assess the effects of puberty-related influences on the underlying neuroanatomy of these behavioral changes we will review and synthesize neuroimaging data from typically developing children and adolescents and from those with anomalous hormone or sex chromosome profiles. The trajectories (size by age) of brain morphometry differ between boys and girls, with girls generally reaching peak gray matter thickness 1-2 years earlier than boys. Both boys and girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (characterized by high levels of intrauterine testosterone), have smaller amygdala volume but the brain morphometry of girls with CAH did not otherwise significantly differ from controls. Subjects with XXY have gray matter reductions in the insula, temporal gyri, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate-areas consistent with the language-based learning difficulties common in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N Giedd
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4C110, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1367, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J, Clasen L, Lenroot R, Gogtay N, Evans A, Rapoport J, Giedd J. Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature 2006; 440:676-9. [PMID: 16572172 DOI: 10.1038/nature04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 949] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Children who are adept at any one of the three academic 'R's (reading, writing and arithmetic) tend to be good at the others, and grow into adults who are similarly skilled at diverse intellectually demanding activities. Determining the neuroanatomical correlates of this relatively stable individual trait of general intelligence has proved difficult, particularly in the rapidly developing brains of children and adolescents. Here we demonstrate that the trajectory of change in the thickness of the cerebral cortex, rather than cortical thickness itself, is most closely related to level of intelligence. Using a longitudinal design, we find a marked developmental shift from a predominantly negative correlation between intelligence and cortical thickness in early childhood to a positive correlation in late childhood and beyond. Additionally, level of intelligence is associated with the trajectory of cortical development, primarily in frontal regions implicated in the maturation of intelligent activity. More intelligent children demonstrate a particularly plastic cortex, with an initial accelerated and prolonged phase of cortical increase, which yields to equally vigorous cortical thinning by early adolescence. This study indicates that the neuroanatomical expression of intelligence in children is dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shaw
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20182, USA.
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